Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory Retirement for Non- Dual-Status Technicians

Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory Retirement for Non- Dual-Status Technicians

Order Code RL30487
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory
Retirement for Non-Dual-Status Technicians
March 28, 2000
(name redacted)
Analyst in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

ABSTRACT
This report describes the mandatory retirement provisions for certain “non-dual-status”
military technicians contained in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000
(P.L. 106-65), discusses the stated rationale behind the policy, and quantifies the impact it will
likely have on individual technicians. The report also discusses objections to the mandatory
retirement provisions and analyzes proposals to repeal or modify this policy. Appendices to
this report contain detailed histories of the military technician program, the “dual status”
requirement, and congressional efforts to curtail the number of non-dual-status technicians
within the technician workforce. This report will be updated as needed.

Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory Retirement for
Non-Dual-Status Technicians
Summary
Military technicians are federal civilian employees who provide support primarily
to wartime deployable reserve units. Unlike regular civilian employees, military
technicians are generally required to maintain membership in the Selected Reserve as
a condition of their employment. These technicians are referred to as “dual-status”
technicians, reflecting their status as both federal civilian employees and military
reservists. The intent of this requirement is to guarantee that when a reserve unit is
mobilized, the military technicians who support that unit will be mobilized as well.
Some military technicians, however, are not members of the Selected Reserve. These
technicians – referred to as “non-dual-status” technicians – cannot be ordered to
deploy with their unit when it is mobilized.
The number of non-dual-status technicians, especially within the Army Reserve,
has troubled Congress for many years. Concerned that the large proportion of non-
deployable technicians within the technician workforce was undermining the readiness
of reserve units, Congress passed legislation in 1983 – and in every subsequent year
up through 1995 – aimed at reducing or eliminating the number non-dual-status
technicians. These past efforts, however, did not produce the results Congress had
hoped for. The mandatory retirement provisions of the National Defense
Authorization Act for FY2000 are the latest attempt by Congress to ensure that the
technician workforce is virtually all “dual status.”
The mandatory retirement provisions do not affect technicians in the National
Guard; they only apply to technicians in the Army Reserve and the Air Force Reserve
who do not hold dual status now or who lose dual status at some time in the future.
(There are no military technicians in the Naval Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, or
Coast Guard Reserve). Under current legislation, Army and Air Force Reserve
technicians who do not hold dual status and who are eligible for an “unreduced
annuity” will be required to retire; if they do not hold dual status but are not yet
eligible for an “unreduced annuity,” they may be allowed to continue working until
they become eligible for one, at which time they will be required to retire. (An
annuity, or pension, is a key component of the retirement benefits of federal civilian
employees. An “unreduced annuity” is an annuity that is not subject to reduction by
reason or age or years of service. It is important to point out that the annuity referred
to here is the one which technicians earn as federal civilian employees, not the military
retired pay which they may be entitled as a result of their simultaneous service in the
Selected Reserve).
Critics of the mandatory retirement provisions claim that this policy is unfair
because some technicians will suffer financially by having to retire earlier than
planned. These critics also argue that it will undermine military readiness by forcing
experienced technicians out of their jobs. They believe that the policy should be
repealed, or at least modified in order to minimize the negative financial impact on
technicians. However, supporters of the provisions argue that the policy is fair to
technicians as it allows them to continue working until they are eligible for a normal
pension. They also argue that it enhances the military readiness of reserve units by
ensuring that technicians can deploy with the units they support.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What is a Military Technician? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Origin and Evolution of the Military Technician Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Congress and the Dual Status Requirement: Past Legislative Provisions . . . . . . . 4
Congress and the Dual Status Requirement: Legislative Provisions in the
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000, Including the
Mandatory Retirement Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section 522: Its Impact on Various Groups of Military Technicians in the
Army Reserve and the Air Force Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired on or Before
February 10, 1996, Who Held Dual-status on October 5, 1999 . . . . . . 7
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired on or Before
February 10, 1996, Who Did Not Hold Dual-status on
October 5, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired after February 10, 1996,
Who Held Dual-status on October 5, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired after February 10, 1996,
Who Did Not Hold Dual-status on October 5, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Impact of the Mandatory Retirement Provisions on Individual Technicians . . . 10
Arguments in Opposition to the Mandatory Retirement Provisions . . . . . . . . . . 11
Arguments in Support of the Mandatory Retirement Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Ongoing Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A
Origin and Evolution of the Military Technician Program and the
Dual Status Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
“Dual Status” Provisions in the National Guard’s Technician Program . . . . . . . 19
“Dual Status” Provisions in the Air Force Reserve’s Technician Program . . . . . 20
“Dual Status” Provisions in the Army Reserve’s Technician Program . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix B
Congress and the Dual Status Requirement: Past Legislative Provisions . . 23

List of Tables
Table 1. Effect of P.L. 106-65, Section 522, on Military Technicians in the
Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory
Retirement for Non-Dual-Status Technicians
Introduction
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 20001 contains policy
changes affecting many U.S. military technicians, most notably a provision which
mandates the retirement of certain retirement-eligible technicians. Under this
legislation, Army and Air Force Reserve technicians who do not hold dual status and
who are eligible for an “unreduced annuity” will be required to retire; if they do not
hold dual status but are not yet eligible for an “unreduced annuity,” they may be
allowed, at the discretion of their respective service, to continue working until they
become eligible for one, at which time they will be required to retire. Although
Congress has settled the question for now, advocates for some military technicians
argue that the policy should be repealed or modified.
This report will describe the duties of military technicians and the history of
military technician programs in the National Guard, Army Reserve, and Air Force
Reserve. It will outline the importance of the “dual status” requirement in these three
distinct technician programs, explain the interest of Congress in this requirement, and
recount the legislative attempts to strengthen its application. Finally, this report will
discuss the stated rationale for the recently enacted mandatory retirement provision,
linking it to Congress’s past efforts to strengthen the dual status requirement, and
assess the impact of this provision on military technicians.
What is a Military Technician?
The reserve component2 (RC) of the United States armed forces employs a small
core group of full time employees to administer RC units, train RC personnel, and
maintain RC equipment. These employees are known as Full-Time Support (FTS)
personnel. There are four distinct types of FTS personnel: civilian employees, active
duty military personnel, Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) personnel, and military
technicians.3 Military technicians are federal civilian employees, hired under statutes
1 P. L. 106-65; October 5, 1999.
2 The reserve component of the United States military includes the Army Reserve, Navy
Reserve, Air Force Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, Coast Guard Reserve, Army National
Guard, and the Air National Guard.
3 Military technicians have also been referred to as “reserve technicians,” “civilian
technicians,” “dual status technicians,” “technicians” and “caretakers and clerks” in the past.
(continued...)

CRS-2
contained in titles 5 and 32, U.S. Code, who provide support primarily to wartime
deployable units of the Selected Reserve.4 Unlike regular civilian employees,
however, military technicians are generally required to maintain membership in the
Selected Reserve as a condition of their employment. They may also be required to
fulfill their reserve obligation (i.e., drilling one weekend a month and attending two
weeks of annual training) in the same unit they work for in their civilian capacity.5 The
principal intent of this policy is to guarantee that when a reserve unit is mobilized, the
technicians who support it will be mobilized as well. This ensures that the expertise
and skills of the technician workforce remain available to the unit when it needs them
most.
Military technicians who hold membership in the Selected Reserve are referred
to as “dual status technicians” because of their status as both civilian employees and
reservists. However, for a variety of reasons which will be discussed later, not all
military technicians belong to the Selected Reserve. These technicians are referred
to as “non-dual-status technicians.”6 Precisely because they are not members of the
Selected Reserve, non-dual-status technicians cannot be ordered to deploy with their
unit when it is mobilized.7 Thus, the supported unit is largely deprived of the
technician’s expertise and skills during its deployment.
3 (...continued)
The term used in the most recent federal legislation has been “military technicians” and is the
terminology generally used throughout this paper. The term “technicians,” however, is
sometimes used as an abbreviation. It should be considered synonymous with the term
“military technicians” unless stated otherwise.
4 The Selected Reserve, a sub-element of the Ready Reserve, contains those units and
individuals most essential to wartime missions. Members of the Selected Reserve generally
perform, at a minimum, one weekend of training each month, and two weeks of training each
year, for which they receive pay and benefits.
5 A “unit membership requirement” for certain military technicians was enacted November 18,
1997, as part of P. L. 105-85 and is codified in Title 10, U.S. Code, section 10216 (d).
Similar unit membership requirements have existed for many years within the administrative
agreements which govern the military technician programs in the Army Reserve and the Air
Force Reserve. In the case of the Army Reserve, the annual Department of Defense
Appropriations Acts from FY1984 through FY1996 also contained language barring funds
to certain technicians who did not hold reserve membership in the same unit which they
worked for in their civilian capacity. See footnote 63 for a full listing of these provisions.
6 They are also sometimes referred to as “status quo” technicians.
7 Non-dual-status technicians may volunteer to deploy with their units, as some did during the
Gulf War, but they are under no obligation to do so.

