Juvenile Justice Legislation: Overview and the Legislative Debate

Juvenile Justice Legislation: Overview and the Legislative Debate

Order Code RL30741
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Juvenile Justice Legislation:
Overview and the Legislative Debate
Updated September 25, 2003
JoAnne O’Bryant, David Teasley, and Edith Fairman Cooper
Domestic Social Policy Divsion
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Juvenile Justice Legislation:
Overview and the Legislative Debate
Summary
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDP Act, P.L.
93-415), as amended, expired in 1996. The Act established the Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and the grant programs it administers.
Since 1996, Congress has considered several measures to reauthorize the JJDP Act
as well as address more comprehensive juvenile justice legislative proposals. These
measures tended to favor a “get tough” approach to violent youth offenses, due in
part to data from the early 1990s reflecting a high level of juvenile violent crime.
Among the “get tough” alternatives that previous Congresses have considered as a
means to control this problem was the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block
Grants (JAIBG) program, emphasizing accountability-based reforms. The House
passed the Consequences for Juvenile Offenders Act of 2001, H.R. 863, in 2001.
H.R. 863, similar to H.R. 1501 as introduced in the previous Congress, would replace
the JAIBG Program with the Juvenile Accountability Block Grants (JABG).
Congress has considered other legislation to reauthorize the JJDP Act. In 2002,
the conference report to accompany H.R. 2215, 21st Century Department of Justice
Appropriations Authorization Act of 2002 (H.Rept. 107-685), was agreed to; it
reauthorizes juvenile justice assistance programs. The conference committee agreed
to incorporate provisions from H.R. 1900 and H.R. 863 passed in the House. The
House passed H.R. 1900, as amended, in 2001; the bill (H.Rept. 107-203) would
reauthorize the JJDP Act and make significant changes to the grant programs under
Title II and V. The JJDP Act has not been reauthorized, but FY2001 Justice
appropriations provided funding for JJDP Act grant programs ($279.8 million) and
for the JAIBG program ($249.5 million). The JAIBG program is authorized in
annual appropriations. H.R. 863 makes adjustments regarding JAIBG; the bill passed
the House in 2001. The President signed the bill, which included the incorporation
of H.R. 1900 and H.R. 863, into law in 2002 (P.L. 107-273).
In previous Congress, there were proposals considered to reauthorize juvenile
justice programs. The 106th Congress considered H.R. 1501, H.R. 1150, and S. 254;
collectively, these bills would have reauthorized the Act, added new penalties, and
proposed or reauthorized non-JJDP Act juvenile crime control programs. In 1999,
the House passed, amended, H.R. 1501, a measure reauthorizing the JAIBG program,
established in FY1998. (H.R. 1150, a JJDP Act reauthorization bill, was approved
by the House as an amendment to H.R. 1501.) In 1999, the Senate passed H.R. 1501,
amended to include only the language of S. 254, reauthorizing both the JJDP Act and
the JAIBG program. The bill died in conference. Comprehensive juvenile justice
legislation considered in the 106th Congress retained an emphasis on punishment,
though these measures appeared to place somewhat less emphasis on “get tough”
remedies than bills considered in previous congresses. To “get tough” programs
were added new crime prevention programs, designed in some cases to replace many
of the JJDP Act programs. Discussion on proposals related to juvenile justice issues
is expected to reoccur in Congress. This report provides an overview of the
continuing debate. For additional information, see CRS Report RS20576, Juvenile
Justice: Legislative Activity and Funding Trends for Selected Programs.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Juvenile Justice: Most Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Juvenile Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
House- and Senate-passed Juvenile Justice Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Legislative History of H.R. 1501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Juvenile Justice Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Title II, Part A: Administration of Juvenile Justice Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Reorganizing the OJJDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
New Grant Program Established by the Senate Version . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Title II, Part B: Formula Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Four Core Mandates for the Part B Formula Grants . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Non-discrimination of Formula Grants for Religious Organizations . 14
Title II, Part C through Part I: Selected Grant Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Reorganization of Discretionary Grant Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Title V: Local Delinquency Prevention Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Amendments to the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants . . . . . 14
New Purposes Added for JAIBG Program Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Changes to the Grant Allocation Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Other Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Juvenile Justice Legislation:Overview and
the Legislative Debate
Introduction
In the 107th Congress, legislative proposals were considered in the area of
juvenile justice, including legislation that failed to pass in the previous Congress. On
October 3, 2002, the Senate agreed to major legislation (H.Rept. 107-685) affecting
the Department of Justice which also makes provision for juvenile justice programs.
The House agreed to the conference report to accompany the bill H.R. 2215, the 21st
Century Department of Justice Authorization Appropriation Act on September 26,
2002. Discussed below are two major juvenile justice bills (H.R. 863 and H.R.
1900) that were incorporated into H.R. 2215 during conference. The President signed
the bill into law on November 2, 2002 (P.L. 107-273). Also during the 107th
Congress, interest in the area of juvenile justice include a provision in the House
Judiciary Crime Subcommittee’s oversight plan that calls for the continued review
of the Justice Department’s implementation of the juvenile accountability incentive
grant program. Changes surrounding this program is addressed in H.Rept. 107-685.
Juvenile Justice: Most Recent Developments
Summary of H.R. 863. On October 3, 2002 in the Senate and September 26,
2002 in the House, Congress agreed to include in the 21st Century Department of
Justice Authorization Act, most of the provisions in H.R. 863 which passed in the
House during the first session of the 107th Congress. The authorization
appropriations is less than the House-passed bill, totaling $350 million for each fiscal
year, FY2002-2005. On April 20, the House Judiciary Committee reported,
amended, the Consequences for Juvenile Offenders Act of 2001 (H.R. 863, H.Rept.
107-46). The House passed the measure, amended, on October 16, 2001. Similar to
H.R. 1501, as introduced in the previous Congress, H.R. 863, as amended, would
replace the JAIBG Program with the Juvenile Accountability Block Grants (JABG).
The bill would provide that JABG funds be used to strengthen the juvenile justice
system. Grantees must meet the requirement concerning the implementation or
consideration of graduated sanctions. Unlike existing law, applicants’ use of these
sanctions may be voluntary, provided that a reporting requirement is met.
H.R. 863 would amend existing law by modifying current purposes and adding
new ones for which the funds could be used. New purposes include establishing and
maintaining training programs for law enforcement and court personnel to prevent
and control juvenile crime; establishing and maintaining records systems designed
to promote public safety; establishing and maintaining accountability-based programs
that are designed to enhance school safety; providing for risk and needs assessments

