Presidential Appointments to Full-time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 106th Congress, 1999 -- 2000

Presidential Appointments to Full-time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 106th Congress, 1999 -- 2000

Order Code RL30564
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Presidential Appointments to Full-time Positions
in Independent and Other Agencies During the
106th Congress, 1999–2000
Updated June 4, 2001
-name redacted-
Specialist in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
-name redacted-
Analyst, American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions in
Independent and Other Agencies During the 106th
Congress, 1999–2000
Summary
This report provides information on 120 full-time positions requiring Senate
confirmation in 25 independent executive agencies, six units in the Executive Office
of the President, six multilateral banking agencies, and four legislative branch
agencies. It does not cover appointments to cabinet departments or independent
regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions.
During the 106th Congress, President Clinton submitted 37 nominations to full-
time positions requiring Senate confirmation. The Senate confirmed 28 of the
nominations and returned seven at the end of the Congress. The President withdrew
two of his nominations and made eight recess appointments. On average, the Senate
took 121 days to confirm a nomination from the time it was received.1 Overall, 16
nominations were confirmed under the 121 day average and 12 were confirmed over
the 121 day average. The length of time for confirmation of individual nominations
varied considerably, with eight taking under 60 days and seven taking over 150 days.
The shortest confirmation took eight days, while the longest took 288 days.
Information provided in this report was compiled from the LEGIS nominations
database in the Senate Computer Center, the Weekly Compilation of Presidential
Documents, telephone discussions with agency officials, and two federal agency
directories.2
1Senate August recesses and the recess between sessions were not included in this calculation.
The Senate was in recess from Aug. 6 through Sept. 7, 1999 (33 days), from Nov. 20, 1999
through Jan. 23, 2000 (65 days), and from July 28 through Sept. 4, 2000 (39 days).
2Carroll Publishing, Carroll’s Federal Directory: January/February 2001 (Bethesda, MD:
Carroll Publishing, 2000); CQ Press, 2000/Fall Federal Staff Directory, 34th ed.
(Washington: CQ Press, 2000).

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Appointments Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Recess Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Temporary Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and Appointees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Nominees and Appointees to Individual Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Appointments Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Recess Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Temporary Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and Appointees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Nominees and Appointees to Individual Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
List of Tables
Table 1. Nomination and Appointment Action,
106th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 2. Nominations Confirmed and
Average Days to Confirm, By Agency Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 3. Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and Appointees
During the 106th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 4. Number of Positions, Nominations, and Appointments
During the 106th Congress, by Agency Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 6. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in the Executive Office of the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 7. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Multilateral Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 8. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Legislative Branch Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Agency Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Presidential Appointments to Full-Time
Positions in Independent and
Other Agencies During the 106th Congress,
1999-2000
Introduction
This report lists 120 full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation in 37
organizations in the executive branch (25 independent agencies, six agencies in the
Executive Office of the President (EOP), and six multilateral banking organizations),
and four agencies in the legislative branch.3 The report also covers all nominations
submitted by the President to the Senate for confirmation to positions in these
agencies, and the action taken on the nominations. During the 106th Congress,
President Clinton submitted 37 nominations. Of these nominations, the Senate
confirmed 28 (75.7%) and returned seven (18.9%). The President withdrew two
nominations and made eight recess appointments.
Table 1. Nomination and Appointment Action,
106th Congress
Nominations submitted
37
Nominations confirmed
28
Nominations returned
7
Nominations withdrawn
2
Recess appointments
8
3For information and data on appointments during the 106th Congress to positions in the
executive departments, regulatory bodies, and federal judiciary, see the following reports: U.S.
Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Presidential Appointments to Full-
Time Positions in Executive Departments During the 106th Congress, 1999-2000, by (n ame r
edacted),
CRS Report RL30524 (Washington: Mar. 26, 2001); U.S. Library of Congress,
Congressional Research Service, Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions on
Regulatory and other Collegial Boards and Commissions, 106th Congress, by (name r
edacted),
CRS Report RL30476 (Washington: Mar. 21, 2001); U.S. Library of Congress,
Congressional Research Service, Judicial nominations by President Clinton during the
103rd-106th Congresses, by (name redacted) CRS
Report 98-510 GOV (Washington:
Feb. 21, 2001).