CRS-3
Origin and Evolution of the
Military Technician Program
As a federal program, the military technician program is over 80 years old and
its history is fairly complex. The following section provides a brief overview of the
program’s origin and evolution. A more detailed account is contained in Appendix
A of this report.
Military technicians are descended from the personnel described in Section 90
of the National Defense Act of 1916.8 This act authorized the use of federal funds
“for the compensation of competent help” to take care of the “material, animals, and
equipment” in National Guard units. Subsequent legislation renamed the “competent
help” as “caretakers and clerks.” Until 1968, these “caretakers and clerks” were state
employees, governed by state laws, but paid with federal funds. In 1968, however,
Congress passed the National Guard Technicians Act,9 which converted all
“caretakers and clerks” from state employees to federal employees and renamed them
“technicians.”
The Air Force Reserve and the Army Reserve established technician programs
similar to the National Guard’s in 1957 and 1960, respectively.10 However, unlike the
National Guard program, which was established by federal law, the Reserve programs
were established administratively, under the broader statutory umbrella of the federal
civil service. As such, the Reserve technician programs differed substantially from the
National Guard program. Furthermore, because the Reserve technician programs
operated under the authority of federal civil service laws, the Air Force Reserve and
the Army Reserve needed the approval of the Civil Service Commission (now the
Office of Personnel Management) before they could establish their technician
programs. To win this approval, the Air Force Reserve and the Army Reserve each
had to negotiate an agreement with the Civil Service Commission concerning
employment conditions for the technicians. These agreements were negotiated
separately and, as a result, the Air Force Reserve technician program differed
substantially from the Army Reserve technician program.
One of the key differences among these three military technician programs –
National Guard, Air Force Reserve, and Army Reserve – lies in the degree to which
they required their technicians to maintain “dual status.” A strict “dual status”
provision would require military technicians to maintain membership in the Selected
Reserve as a condition of their employment, usually in the same unit they work for in
their civilian capacity. A less strict provision might make exceptions in certain cases,
or merely encourage “dual status”while not requiring it.
8 Statutes at Large, June 3, 1916, chapter 134, section 90.
9 P. L. 90-486; 82 Stat. 755; August 13, 1968.
10 The Naval Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, or the Coast Guard Reserve have never had a
military technician program.

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Of the three military technician programs, the Army Reserve had the weakest
dual status requirement.11 The effect of this weaker “dual status” requirement was to
create a technician program in the Army Reserve with a relatively high number of
non-dual-status technicians. This eventually attracted the attention of Congress,
which was concerned that the Army Reserve’s readiness was being degraded by the
presence of so many technicians who could not be required to deploy with their units
in the case of mobilization.
Congress and the Dual Status Requirement:
Past Legislative Provisions
From 1983 to 1995, Congress repeatedly included provisions in defense
appropriations bills aimed at reducing the numbers of non-dual-status technicians
within the Army Reserve’s military technician program. Yet, in spite of these efforts,
the composition of the Army Reserve’s technician workforce did not change
appreciably. (For a detailed history of these legislative efforts and their impact see
Appendix B). As a result, beginning in 1995, Congress began to take a broader and
more aggressive approach towards managing the military technician workforce.
In 1995, Congress included a provision in the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1996 which established a strict dual-status requirement for all
newly hired technicians, whether in the Army Reserve, the Air Force Reserve, or the
National Guard.12 Two years later, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 1998 contained several provisions related to military technicians and the “dual
status” requirement. Specifically, it placed a limit on the number of non-dual-status
technicians that could be employed in each of the technician programs and required
the Secretary of Defense to submit a report to Congress outlining “a plan for ensuring
that, on and after September 30, 2007, all military technician positions are held only
by military technicians (dual status).”13 The clear implication of this latter provision
was that Congress was interested in phasing out the employment of all non-dual-
status technicians and wanted advice from the Department of Defense on how to
accomplish this objective.
The Department of Defense submitted a report to Congress in 1999 which
contained a plan to ensure that only dual-status technicians held military technician
positions by the end of FY2007; however, the report raised a number of concerns
about the fairness and feasibility of doing so. With respect to fairness, the report
predicted that meeting the 2007 deadline would require DoD to involuntarily separate
2,655 non-dual-status technicians, many of whom would not be eligible for civil
11 For a comparison of dual-status requirements of the three programs, see Appendix A.
12 P. L. 104-106, section 513(c); 110 Stat. 306; February 10, 1996.
13 P. L. 105-85, section 523; 111 Stat. 1737; November 18, 1997. The caps on the number
of non-dual-status technicians which could be employed by the other Reserve organizations
were as follows: 1,500 non-dual-status technicians in the Army Reserve; 2,400 in the Army
National Guard; 450 in the Air National Guard; and zero in the Air Force Reserve by the end
of fiscal year 1998.

CRS-5
service retirement when separated.14 Forced reductions of this sort, the DoD report
argued, were unfair to the individual technicians:
...non-dual status military technicians were hired and are managed
according to various Reserve component policies. Non-dual status military
technicians had a reasonable expectation that their positions carried career
potential. The Department feels a moral obligation to recognize previous
commitments and reasonable individual career expectations and to avoid
forced reductions to the extent practicable.15
Another significant point raised in the DoD report dealt with the limited need for
non-dual-status technicians in the National Guard. National Guard units usually
operate under the authority of the Governor of the state or territory in which they are
located. Each state or territory maintains a headquarters to oversee its units and
military technicians are frequently employed in these headquarters. If these
technicians hold dual-status, then they could potentially be mobilized by the federal
government in times of national emergency and deployed with the unit they maintain
membership in. This, DoD contended, could cripple the ability of the state
headquarters to carry out its own important mission. “The National Guard,” the
report concluded, “cannot operate without a workforce that includes some employees
who do not have to mobilize with the units they support.” From this perspective, the
National Guard has a bona fide need for at least some non-dual-status technicians.16
Congress and the Dual Status Requirement: Legislative
Provisions in the National Defense Authorization Act for
FY2000, Including the Mandatory Retirement Provisions
As a result of the concerns raised by the Department of Defense, Congress
substantially modified the idea of simply filling all military technician positions with
dual-status technicians by 2007. The National Defense Authorization Act for
FY2000 contains a new initiative which attempts to reconcile the desire of Congress
to have an all dual-status technician workforce with the issues of fairness and
necessity raised by the Department of Defense. With regards to the issue of necessity
14 Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs,
“A Plan for Full Utilization of Military Technicians (Dual Status),” August 2, 1999, pages
7 and 8. Numbers are derived from the estimated Reductions in Force (RIFs) required by
September 30, 2007, without benefit of additional retirement incentives.
15 Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs,
“A Plan for Full Utilization of Military Technicians (Dual Status),” August 2, 1999, page 3.
16 A similar argument has been made by some military technicians with respect to the Army
Reserve. A small proportion of Army Reserve military technicians are assigned to non-
deploying headquarters units where they perform functions similar to those performed by a
National Guard state headquarters. (At present, 558 military technicians, or 9% of the Army
Reserve’s technician workforce, fit this description). Thus, they argue, if the National Guard
has a bona fide need for some non-dual-status technicians in its headquarters units, so too does
the Army Reserve.