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of juvenile offenders, including mental health screening and substance abuse testing
and treatment; establishing and maintaining restorative justice programs; and hiring
detention and corrections personnel and to provide them with training.
Under existing law, the JAIBG state grant allocation formula gives each state
0.5% of total JAIBG appropriated funds, with remaining monies allocated
proportionally on the basis of juvenile population. Local government monies are to
be distributed based on the following formula: two-thirds allocated according to the
jurisdiction’s law enforcement expenditures over the three most recent calendar
years, and one-third according to the average number of Part 1 violent crimes by
juveniles1 over the 3 most recent calendar years. H.R. 863 would decrease the state
base to 0.25% of the total funds for each state, and the Senate version retains the state
base under existing law (0.5%). The distribution of local government monies would
be amended from two-thirds to three-quarters allocated according to the jurisdiction’s
law enforcement expenditures over the three most recent calendar years, and one-
third to one-quarter according to the average number of Part 1 violent crimes over the
3 most recent calendar years. Also, H.R. 863 would authorize a total of $1.5 billion,
$500 million for each fiscal year, FY2002-FY2004. (For a discussion of the
legislative history of H.R. 1501 during the 106th Congress, see below.)
Reauthorizing the Juvenile Justice Act. The 107th Congress continued
to consider measures to reauthorize the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Act of 1974, that expired on September 30, 1996. On October 3, 2002, the Senate
agreed to the conference report to accompany the bill H.R. 2215, Department of
Justice Authorization Appropriations, which contains provisions from H.R. 1900, the
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2001 to address juvenile justice
assistance to states (H.Rept. 107-685). The House agreed to the bill to include the
juvenile justice provisions on September 26, 2002. On June 21, 2001, the House
Education and the Workforce Subcommittee on Select Education ordered to be
reported, amended, the Juvenile Crime Control and Delinquency Prevention Act of
2001 (H.R. 1900), introduced by Rep. Greenwood on May 17, 2001. The House
Education and the Workforce Committee reported the bill amended (H.Rept. 107-
203) on September 10, 2001. It was considered and passed by the House, as
amended, on September 20, 2001.
As reported in H.Report 107-203, the bill would change the name of the Office
of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to the Office of Juvenile Crime
Control and Delinquency Prevention. It would amend requirements for formula grant
funds, including eliminating the program for positive youth development, replacing
it with community-based programs and services to work with juveniles, their parents,
and other family members during and after incarceration in order to strengthen
families so that juveniles may be retained in their homes; and creating a new
requirement for establishing a system of records relating to any adjudication of
juveniles less than 18 years of age who are adjudicated delinquent for conduct that
would be a violent crime if committed by an adult.
1 As defined by the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports, Part 1 violent crimes are murder, rape,
robbery, and aggravated assault.

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The bill would amend the four mandates (deinstitutionalization of status
offenders; separation of juveniles from sight and sound of adult offenders in any
correctional institution; removal of juveniles from any jail or lockup for adults; and
reduction of the disproportionate confinement of minority juveniles) as follows,
respectively: (1) it would retain the current prohibition on detaining status offenders
in secure facilities in accordance with rules issued by the Administrator, which
currently allow such juveniles to be held up to 24 hours before and 24 hours after
their court appearance; (2) it would modify the “sight and sound” separation
requirement to prohibit physical contact (defined as any physical contact between
a juvenile and an adult inmate; and proximity that provides an opportunity for
physical contact between a juvenile and an adult inmate) or sustained oral
communication with adult inmates; (3) it would extend the period of time for which
juveniles can be held in a facility with adults, prior to an initial court appearance, to
48 hours (excluding weekends and holidays); (4) it would modify the
disproportionate confinement of minority juveniles provision to require states to
address prevention efforts to reduce the disproportionate number of minorities that
come in contact with the juvenile justice system. Also, it would prohibit the
establishment of numerical standards or quotas. The measure would require that
states failing to comply with these mandates lose 12.5% of Title II, Part B formula
grants for each mandate not met.
The bill makes significant changes to the grant programs under Titles II and V.
Specifically, it would eliminate under Title II: Part C (National Programs or
Discretionary Programs); Part D (Gang-Free Schools and Communities; Community-
Based Gang Intervention); Part E (State Challenge Activities); Part F (Treatment for
Juvenile Offenders Who Are Victims of Child Abuse or Neglect); Part G
(Mentoring); Part H (Boot Camps); Part I (1st part: White House Conference) and
under Title V (Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Programs). In
their place, it would establish a new Part C: Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Block
Grant Program, with funds to be used for activities designed to prevent juvenile
delinquency. In addition, it would create a new Part D: Research; Evaluation;
Technical Assistance; Training; and a new Part E: Developing, Testing, and
Demonstrating Promising New Initiatives and Programs. The bill would authorize
to be appropriated to carry Title II such sums as may be appropriate for fiscal years
2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, with the proviso that of the total appropriated for this
title, excluding Parts C and E, not more than 5% shall be available to carry out Part
A; not less than 80% shall be available to carry out Part B; and not more than 15%
shall be available to carry out Part D.
This report provides background and an overview of the continuing debate on
the appropriate response by the criminal justice system to youth violence. Under the
JJDP Act provisions, it focuses only on juvenile justice and delinquency prevention,
the first of the three major activities authorized by the act. Though not covered in
this report, the other two activities are runaway and homeless youth services, and
missing children’s assistance. In addition, major juvenile justice proposals, not
related to JJDP Act reauthorization and gun control, are summarized. (For additional
information, see CRS Report RS20275, Reauthorizing Programs for Runaway &
Homeless Youth and Missing & Exploited Children. For a discussion of gun-related
provisions related to the juvenile legislation now under consideration, see CRS Issue
Brief IB10014, Gun Control.)