CRS-2
On average, the Senate took 121 days to confirm a nomination from the time it
was received.4 Overall, 16 nominations were confirmed under and 12 over the 121
day average. The length of time for confirmation of individual nominations varied
considerably, with eight taking under 60 days, and seven taking over 150 days. The
shortest confirmation took eight days, while the longest took 288 days.
Table 2. Nominations Confirmed and
Average Days to Confirm, By Agency Type
Nominations
Average
Confirmed
number of
days to
confirm
Independent agencies
18
129.4
Agencies in EOP
6
88
Multilateral agencies
4
132.5
Agencies in legislative
0
n. a.
branch
Total
28
121
The Appointments Process
The President and the Senate share the power to appoint the principal officers
of the United States.5 The Constitution (Article II, Section 2) empowers the
President to nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint
the principal officers of the United States. Three distinct stages mark the
appointments process – nomination, confirmation, and appointment.
In the nomination or first stage, the President selects the nominee and sends the
nomination to the Senate. For positions located within a state (U.S. attorney, U.S.
marshal, and U.S. district judge), the President, by custom, normally nominates an
individual recommended by the Senator or Senators from that state, if they are from
the same party as the President. If neither Senator is from the same party, the
President normally defers to the recommendations of party leaders from the state.
Occasionally, the President solicits recommendations from Senators from the
opposition party when they hold key Senate positions. Before making a nomination,
whether at the state or national level, the President must consider how it will fare in
the confirmation process.
4Senate August recesses and the recess between sessions were not included in this calculation.
The Senate was in recess from Aug. 6 through Sept. 7, 1999 (33 days), from Nov. 20, 1999
through Jan. 23, 2000 (65 days), and from July 28 through Sept. 4, 2000 (39 days).
5A succinct historical and contemporary overview of the appointment power is found in (name
redacted),
“Appointment Powers,” in his Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the
President, 4th ed. (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1997), pp. 22-48.

CRS-3
A nomination to a position does not give the nominee legal authority to assume
the duties and responsibilities of the position. That authority comes only after the
nominee is confirmed and appointed. While awaiting confirmation, a nominee often
is hired as a consultant and may act only in an advisory capacity.
In the confirmation or second stage, the Senate alone determines whether to
approve or disapprove a nomination. How the Senate acts on a nomination depends
largely on the importance of the position involved, the nominee’s views, and existing
political circumstances. Generally, the Senate is particularly concerned with the
nominee's views and how he or she is likely to affect public policy.6 How closely the
nominee's personal and professional qualities are examined will normally depend on
the importance of the position, the nominee’s possible or likely influence on public
policy, and the possible or likely effect on constituent interests.
Although the Senate confirms most nominations, no President can safely assume
that all of his nominees will be approved routinely. Rarely, however, does a rejection
occur on the Senate floor. Nearly all rejections occur in committee, either by
committee vote or committee inaction. Rejections in committee occur for a variety
of reasons, including: opposition to the nomination; an inadequate amount of time for
consideration of the nomination; or factors that may have nothing to do with the
merits of the nomination.
The first two stages of the appointment process may be summarized by the
observation that, while the President proposes, the Senate disposes. In the third or
final stage, the confirmed nominee is given a commission signed by the President, with
the seal of the United States affixed thereto, and is sworn into office. At that point,
he or she has full authority to carry out the responsibilities of the office.
Recess Appointments
The appointment process also enables the President to make an appointment
without the need for it to be confirmed by the Senate when that body is in recess,
either during a session (intrasession recess appointment) or between sessions
(intersession recess appointment). Recess appointments expire at the end of the next
session of Congress.7 The President generally submits a nomination for a regular
appointment following a recess appointment.
Presidents have occasionally used the recess appointment power to circumvent
the confirmation process. In response, Congress has placed certain restrictions on the
President's authority to make a recess appointment. Under 5 U.S.C. 5503(a), if the
position to which the President makes a recess appointment fell vacant while the
Senate was in session, the appointee may not be paid from the Treasury until he or she
is confirmed by the Senate. The salary prohibition does not apply: (1) if the vacancy
arose within 30 days before the end of the session; (2) if a nomination for the office
(other than the nomination of someone given a recess appointment during the
6G. Calvin Mackenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: The Free
Press, 1981), pp. 97-189.
7U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, clause 3.