CRS-6
raised by the National Guard, the congressional response was fairly straightforward:
the act authorized the National Guard to employ up to 1,950 non-dual-status
technicians on and after October 1, 2001.17
Reconciling Congress’s desire to have a dual-status technician workforce with
the desire to treat non-dual-status technicians fairly, however, was a more
complicated issue and the relevant legislation was therefore more complex. The issue
is addressed in Section 522 of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000,
first by categorizing military technicians – in the Army and Air Force Reserves only18
– in two separate ways. First, it categorized technicians based on the date they were
hired: “on or before” or “after” February 10, 1996, the date of enactment of the
National Defense Authorization Act for FY1996. This distinguishes between those
technicians who were hired when there was an ambiguous dual-status requirement,
and those who were hired after a firm dual-status requirement had been codified into
law. Second, it categorized them based on whether or not they held dual-status on
October 5, 1999, the date on which the National Defense Authorization Act for
FY2000 was enacted into law. This provision was principally administrative: it
facilitated distinguishing those technicians who would be affected immediately and
those who might be affected in the future. These two dividing lines produce four
distinct categories of Army and Air Force Reserve military technicians: (1) those who
were hired on or before February 10, 1996, and who held dual-status on October 5,
1999; (2) those who were hired on or before February 10, 1996 and who did not hold
dual-status on October 5, 1999; (3) those who were hired after February 10, 1996,
and who held dual-status on October 5, 1999; and (4) those who were hired after
February 10, 1996, and who did not hold dual-status on October 5, 1999. The
legislative provisions contained in Section 522 and a description of how they impact
each of these four groups are discussed below. (These provisions and their impact are
summarized in Table1).
17 P. L. 106-65, section 523; October 5, 1999. This figure represents about four% of the total
number of technicians currently authorized for the National Guard.
18 The National Guard was not included in this part of the Act because, as mentioned,
Congress recognized that the Guard had a legitimate need to employ a small number of non-
dual-status technicians. Applying the mandatory retirement/prompt separation provisions
contained in this part of the Act to non-dual-status technicians in the National Guard would
run counter to Congress’s intent of allowing the Guard to employ this type of technician as
a permanent part of its technician workforce.

CRS-7
Section 522: Its Impact on Various Groups of Military
Technicians in the Army Reserve and the
Air Force Reserve
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired on or Before
February 10, 1996, Who Held Dual-status on October 5, 1999
Provided they maintain their dual-status, these technicians will not be affected
by the changes contained in the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000;
however, should they lose their dual-status19 at some point after October 5, 1999, they
will be substantially affected. Those who lose their dual-status and are eligible for an
“unreduced annuity”20 will be required to retire within 30 days of losing dual-status.
(It is important to point out that the annuity, or pension, referred to here is the annuity
earned by technicians as members of the civil service. It does not refer to the military
retired pay which some technicians become eligible for as long-time members of the
Selected Reserve).21 Those who lose their dual-status but are not eligible for an
unreduced annuity will have several options. They will have the opportunity to “(i)
reapply for, and if qualified, be appointed to, a position as a military technician (dual-
status); or (ii) apply for a civil service position that is not a technician position.”22
Alternatively, these technicians can continue their employment with the Army or Air
19 A technician could lose his or her dual status (i.e. membership in the Selected Reserve) in
several ways, including the following: failure to meet military physical standards, failure to
be selected for promotion to the next higher military rank within the prescribed period of time,
or through disciplinary actions which lead to the technicians discharge from the reserves or
ineligibility for re-enlistment. In the first two cases, the technician would generally be
considered to have lost dual-status involuntarily, while in the latter case the technician would
be considered to have lost dual-status voluntarily.
20 “For purposes of this section, a technician shall be considered to be eligible for an
unreduced annuity if the technician is eligible for an annuity under section 8336, 8412, or
8414 of title 5 that is not subject to a reduction by reason of the age or years of service of the
technician.” P. L. 106-65, section 522(a); October 5, 1999. Title 10, U.S. Code, Section
10218(c). Section 8336 of title 5 deals with immediate retirement under the Civil Service
Retirement System; Section 8412 of title 5 deals with immediate retirement under the Federal
Employees’ Retirement System; Section 8414 of title 5 deals with early retirement under the
Federal Employees’ Retirement System. The practical implications of this definition of
unreduced annuity on individual technicians are discussed later in the report.
21 As members of the civil service, technicians can earn an entitlement to an annuity either
under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or under the Federal Employee Retirement
System (FERS). Generally, a federal employee must have 30 years of qualifying civil service
and be 55 years of age in order to be entitled to an unreduced annuity, although this is not
always the case. (See footnote 30 for more information on this topic). Technicians may also
be eligible for military retired pay. To qualify for military retired pay, they normally must
have 20 years of qualifying military service, the last eight of which must in the reserves, and
be at least 60 years of age. Since the end of the Cold War, however, these requirements have
been temporarily lowered to facilitate reserve force reductions.
22 P. L. 106-65, section 522(a); October 5, 1999. Title 10, U.S. Code, Section 10218
(a)(3)(A).

CRS-8
Force Reserves as non-dual-status technicians; however, they will have several
conditions attached to their employment. First, they will not be permitted to apply for
voluntary personnel actions23 after October 5, 2000. Second, they will be required to
retire within 30 days of becoming eligible for an unreduced annuity.
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired on or Before
February 10, 1996, Who Did Not Hold Dual-status on October 5,
1999
If they are eligible for an unreduced annuity, these technicians will be required
to retire no later than April 5, 2000. If they are not eligible for an unreduced annuity,
they will have the opportunity to “(i) reapply for, and if qualified, be appointed to, a
position as a military technician (dual-status); or (ii) apply for a civil service position
that is not a technician position.”24 Alternatively, these technicians can continue their
employment with the Army or Air Force Reserves as non-dual-status technicians;
however, they will have several conditions attached to their employment. First, they
will not be permitted to apply for voluntary personnel actions after October 5, 2000.
Second, they will be required to retire within 30 days of becoming eligible for an
unreduced annuity.
23 “In this section, the term ‘voluntary personnel action,’ with respect to a non-dual status
technician, means any of the following: (1) The hiring, entry, appointment, reassignment,
promotion, or transfer of the technician into a position for which the Secretary concerned has
established a requirement that the person occupying the position be a military technician (dual
status). (2) Promotion to a higher grade if the technician is in a position for which the
Secretary concerned has established a requirement that the person occupying the position be
a military technician (dual status).” P. L. 106-65, section 522 (a); October 5, 1999. Title 10,
U.S. Code, Section 10218(d).
24 P. L. 106-65, section 522(a); October 5, 1999. Title 10, U.S. Code, Section 10218
(b)(2)(A).

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Table 1. Effect of P.L. 106-65, Section 522, on Military Technicians in the
Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve
Hired on or before
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
February 10, 1996?
Held Dual Status on
No
Yes, and maintains it
Yes, but loses it in
No
Yes, and maintains it
Yes, but loses it in
October 5, 1999?
in the future
the future
in the future
the future
Affected by P.L.
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
106-65, section 522?
Effect on Technician
I f e l i g i b l e for an
None
If eligible for an
If eligible for an
None
If eligible for an
unreduced annuity, the
unreduced annuity
unreduced annuity, the
unreduced annuity
technician will be
when dual status is
technician will be
when dual status is
retired no later than
lost, the technician
retired no later than
lost, the technician
April 5, 2000.
will be retired within
April 5, 2000.
will be retired within
30 days.
30 days.
If not eligible for
If not eligible for
unreduced annuity,
If not eligible for
unreduced annuity,
If not eligible for
technician has three
unreduced annuity
technician has three
unreduced annuity
options:
when dual status is
options:
when dual status is
lost, technician has
lost, technician has
(1)regain reserve
three options:
(1)regain reserve
three options:
m e m b e r s h i p a n d
m e m b e r s h i p a n d
reapply for position;
(1)regain reserve
reapply for position;
(1)regain reserve
(2)apply for a non-
m e m b e r s h i p a n d
(2)apply for a non-
m e m b e r s h i p a n d
technician position in
reapply for position;
technician position in
reapply for position;
the civil service;
(2)apply for a non-
the civil service.
(2)apply for a non-
(3)continue in their job
technician position in
(3)continue in their
technician position in
as a non-dual-status
the civil service.
job as a non-dual-
the civil service.
technician. However,
(3)continue in their
status technician.
(3)continue in their
the technician will then
job as a non-dual-
H o w e v e r , t h e
job as a non-dual-
be:
status technician.
technician will then
status technician.
H o w e v e r , t h e
be:
H o w e v e r , t h e
( a ) i n e l i g i b l e f o r
technician will then
technician will then
voluntary personnel
be:
( a ) i n e l i g i b l e f o r
be:
actions after October 5,
voluntary personnel
2000, and:
( a ) i n e l i g i b l e f o r
actions after October
( a ) i n e l i g i b l e f o r
(b)will be retired
voluntary personnel
5, 2000, and;
voluntary personnel
within 30 days of
actions after October
(b)will be separated
actions after October
becoming eligible for
5, 2000, and;
from employment
5, 2000, and;
an unreduced annuity.
(b)will be retired
within one year of
(b) will be separated
within 30 days of
losing dual-status.
from employment
becoming eligible for
within one year of
an unreduced annuity.
losing dual-status.