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Background
Before the reauthorization of juvenile justice programs included in the recently
enacted 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorizations Act (P.L.
107-273), several proposals were introduced in the previous Congress. The 106th
Congress considered, but did not enact comprehensive juvenile justice legislative
proposals, including the reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974, as amended, and the Juvenile Accountability
Incentive Block Grant (JAIBG) program. The JJDP Act expired on September 30,
1996, though successive congresses have continued to appropriate funds for
programs under the act. It provides funding for crime prevention programs, ranging
from juvenile justice formula grants to gang-related programs to mentoring grants to
local delinquency prevention efforts.
At the same time, other juvenile justice measures were introduced to address the
perceived need to “get tough” on violent youth offenders, due in part to crime-related
data reported for the early 1990s reflecting a high level of juvenile violent crime.
Specifically, Congress considered alternative methods that could be used by the
juvenile justice system to control this problem. The 105th Congress established the
JAIBG program under the Commerce, Justice, State Appropriations Act of FY1998
(P.L. 105-119). To be eligible to receive funds, states were required to consider laws,
policies, or programs that emphasized accountability-based reforms, including
graduated sanctions, adult prosecution of juveniles, and changes to open access to
juvenile records.
The major issues in the 106th congressional debate concerning the juvenile
justice legislation included:
! the call for a more effective administrative apparatus within the
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Office
(OJJDP), established by the JJDP Act to administer grant programs
that fund crime prevention efforts and provide assistance to juveniles
within state juvenile justice systems;
! the debate over whether several JJDP Act discretionary grant
programs should be reorganized to provide a more efficient use of
federal crime prevention monies;
! whether to amend the JJDP Act formula grant program, especially
the formula itself, and the four core requirements or mandates2 with
which states must comply to be eligible for formula grant monies.
Since the existing formula allocation distributed monies based
proportionally on each state’s juvenile population to the total
2 The four mandates are: deinstitutionalization of “status offenders,” defined as juveniles
confined for offenses that would not be punishable if committed by an adult (truancy for
example); sight and sound (juveniles may not be within sight or sound of adult inmates in
secure facilities); removal of juveniles from adult jails and lockups; and reduction of the
disproportionate incarceration of minority juveniles.

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population, some argued that each state should first receive a
minimum amount before the monies were allocated by the juvenile
population ratio. The mandates, designed to protect juveniles within
the juvenile justice system, were the focus of proposals to abolish or
loosen their restrictions;
! the possible amendment of the JAIBG program, especially the
formula allocations for state and local governments;
! whether the juvenile justice system provides the most effective
approach to address youth violent crime, as opposed to those who
urge the adjudication of violent juvenile offenders within the adult
system when these youth commit crimes that would be felonies if
committed by an adult; and
! the relative merits of crime prevention and punishment in combating
youth crime, and the proper split between funding for crime
prevention and punishment, particularly heightened by the language
of the Commerce, Justice, State Appropriations Act of FY1998, that
placed the JAIBG program outside the JJDP Act, although OJJDP
administers it.
In the 106th Congress, both Houses passed bills that would reauthorize the act.
The Senate passed an amended version of S. 254 on May 20, 1999. On June 17,
1999, the House passed, amended, H.R. 1501, a measure reauthorizing the Juvenile
Accountability Block Grants. H.R. 1150, a JJDP Act reauthorization bill approved
by the House Education and Workforce Committee, Subcommittee on Early
Childhood, Youth and Families, was approved by the House as an amendment to
H.R. 1501. The House-passed version of H.R. 1501 was received in the Senate on
June 23. On July 28, the Senate passed H.R. 1501, striking all language after the
enacting clause and inserting the language of S. 254. Both chambers insisted on their
respective versions and on July 30, agreed to a conference. Under consideration
since August 1999, both versions of H.R. 1501 died in conference, allegedly because
of unresolved gun control issues. (Those bills are discussed in greater detail in the
final section of this report.)
Although recent data reflect a continued drop in juvenile violent crime
nationwide since the mid-1990s, comprehensive juvenile justice legislation
considered in the 106th Congress retained an emphasis on punishment, though they
appeared to place somewhat less emphasis on “get tough” remedies than earlier bills
considered since 1996. In addition, these “get tough” programs and penalties shared
the stage with new crime prevention programs, often proposed as block grants and
designed in some cases to replace many of the JJDP Act crime prevention programs.
Though none of the major juvenile justice measures have been approved since
1996, except for the establishment of the JAIBG grant program in the FY1998
appropriations process, Congress has continued to provide funding for both crime
prevention and accountability-based grant programs. Appropriations for DOJ under
the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State Appropriations Act for FY2001
(P.L. 106-553) contained funding for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency

