Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2027 Appropriations

Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2027 Appropriations

Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2027 Appropriations

September 10, 2026 (R49343)
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Contents

Description of Agriculture Appropriations

Summary of FY2027 Action

Total FY2027 Appropriations and Trends

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

Amounts for Agencies and Programs in FY2027

Administration's Request

Subcommittee Allocations

House-Passed Bill

Other Appropriations Issues

Policy-Related Provisions

Congressionally Directed Spending (Earmarks)

Figures

Figure 1. Timeline of Legislative Actions on Agriculture Appropriations

Figure 2. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations: FY2017-FY2026 and FY2027 Proposals

Figure 3. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2026

Figure 4. Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposals

Figure 5. Percentage Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposals

Tables

Table 1. Status of Agriculture Appropriations

Table 2. Discretionary Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations Totals

Table 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations by Agency, FY2025-FY2027

Table 4. Mandatory Agriculture Appropriations, FY2025-FY2027

Table 5. Community Project Funding in House Agriculture Appropriations Bills

Table A-1. Departmental Administration

Table A-2. Research, Education, and Economics

Table A-3. Farm Service Agency

Table A-4. Natural Resources Conservation Service

Table A-5. Rural Housing Service

Table A-6. Rural Business-Cooperative Service

Table A-7. Rural Utilities Service

Table A-8. Domestic Food Programs

Table A-9. Appropriations in General Provisions

Table A-10. Rescissions in General Provisions

Table A-11. Changes in Mandatory Program Spending

Table A-12. Scorekeeping Adjustments

Appendixes

Appendix. Additional Detail on USDA Appropriations

Summary

The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (Agriculture appropriations) funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)—except for the U.S. Forest Service—and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, in the Department of Health and Human Services). It also carries the funding for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in alternating fiscal years; jurisdiction for CFTC appropriations is with Agriculture appropriations in the House and a different subcommittee in the Senate.

Agriculture appropriations acts include both discretionary and mandatory funding, which differentiates Agriculture appropriations from some other appropriations acts. Congressional debate on appropriations is primarily about discretionary spending. Appropriations for mandatory spending programs, although not usually debated, are necessary to technically make funds available for those programs (e.g., entitlement programs, such as farm safety net and nutrition assistance programs, that were previously enacted under separate budget enforcement procedures).

The primary discretionary spending accounts are for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural development loans and grants; the FDA; foreign food assistance and trade promotion; farm agency salaries and loans; food safety inspection; animal and plant health programs; and conservation program technical assistance.

Below is an overview of the legislative actions and amounts in FY2027 Agriculture appropriations compared with prior years.

The Trump Administration released its budget request on April 3, 2026. The Administration proposed $22.055 billion for discretionary appropriations in the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations, a reduction of $4.923 billion from FY2026 (-18.2%). The largest reductions would eliminate appropriations for Foreign Agricultural Service Food for Peace (FFP) Title II international food aid grants (-$1.2 billion, -100.0%), the Rural Housing Service (RHS) Community Facilities Program (-$664 million, -100%), the McGovern-Dole Food for Education Program (-$240 million, -100.0%), formula funding for university agricultural research under the Hatch Act (-$265 million, -100.0%), and the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS, -$81 million, -100.0%) and would reduce Conservation Operations in the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, -$739 million, -87%), Food and Nutrition Administration Commodity Assistance Programs (-$460 million, -83.5%), Rural Utilities Service (RUS) Rural Water and Waste Disposal Program (-$243 million, -54.6%), and WIC (-$200 million, -2.4%). Accounts proposed for increases include the RHS Rental Assistance Program (+$80 million (+4.7%) and several USDA administrative accounts (+$55 million, +12.5%).