CRS-10
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired after February 10,
1996, Who Held Dual-status on October 5, 1999
Provided they maintain their dual-status, these technicians will not be affected
by the changes contained in the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000;
however, should they lose their dual-status at some point after October 5, 1999, they
will be substantially affected. If they lose their dual-status and are eligible for an
unreduced annuity, they will be required to retire from their positions within 30 days
of losing dual-status. Those who lose their dual-status but are not eligible for an
unreduced annuity will have several options. They will have the opportunity to “(i)
reapply for, and if qualified, be appointed to, a position as a military technician (dual-
status); or (ii) apply for a civil service position that is not a technician position.”25
Alternatively, these technicians can continue their employment with the Army or Air
Force Reserves as non-dual-status technicians; however, they will not be permitted
to apply for any voluntary personnel actions after October 5, 2000, and they will be
separated from their employment not later than one year after the date on which dual
status was lost.
Army and Air Force Reserve Technicians Hired after February 10,
1996, Who Did Not Hold Dual-status on October 5, 1999
If they are eligible for an unreduced annuity, these technicians will be required
to retire no later than April 5, 2000. If they are not eligible for an unreduced annuity,
they will have the opportunity to “(i) reapply for, and if qualified, be appointed to, a
position as a military technician (dual-status); or (ii) apply for a civil service position
that is not a technician position.”26 Alternatively, these technicians can continue their
employment with the Army or Air Force Reserves as non-dual-status technicians;
however, they will not be permitted to apply for any voluntary personnel actions after
October 5, 2000, and they will be separated from their employment not later than one
year after the date on which dual status was lost.
Impact of the Mandatory Retirement Provisions on
Individual Technicians
The mandatory retirement provisions mentioned above will cause an estimated
308 technicians, almost all of whom are employed by the Army Reserve, to be retired
no later than April 5, 2000.27 These are technicians who were hired on or before
25 P. L. 106-65, section 522(a); October 5, 1999. Title 10, U.S. Code, Section 10218
(a)(3)(A)
26 P. L. 106-65, section 522(a); October 5, 1999. Title 10, U.S. Code, Section 10218
(b)(2)(A).
27 Source: Colonel Richard Krimmer, Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. According to Colonel Krimmer, these figures are
the best available at the present time, but they may fluctuate in the future. The interpretation
(continued...)

CRS-11
February 10, 1996, did not hold dual-status on October 5, 1999, and were eligible for
an unreduced civil service annuity on the latter date. By the end of fiscal year 2005,
it is estimated that an additional 779 technicians will be similarly forced to retire, with
a further 358 retired by the end of fiscal year 2016. These are technicians who were
hired on or before February 10, 1996, did not hold dual-status on October 5, 1999,
but were ineligible for an unreduced annuity on the latter date. Pursuant to the law
they will be retired within six months of becoming eligible for an unreduced annuity.
This projection, however, does not account for technicians who were hired on or
before February 10, 1996, and held dual status on October 5, 1999, but who lose their
dual status at some future date. According to the law, these technicians will also be
required to retire when they become eligible for an unreduced annuity.
As mentioned above, those Army and Air Force Reserve technicians hired after
February 10, 1996, will not be allowed to stay in their positions until retirement if they
lose their dual-status. However, the legislation does allow them to stay in their
positions for up to one year after losing dual-status. Thus, under this legislation, there
likely will be a small number of non-dual-status technicians who are permitted to
continue working during this one year transition period on an ongoing basis.
Consequently, the legislation permanently authorizes up to 175 non-dual-status
technicians in both the Army and Air Force Reserves after October 1, 2007, in order
to accommodate these technicians.
Arguments in Opposition to the
Mandatory Retirement Provisions
The mandatory retirement provision has been criticized by some, especially by
those non-dual-status technicians who will soon be forced into retirement. Their
principal criticism is that the legislation is unfair to them, as it forces them to retire
and receive a pension check when they would prefer to continue working and receive
a full paycheck. The difference between a civil service retirement payment and a
regular paycheck is substantial, although it will vary from individual to individual,
depending on each individual’s total years of service. For example, assume a non-
dual-status technician plans to retire at age 60 after 35 years of service. At that time,
the technician would be eligible for an annuity equal to 66.25% of his or her “high-3"
average pay.28 If, on the other hand, that same technician is required to retire at age
55 after 30 years of service, the difference between pay and pension will be greater.
This technician will immediately be eligible to receive a civil service pension check,
but it will equal 56.25% of his or her “high-3" average pay. Thus, assuming the
27 (...continued)
of precisely who is eligible for an “unreduced annuity” will be a key factor in determining
precisely how many technicians will be affected. (See footnote 30 for more information on
this issue). Tom Hawley, Professional Staff Member, House Armed Services Committee,
cites a figure of 387 technicians who will be retired by April 5, 2000.
28 The accrual rates for each year of service under CSRS are 1.5% for the first five years,
1.75% for the second five years, and 2.0% for all subsequent years. This factor is then
applied to the average of the employees highest three years of pay to determine the annuity.

CRS-12
individual does not find alternate employment, between the age of 55 and 60, the
technician’s gross income will be reduced by 43.75% (full paycheck minus pension
check), and after age 60 the technician’s gross income will be 15% lower than
anticipated (an annuity of 56.25% of pay is worth 15% less than an annuity of
66.25%).29 Thus, assuming that they had a desire to continue working, the
technicians who are retired under this provision could experience a significant
reduction in income from the federal government. These retired technicians are free
to seek employment in the private sector, and the combination of their private sector
earnings with their civil service pension could result in their earning a higher income
than before. However, as these technicians will all be at least 55 years of age at the
time they retire, opponents of the mandatory retirement provisions argue that they
may have a difficult time securing employment in the private sector.30
To remedy this situation, some propose repealing the mandatory retirement
provisions altogether, allowing non-dual-status technicians to continue working
indefinitely as long as they can fulfill the civilian functions of their job. Others
propose modifying the mandatory retirement provision so that it will not apply until
29 Note, however, that the difference in net income will not be as great as the difference in
gross income. A technician who is covered by CSRS has 7% of gross pay deducted from each
paycheck in order to fund his or her pension. That deduction is not taken out of pension
payments.
30 Most of the technicians who will be immediately affected by the mandatory retirement
provisions were hired prior to January 1, 1984 and most of them are covered by the Civil
Service Retirement System (CSRS). Thus, the example cited here is based on the parameters
of CSRS. The age used here, 55 years, reflects the normal minimum retirement age of federal
employees under CSRS and the normal years of service, 30, needed to receive an unreduced
annuity (Title 5, U.S. Code, section 8336 (a)). However, if involuntarily separated, federal
employees covered by CSRS become eligible for an unreduced annuity at age 55 with 20
years of service or age 62 with five years of service (Title 5, U.S. Code, section 8336 (d);
Title 5, U.S. Code, section 8336 (f); Title 5, U.S. Code, section 8339 (h)). Thus, under this
retirement authority some technicians could be forced to retire at age 55 with 20 years of
service, with an annuity worth 36.25% of their “high-3" pay. There has been some
disagreement over whether Congress intended this involuntary separation retirement authority
to apply to non-dual-status technicians. However, Ted Newland from the Retirement Policy
Division of the Office of Personnel Management recently stated that he “met with staff of the
House Armed Service and Government Reform committees, and provided technical assistance
in drafting the bill. Not only are the above criteria [the retirement age/years of service
combinations] consistent with the plain wording of the statute, they are consistent with the
intentions expressed in those discussions.” While most of the technicians who will be
immediately affected by the mandatory retirement provisions are covered by CSRS, a small
number are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) rules for
retirement, due to retirement system conversions or as a result of federal civil service credit
for past military service. Under FERS, employees are eligible for an unreduced annuity at age
50 with 20 years of service, at age 62 with five years of service, or at any age with 25 years
of service. (Title 5, U.S. Code, section 8414 (b)). The accrual rates under FERS are 1% per
year of service. The resultant factor is then applied to the employees “high-3" pay to
determine the value of the annuity.

