{ "id": "RL30378", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL30378", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL30378", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-12-15", "typeId": "RL", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-12-15_RL30378_575cd68ddfff6d8f1ff53c1a71e75262f4aa334d.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30378/31", "sha1": "575cd68ddfff6d8f1ff53c1a71e75262f4aa334d" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-12-15_RL30378_575cd68ddfff6d8f1ff53c1a71e75262f4aa334d.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020", "retrieved": "2021-01-21T04:03:53.668029", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "RL30378_31_2020-12-15" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL30378", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-09-22", "typeId": "RL", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-09-22_RL30378_48308963cbcd22147382cc79b57575c002c17aee.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30378/30", "sha1": "48308963cbcd22147382cc79b57575c002c17aee" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-09-22_RL30378_48308963cbcd22147382cc79b57575c002c17aee.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020", "retrieved": "2021-01-21T04:03:53.667434", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "RL30378_30_2020-09-22" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL30378", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-07-23", "typeId": "RL", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-07-23_RL30378_af9ae89a5c99cca155b186459a29505ffba36fc7.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30378/29", "sha1": "af9ae89a5c99cca155b186459a29505ffba36fc7" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-07-23_RL30378_af9ae89a5c99cca155b186459a29505ffba36fc7.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020", "retrieved": "2021-01-21T04:03:53.666901", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "RL30378_29_2020-07-23" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL30378", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-06-04", "typeId": "RL", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-06-04_RL30378_8dcae3243110736921804afa53b6276f140559fb.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30378/28", "sha1": "8dcae3243110736921804afa53b6276f140559fb" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-06-04_RL30378_8dcae3243110736921804afa53b6276f140559fb.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020", "retrieved": "2021-01-21T04:03:53.666358", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "RL30378_28_2020-06-04" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 617041, "date": "2020-01-22", "retrieved": "2020-02-13T23:22:16.434451", "title": "African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2019", "summary": "In total, 162 African Americans have served in Congress. This total includes\n152 African Americans (146 Representatives and 6 Delegates) elected only to the House of Representatives;\n9 African Americans elected or appointed only to the Senate; and \n1 African American who has served in both chambers.\nThe first African American Members, Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Representative Joseph Rainey of South Carolina, both took the oath of office in 1870. These first two Members were among the 22 African American Members (2 in the Senate, 20 in the House) who began their service in the period of time after the Civil War but prior to the start of the 20th century. After these first 22, the presence of African Americans in the membership of Congress was not continuous, and there were subsequent periods in both chambers with no African American Members.\nMost recently, the 116th Congress began with the highest number of African American Members ever at the start of a Congress: 57 (52 Representatives, 2 Delegates, and 3 Senators).\nOther information in this report includes the following:\nNumbers of African Americans who have served in Congress by party and type of service; \nNumbers of African Americans who have served in each Congress since 1870; \nNumbers of African Americans who have served in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory; \nMeans of entry to Congress, including regular elections, special elections, and appointments; \nBrief background and selected data on the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC); \nLists of selected \u201cfirsts\u201d for African Americans in Congress; \nLists of the African Americans who have served in leadership; \nRecords for length of service in the House and Senate; and\nLists of the African American women in the 116th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL30378", "sha1": "532b536dd65ca7b43da628d1af5bdeeb9dd6dc5f", "filename": "files/20200122_RL30378_532b536dd65ca7b43da628d1af5bdeeb9dd6dc5f.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200122_RL30378_images_be7e8fe46f55897e574e3c244f94d36b969d61b7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200122_RL30378_images_99198ada1b3d5026b741b893f254c57272664ae0.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200122_RL30378_images_3ff410e317b4c2d5a432aad260964f94f7e6b557.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30378", "sha1": "fb391ac2552075c1695aafef6a5fa3573c805c88", "filename": "files/20200122_RL30378_fb391ac2552075c1695aafef6a5fa3573c805c88.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 589322, "date": "2018-12-28", "retrieved": "2019-12-20T20:15:12.194193", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2018", "summary": "In total, 154 African Americans have served in Congress. This total includes\n144 African Americans (138 Representatives and 6 Delegates) elected only to the House of Representatives;\n9 African Americans elected or appointed only to the Senate; and \n1 African American who has served in both chambers.\nThe first African American Members, Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Representative Joseph Rainey of South Carolina, both took the oath of office in 1870. These first two Members were among the 22 African American Members (2 in the Senate, 20 in the House) that began their service in the period of time after the Civil War but prior to the start of the 20th Century. After these first 22, the presence of African Americans in the Membership of Congress was not continuous and there were subsequent periods in both chambers with no African American Members.\nMost recently, the 115th Congress began with the highest number of African American Members ever at the start of a Congress: 51 (46 Representatives, 2 Delegates, and 3 Senators).\nOther information in this report includes \nthe total number of African Americans who have served in Congress by party and type of service; \nthe number of African Americans who have served in each Congress since 1870; \nthe number of African Americans who have served in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory; \nthe means of entry to Congress, including regular elections, special elections, and appointments; \nthe Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) House Congressional Member Organization; \na listing of firsts for African Americans in Congress; \na listing of the African Americans who have served in leadership; \nthe records for length of service in the House and Senate; and\na listing of the African American women in the 115th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL30378", "sha1": "7fb1c05a05e52e799fd650b76e35ba42445ab101", "filename": "files/20181228_RL30378_7fb1c05a05e52e799fd650b76e35ba42445ab101.