CRS-4
preceding recess) was pending when the Senate recessed; or (3) if a nomination was
rejected within 30 days before the end of the session and another individual is given
the recess appointment. A recess appointee falling under any one of these three
exceptions must be nominated not later than 40 days after the beginning of the next
session of the Senate. For this reason, when a recess appointment is made, the
President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee even when an old
nomination is pending.
Temporary Appointments
Congress has also provided limited statutory authority for the temporary filling
of vacant positions requiring Senate confirmation. Under the Federal Vacancies
Reform Act of 1998,8 an advice and consent position in an executive agency that
becomes vacant may be filled temporarily in one of three ways: (1) the first assistant
to such a position automatically assumes the functions and duties of the office; (2) the
President directs an officer in any agency who has been confirmed by the Senate to
perform those tasks; or (3) the President selects any officer or employee of the subject
agency who is at least at the GS-15 level and who has been with the agency for at
least 90 of the preceding 365 days. The temporary appointment is for 210 days, but
the time restriction is suspended if a first or second nomination for the position is
pending. In addition, during a presidential transition, the 210-day restriction period
does not begin to run until either 90 days after the President assumes office, or 90
days after the vacancy occurs, whichever is later. The act does not apply to positions
on multi-headed regulatory boards and commissions and to certain other specific
positions which may be filled temporarily under other statutory provisions.
Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and Appointees
Table 3 lists, in alphabetical order, all nominees/appointees to positions in the 25
independent executive agencies, six units in the Executive Office of the President, six
multilateral banking organizations, and four agencies in the legislative branch, with
nomination and confirmation information. The “confirmed” column notes whether the
nomination was confirmed, withdrawn, returned, or rejected.
The “Days to confirm” column indicates the number of days the Senate took to
confirm the nominee from the time the nomination was received in the Senate. On
average, the Senate took 121 days to confirm a nomination after receiving it. Senate
August recesses and the recess between sessions were not included in this calculation.
The Senate was in recess from August 6 through September 7, 1999 (33 days), from
November 20, 1999 through January 23, 2000 (65 days), and from July 28 through
September 4, 2000 (39 days).
Table 4 summarizes, by agency grouping, the number of positions, the number
of nominations submitted by the President, and the disposition of those nominations
during the 106th Congress.
8P.L. 105-277, Division C, sec. 151; 112 Stat. 2681-611; 5 U.S.C. 3354-3359d.

CRS-5
Table 3. Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and Appointees
During the 106th Congress
Days to
Nominee/Appointee
Position
Agencya
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
James V. Aidalab
Assistant Administrator
EPA
03/07/00
Returned 12/15/00
J. Brady Anderson
Administrator
USAID
05/27/99
07/30/99
64
Martin N. Baily
Member
EOP/CEA
07/28/99
08/05/99
8
Charles R. Barnes
Director
FMCS
01/14/99
11/10/99
267
Joseph Bordogna
Deputy Director
NSF
02/08/99
05/06/99
87
Barry E. Carter
Assistant Administrator
USAID
05/11/00
12/15/00
179
Amy L. Comstock
Director
OGE
10/08/99
10/26/00
280
Joseph R. Crapa
Assistant Administrator
USAID
10/01/99
11/19/99
49
G. Edward DeSeve
Deputy Director
EOP/OMB
02/12/99
Withdrawn 07/01/99
N. Cinnamon Dornsife
U.S. Director
AsDB
10/29/99
05/24/00
143
Susan G. Esserman
Deputy Trade Rep.
EOP/OUSTR
01/06/99
04/21/99
105
Timothy Fields, Jr.
Assistant Administrator
EPA
01/06/99
07/01/99
176
Phyllis K. Fong
Inspector General
SBA
01/06/99
03/17/99
70
George T. Frampton, Jr.c
Member
EOP/CEQ
02/23/99
Returned 12/15/00
Gregory M. Frazierc
Chief Agricultural
EOP/OUSTR
10/19/00
Returned 12/15/00
Negotiator
Joshua Gotbaum
Controller
EOP/OMB
09/14/99
11/10/99
57
Gary S. Guzy
General Counsel
EPA
01/14/99
07/01/99
168
William A. Halter
Deputy Commissioner
SSA
10/01/99
11/10/99
40
Lawrence Harrington
U.S. Executive Director
IADB
03/02/99
11/10/99
220
James G. Huse, Jr.
Inspector General
SSA
07/28/99
11/10/99
72
Willene A. Johnson
U.S. Director
AfDB
09/08/99
11/10/99
63
Sally Katzenc
Deputy Director
EOP/OMB
07/01/99
Returned 12/15/00
Robert Z. Lawrence
Member
EOP/CEA
06/07/99
08/05/99
59
Edwin A. Levineb
Assistant Administrator
EPA
12/15/00
Returned 12/15/00
Margrethe Lundsager
U.S. Alternate Executive
IMF
07/25/00
12/15/00
104
Director
W. Michael McCabeb
Deputy Administrator
EPA
11/16/99
Returned 12/15/00
John E. McLaughlin
Deputy Director
CIA
07/13/00
10/18/00
58
Everett L. Mosley
Inspector General
USAID
06/30/00
12/15/00
129
Anthony Musick
Chief Financial Officer
CNCS
07/01/99
11/19/99
108
Donald L. Pressley
Assistant Administrator
USAID
05/10/99
07/01/99
52