CRS-13
the technician reaches age 60, the age at which many of these technicians will be
eligible to receive their military retirement check for their years of reserve duty.31
Opponents of the mandatory retirement provisions reject the notion that non-
dual-status technicians undermine the readiness of reserve units. They argue that such
a relationship has never been conclusively demonstrated.32 On the contrary, they
argue that military technicians, whether dual-status or not, contribute substantially to
the readiness of reserve units. From this perspective, requiring some of the most
experienced technicians to retire will hurt the readiness of reserve units rather than
enhancing it.
Arguments in Support of the Mandatory Retirement
Provisions
Supporters of the mandatory retirement provisions reject the notion that
mandatory retirement will undermine readiness; in fact, their principal argument is that
it will enhance the readiness of the reserve units, especially those within the Army
Reserve (which has the highest proportion of non-dual status technicians). Non-dual-
status technicians, they argue, may do excellent work in their civilian capacity, but
they cannot fulfill all the duties of their jobs unless they can be mobilized and deployed
with their units. This inability to deploy creates a situation where some of the key,
full-time personnel of a unit (the non-dual-status technicians) will remain at their
home-station while the less experienced, part-time personnel (traditional reservists)
deploy to the theater of operations. This, they argue, deprives the unit of key
personnel precisely when they are needed most and thereby degrades the efficiency
and effectiveness of the unit. The way to remedy it is to replace non-dual-status
technicians with dual-status technicians, who will be able to deploy with their units
in the event of a mobilization.
While conceding that non-dual-status technicians might not like the mandatory
retirement provisions, supporters of the provisions argue that the provisions are fair.
Recognizing that there was no clear dual status policy prior to February 10, 1996, the
provisions allow the Department of Defense to continue employing technicians who
were hired before that date until they are eligible for an unreduced civil service
pension, regardless of whether or not they hold dual-status. Allowing these
technicians to continue working until eligible for an unreduced pension, it is argued,
is a fair way to reconcile the legitimate needs of the military with the legitimate career
expectations of the technicians; and in any case, it is a solution that is far preferable
31 As pointed out in footnote 21, technicians can qualify for two distinct types of retirement
pay: a civil service pension and military retired pay. Note, however, that technicians do not
automatically qualify for military retired pay. To be eligible, a technician must have
completed at least twenty qualifying years of military service, either on active duty or as a
member of the Selected Reserve. Precisely because non-dual-status technicians lost their
membership in the Selected Reserve at some point in their career, there is good reason to
believe that some of them are not eligible for military retired pay.
32 John Esposito, President, Local 1900, American Federation of Government Employees.

CRS-14
to the reductions-in-force that would have occurred under the original plan to
eliminate all non-dual-status technicians by 2007.
Other Considerations
The debate over the mandatory retirement provisions has generally been framed
within the context of whether or not they strike an appropriate balance between
military readiness and fairness to technicians. Supporters of the provisions say that
they do strike the proper balance. Opponents say that they do not. However, another
perspective deserves mention; namely, some may question whether the mandatory
retirement provisions are unduly generous to technicians and, as a result, undermine
the readiness of reserve units. If one accepts the argument that employment of non-
dual-status technicians in the technician workforce works to the detriment of the
readiness of reserve units, then there are aspects of the mandatory retirement
provisions which may be troubling from a military readiness perspective.
Specifically, the existing provisions allow for the continued employment of any
military technicians in the Army and Air Force Reserve who have lost their dual-
status, or who lose it in the future, provided they were hired on or before February
10, 1996. At present, 72% of all Army Reserve technicians and 99% of all Air Force
Reserve technicians were hired on or before February 10, 1996.33 Thus, a large
number of technicians are potentially eligible to continue employment in their
positions as non-dual-status technicians. While there are substantial drawbacks
associated with this position status – such as ineligibility for promotion or transfer –
they may be tolerable, especially for technicians who are happy in the position they
currently occupy, who have already reached the top of their promotion ladder, or who
are less employable in the private sector. In light of this, it is conceivable that a
significant number of technicians will choose to drop their reserve membership, or will
fail to maintain the standards necessary to maintain reserve membership, with the
understanding that they will be “protected” from separation until they are eligible for
retirement. Such a phenomenon could be particularly acute in the Air Force Reserve,
which has historically imposed a fairly strict dual-status requirement on its technicians
and which might see that policy undercut by a provision which appears to guarantee
a full career to all technicians hired before February 10, 1996, whether they hold dual-
status or not.34
33 Source: Colonel Richard Krimmer, Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs.
34 A rise in the proportion of non-dual-status technicians within the Air Force Reserve would
be particularly troubling from the perspective of readiness given that the Air Force Reserve
routinely uses its technicians to fill critical positions like air commander, base commander,
pilot, and navigator. According to Colonel Richard Krimmer (Department of Defense, Office
of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs), the Air Force is unlikely to use the
authority granted by Congress to keep non-dual-status technicians in their positions until
eligible for retirement. Rather, it will almost certainly continue to enforce its dual-status
requirement and separate those technicians who lose their reserve membership. This could
trigger complaints of unfairness, however.

CRS-15
When considering this possibility, it is important to note that the legislation does
not require the Department of Defense to allow non-dual-status technicians to
continue in their technician positions until they qualify for retirement; the legislation
only permits this to happen, by allowing DoD to employ these technicians until 30
days after they become retirement-eligible. However, given that the legislation was
written in response to concerns raised by DoD about fairness to the career
expectations of technicians, it seems likely that the Department will use this
continuation authority liberally. To do otherwise would allow certain non-dual-status
technicians to continue on until retirement, while forcing others out without that
benefit. This would inevitably reopen the whole issue of “fairness” that DoD was so
concerned about in its 1999 report to Congress.35
The Ongoing Debate
Although Congress established a clear policy in 1999 when it enacted the
mandatory retirement provisions for non-dual-status technicians in the Army and Air
Force Reserve, some technicians and their advocates are currently lobbying to have
that policy repealed or modified. A repeal of the mandatory retirement provisions
would return the situation to the status quo ante: Non-dual-status technicians hired
before February 10, 1996 (when the dual-status requirement was fixed in law) would
be allowed to continue their careers in the same manner as dual status technicians,
retiring only when they chose to do so. Under such a policy, non-dual-status
technicians would be phased out of the technician workforce much more slowly than
they will be under the current mandatory retirement provisions.
Another proposal currently being advanced by some is to modify the mandatory
retirement provisions so that non-dual-status technicians will not be forced to retire
before the age of 60. If enacted, such a change would allow the affected technicians
to continue working for up to five years longer, extending the period in which they
earn a full paycheck and increasing the size of their retirement annuity. Additionally,
at age 60, many technicians become eligible for the military retired pay they have
earned as members of the Selected Reserve. Thus, under this proposal, the difference
in income between regular pay and retirement pay would be decreased for most
affected technicians. However, if such a policy change were enacted, non-dual-status
technicians would be phased out of the technician workforce more slowly than they
will be under the current mandatory retirement provisions (but more quickly than they
would be if the mandatory retirement provisions were repealed).
This latter proposal appears to be gaining support in Congress. On March 2,
2000, the chairman and ranking member of the Military Personnel subcommittee of
the House Armed Service Committee sent a letter to the Secretary of Defense stating
that “we have become aware of the need to revise certain portions of section 10218
[of Title 10 U.S.C.] to permit the mandatory separation to take place at age 60,
instead of age 55. We are working to make this change part of the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001.” The letter also indicated that the authors
35 Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs,
“A Plan for Full Utilization of Military Technicians (Dual Status),” August 2, 1999.

CRS-16
supported a proposal advanced by the Army to temporarily rehire those technicians
who will be separated on April 5, 2000, pending congressional consideration of the
revised retirement age in the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2001.