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181228_RL30378_images_72ac4efb44882ef6d5834b423e918b0c597926f8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181228_RL30378_images_06150ba7ef716f8bfc9819bd56ce5da9f35a9e5d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/2.png": "files/20181228_RL30378_images_3ff410e317b4c2d5a432aad260964f94f7e6b557.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30378", "sha1": "433a5732156d75eaa8ea511c67b9fd5ac4902690", "filename": "files/20181228_RL30378_433a5732156d75eaa8ea511c67b9fd5ac4902690.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580561, "date": "2018-04-26", "retrieved": "2018-05-01T14:12:19.763199", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2018", "summary": "In total, 153 African Americans have served in Congress. This total includes\n143 African Americans (137 Representatives and 6 Delegates) elected only to the House of Representatives;\n9 African Americans elected or appointed only to the Senate; and \n1 African American who has served in both chambers.\nThe first African American Members, Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Representative Joseph Rainey of South Carolina, both took the oath of office in 1870. These first two Members were among the 22 African American Members (2 in the Senate, 20 in the House) that began their service in the period of time after the Civil War but prior to the start of the 20th Century. After these first 22, the presence of African Americans in the Membership of Congress was not continuous and there were subsequent periods in both chambers with no African American Members.\nMost recently, the 115th Congress began with the highest number of African American Members ever at the start of a Congress: 51 (46 Representatives, 2 Delegates, and 3 Senators).\nOther information in this report includes \nthe total number of African Americans who have served in Congress by party and type of service; \nthe number of African Americans who have served in each Congress since 1870; \nthe number of African Americans who have served in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory; \nthe means of entry to Congress, including regular elections, special elections, and appointments; \nthe Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) House Congressional Member Organization; \na listing of firsts for African Americans in Congress; \na listing of the African Americans who have served in leadership; \nthe records for length of service in the House and Senate; and\na listing of the African American women in the 115th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL30378", "sha1": "7aa2e0a6220f8b45efc20a903c59eb456c0b80c4", "filename": "files/20180426_RL30378_7aa2e0a6220f8b45efc20a903c59eb456c0b80c4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180426_RL30378_images_72ac4efb44882ef6d5834b423e918b0c597926f8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180426_RL30378_images_06150ba7ef716f8bfc9819bd56ce5da9f35a9e5d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL30378_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180426_RL30378_images_3ff410e317b4c2d5a432aad260964f94f7e6b557.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30378", "sha1": "d8e6be7344918c57d5452f6521548fe546bb5911", "filename": "files/20180426_RL30378_d8e6be7344918c57d5452f6521548fe546bb5911.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 414378, "date": "2012-11-26", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T21:36:26.028298", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2012", "summary": "There are 43 African American Members serving in the 112th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. There have been 133 African American Members of Congress: 127 have been elected to the House; 5 have been elected to the Senate; and 1 has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 104 Democrats, 101 in the House and 3 in the Senate; and 29 Republicans, 26 in the House and 3 in the Senate.\nThe number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 44 serving at any one time.\nThe first African American Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (served 1870-1871). The first African American Member of the House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC), who also served in the 41st Congress. \nShirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first African American woman in Congress. Since that time, 30 other African American women have been elected, including Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), who is the only African American woman, as well as the first African American Democrat, elected to the Senate.\nRepresentative John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI, 1965-present), the current chair of the House Judiciary Committee, holds the record for length of service by an African American Member (46 years). He was first elected to the 89th Congress (1965-1967) and has served since January 3, 1965.\nRepresentative James E. Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present) and former Representatives William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-1991) and J.C. Watts (R-OK, 1995-2003) have been elected to the highest leadership positions held by African American Members of Congress. Representative Clyburn, the House Assistant Democratic leader in the 112th Congress, served as the House majority whip in the 110th and 111th Congresses and as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th and 109th Congresses. Representative Gray was chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989 (101st Congress). Later in that Congress, when a vacancy occurred, he was elected House majority whip, a position he held until his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (102nd Congress). Representative Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th Congresses (1997-2001).\nTwenty African Americans have served as committee chairs, 19 in the House and 1 in the Senate.\nThe Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), whose origins date back to 1969, currently has 43 members. Over its 40-year history, the CBC has been one of the most influential caucuses in Congress. \nThis report will be updated as needed.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL30378", "sha1": "5e8e7d554005929e040cb811ba9eab8437ae6089", "filename": "files/20121126_RL30378_5e8e7d554005929e040cb811ba9eab8437ae6089.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30378", "sha1": "073210220c443bbfdcd7cc9d72d57c497933fe50", "filename": "files/20121126_RL30378_073210220c443bbfdcd7cc9d72d57c497933fe50.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85436/", "id": "RL30378_2012Mar06", "date": "2012-03-06", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2012", "summary": "A history and current status report of African Americans in Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120306_RL30378_6bf86b2b617bdffc91c39a263b108c016af9c640.