CRS-6
Days to
Nominee/Appointee
Position
Agencya
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Myrta K. Sale
Controller
EOP/OMB
01/07/99
Withdrawn 05/26/99
Mark L. Schneiderb
Director
PC
11/09/99
10/26/00
248
Kathryn Shaw
Member
EOP/CEA
11/17/99
05/24/00
124
James M. Simon, Jr.
Assistant Director
CIA
01/06/99
03/02/99
55
John T. Spotila
Administrator (OIRA)
EOP/OMB
01/07/99
07/01/99
175
Donald R. Vereen, Jr.
Deputy Director
EOP/ONDCP
11/10/99
Returned 12/15/00
Ella Wong-Rusinkob
Alternate Federal
ARC
03/23/00
12/15/00
228
Cochairman
Average number of days to confirm nomination
121.0
a Agency abbreviations are found in Table 9, on page 31.
b Recess appointment also made. See Table 5, under agency name.
c Recess appointment also made. See Table 6, under agency name.
Table 4. Number of Positions, Nominations, and Appointments
During the 106th Congress, by Agency Grouping
Recess
Positions
Nominated
Confirmed
Returned
Withdrawn
appointees
Independent
agencies
81
21
18
3
0
5
Executive Office
of the President
25
12
6
4
2
3
Multilateral
units
9
4
4
0
0
0
Legislative
agencies
5
0
0
0
0
0
Total
120
37
28
7
2
8

CRS-7
Nominees and Appointees to Individual Agencies
The following pages present data on the full-time positions requiring Senate
confirmation in each of the 25 independent executive agencies, six units within the
Executive Office of the President, six multilateral banking organizations, and four
legislative branch agencies. The data include the names of incumbents in those
positions as of the end of 2000, as well as the nominees and appointees to those
positions for the years 1999-2000. The tables also include the level of the executive
schedule at which the position holder is compensated.9
This report focuses on the nomination and confirmation process. Information
concerning position incumbents, which is also included, is drawn from nomination and
confirmation data supplemented by information from two federal agency directories.10
Where information from the two directories was in conflict, the information from
Carroll’s Federal Directory, which was more consistent with data from the Senate
nominations database, was used. Under the Vacancies Act, vacant positions can be
filled either by the first assistant of the previous occupant of the office or through
appointment by the President. Tables 5 - 8 present the best information available
about the final incumbent for each of these positions at the close of the 106th
Congress.
9As of December, 2000, executive schedule positions were compensated as follows: level I,
$157,000; level II, $141,300; level III, $130,200; level IV, $122,400; level V $114,500. For
salaries as of January, 2001, please see U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research
Service, Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet, by (name redacted),
CRS Report 98-
53 GOV (Washington: Jan. 18, 2001).
10Carroll Publishing, Carroll’s Federal Directory: January/February 2001 (Bethesda, MD:
Carroll Publishing, 2000); CQ Press, 2000/Fall Federal Staff Directory, 34th ed.
(Washington: CQ Press, 2000).