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Prevention ($279.8 million) and for the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block
Grant ($249.5 million). These totals reflect the 0.22% across-the-board rescission
mandated under the Miscellaneous Appropriations Act (H.R. 5666), enacted into law
by cross-reference under the Consolidate Appropriations Act for FY2001 (P.L. 106-
554).3
Juvenile Violence
Juvenile violent crime experienced tremendous growth from the late 1980s to
the early 1990s, then declined thereafter. Professor Alfred Blumstein of the H. John
Heinz School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie-Mellon University, reports
that:
The United States experienced a startling growth of violence during the period
from 1985 through 1993, and that occurred while the rate of violence by people
over 30 years declined steadily. The growth was attributed to more than a
doubling of homicide by young people during that period, and that was sufficient
to overcome the decline among the older people.4
Professor Blumstein concluded that the decline in homicides among young people
after 1993 may be attributed to policing efforts in the larger cities, removal of guns
from the hands of juveniles, and the decline in demand for crack among new younger
users. Incarceration, he found, did not play a major role in reducing drug offenses,
since new recruits were found to replace those who left the drug market during its
heyday.5
Crime-related data released on October 15, 2000 by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) in its Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), revealed a continued
reduction in juvenile violent crime arrests. For example, from 1995 to 1999, the
number of juveniles arrested for violent crimes declined 23%, while violent crime
arrests for all ages dropped 14%. While violent crime arrests for male juveniles
declined 25.8% for this 5-year period, female juvenile arrests for violent crime
declined only 6.2%. The total number of juveniles under 18 years of age arrested
also fell 9.4% between 1995 and 1999. By comparison, the total number of arrests
for all ages declined 3% between 1995 and 1999. From 1995 to 1999, juvenile
arrests for drug abuse violations rose 1.3%, with male juvenile arrests decreasing by
0.4% and female juvenile arrests increasing by 12.3%.6
3 For more information, see CRS Report RS20758, The 0.22 Percent Across-the-Board Cut
in FY2001 Appropriations.
4 Alfred Blumstein, Violence Certainly is the Problem, University of Colorado Law Review,
v. 69, 1998, p. 965.
5 Ibid., p. 965-967.
6 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 1999,
Uniform Crime Reports (Washington: 2000), p. 218-219.

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In its third annual report on school crime and safety, the Department of Justice’s
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the Department of Education’s National Center
for Educational Statistics (NCES) found that in 1998, “students aged 12 through 18
were victims of more than 2.7 million total crimes at school .... [and they] were
victims of about 253,000 serious violent crimes ....”7 The fourth annual National
Youth Gang Survey (1998), contains an estimate that “28,700 gangs and 780,000
gang members were active in the United States in 1998, down from an estimated
30,500 gangs and 816,000 gang members in 1997....”8 At the same time, the reported
number of gang members remained about the same in large cities, increased by 3%
in rural counties, and decreased by 3% in small cities, and by 16% in suburban
counties.9
During the 1990s, the debate among criminologists and policymakers over the
direction of juvenile violence was driven by changes in data trends. During the peak
in juvenile crime in the early to mid-1990s, some argued that the nation was on the
verge of a teenage crime explosion, as the children of the baby boomers reached the
ages at which they were most likely to commit crimes. John J. DiIulio, Jr., then a
Princeton University professor of politics and public affairs, not only foresaw a
teenage crime wave, but also described some youngsters as “superpredators,” lacking
in moral values and more violent than previous generations.”10
Others maintained that such a prediction was overblown. Vincent Schiraldi,
director of the Justice Policy Institute, criticized the tendency of experts like
Professor DiIulio who foresaw a “rising tide of superpredators,” and those in the
media who too willingly exaggerated trends in juvenile crime. He noted that less
than one half of one percent of juveniles nationwide were arrested for violent crimes
in 1995.11
Although data show that juvenile violent crime decreased in the late 1990s,
appearing to counter the predictions of a teenage crime wave, criminologists and
policymakers remain concerned about the continued high level of juvenile violence.
Shay Bilchik, former Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, was guardedly optimistic about the current direction of juvenile crime.
In the foreword to the latest edition of Juvenile Offenders and Victims,12 published
7 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics and U.S. Dept. of Education, National
Center for Education Statistics, Indicators of School Crime and Safety 2000: Executive
Summary (Washington: 2000), p. v.
8 U. S. Dept. Of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Highlights
of the 1998 National Youth Gang Survey, by John P. Moore and Ivan L. Cook (Washington,
December 1999), p. 1.
9 Ibid.
10 Quoted in Richard Lacayo, “Law and Order,” Time, v. 147, January 15, 1996, p. 52.
11 Vincent Schiraldi, “The Latest Trend in Juvenile Crime: Exaggeration by the News
Media,” Washington Post, January 11, 1998, sec. C, p. 6.
12 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile
Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report, by Howard N. Snyder and Melissa Sickmund
(continued...)