The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies (House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee) voted to send a markup to the full committee on April 23, 2026. The House Committee on Appropriations reported a bill (H.R. 8646, H.Rept. 119-632) on April 29. The House passed the bill on June 4. The bill would provide $26.265 billion in discretionary spending, a decrease of about $713 million from FY2026 (-2.6%) on a comparable basis, including the CFTC in FY2026 levels and $4.209 billion more than the Trump Administration's request. The largest reduction would be from FFP (-$300 million, -25.0%), followed by RHS Community Facilities Grants (-$254 million, -38.3%), WIC (-$200 million, -2.4%), RUS Rural Water and Waste Disposal Program (-$59 million, -13.1%), and NRCS (-$63 million, -7.0%). Accounts proposed for increases include the RHS Rental Assistance Program (+$80 million, +4.7%), RBCS Guaranteed Business and Industry Loans (+$23 million; +148%), Food Safety and Inspection Service (+$11 million, +0.9%), and several USDA administrative accounts.

The Senate Appropriations Committee has not marked up a bill for FY2027 Agriculture appropriations. A continuing resolution (P.L. 119-103) was enacted on September 2, 2026, that funds government operations at FY2026 levels until December 11, 2026.

Description of Agriculture Appropriations

The Agriculture Appropriations Act—formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (referred to as Agriculture appropriations in this report)—funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), except for the U.S. Forest Service.¹ It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Department of Health and Human Services and, in certain cases based on committee jurisdiction, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC, an independent agency).²

Congressional consideration of appropriations bills primarily concerns discretionary spending. However, Agriculture appropriations include both discretionary and mandatory funding, which differentiates them from some other appropriations acts. For example, while the level of mandatory spending for farm commodity and nutrition assistance programs is set in the farm bill, appropriations are technically required for funding to be available.³ Specifically, the Commodity Credit Corporation—a line of credit with the U.S. Treasury—needs a reimbursement in appropriations to continue operating.⁴ The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) needs an annual appropriation to fulfill its authorization.⁵ This report focuses mostly on discretionary appropriations but includes tables for the mandatory appropriations included in Agriculture appropriations.

Mandatory and Discretionary Spending

Federal spending is divided into two main categories: discretionary and mandatory (CRS In Focus IF13124, Distinguishing Between Discretionary and Mandatory Spending). Congressional jurisdiction for discretionary spending rests primarily with the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, including the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies. Congressional jurisdiction for mandatory spending rests primarily with the authorizing committees, including the House and Senate Agriculture Committees that write the farm bill (CRS In Focus IF12233, Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics). Congressional actions on specific programs may overlap these jurisdictions. Authorizing committees set parameters in law for how discretionary programs are to operate (e.g., eligibility criteria for rural development loan and grant programs) and authorize them for funding that is subsequently determined in the appropriations process. Appropriations committees may decide whether to appropriate funding for discretionary programs and may include changes to some program terms, typically for one year at a time, in reported bills. Appropriations committees provide appropriations for some mandatory programs, which technically makes the funds available for those programs (e.g., entitlement programs, such as farm safety net and nutrition assistance programs, enacted by authorizing committees under separate budget enforcement procedures).

Summary of FY2027 Action

The Trump Administration released its full FY2027 budget request on April 3, 2026.⁶

On April 23, 2026, the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies (House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee) voted 10-7 to send a markup to the full committee. On April 29, the House Committee on Appropriations reported the bill (H.R. 8646, H.Rept. 119-632) by a vote of 35-25. Sixteen amendments were offered: five were adopted, nine were not adopted, and two were withdrawn.⁷ On June 4, the bill was passed by the House by a vote of 213-210. Under a structured rule (H.Res. 1333), 26 amendments were made in order, of which 23 were adopted by voice vote in an en bloc amendment.

The Senate Appropriations Committee has not marked up a bill for FY2027 Agriculture appropriations. A continuing resolution (P.L. 119-103) was enacted on September 2, 2026, that funds government operations at FY2026 levels until December 11, 2026.

See Table 1 for links to the documents and Figure 1 for a timeline of legislative actions compared with the previous two fiscal years.

Table 1. Status of Agriculture Appropriations

FY2025 | FY2026 |  | FY2027
|  |  | House | Senate |  |
Enacteda | Enactedb | Request | Cmte.c | Floor | Cmte. | Floor | Continuing Resolution | Enacted

3/15/2025

P.L. 119-4, Division A, Title II (yearlong CR)

No joint explanatory statement

11/12/2025

P.L. 119-37, Division B

Cong. Rec. 11/9/2025 S8043

Votes of
60-40
222-209

3/30/2026 Appendix

Justifications:
USDA
FDA
CFTC
FCA

4/29/2026

H.R. 8646

H.Rept. 119-632

Vote of
35-25

6/4/2026

H.R. 8646

Vote of
213-210

—

—

9/2/2026

P.L. 119-103 through 12/11/2026

Votes of
90-6
370-48

—

Source: Prepared by CRS.