CRS-8
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Ella Wong-Rusinko
Alternate Federal
03/23/00
12/15/00
228
Co-Chairman
Ella Wong-Rusinko
Alternate Federal
Recess Appointment 8/3/00
Co-Chairman
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Federal Co-Chairman
Jesse L. White, Jr.
III
Alternate Federal Co-Chairman
Ella Wong-Rusinko
IV

CRS-9
5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
James M. Simon, Jr.
Assistant Director
01/06/99
03/02/99
55
John E. McLaughlin
Deputy Director
07/13/00
10/18/00
58
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
56.5
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
George J. Tenet
II
Deputy Directora
John E. McLaughlin
III
Deputy Directora - Community Management
Joan A. Dempsey
III
Assistant Director - Administration
James M. Simon, Jr.
IV
Assistant Director - Analysis and Production
Acting official
IV
Assistant Director - Collections
Acting official
IV
General Counsel
Robert M. McNamara, Jr.
IV
Inspector General
L. Britt Snider
IV
a Not more than one of the individuals serving in the positions of Director or Deputy Director may be a
commissioned officer of the Armed Forces, whether in active or retired status (50 U.S.C. 403(c)(1)(A)).

CRS-10
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Anthony Musick
Chief Financial Officer
07/01/99
11/19/99
108
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
President and Chief Executive Officer
Harris Wofford
III
Chief Financial Officer
Anthony Musick
IV
Inspector General
Luise S. Jordan
IV
Managing Director
Acting official
IV
Managing Director - Domestic Volunteer Programs
Acting official
IV
____________________________________________________________________________________________
COURT SERVICES AND OFFENDER SUPERVISION AGENCY
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Jasper Ormond (A)
IV
a Six-year term; incumbent may be removed from office prior to the expiration of term only for
neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, or other good cause shown. (District of Columbia Code
24-1233(b)(1). The agency became operational on August 5, 2000.

CRS-11
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
James V. Aidala
Asst. Admin. - Toxic Substances
03/07/00
Returned 12/15/00
James V. Aidala
Asst. Admin. - Toxic Substances
Recess Appointment 12/21/00
Timothy Fields, Jr.
Asst. Admin. - Office of Solid Waste
01/06/99
07/01/99
176
Gary S. Guzy
General Counsel
01/14/99
07/01/99
168
Edwin A. Levine
Asst. Admin. - Environmental Info.
12/15/00
Returned 12/15/00
Edwin A. Levine
Asst. Admin. - Environmental Info.
Recess Appointment 12/21/00
W. Michael McCabe
Deputy Administrator
11/16/99
Returned 12/15/00
W. Michael McCabe
Deputy Administrator
Recess Appointment 8/3/00
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
172
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Carol M. Browner
II
Deputy Administrator
W. Michael McCabe
III
Assistant Administrator - Administration Resources
Romulo L. Diaz, Jr.
IV
Assistant Administrator - Air and Radiation
Robert W. Perciasepe
IV
Assistant Administrator - Enforcement and Compliance
Steven A. Herman
IV
Assistant Administrator - Environmental Information
Edwin A. Levine
IV
Assistant Administrator - International Activities
William A. Nitze
IV
Assistant Administrator - Pesticides and Toxic Substances
James V. Aidala
IV
Assistant Administrator - Research and Development
Norine E. Noonan
IV
Assistant Administrator - Office of Solid Waste
Timothy Fields, Jr.
IV
Assistant Administrator - Water
J. Charles Fox
IV
Chief Financial Officer
Michael W. S. Ryan (A)
IV
General Counsel
Gary S. Guzy
IV
Inspector General
Nikki L. Tinsley
IV

CRS-12
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
James L. Witt
II
Deputy Director
Acting official
IV
Administrator - Federal Insurance Administration
Jo Ann J. Howard
IV
Administrator - U.S. Fire Administration
Carrye B. Brown
IV
Associate Director - Mitigation
Michael J. Armstrong
IV
Associate Director - Preparedness/Training/Exercises
Kay C. Goss
IV
Inspector General
George J. Opfer
IV
FEDERAL MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION SERVICE
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Charles R. Barnes
Director
01/14/99
11/10/99
267
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Charles R. Barnes
III

CRS-13
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
David J. Barram
III
Inspector General
William R. Barton
IV
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Daniel S. Goldin
II
Deputy Administrator
Acting official
III
Chief Financial Officer
Arnold G. Holz
IV
Inspector General
Roberta L. Gross
IV