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by OJJDP, he stated that “the rate of juvenile violent crime arrests — after peaking
in 1994 — has consistently decreased over the past several years.” He cautioned,
however, that “it has yet to return to the 1988 level, the year in which dramatic
increases in juvenile crime arrests were first seen.”13
House- and Senate-passed Juvenile Justice
Legislation
During the 107th Congress, reauthorization efforts for juvenile justice programs
were accomplished through the enactment of the 21st Century Department of Justice
Appropriations Authorization Act (P.L. 107-273). Discussion and debate on the issue
reauthorizing juvenile justice programs, however, began in previous Congresses. The
106th Congress considered, but did not enact legislation to reauthorize the Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 and the JAIBG program. Although
the JJDP Act expired on September 30, 1996, Congress has continued to approve
appropriations for OJJDP programs established under the act.
Legislative History of H.R. 1501. A few years after the JJDP Act expired,
many issues on juvenile justice issues were addressed through H.R. 1501. As
introduced on April 21, 1999, the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 1999 (H.R.
1501/McCollum) contained no provisions to reauthorize the 1974 Juvenile Justice
Act. Instead, it contained language to replace the existing Juvenile Accountability
Incentive Block Grant (JAIBG) program with Juvenile Accountability Block Grant
(JABG) program. Also, the measure would amend the JAIBG program in other
ways, including the addition of new purposes for which the monies may be used, and
the revision of the grant’s formula allocations for local governments. When H.R.
1501 was considered on the House floor, several amendments were added, including
the language from the juvenile justice reauthorization bill, the Juvenile Crime
Control and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1999 (H.R. 1150/Greenwood). The
House passed, amended, H.R. 1501 on June 17, 1999.
Senator Orrin Hatch, Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, introduced
the Violent and Repeat Juvenile Offender Accountability and Rehabilitation Act of
1999 (S. 254) on January 22, 1999. The measure passed the Senate, amended, on
May 20, 1999. S. 254 provided comprehensive juvenile justice legislation, including
reauthorization of the JJDP Act and language to replace the existing Juvenile
Accountability Incentive Block Grant (JAIBG) program with a Juvenile
Accountability Block Grant (JABG) program. On July 28, 1999, the Senate insisted
on its amendment, struck the language of H.R. 1501, and incorporated the language
of S. 254. Since August 1999, both versions of H.R. 1501 have been stalled in
conference, reportedly because of unresolved gun control issues.
12 (...continued)
(Washington: September 1999), p. iii.
13 Ibid.

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Juvenile Justice Issues
The JJDP Act contains five titles: Title I: Findings and Declaration of Purpose,
Title II: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Title III: Runaway and
Homeless Youth, Title IV: Missing Children, and Title V: Incentive Grants for Local
Delinquency Prevention Programs. The legislative debate in the 106th Congress
regarding juvenile justice reauthorization focused only upon Titles II and V of the
act. This section provides a brief comparison of the issues in Title II and V related
to juvenile justice reauthorization in the two versions of H.R. 1501. Also,
comparisons of juvenile justice legislation not related to the JJDP Act, such as the
JAIBG program proposals, are presented.
Title II, Part A: Administration of Juvenile Justice Programs
Reorganizing the OJJDP. Under Title II, Part A, current law provides
language that established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
(OJJDP). Both versions of H.R. 1501 would reorganize the office and change its
name. Renamed the Office of Juvenile Crime Control and Prevention (OJCCP) in
Senate version of H.R. 1501, the agency’s administrator would be required to set
measurable goals to reduce juvenile crime and delinquency, establish a process to
coordinate agency programs and activities with those of other federal agencies, and
provided for the analysis of data pertaining to juvenile arrest and sentencing trends.
In the House version of H.R. 1501, OJJDP would be renamed the Office of Juvenile
Crime Control and Delinquency Prevention (OJCCDP). The bill would repeal two
requirements that the administrator develop an annual comprehensive plan of agency
activities, and that each federal agency administering a federal juvenile delinquency
program submit annually a juvenile delinquency development statement. It would
require that the agency’s annual report to Congress must include an evaluation of
programs funded and their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of juvenile
delinquency, particularly violent crime committed by juveniles.
New Grant Program Established by the Senate Version. Unlike the
House version, the Senate version of H.R. 1501 would authorize, under Part A, the
Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Challenge (JDPC) Grant Program. The OJCCP
Administrator would award grants to states for juvenile delinquency projects,
including truancy prevention and reduction, family strengthening activities and
adoptive parent recruitment, positive youth development, neighborhood courts or
panels, and restorative justice. At least 20% of funds would be used for four
purposes (neighborhood courts, restorative justice, expanding the use of probation
officers, and initial intake screening), and states would be required to give priority
to projects in high crime areas. The JDPC grant allocations would provide 0.5% to
each state with the remainder split, 50% proportionally based on juvenile population
and 50% proportionally based on the annual number of arrests for serious crimes
during the three most recent calendar years. Awards from $75,000 to $100,000
would be provided for the five territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, American
Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
Also, the Administrator would award funds to (1) youth organizations, (2)
Indian tribes, and (3) Confidential Reporting of Individuals Suspected of Imminent