Notes: USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission; FCA = Farm Credit Administration; CR = continuing resolution.

a. For FY2025, see also House-reported H.R. 9027 (H.Rept. 118-583) and Senate-reported S. 4690 (S.Rept. 118-193). A CR was enacted on September 26, 2024, that lasted until December 20, 2024 (P.L. 118-83); a second CR was enacted on December 21, 2024, that lasted until March 14, 2025 (P.L. 118-158, Division A). CRS Report R48431, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2025 Appropriations.

b. For FY2026, see also House-reported H.R. 4121 (H.Rept. 119-172); Senate-reported S. 2256 (S.Rept. 119-37); and Senate-passed H.R. 3944 (Division B). The full-year FY2026 Agriculture Appropriations Act in P.L. 119-37 was enacted on November 12, 2025, as part of the act to reopen the government after a 43-day shutdown. CRS Report R48564, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2026 Appropriations.

c. The subcommittee met on April 23, 2026, and approved a bill markup by a vote of 10-7.

Figure 1. Timeline of Legislative Actions on Agriculture Appropriations

Source: Figure created by CRS.

Notes: The figure excludes short-term continuing resolutions (CRs). Gray shading shows the beginning of each fiscal year.

Total FY2027 Appropriations and Trends

The total amounts of discretionary appropriations proposed for FY2027 are shown in Table 2 for the differing jurisdictions of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.

The Trump Administration's budget request is $22.055 billion of discretionary budget authority for accounts in the jurisdiction of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture.⁸ This would be a decrease of nearly $4.923 billion from FY2026 enacted levels in P.L. 119-37 (-18.2%).

H.R. 8646, the House-passed bill, would provide $26.265 billion, a decrease of about $713 million from FY2026 (-2.6%) on a comparable basis including the CFTC in FY2026 levels. The House-passed bill would provide $4.209 billion more than the Trump Administration's request.

Table 2. Discretionary Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations Totals

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Discretionary Total | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Senate-basis, without CFTC | 26,612.8 | 21,645.3 | 25,909.8a | — | — | -4,967.5 | -703.0
House-basis, with CFTC | 26,977.8a | 22,055.3 | 26,264.8 | — | — | -4,922.5 | -713.0

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-37, Division B; P.L. 119-75, Division E; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished Congressional Budget Office tables.

Notes: CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts.

a. This amount is not recorded with the act or bill because of differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the CFTC in Agriculture appropriations, but it is shown for comparisons with other amounts in that row.

The nominal total of discretionary Agriculture appropriations generally has increased from FY2017 to FY2026. The House-passed proposal would be at approximately FY2024 nominal levels. The Administration's proposal for FY2027 would be lower than FY2018 on a nominal basis. On an inflation-adjusted basis in FY2026 dollars, Agriculture appropriations are below FY2017 levels and have been decreasing since FY2018 (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations: FY2017-FY2026 and FY2027 Proposals

Source: Figure created by CRS using appropriations acts; committee reports; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished Congressional Budget Office tables.

Notes: The figure excludes the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and supplemental appropriations. Adjusted for inflation using U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product price index, Table 1.1.4, using Q4 of the calendar year (Q1 of the fiscal year).

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

As discussed in "Description of Agriculture Appropriations," agricultural programs in the federal government rely on both discretionary and mandatory spending. This section describes specific mandatory and discretionary spending in Agriculture appropriations and the relative sizes of the major agencies and functions.

FY2026 discretionary Agriculture appropriations were $26.6 billion ($27.0 billion including CFTC), distributed among the programs or agencies in the green stacked bar in Figure 3. Appropriations for mandatory spending programs were about $176.3 billion, as shown by the gray shading in the pie graph (Figure 3), relative to the discretionary total.