CRS-14
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Archivista
John W. Carlin
III
a The President may remove the Archivist at any time, but must communicate the
reasons for such removal to Congress (44 U.S.C. 2103).
NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Chair - National Endowment for the Artsa
William J. Ivey
III
Chair - National Endowment for the
William R. Ferris
III
Humanitiesb
Director - Institute of Museum Services
Beverly Sheppard (A)
V
a Term of office is four years; when term expires, incumbent may remain in office until a successor
is appointed (20 U.S.C. 954(b)). Ivey’s term expires May 20, 2002.
b Term of office is four years; when term expires, incumbent may remain in office until a successor
is appointed (20 U.S.C. 956(b)). Ferris’ term expires Nov. 8, 2001.

CRS-15
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Joseph Bordogna
Deputy Director
02/08/99
05/06/99
87
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Rita R. Colwell
II
Deputy Director
Joseph Bordogna
III
a Term of office is six years, but the President may remove the incumbent at any time.
The incumbent must leave office when term expires (42 U.S.C. 1864(a)). Colwell’s
term expires May 21, 2004.
OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT ETHICS
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Amy L. Comstock
Director
10/08/99
10/26/00
280
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Amy L. Comstock
III
a Term of office is five years; the incumbent must leave office when the term expires
(5 U.S.C. Appendix, 401). Comstock was appointed Nov. 3, 2000.

CRS-16
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Janice R. Lachance
II
Deputy Director
John U. Sepulveda
III
Inspector General
Patrick E. McFarland
IV
a Term of office is four years, but the President may remove the incumbent at any time.
The incumbent must leave office when term expires (5 U.S.C. 1102(a)). Lachance’s
term expires Nov. 8, 2001.
OFFICE OF SPECIAL COUNSEL
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Special Counsela
Elaine D. Kaplan
V
a Term of office is five years; incumbent may continue to serve for one year after his
or her term expires. The President may remove incumbent from office only for
inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office (5 U.S.C. 1211(b)). Kaplan’s
term expires Apr. 1, 2003.

CRS-17
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
President
George Munoz
III
Executive Vice President
Kirk K. Robertson
IV
PANAMA CANAL COMMISSION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administratora
Alberto Aleman Zubiet
V
a Under the Panama Canal Treaty of 1979, the administrator is to be a citizen of
Panama, proposed by the Panamanian Government to the United States for
appointment by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.

CRS-18
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
PEACE CORPS
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Mark L. Schneider
Director
11/09/99
10/26/00
248
Mark L. Schneider
Director
Recess Appointment 12/22/99
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Mark L. Schneider
II
Deputy Director
Charles R. Baquet III
IV
SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Gil Coronado
IV

CRS-19
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Phyllis K. Fong
Inspector General
01/06/99
03/17/99
70
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Aida Alvarez
III
Deputy Administrator
Fred P. Hochberg
IV
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
Jere W. Glover
IV
Inspector General
Phyllis K. Fong
IV
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
William A. Halter
Deputy Commissioner
10/01/99
11/10/99
40
James G. Huse, Jr.
Inspector General
07/28/99
11/10/99
72
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
56
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Commissionera
Kenneth S. Apfel
I
Deputy Commissionerb
William A. Halter
II
Inspector General
James G. Huse
IV
a Term of office is six years, but the term of the initial appointment (Apfel) ended Jan.
19, 2001. When a term expires, the incumbent may continue in office until a successor
is appointed. The President may remove an incumbent only for neglect of duty or
malfeasance in office (42 U.S.C. 902(a)).
b Term of office is six years, but the term of the initial appointment (Halter) ended Jan
19, 2001 (42 U.S.C. 902(b)). There is no provision regarding removal or continuing
in office after a term expires.