CRS-17
Appendix A
Origin and Evolution of the Military Technician
Program and the Dual Status Requirement
Military technicians are descended from the personnel described in Section 90
of the National Defense Act of 1916.36 This act, which dramatically reshaped the
relationship between the state militias and the federal Army, authorized the use of
federal funds “for the compensation of competent help”to take care of the “material,
animals, and equipment” in those organized militia units known as the National
Guard.37 In subsequent legislation, the phrase “competent help”was replaced with
“caretakers and clerks.”
From the program’s inception in 1916, the personnel employed under this
legislative authority remained state employees, although they were paid with federal
funds. However, this changed in 1968 when Congress passed the National Guard
Technicians Act.38 This act converted all of the National Guard’s “caretakers and
clerks” from state employees paid with federal funds to federal employees subject to
a certain measure of state control and administration. It also renamed them
“technicians.”
For many years, the military technician program existed only within the National
Guard. However, in the late 1950s, both the Air Force Reserve and the Army
Reserve decided to establish their own military technician programs.39 Unlike the
National Guard program, which was established by independent statutory provisions,
the Reserve programs were established administratively, under the broader statutory
umbrella of the federal civil service. The Air Force Reserve formally established its
technician program in 1957 by successfully negotiating an agreement with the Civil
Service Commission (later the Office of Personnel Management). The Army Reserve
also wanted to establish a technician program in the late 1950s, but the Civil Service
Commission decided to postpone approval for such a program until it had a chance
to assess the Air Force Reserve’s program. The Air Force Reserve’s technician
program was a novel modification of traditional civil service rules and the Civil
Service Commission was reluctant to expand the program until its impact on federal
employees (the technicians) could be assessed.
In 1960, the Civil Service Commission rendered a fairly negative assessment of
the Air Force Reserve’s technician program. In the eyes of the Commission, the
program was plagued by problems that resulted from its unique mix of civilian and
36 Statutes at Large, June 13, 1916, chapter 134, section 90.
37 According to the National Defense Act of 1916 the militia of the United States was
composed of all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45. The militia was
then subdivided into three groups: the Unorganized Militia, the Naval Militia, and the National
Guard. Statutes at Large, June 13, 1916, chapter 134, sections 57.
38 P. L. 90-486; 82 Stat. 755; August 13, 1968.
39 There has never been a military technician program within the Naval Reserve, Marine
Corps Reserve, or the Coast Guard Reserve.

CRS-18
military functions. In a letter to the Assistant Secretary of Defense, the chairman of
the Civil Service Commission stated:
A perfectly trouble-free operation for the undertaking of the
magnitude and novelty of the Air Reserve Technician [ART] program
had not been anticipated. However, the difficulties that have been
encountered have been sufficiently serious to cause misgivings about
the wisdom of entering upon another similar program...There have
been complaints about inappropriate imposition of military discipline
on civilians in such matters as standing at attention, saluting, and
wearing uniforms. Nonreservists have complained that their jobs have
been abolished only to reappear with an ART incumbent. We have had
allegations that civilians who joined the Air Reserve to qualify for a
technician job were later refused the job but not released from the
Reserves. The failure to indoctrinate appointing officials with the true
nature of the program and their responsibilities to it is indicated when
an officer informed one of our regional directors that he would
disregard Civil Service rules and the Air Force agreement whenever
it suited his purposes to do so.40
Despite these problems, the Civil Service Commission agreed to approve an
Army Reserve technician program in 1960; however, the Commission insisted that the
program be designed in such a way as to minimize or eliminate the type of problems
associated with the Air Force Reserve program. The Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) reached between the Civil Service Commission and the Department of the
Army was drafted with this goal in mind.41 As such, the agreement which governed
the Army Reserve’s technician program at its inception differed substantially from that
of the Air Force Reserve. Furthermore, in certain respects, the provisions of both
Reserve technician programs differed from those of the National Guard. One of the
key areas of difference among the three military technician programs – National
Guard, Air Force Reserve, and Army Reserve – was in the stringency of the dual
status requirement for the military technicians employed. The different “dual status”
provisions in the National Guard, Air Force Reserve, and Army Reserve are outlined
below.
40 Letter from Roger W. Jones, Chairman of the Civil Service Commission, to Charles C.
Finucane, Assistant Secretary of Defense, February 23, 1960.
41 Memorandum of Understanding dated July 5, 1960.

CRS-19
“Dual Status” Provisions in the National Guard’s
Technician Program
The National Guard’s “dual status” provisions can be traced back to the National
Defense Act of 1916. While providing the National Guard with federal funds to hire
“competent help,” the act also required that the “the men to be compensated, not to
exceed five for each battery or troop, shall be duly enlisted therein.”42 However,
exceptions to this general policy were made soon thereafter. In 1924, for example,
Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916 to authorize the use of civilian
employees “whenever it shall be found impracticable to secure the necessary
competent enlisted caretakers....”43 Similarly broad exceptions were contained in later
versions of the statute. Despite these broad exceptions, the National Guard managed
the technician program in such a way that its technician workforce was almost
exclusively dual status. In 1968, Congress estimated that 95% of National Guard
technicians held dual status.44 In that same year, Congress passed the National Guard
Technicians Act45 which converted National Guard technicians from state to federal
employees. The act also stipulated that every technician working for the National
Guard would simultaneously “be a member of the National Guard,” except as
specifically prescribed by the Secretary of the Army or Air Force.46 (In 1997, the
language allowing the service Secretaries to make exceptions to the dual status
requirement was deleted).47 As a result of this fairly strict dual status requirement, the
National Guard’s technician workforce has remained overwhelmingly dual status.
Since 1968, dual status technicians have constituted about 90 to 95% of the total
42 Statutes at Large, June 3, 1916, chapter 134, section 90. “Batteries,” “Troops,” and
“Companies” are Army units generally commanded by a captain or first lieutenant and having
anywhere from 60 to 180 soldiers, depending on the type of unit.
43 Statutes at Large, June 6, 1924, P. L. 207, Chapter 275, section 5.
44 “About 95% of the technicians are required to hold concurrent National Guard membership
as a condition for their civilian employment.” House Report No. 1823, Conference Report to
Accompany S. 3865, the National Guard Technicians Act of 1968. U.S. Code Congressional
and Administrative News, Legislative History for P. L. 90-486, 3319.
45 P. L. 90-486; 82 Stat. 755; August 13, 1968.
46 P. L. 90-486; 82 Stat. 755, Section 709 (b); August 13, 1968. Congress did, however,
anticipate that the National Guard would have need for a small number of technicians who did
not hold dual status in the 1968 National Guard Technicians Act. The report language
accompanying the bill noted that, under the new law, “about 95% of the technicians would
hold noncompetitive positions and would be required to be members of the Guard as a part
of their civilian employment. About 5%, or 2,000, would be in a competitive federal status
and would constitute principally female employees, clerk-typists, and security guards.” House
Report No. 1823, Conference Report to Accompany S. 3865, the National Guard Technicians
Act of 1968. U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, Legislative History for P.
L. 90-486, 3324.
47 P. L. 105-85, section 522 (c); 111 Stat. 1735; November 18, 1997.

CRS-20
technician workforce in the National Guard.48 The Department of Defense recently
reported that 95% of National Guard technicians held dual status at the end of fiscal
year 1998. This figure represents the average of the figures for Army National Guard
technicians (91% of whom hold dual status) and Air National Guard technicians (99%
of whom hold dual-status).49
“Dual Status” Provisions in the Air Force Reserve’s
Technician Program
The Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) reached by the Air Force Reserve and
the Civil Service Commission in 1957 contained a fairly strict “dual status”
requirement. It stipulated that “For all ART [Air Reserve Technician] positions there
will be an established requirement that persons appointed to these positions must be
eligible for and willing to accept active membership in the reserve unit in which they
would be employed.”50 It further stated that “Employees who develop physical
disabilities or conditions which do not permit continued reserve membership may not
continue indefinitely in the ART category.”51 Subsequent versions of this agreement
have included a similarly strong dual status requirement.52 Depending on the
importance of the position they occupied, technicians who lost their dual status were
either subject to separation from their technician position, or allowed to continue in
their technician position only until they could be placed in a non-technician position
of similar or higher grade.
As a result of this fairly strict “dual status” requirement, the Air Force Reserve’s
technician workforce has been almost entirely dual status. The Air Force Reserve has
allowed some technicians to continue working in their civilian capacity if they lost
their dual status through no fault of their own, yet the number of technicians treated
in this way is quite small. In fiscal year 1998, only one percent of the technicians in
the Air Force Reserve could be described as “non-dual-status.”53
48 Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs,
“A Plan for Full Utilization of Military Technicians (Dual Status),” August 2, 1999, page 2.
49 Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs,
“A Plan for Full Utilization of Military Technicians (Dual Status),” August 2, 1999, page 2.
50 John W. Macy, Jr., Executive Director, United States Civil Service Commission,
Commission Letter No. 57-45, “The Air Reserve Technician Plan for Air Reserve Flying
Centers Within The Continental Air Command,” June 28, 1957, 4.
51 John W. Macy, Jr., Commission Letter No. 57-45, June 28, 1957, 5.
52 “Recruitment of Air Reserve Technicians Through Competitive Agreement (ART
Agreement),” United States Office of Personnel Management, basic document approved 24
January 1979; republished with authorized changes 1 December 1987.
53 In fiscal year 1998, there were 113 technicians in the Air Force Reserve who did not hold
dual status, out of a total technician population of 9,263. The Air Force Reserve prefers to
refer to these technicians as “status quo” rather than as “non-dual-status” in order to highlight
the fact that all of its technicians were required to hold dual-status when hired; none was hired
(continued...)