Figure 3. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2026

Budget authority in billions of dollars

Source: Figure created by CRS using P.L. 119-37; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; and unpublished Congressional Budget Office tables.

Notes: The figure excludes supplemental appropriations acts and excludes the CFTC on the basis of jurisdiction of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture. Amounts in the figure may not add to the totals in Table 3 and Table 4 because of rounding. FSA = Farm Service Agency; RMA = Risk Management Agency; FPAC Business = Farm Production and Conservation Business Center; FSIS = Food Safety and Inspection Service; NRCS = Natural Resources Conservation Service. The amount shown for Section 32 (formally known as Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income, and Supply) is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's reserved spending authority for payments and procurement (see CRS In Focus IF12193, Farm and Food Support Under USDA's Section 32 Account). The amount for the Commodity Credit Corporation is the reimbursement for net realized losses (see CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)).

Most programs in Agriculture appropriations are in the authorizing jurisdiction of the House Committee on Agriculture and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Some programs funded through Agriculture appropriations are not in the jurisdiction of the Agriculture authorizing committees. The FDA is in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. In rural development, Rural Housing Service (RHS) programs, except for community facilities loans and grants, are in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Financial Services and the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. In the Food and Nutrition Administration (FNA, formerly known as Food and Nutrition Service [FNS]),⁹ the child nutrition programs and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Education and Workforce and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.

Key Budget Terms

Budget authority is the amount of funding provided by an act of Congress for an agency to enter into financial obligations on behalf of the United States that will result in immediate or future outlays. It is the amount allocated by Congress for program grants, loan subsidies, and salaries and expenses. Most funding amounts in this report are budget authority.

Obligations are commitments using budget authority that create a legal liability of the government to pay for goods and services ordered or received. Obligations occur when a federal agency awards a grant or agrees to make a loan. The Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. §§1341 et seq.) prohibits agencies from obligating more budget authority than is provided in law, such as during a government shutdown.

Outlays are a federal agency distribution of funds for grants, loans, or services to recipients to satisfy a valid obligation. The timing of outlays in fiscal years may differ from budget authority or obligations because payments from an agency may not occur until services are fulfilled, goods are delivered, or construction is completed.

Loan subsidy is the cost to the government of making loans, including interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses from delinquencies. The loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the annual budget request (Office of Management and Budget, Federal Credit Supplement, for each fiscal year).

Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed with a loan subsidy. Loan authority is not added in budget authority totals. A loan authority is several times the amount of its corresponding loan subsidy.

Program level is the total funding dedicated to a program, as calculated by the agency, including both grants and loan authority. A program level may be higher than the appropriated budget authority if the program (1) receives user fees, (2) includes loan authority (loan authority exceeds the loan subsidy), or (3) receives transfers from other agencies.

Rescissions are permanent reductions in budget authority after enactment that score as budgetary savings.

CHIMPs (changes in mandatory program spending) are adjustments via an appropriations act that can change available funding for mandatory programs. CHIMPs usually change spending for one year and may score as an increase or decrease to outlays. They do not change the underlying authority of the program in law.

For background, see CRS Report 98-721, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process; and CRS Report R46417, Congress's Power Over Appropriations: Constitutional and Statutory Provisions.

Amounts for Agencies and Programs in FY2027

Table 3 provides discretionary appropriations agency-level detail for the FY2027 Administration's request and H.R. 8646 and compares them with the previous two fiscal years. Figure 4 shows the dollar changes at agency or account levels from FY2026 to the proposed amounts for FY2027; Figure 5 shows the percentage changes from FY2026 to the proposed amounts for FY2027. Table 4 shows the appropriations for mandatory spending programs. Tables in the Appendix provide additional details for selected topics.

Administration's Request

The Trump Administration FY2027 proposal for discretionary appropriations that is in the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations is $22.055 billion, which would be a reduction of $4.923 billion from the FY2026 levels in P.L. 119-37 (-18.2%).