CRS-20
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
J. Joseph Grandmaison
III

CRS-21
Table 5. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies (cont.)
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTa
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
J. Brady Anderson
Administrator
05/27/99
07/30/99
64
Barry E. Carter
Asst. Admin. - Global/Program/Field
05/11/00
12/15/00
179
Support/Research
Joseph R. Crapa
Asst. Admin. - Legislative and Public Affairs
10/01/99
11/19/99
49
Everett L. Mosley
Inspector General
06/30/00
12/15/00
129
Donald L. Pressley
Asst. Admin. - Europe and Eurasia
05/10/99
07/01/99
52
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
94.6
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
J. Brady Anderson
II
Deputy Administrator
Harriet C. Babbitt
III
Assistant Administrator - Africa
Vivian Lowery Derryck
IV
Assistant Administrator - Asia and Near East
Robert C. Randolph
IV
Assistant Administrator - Europe and Eurasia
Donald L. Pressley
IV
Assistant Administrator - Global/Program/Field Support/Research
Barry E. Carter
IV
Assistant Administrator - Humanitarian Response
Hugh Q. Parmer
IV
Assistant Administrator - Latin American and Caribbean
Carl H. Leonard (A)
IV
Assistant Administrator - Legislative and Public Affairs
Joseph R. Crapa
IV
Assistant Administrator - Management
Richard C. Nygard (A)
IV
Assistant Administrator - Program and Policy Coordination
Thomas H. Fox
IV
Inspector General
Everett L. Mosley
IV
a The Foreign Affairs Restructuring Act of 1998, Division G of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations
Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-277), abolished the United States International Development Cooperation Agency. The
United States Agency for International Development remains an independent agency, but the USAID director
is to report directly to the Secretary of State.

CRS-22
Table 6. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in the Executive Office of the President
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Martin N. Baily
Member
07/28/99
08/05/99
8
Robert Z. Lawrence
Member
06/07/99
08/05/99
59
Kathryn Shaw
Member
11/17/99
05/24/00
124
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
63.7
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Chairperson
Martin N. Baily
II
Member
Robert Z. Lawrence
IV
Member
Kathryn Shaw
IV
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYa
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
George T. Frampton, Jr.
Member
02/23/99
Returned 12/15/00
George T. Frampton, Jr.
Member
Recess Appointment 8/4/00
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Chairperson
George T. Frampton, Jr.
II
a P.L. 106-65, Title III, reduced the number of members on the council from three to
one.

CRS-23
Table 6. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in the Executive Office of the President (cont.)
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
G. Edward DeSeve
Deputy Director
02/12/99
Withdrawn 07/01/99
Joshua Gotbaum
Controller-Office of Fed. Fin. Mgmt.
09/14/99
11/10/99
57
Sally Katzen
Deputy Director - Management
07/01/99
Returned 12/15/00
Sally Katzen
Deputy Director - Management
Recess Appointment 8/3/00
Myrta K. Sale
Controller - Off. of Federal Fin. Mgmt.
01/07/99
Withdrawn 05/26/99
John T. Spotila
Admin. - Off. of Inform. and Reg. Affrs.
01/07/99
07/01/99
175
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
116
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Jacob J. Lew
I
Deputy Director
Sylvia M. Mathews
II
Deputy Director - Management
Sally Katzen
II
Controller - Office of Federal Financial Management
Joshua Gotbaum
III
Administrator - Office of Federal Procurement Policy
Kenneth J. Oscar (A)
IV
Administrator - Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
John T. Spotila
IV

CRS-24
Table 6. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in the Executive Office of the President (cont.)
OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Donald R. Vereen, Jr.
Deputy Director
11/10/99
Returned 12/15/00
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Barry R. McCaffrey
I
Deputy Director
Acting official
III
Deputy Director - Demand Reduction
Daniel Schecter (A)
III
Deputy Director - Supply Reduction
Robert E. Brown (A)
III
Deputy Director - State and Local
Acting official
III
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Neal F. Lane
II
Associate Director - Environment
Rosina M. Bierbaum
III
Associate Director - National Security and
International Affairs
Acting official
III
Associate Director - Science
Arthur Bienenstock
III
Associate Director - Technology
Duncan T. Moore
III

CRS-25
Table 6. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in the Executive Office of the President (cont.)
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Susan G. Esserman
Deputy U.S. Trade Rep.
01/06/99
04/21/99
105
Gregory M. Frazier
Chief Agricultural
10/19/00
Returned 12/15/00
Negotiator
Gregory M. Frazier
Chief Agricultural
Recess Appointment 12/21/00
Negotiator
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Trade Representative
Charlene Barshefsky
I
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Richard W. Fisher
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Rita Hayes
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Susan G. Esserman
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Gregory M. Frazier
III