CRS-10
School Violence (CRISIS) grants. Grants for youth organizations would reserve 80%
for community-based nonprofits and 20% for national or state nonprofits. From
amounts under the JDPC grants and Part B formula grants, the Administrator would
be required to reserve 5% of funds for CRISIS grants, to be proportionally awarded
on the basis of the juvenile population in each state, and would treat Indian tribal
grants as if all tribes were treated collectively as a “state.” The measure would
authorize a total of $1.2 billion for JDPC grants, $200 million for each year, FY1999
through FY2004. House and Senate authorizations for Title II, Part A are shown in
Appendix 1.
Title II, Part B: Formula Grants
The Four Core Mandates for the Part B Formula Grants. As enacted
and subsequently amended by five reauthorization measures, the JJDP Act contains
four core requirements or mandates for states to attain in order to be eligible for
formula grant monies. These include: deinstitutionalization of “status offenders,”
defined as juveniles confined for offenses that would not be punishable if committed
by an adult (truancy for example); sight and sound (juveniles may not be within sight
or sound of adult inmates in secure facilities); removal of juveniles from adult jails
and lockups; and reduction of the disproportionate incarceration of minority
juveniles. Under the JJDP act, section 223(c)(3) requires that states failing to comply
with these mandates lose 25% of Title II, Part B formula grants for each mandate not
met.
Deinstitutionalization of status offenders. Both versions of H.R. 1501
would retain the current prohibition on detaining status offenders in secure facilities
in accordance with rules issued by the OJCCDP Administrator, and would allow
further detention of runaways in accordance with the Interstate Compact on Juveniles
(ICJ). According to an OJJDP-sponsored report, this mandate has been effective.14
For court data on cases resulting in detention, the use of detention in status offense
cases dropped from 40% of all cases in 1975 to less than 10% in 1996.15 The most
serious offenses amongst status offenders in these cases were curfew violation,
underage drinking, running away from home, truancy and incorrigibility. The
mandate seeks to divert status offenders from correctional facilities to
community-based services, ranging from day centers to residential home treatment
to alternative education.
Sight and sound separation. According to the Juvenile Court Centennial
Initiative (JCCI) fact sheet, the sight and sound provision “seeks to prevent children
from psychological abuse and physical assault. ... [by directing that] children cannot
be housed next to adult cells, share dining halls, recreation areas or any other
common spaces with adults, or be placed in any circumstances that could expose
them to threats or abuse from adult offenders.”16 The House version would modify
14 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Juvenile Offenders and Victims, p. 207.
15 Ibid.
16 See the fact sheet at the Juvenile Court Centennial Initiative website, revised April 21,
(continued...)

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this requirement to prohibit regular contact but allow for incidental, supervised
contact, such as passing in a hallway. The Senate version would loosen only the
prohibition of communication that is incidental or accidental, or sounds that cannot
reasonably be considered to be speech. Also, the Senate version would mandate that
correctional staff who work with juveniles must be trained and certified.
Removal of juveniles from adult jails and lockups. The JCCI factsheet
notes that the third mandate “is designed to protect children from psychological
abuse, physical assault and isolation.”17 JCCI reports that children incarcerated with
adults in correctional facilities are more likely than children in juvenile facilities to
commit suicide, be sexually assaulted, be assaulted by staff, and be attacked with a
weapon. The mandate does not apply to children who are tried or convicted as adults
and are incarcerated in adult correctional facilities.18 The House version would
extend from 24 hours to 48 hours the period of time for which juveniles could be
held in a facility with adults, prior to an initial court appearance. It would allow
youths detained outside a standard metropolitan area to be held in an adult facility,
with periodic review, if the parents, in consultation with the juvenile’s attorney, and
the court agree. The Senate version would add the following groups to the exception
for removal: those alleged nonstatus juvenile offenders detained in a jail or lockup
for up to 6 hours for selected purposes; those awaiting an initial court appearance
within 48 hours after being taken into custody; and those confined in jails or lockups
located outside a metropolitan statistical area when (1) no existing acceptable
alternative is available, (2) a parental or legal guardian consents to the detention and
(3) a juvenile’s counsel is able to discuss the situation with the court prior to
detention.
Disproportionate minority incarceration. The House version would
require states to address prevention efforts to reduce the disproportionate number of
minorities who come in contact with the juvenile justice system. The bill would
prohibit the establishment of numerical standards or quotas. The Senate version
would amend existing language to replace the word “minority” with the phrase
“segments of the juvenile population.” Also, it would require reduction efforts to be
undertaken, provided these efforts would not result in the release of offenders or
cause officials to fail to detain them.
According to the 1999 National Report, data for most jurisdictions nationwide
reveal that minority youth, especially blacks, are overrepresented within the juvenile
justice system.19 Congressional debate regarding the fourth mandate has been
informed by recent efforts of DOJ and the states concerning this issue. In its 1988
annual report to Congress, the Coalition for Juvenile Justice, then known as the
National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups, brought national
16 (...continued)
2000 and visited on June 8, 2000 at
[http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/about/teleconference/00512.html].
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Juvenile Offenders and Victims, p. 193.

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attention to the disproportionate confinement of minority juveniles in secure
facilities.20 The overrepresentation of minority juveniles occurs not only in secure
facilities, but in each of the major decision points in the juvenile justice system
process, namely, “arrest, detention, prosecution, adjudication, transfer to adult court,
and commitment to secure facilities.”21 As a result, Congress approved amendments
in 1988 to the Juvenile Justice Act requiring that all states address disproportionate
minority confinement (DMC) in their state plans. Furthermore, the 1992
amendments to the JJDPA made addressing the DMC issue a central requirement of
the law mandating that future funding eligibility be based on state compliance. States
failing to address this problem would lose 25% of their formula grant program funds.
States were required to assess the level of DMC and implement ways to reduce
DMC where it was found to exist. Subsequently, 16 states conducted prevalence
studies to determine the likelihood of youth under the age of 18 being incarcerated
in a juvenile correction facility. It was found that “African-American youth had the
highest prevalence rates of all segments of the population in 15 of the 16 States.”
Other data, the most recent available, reveal that in 1995 minority youth comprised
32% of the youth population in the nation, but accounted for 68% of all youth
confined in secure detention and 68% confined in training schools and other secure
institutional environments.22 This confinement in public facilities showed that
minority youth outnumbered non-minority white youth by more than two-to-one.
These data indicate a significant increase over 1983 statistics that showed minority
youth comprised 53% of the secure juvenile detention population and 56% of the
secure juvenile corrections population.23
In 1991, OJJDP established the DMC Initiative to address the problem and
assist states in complying with the JJDPA requirement.24 Five states, Arizona,
Florida, Iowa, North Carolina, and Oregon, were selected through a competitive
process to pilot the DMC Initiative, to be accomplished in two phases. First, each
state would assess the extent of DMC. Second, the states would design and
implement corrective actions.
20 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, Disproportionate Minority Confinement: 1997 Update, by Heidi
M. Hasia and Donna Hamparian (Washington: September 1998), p. 1. In the report,
“minority youth” are defined as those juveniles who are African Americans, American
Indians, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. It further explains that the American
Indian category has been interpreted to include, along with American Indians, Eskimos,
Aleutians, and others.
21 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Disproportionate Minority Confinement, p. 1.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, Disproportionate Minority Confinement: Lessons Learned From
Five States, by Patricia Devine, Kathleen Coolbaugh, and Susan Jenkins (Washington:
December 1998), p. 1.