CRS-21
“Dual Status” Provisions in the Army Reserve’s
Technician Program
In contrast to the fairly strict “dual status” requirement contained in the
agreement governing the Air Force Reserve’s program, the 1960 Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) governing the Army Reserve’s program had a more flexible
provision. For example, while the Air Force Reserve program required technicians
to be members of the Air Force Reserve when hired, this was not an absolute
requirement in the Army Reserve program. According to the Army’s MOU, certain
circumstances – such as a tight labor market – might make the use of dual status
technicians impractical. In such cases, “any available qualified civilians, including
women, will be employed through usual civil service procedures.”54 Thus, “under this
program, individuals who were eligible for membership in the Army Reserve were the
primary recruitment source for military technicians. Individuals not eligible for
Reserve membership constituted a secondary recruitment source when Reservists
were not available.”55 Another difference between the Army and Air Force Reserve
programs was the way in which the programs treated technicians who lost their
military membership. Under the Air Force rules, technicians who lost their military
status, for any reason, were normally separated from the program. Under the Army
rules, technicians who lost their military status voluntarily could be separated from the
program, although this was not mandated. More importantly, technicians who lost
their military status involuntarily – for example, by sustaining an injury that precluded
meeting the physical standards of the military – could not be separated from the
program.56
In 1970, the Army Reserve re-negotiated its MOU with the Civil Service
Commission and incorporated a somewhat stricter dual-status requirement.57 The
new agreement stated that “membership in an active Army Reserve Unit (or eligibility
and willingness to join the Reserve) shall be a requirement to secure a permanent
appointment to a position as a technician....” There were still some exceptions to this
policy, but it was certainly a stronger “dual status” provision than had previously been
the case. This provision, however, only applied to the technician at the time of initial
appointment; it did not constitute an ongoing requirement to maintain military
membership. Indeed, the MOU specifically states that “No technician who attains
dual status and later loses his active reserve status for reasons outside his control will
53 (...continued)
as a “non-dual-status” technician. Yet, the fact remains that these “status quo” technicians
do not now hold dual status. Thus, they can accurately be referred to as “non-dual-status”
technicians, as the term is used in this report.
54 Memorandum of Understanding, dated July 5, 1960, paragraph 1.
55 Military Technician Compensation Report: A Report Prepared for the House
Appropriations Committee, Office of the Secretary of Defense (Reserve Affairs), May, 1991,
4.
56 Memorandum of Understanding, dated July 5, 1960, paragraph 2. “The lack or involuntary
loss of military status will not be a basis for removing present or future civilian employees.”
57 The effective date of the new Memorandum of Understanding was September 1, 1970.

CRS-22
be involuntarily reassigned or removed.”58 The MOU also contained an explicit
“grandfather” clause to protect those technicians who had been hired under the terms
of the previous MOU and who did not hold dual-status.59 Thus, while the 1970 MOU
strengthened the “dual-status” provisions in the Army Reserve’s technician program
with respect to initial hiring for technician positions, it still left ample room for the
continued employment of non-dual status technicians.
58 Army Regulation 140-315, Employment and Utilization of U.S. Army Reserve Military
Technicians, 5 July 1985, Appendix A, Memorandum of Understanding, paragraph 7.
59 “No technician employed prior to 1 September 1970 who is not in a dual civilian military
status on that date will be involuntarily reassigned or removed from his position for failure to
comply with the dual status requirement.” Army Regulation 140-315, Employment and
Utilization of U.S. Army Reserve Military Technicians, 5 July 1985, Appendix A,
Memorandum of Understanding, paragraph 7.

CRS-23
Appendix B
Congress and the Dual Status Requirement: Past
Legislative Provisions
Over the past 16 years, Congress has repeatedly passed legislation concerning
the dual status requirement for military technicians. Often, this legislation has been
directed exclusively towards technicians in the Army Reserve, reflecting a special
congressional concern with the manner in which the Army Reserve was managing its
technician workforce. In recent years, however, Congress’s approach to the issue has
been more general in scope, although the Army Reserve’s technician program has
remained the principal concern.
When Congress passed the National Guard Technicians Act in 1968,60 it
contained a fairly strict dual status requirement for National Guard military
technicians. However, this act did not apply to the Army Reserve or the Air Force
Reserve. These two reserve branches had set their own dual status policies for many
years and Congress took no action to change that in 1968. This changed, however,
in 1983. Concerned about the growing proportion of non-dual-status technicians in
the Army Reserve, Congress included a provision in the Department of Defense
Appropriation Act for Fiscal Year 1984 which addressed the dual status requirement
for Army Reserve technicians. The report which accompanied the bill in the House
criticized the proportion of non-dual-status technicians – referred to as “status quo”
technicians – within the Army Reserve in the following terms:
The Department of the Army estimates that approximately 50% of the
United States Army Reserve [technicians] are either status quo technicians
or military technicians assigned to units other than the one in which they are
employed as a civilian. The Committee believes this situation is detrimental
to mobilization readiness and unit cohesiveness.61
To correct this, the final version of the defense appropriation bill included language
which prohibited the expenditure of funds to pay for any Army Reserve technician
“initially hired after the date of enactment of the act...unless such individual is also a
military member of the Army Reserve troop program unit that he or she is employed
to support.”62 Virtually identical language was included in every subsequent DoD
60 P. L. 90-486, 82 Stat. 755; August 13, 1968.
61 House Report Number 98-427. Report to Accompany H.R. 4185, Department of Defense
Appropriation Bill, 1984, 37. The ratio of technicians who were “status quo” versus those
who were misassigned was not indicated in the House Report, but the General Accounting
Office ascertained four years earlier that 26% of the dual-status technicians in the Army
Reserve were assigned to military positions in units other than the one in which they are
employed and an additional 20% of technicians were “status quo,” or non-dual-status,
technicians. H. L. Krieger, Director, General Accounting Office, Letter to Harold Brown,
February 26, 1979.
62 P. L. 98-212, section 783; December 8, 1983. Note, however, that there was an exception
to the unit membership requirement for those technicians “employed by the Army Reserve in
(continued...)