CRS-26
Table 7. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Multilateral Organizations
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Willene A. Johnson
U.S. Director
09/08/99
11/10/99
63
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Directora
Willene A. Johnson
V
a Term of office is five years; incumbent may continue in office when a term expires
until a successor is appointed (22 U.S.C. 290i-1(a)). Current term expires Nov. 10,
2004.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
N. Cinnamon Dornsife
U.S. Director
10/29/99
5/24/00
143
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Director
N. Cinnamon Dornsife
V

CRS-27
Table 7. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Multilateral Organizations (cont.)
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Director
Karen Shepherd
n. a.a
a The statutory basis for this position, 22 U.S.C. 290l-1, makes no provision regarding
the compensation of the position holder.
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Lawrence Harrington
U.S. Executive Director
03/02/99
11/10/99
220
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Directora
Lawrence Harrington
n. a.b
U. S. Alternate Executive Directora
Acting official
n. a.b

a Term of office is three years; incumbent may remain in office when a term expires
until a successor is appointed (22 U.S.C. 2831(b)). Harrington’s term expires Nov. 10,
2002.
b The incumbent is not paid by the U.S. government (22 U.S.C. 283a(c)).

CRS-28
Table 7. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Multilateral Organizations (cont.)
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Directora
Jan Piercy
IV
U.S. Alternate Executive Directora
Todd Crawford (A)
V

a Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires
until a successor is appointed (22 U.S.C. 286a(a)).
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Margrethe
U.S. Alternate
07/25/00
12/15/00
104
Lundsager
Executive Director
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Directora
Karin Lissakers
IV
U.S. Alternate Executive Directora
Margrethe Lundsager
V
a Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires
until a successor is appointed (22 U.S.C. 286a(a)).

CRS-29
Table 8. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in Legislative Branch Agencies
ARCHITECT OF THE CAPITOL
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Architect of the Capitola
Alan M. Hantman
III
a The Architect is appointed to a 10-year term; the current term expires Jan. 30, 2007.
GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Comptroller Generala
David M. Walker
II
Deputy Comptroller Generalb
Acting official
III
a The Comptroller General is appointed to a 15-year term, with no hold-over provision
when the term expires. He may be removed before the term expires only by a joint
resolution of Congress, for permanent disability, inefficiency, neglect of duty,
malfeasance, or a felony or conduct involving moral turpitude (31 U.S.C. 703(e)(1)).
Walker’s term expires Oct. 20, 2013.
b The term of the deputy comptroller general expires upon the appointment of a new
Comptroller General, or when a successor is appointed.

CRS-30
Table 8. Nominees and Appointees to Full-Time Positions
in the Legislative Branch (cont.)
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Public Printer
Michael F. DiMario
IV
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
None
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Librarian of Congress
James H. Billington
III

CRS-31
Agency Abbreviations
Independent Agencies
ARC
Appalachian Regional Commission
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
CNCS
Corporation for National and Community Service
CSOSA
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FMCS
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
GSA
General Services Administration
NARA
National Archives and Records Administration
NASA
Nation Aeronautics and Space Administration
NFAH
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities
IMS
Institute of Museum Sciences
NEA
National Endowment for the Arts
NEH
National Endowment for the Humanities
NSF
National Science Foundation
OGE
Office of Government Ethics
OPM
Office of Personnel Management
OSC
Office of Special Counsel
OPIC
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
PC
Peace Corps
PCC
Panama Canal Commission
SBA
Small Business Administration
SSA
Social Security Administration
SSS
Selective Service System
TDA
Trade Development Agency
USAID
United States Agency for International Development

Executive Office of the President (EOP)
CEA
Council of Economic Advisers
CEQ
Council on Environmental Quality
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
ONDCP
Office of National Drug Control Policy
OSTP
Office of Science and Technology Policy
OUSTR
Office of U.S. Trade Representative
Multilateral Banking Organizations
AfDB
African Development Bank
AsDB
Asian Development Bank
EBRD
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IADB
Inter-American Development Bank
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IMF
International Monetary Fund
Legislative Branch Agencies
AC
Architect of the Capitol
GAO
General Accounting Office
GPO
Government Printing Office
LC
Library of Congres

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