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During the first phase, the states found that the extent of the problem varied
among counties and local jurisdictions. Each state focused on areas that had the
highest rates of minority overrepresentation and had the largest minority populations.
To locate the underlying causes of DMC, each state surveyed local community
representatives, including minority youth and their families, who identified certain
potential factors in four interrelated areas: the juvenile justice system, the educational
system, the family, and socio-economic conditions. First, the community
representatives identified the juvenile justice system as racially and ethnically biased,
though they viewed the bias as unintentional rather than overt. Second, they focused
on the failure of the educational system to serve minority juveniles adequately, and
their lack of full participation in the educational system. Third, the community
representatives looked at the family, perhaps the most sensitive and controversial
area. In highlighting causes of DMC, they concentrated on family composition,
particularly single-parent, low-income households, and family functioning or the lack
of strong family support. The majority of community representatives agreed that
socio-economic conditions played an important role in contributing to DMC,
including a lack of awareness of minority culture by the majority community, a lack
of positive role models, low incomes, few job opportunities, and urban density of
minority families.25
For the second phase, participant states developed multiple intervention
strategies that included: (1) advocacy strategies that sought to improve the abilities
of minority youth and their families in navigating the juvenile justice system and
improving the ability of the system to assist minority youth; (2) collaboration
strategies that stressed cooperation between community-based groups and the
juvenile justice system; and (3) alternative resource development strategies that
developed diversion programs appropriate for minority youth and prevention
programs and services within the minority community. OJJDP concluded that,
“[though] specific DMC outcomes varied by State and community, the DMC
initiative had several universal effects, including the development of automated
systems for monitoring DMC activities, increased community actions, the
institutionalization of DMC awareness, and the improvement of local services.” The
benefits of this approach, it found, were a “greater understanding within the pilot
communities of the complexity and pervasiveness of DMC issues and the realization
that serious efforts to address DMC require numerous resources, including time,
money, technical assistance, and above all, commitment.”26
Advocates supporting the imposition of penalties on those who commit crimes,
regardless of their race or ethnicity, argue that the seriousness and large number of
crimes committed by minority youth are the primary cause of DMC. In contrast,
opponents of disproportionate minority confinement cite deep concern about what
they see as evidence of racial inequity within the juvenile justice system.
25 Ibid., p. 6-7.
26 Ibid., p. 11.

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Additionally, they maintain that there are harmful long-term effects of negatively
labeling and incarcerating large numbers of mainly male, minority youth.27
The Senate Version Would Establish A New Mandate. Unlike the
House version, the Senate version would add a new mandate to require that states
take before the court those juveniles arrested with illegal firearms at school, and
detain them for at least 24 hours if the court determines they are a danger to
themselves or others. The Senate version was approved in the wake of the shooting
at Columbine High School, near Denver, Colorado, and this new mandate would
address the problematic aspects of the recent spate of school shootings nationwide.
Penalty for Failure to Comply. Both House and Senate versions would
amend the requirement that states failing to comply with those mandates would lose
25% of Title II, Part B formula grants for each mandate not met, unless waived by
federal grant officials. The House version would reduce the amount to 12.5% for
each mandate not met, allowing states to receive 50% of their grant funding if they
do not comply with any of the four mandates. Similarly, the Senate version would
reduce the amount to 10% for each mandate not met, allowing states to receive 50%
of their grant funding if they did not comply with any of that bill’s five mandates.
House and Senate authorizations for Title II, Part B are shown in Appendix 1.

Non-discrimination of Formula Grants for Religious Organizations.
Both versions stipulated that religious organizations could not be discriminated
against by state or local governments in the award of grants under Title II, Part B.
Title II, Part C through Part I: Selected Grant Programs
Reorganization of Discretionary Grant Programs. Both versions would
repeal or reorganize several provisions authorizing discretionary grant programs
within the JJDP Act. The House version would repeal Title II, Part C (Discretionary
Programs), Part D (Gang-related Programs), Part E (State Challenge Activities); Part
F (Treatment for Juvenile Offenders); Part G (Mentoring); and Part H (Boot Camps).
In the place of these programs, the House measure would add Part C (Juvenile
Delinquency Prevention Block Grant Program); Part D (Research, Evaluation,
Technical Assistance, Training); and Part E (Developing, Testing, and Demonstrating
Promising New Initiatives and Programs). The emphasis appeared to be on
eliminating existing “issue-focused” grant programs, and replacing them with new
programs designed to assist states and local governments with training, evaluation,
and workable demonstration models that may be successfully reproduced nationwide.
The Senate version moved in a similar direction to that found in the House, but
retained many of the existing grant programs in the JJDP Act. The Senate would
retain Part C (Discretionary Programs) and Part D (Gang-related Programs), but
would strike Parts E through F, and H. The Senate measure would add a Part E
(Developing, Testing, and Demonstrating Promising New Initiatives and Programs),
27 John Cheeves, “Racial Inequity Cited in Youth Detention Study,” Lexington, KY Herald-
Leader, March 15, 2000 [http://www.kentuckyconnect.com/]