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120306_RL30378_6bf86b2b617bdffc91c39a263b108c016af9c640.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congress", "name": "Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congressional committees", "name": "Congressional committees" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Members of Congress", "name": "Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black Members of Congress", "name": "Black Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black legislators", "name": "Black legislators" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minorities", "name": "Minorities" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815514/", "id": "RL30378_2011Apr08", "date": "2011-04-08", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2011", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110408_RL30378_146962501382704a9bd406e4d38d80d373085f14.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110408_RL30378_146962501382704a9bd406e4d38d80d373085f14.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505449/", "id": "RL30378_2010Feb02", "date": "2010-02-02", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009", "summary": "This report discusses the history and current status of African Americans in Congress. There are 42 African American Members serving in the 111th Congress, 41 in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate. There have been 125 African American Members of Congress: 119 have been elected to the House; five have been elected to the Senate; and one has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 98 Democrats: 95 in the House, three in the Senate; and 27 Republicans: 24 in the House, three in the Senate.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100202_RL30378_6a8ca20bf411cb9129088a15467a6ac3d22b479a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100202_RL30378_6a8ca20bf411cb9129088a15467a6ac3d22b479a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congress", "name": "Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congressional committees", "name": "Congressional committees" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Members of Congress", "name": "Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black Members of Congress", "name": "Black Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black legislators", "name": "Black legislators" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minorities", "name": "Minorities" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818980/", "id": "RL30378_2008Dec04", "date": "2008-12-04", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2008", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20081204_RL30378_ef88789c38b38fb649c6faf7c82502c13b2a94af.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20081204_RL30378_ef88789c38b38fb649c6faf7c82502c13b2a94af.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818747/", "id": "RL30378_2008Jul23", "date": "2008-07-23", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2008", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080723_RL30378_a4c24ff1ffa77f961cf28c6bc75f3a7c65c843ad.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080723_RL30378_a4c24ff1ffa77f961cf28c6bc75f3a7c65c843ad.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc810230/", "id": "RL30378_2007Sep27", "date": "2007-09-27", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Black Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2007", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070927_RL30378_c691c46a11ff52bd7a37f7fae600ac7bf47a24c3.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070927_RL30378_c691c46a11ff52bd7a37f7fae600ac7bf47a24c3.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7142/", "id": "RL30378 2005-08-04", "date": "2005-08-04", "retrieved": "2005-09-20T09:53:48", "title": "Black Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2005", "summary": "Forty three black or African-American Members serve in the 109th Congress; 42 in the House of Representatives, one in the Senate. There have been 117 black Members of Congress: 112 elected to the House and five to the Senate. The majority of the black Members (90) have been Democrats; the rest (27) have been Republicans. This report includes alphabetical listing of black members, selected biographical information, and committee assignments during their tenure in office.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20050804_RL30378_475793f7c9c016f9eef75e6360e21c959aa35741.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20050804_RL30378_475793f7c9c016f9eef75e6360e21c959aa35741.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congress", "name": "Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black Members of Congress", "name": "Black Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minorities", "name": "Minorities" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5763/", "id": "RL30378 2004-03-04", "date": "2004-03-04", "retrieved": "2005-06-10T23:22:40", "title": "Black Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2004", "summary": "Thirty-nine black Members serve in the 107th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. In 210 years of congressional history, there have been 107 black Members of Congress: 103 elected to the House and four to the Senate. This report includes alphabetical listing of black members, selected biographical information, and committee assignments during their tenure in office.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20040304_RL30378_9e4931eb9406bd5216442e88d8956366e56f27c5.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20040304_RL30378_9e4931eb9406bd5216442e88d8956366e56f27c5.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congress", "name": "Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black Members of Congress", "name": "Black Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minorities", "name": "Minorities" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1499/", "id": "RL30378 2001-07-12", "date": "2001-07-12", "retrieved": "2005-06-10T23:21:51", "title": "Black Members of the United States Congress: 1789-2001", "summary": "Thirty-nine black Members serve in the 107th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. In 210 years of congressional history, there have been 107 black Members of Congress: 103 elected to the House and four to the Senate. This report includes alphabetical listing of black members, selected biographical information, and committee assignments during their tenure in office.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20010712_RL30378_808d218c201c9a2f8fb9e42427e672cdf95acb1e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20010712_RL30378_808d218c201c9a2f8fb9e42427e672cdf95acb1e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congress", "name": "Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Black Members of Congress", "name": "Black Members of Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minorities", "name": "Minorities" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Economic Policy", "Foreign Affairs" ] }