CRS-24
Appropriations Act up to, and including, the DoD Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year
1995.63
On its face, this recurring provision would seem to preclude paying the salary of
any technician whose initial date of hiring occurred after December 8, 1983 – the
enactment date of the DoD Appropriations Act for FY1984 – and who did not hold
or who failed to maintain “dual status.” Indeed, the Army Reserve interpreted the
appropriations language in just this way for many years. Nonetheless, due to lack of
coordination within the Army Reserve’s military technician program, this requirement
was not always implemented; in some cases the employment contracts of technicians
hired after December 8, 1983, did not include a clause specifying the technicians
obligation to hold dual-status.64 More problematically, in 1995 the Army Reserve
substantially modified its interpretation of the appropriations language. This revised
interpretation was spelled out in a 1995 memorandum:
We have reexamined the status of the involuntary removal policies as they
affect dual status MT [military technician] personnel. We have concluded,
based on the current legal interpretations, the rules of post Fiscal Year
1983 (FY1983) dual status alignments only apply to the initial FY of MT
employment. Subsequent to the initial year of employment, the MT dual
status requirement revert to the conditions in force for MT[s] hired
between FY1970 and FY1983. Therefore, we conclude MTs, not in their
initial FY of employment, may be involuntarily separated from their
Selected Reserve troop program unit without concurrent loss of MT
civilian employment.65
As a result of this interpretation, the impact of the appropriations language on
the Army Reserve’s technician workforce was minimized. Newly hired technicians
were now only required to hold dual-status until the end of the fiscal year in which
they were hired; at the end of that fiscal year they fell under the provisions of the 1970
MOU, which allowed technicians who lost their military membership involuntarily to
62 (...continued)
areas other than Army Reserve troop program units.” These technicians only needed to be
“members of the Selected Reserve.”
63 P. L. 98-212, section 783; P. L. 98-473, section 8076; P. L. 99-190, section 8059; P. L.
99-591, section 9054; P. L. 100-202, section 8055; P. L. 100-463, section 8045; P. L. 101-
165, section 9027; P. L. 101-511, section 8018; P. L. 102-172, section 8018; P. L. 102-396,
section 9019; P. L. 103-139, section 8016; and P. L. 103-335, section 8015.
64 Source: Colonel Richard Krimmer, Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs.
65 “Memorandum for Commanders, Major U.S. Army Reserve Commands,” from Colonel
Thomas McCoy, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Headquarters, United States Army
Reserve Command, 27 July 1995. The “current legal interpretations” referred to in the text
apparently refers to a legal opinion issued by the Department of the Army’s Judge Advocate
General in February, 1995. A summary of this opinion was provided to the Congressional
Research Service by the Office of the Judge Advocate General; however, that office declined
to provide a copy of the opinion itself, citing attorney-client privilege. Thus, an analysis of
its contents cannot be provided here.

CRS-25
retain their civilian jobs. Moreover, all the technicians hired since December 8, 1983,
now fell under this new policy as well. They too could lose their dual status and
retain their civilian job, provided that their loss of dual-status was not a voluntary
act.66
Congress moved quickly to close this loophole. The funding ban provision in the
DoD Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1996 was nearly identical to those passed in
previous years, but an extra clause was added to the provision which extended the ban
indefinitely.67 By doing so, the legal justification for interpreting the appropriations
language as a “one year only” dual-status requirement was eliminated. Nonetheless,
this correction was not retroactive; it only applied to technicians hired in fiscal year
1996 or later. Thus, those Army Reserve technicians who were hired between
FY1984 and FY1995 were no longer bound by a strict dual-status requirement.
Rather, they were only bound by the less stringent dual-status requirement found in
the 1970 MOU.
Several months later, Congress reinforced the appropriations language with a
similar provision in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996:
The Secretary of Defense shall require the Secretary of the Army and the
Secretary of the Air Force to establish as a condition of employment for
each individual who is hired after the date of the enactment of this section
[February 10, 1996] as a military technician that the individual maintain
membership in the Selected Reserve (so as to be a so-called ‘dual-status’
technician)...No Department of Defense funds may be spent for
compensation for any military technician hired after the date of enactment
of this section who is not a member of the Selected Reserve....68
Although this language closely resembled that found in the earlier DoD
Appropriations Act, it was broader in scope for it applied not only to the Army
Reserve, but to the National Guard and Air Force Reserve as well.
In spite of these legislative provisions, the number of non-dual-status technicians
in the Army Reserve continued to grow. In June of 1996, there were 785 non-dual-
status technicians in the Army Reserve; fifteen months later that number had doubled
66 See footnote 19 for the distinction between voluntary and involuntary loss of dual-status.
67 P. L. 104-61, section 8016. The new provision read “None of the funds appropriated for
the Department of Defense during the current fiscal year and hereafter shall be obligated for
the pay of any individual who is initially employed after the date of enactment of this Act as
a technician...unless such individual is a member of the Army Reserve troop program unit that
he or she is employed to support. Those technicians employed by the Army Reserve in areas
other than Army Reserve troop program units need only be members of the Selected Reserve.”
(Italicized text indicates the major change from previous language).
68 P. L. 104-106, section 513(c); 110 Stat. 306. The law made a small exception to this
general rule for technicians whose “loss of membership in the Selected Reserve...was not due
to the failure to meet military standards.” These non-dual-status technicians could continue
to receive compensation “for up to six months.”

CRS-26
to 1,582.69 In large part this phenomenon was attributable to a demographic
imbalance within the Army Reserve’s technician workforce. Many of the technicians
had been hired in the 1960s and 1970s and, as they grew older, more and more were
unable to maintain their military status due to physical or other reasons.70 Realizing
that its previous legislative actions were not having their intended effect, Congress
returned to the issue in 1997.71
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 contained several
provisions related to military technicians and the “dual status” requirement.
Specifically, it placed a limit on the number of non-dual-status technicians that could
be employed in each of the technician programs – capping the number in the Army
Reserve at 1,500 by the end of the fiscal year – and required the Secretary of Defense
to submit a report to Congress outlining “a plan for ensuring that, on and after
September 30, 2007, all military technician positions are held only by military
technicians (dual status).”72 The clear implication of this latter provision was that
Congress was seriously considering the abolition of all non-dual-status technicians and
wanted advice from the Department of Defense on how to accomplish this objective.
The Department of Defense did submit a report to Congress in 1999 which
contained a plan to ensure that only dual-status technicians held military technician
positions by the end of FY2007; however, the report also raised a number of concerns
69 Source: Colonel Richard Krimmer, Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs
70 The way in which the military promotion system operates is especially relevant here. The
military promotion system has an “up or out”structure. Failure to be promoted to the next
higher level within a specified time period can result in separation from the military.
Moreover, as one advances through the ranks, chances for promotion decrease as there are
fewer authorized positions for the higher ranks. Thus, after twenty or more years of service,
a military technician might very well be passed over for military promotion – and later
separated from the Selected Reserve – despite a generally strong performance record.
71 The House National Security Committee explained its rationale for the military technician
provisions contained in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 in the
following terms: “...the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Public Law
104-106) ...established hiring restrictions that were designed, in part, to reduce the numbers
of military technicians who never were members of the selected reserve, or for one reason or
another after being hired subsequently became disqualified from selected reserve
membership...[T]he committee is disturbed to learn that contrary to the reductions in non-dual
status technicians contemplated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
1996....the number of non-dual status technicians in the Army Reserve has grown from almost
800 in fiscal year 1996 to nearly 1,300 in fiscal year 1997.” House Report 105-132, Report
to Accompany H. R. 1119, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998,
359. The figure cited in the report of “1,300 in fiscal year 1997" is significantly lower than
the figure cited above of 1,582. The discrepancy can be attributed to fact that the former
number comes from a House report issued on June 16, 1997, and reflects the figures available
at that time, while the latter number reflects the situation on September 30, 1997.
72 P. L. 105-85, section 523; 111 Stat. 1737; November 18, 1997. The law also placed caps
on the number of non-dual-status technicians which could be employed by the other Reserve
organizations: No more that 450 non-dual-status technicians in the Air National Guard, 2,400
in the Army National Guard, and zero in the Air Force Reserve by the end of fiscal year 1998.

CRS-27
about the fairness and feasibility of doing so. With respect to fairness, the report
predicted that meeting the 2007 deadline would require DoD to involuntarily separate
2,655 non-dual-status technicians, many of whom would not be eligible for civil
service retirement when separated.73 Forced reductions of this sort, the DoD report
argued, were unfair to the individual technicians:
...non-dual status military technicians were hired and are managed
according to various Reserve component policies. Non-dual status military
technicians had a reasonable expectation that their positions carried career
potential. The Department feels a moral obligation to recognize previous
commitments and reasonable individual career expectations and to avoid
forced reductions to the extent practicable.
Another significant point raised in the DoD report dealt with the limited need for
non-dual-status technicians in the National Guard. National Guard units usually
operate under the authority of the Governor of the state or territory they are located
in. Each state or territory maintains a headquarters to oversee its units and military
technicians frequently are employed in these headquarters. If these technicians are
dual-status, then they could be mobilized by the federal government in times of
national emergency and deployed with the unit they maintain membership in. This,
DoD contended, could cripple the ability of the state headquarters to carry out its own
important mission. “The National Guard,” the report concluded, “cannot operate
without a workforce that includes some employees who do not have to mobilize with
the units they support.” From this perspective, the National Guard has an ongoing
need for at least some non-dual-status technicians.
73 Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs,
“A Plan for Full Utilization of Military Technicians (Dual Status),” August 2, 1999, pages
7 and 8. Numbers are derived from the estimated Reductions in Force (RIFs) required by
September 30, 2007, without benefit of additional retirement incentives.

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