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and Part F (Mentoring, formerly Part G). A new Part G (Administrative Provisions)
provides authorizations for Title II programs.
Title V: Local Delinquency Prevention Grants
Both versions of H.R. 1501 would repeal Title V (Incentive Grants for Local
Delinquency Prevention Programs).
Amendments to the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block
Grants
New Purposes Added for JAIBG Program Funding. Although
administered by OJJDP, the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant(JAIBG)
program was established outside of the JJDP Act, under FY1998 Commerce, Justice,
State Appropriations legislation (P.L. 105-119). Both versions of H.R. 1501 would
replace the JAIBG Program with the Juvenile Accountability Block Grants (JABG).
Under the House version, the new program would provide that funds be used to
strengthen the juvenile justice system. New purposes for which the funds could be
used include implementing graduated sanctions (that require establishing a range of
timely, appropriate consequences linked to offenses at all levels of severity); building
and operating correctional facilities; funding juvenile witness assistance programs;
establishing training programs for law enforcement and court personnel to prevent
and control juvenile crime; establishing and maintaining records systems for
juveniles who engage in violent crimes (listed as a prerequisite for receiving grant
funds under existing law); establishing and maintaining programs to conduct risk and
need assessments of juvenile offenders, including mental health and drug treatment;
establishing and supporting restorative justice programs; supporting a toll-free
hotline to report threats of school violence; and implementing activities to encourage
character education and development.
The Senate version would provide that funds be used for accountability of
juvenile offenders and for reducing risk factors associated with juvenile crime or
delinquency. The measure would replace the enumerated purposes for which the
funds could be used with: (1) implementing graduated sanctions; (2) providing for
victim restitution and restorative justice; (3) requiring juveniles to finish school or
vocational training; (4) requiring juvenile offenders to provide child support as
applicable; (5) curbing and punishing truancy; (6) establishing information and tests
to aid in identifying, prosecuting and sentencing juvenile offenders; (7) developing
and implementing the Serious Habitual Offenders Comprehensive Action Program
(SHOCAP); (8) encouraging multijurisdictional anti-gang programs; (9) constructing
or remodeling juvenile correctional facilities; (10) implementing training and
providing technology to juvenile justice officials for juvenile crime control; (11)
encouraging character education and training programs; (12) punishing adults who
involve juveniles in the commission of a crime; (13) establishing juvenile crime
prevention programs; (14) setting up juvenile drug and alcohol treatment programs;
(15) implementing school counseling programs; (16) providing drug testing for
juveniles upon arrest; and (17) addressing mental health and substance abuse needs
through training of justice system officials.

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Changes to the Grant Allocation Formula. Under existing law, the
JAIBG state grant allocation formula gives each state 0.5% of total JAIBG
appropriated funds, with remaining monies allocated proportionally on the basis of
juvenile population. Funds to each state must be shared with local governments on
a 25% state and 75% local basis.28 Local government monies are to be distributed
based on the following formula: two-thirds allocated according to the jurisdiction’s
law enforcement expenditures over the three most recent calendar years, and one-
third according to the average number of Part 1 violent crimes by juveniles29 over the
3 most recent calendar years. The House version would decrease the state base to
0.25% of the total funds for each state, and the Senate version retains the state base
under existing law (0.5%). The distribution of local government monies would be
amended from two-thirds to three-quarters allocated according to the jurisdiction’s
law enforcement expenditures over the three most recent calendar years, and one-
third to one-quarter according to the average number of Part 1 violent crimes over the
3 most recent calendar years. The Senate version would change the state/local
government split from 25%/75% to 30%/70%.
Other Provisions
Both bills contained numerous juvenile- or crime-related provisions not directly
related to OJJDP and its programs. For example, both versions would require the
application of adult probation and supervised release rules to juvenile delinquents.
Both versions would penalize at the federal level those who recruit others for a
criminal street gang, and would add gambling, the use of explosives, immigrant
smuggling, and obstruction of justice to the list of prohibited gang activities. In
addition, both versions contained a provision, called Aimee’s Law, that would allow
any state to be reimbursed from federal law enforcement funds set aside for another
state, when the former state prosecutes and imprisons violent offenders with a prior
conviction for similar crimes in the latter state. Specifically, this loss in grant funds
would be triggered by the latter state’s less stringent sentencing laws.
Both versions addressed Internet service filters to block access by children to
websites containing objectionable materials. The Senate version would mandate that
Internet service providers must provide their customers with software to screen or
filter downloaded information, while the House version would make schools and
libraries ineligible for federal aid for high-speed access to the Internet if they do not
block or filter obscene materials from their computer terminals.
28 According to the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), a “local government” is defined as
a “ jurisdiction is classified as any county, township, city, or village. This definition also
includes Indian tribes or Alaskan Native villages that carry out substantial governmental
duties and powers. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is considered a unit of general-
purpose local government as well as a state. For the parish-level of government in the state
of Louisiana, the parish sheriff is the eligible unit of local government.” See the BJA
website at: [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/grant/llebg_app.html].
29 As defined by the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports, Part 1 violent crimes are murder, rape,
robbery, and aggravated assault.

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Other provisions ranged from the display of the Ten Commandments on state
or municipal property (House version only), to the approval of student drug testing
by local school districts with the permission of parents or guardians (Senate version
only), to the authorization of FBI assistance to state and local governments
undertaking the investigation of deaths of children under the age of 13 years (House
version only). Unlike the House version of H.R. 1501, the Senate version contained
a gun-related provision that would require criminal background checks for all sales
at gun shows and for those who seek to redeem their own guns at pawn shops.30
30 For a fuller discussion of the gun control provisions, see CRS Issue Brief IB10014, Gun
Control.