The largest reduction would be from the elimination of Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) Food for Peace Title II international food aid grants (FFP, -$1.2 billion, -100.0%), followed by reductions of the Conservation Operations account to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, -$739 million, -86.9%), research and extension grants by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (-$655 million, -32.3%), grants and loans in the RHS (-$648 million, -20.9%), FNA Commodity Assistance Programs (-$460 million, -83.5%), grants and loans in the Rural Utilities Service (RUS, -$330 million, -55.4%; including to the Rural Water and Waste Disposal Program, -$243 million, -54.6%), Farm Service Agency salaries, expenses and programs (-$266 million, -22.7%), the FAS McGovern-Dole Food for Education Program (McGovern-Dole, -$240 million, -100.0%), and WIC (-$200 million, -2.4%).

In percentage terms of reductions, the Administration's request would eliminate appropriations for FFP (-$1.2 billion, -100.0%), formula funding for university agricultural research under the Hatch Act (-$265 million, -100.0%), McGovern-Dole (-$240 million, -100.0%), and the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS, -$81 million, -100.0%).

Accounts proposed for increases include the RHS Rental Assistance Program (+$80 million (+4.7%), the Agricultural Census in the National Agricultural Statistics Service (+$2.5 million, +5.4%), and several USDA administrative accounts, including Buildings and Facilities (+$55 million, +366%), Office of the Chief Information Officer (+$50 million, +59%), Office of Homeland Security (+$14 million, +798%), and Departmental Administration (+$10 million, +59%). A reduction in the amount of rescissions in the bill compared with FY2026 would increase the net appropriation by $345 million (because of less offsetting reductions).

Subcommittee Allocations

The total amount allowed for discretionary appropriations is controlled by congressional budget enforcement rules.¹⁰ Typically, each chamber's appropriations committee would receive a top-line limit on discretionary budget authority from the chamber's budget committee via an annual budget resolution, referred to as a "302(a)" allocation. The appropriations committees would subdivide the allocation among the 12 appropriations subcommittees, referred to as "302(b)" allocations.¹¹

For FY2027, the House and Senate Budget Committees did not approve a budget resolution with discretionary spending limits. The appropriations committees may set (deem) spending levels during meetings to mark up separate subcommittee bills.¹²

On April 22, 2026, the House Committee on Appropriations ordered reported interim subcommittee allocations for six subcommittees.¹³ The allocation for the Agriculture subcommittee is $26.270 billion. The Senate Committee on Appropriations has not set limits for any of its appropriations subcommittees.

House-Passed Bill, H.R. 8646

The House-passed bill, H.R. 8646, would provide $26.265 billion, a decrease of about $713 million from FY2026 (-2.6%) on a comparable basis including the CFTC in FY2026 levels. The House-passed bill would provide $4.209 billion more than the Trump Administration's request and does not follow most of the Administration's largest proposed reductions.

The largest reduction would be from FFP (-$300 million, -25.0%), followed by WIC (-$200 million, -2.4%), RHS Community Facilities Grants (-$254 million, -38.3%), RUS (-$79 million, -13.3% [including the Rural Water and Waste Disposal Program, -$59 million, -13.1%]), and NRCS (-$63 million, -7.0%).

The largest increases would be for the RHS Rental Assistance Program (+$80 million, +4.7%), RBCS Guaranteed Business and Industry Loans (+$23 million; +148%), Food Safety and Inspection Service (+11 million, +0.9%), and several USDA administrative accounts, including the Office of the Chief Information Officer (+$39 million, +46%) and the Office of Homeland Security (+$14 million, +798%). A reduction in the amount of rescissions in the bill compared with FY2026 would increase the net appropriation by $365 million (because of less offsetting reductions).

Figure 4. Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposals

Change in budget authority in millions of dollars

Source: Figure created by CRS using P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished Congressional Budget Office tables.

Notes: The figure excludes the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and supplemental appropriations acts. Agencies and programs are ordered as shown in Table 3. WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children; CHIMPs = changes in mandatory spending programs.

Figure 5. Percentage Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposals

Source: Figure created by CRS using P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished Congressional Budget Office tables.

Notes: The figure excludes the Commodity Futures Trading Commission supplemental appropriations acts. Agencies and programs are ordered as shown in Table 3. WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children; CHIMPs = changes in mandatory spending programs.

Table 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations by Agency, FY2025-FY2027

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Requesta | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Title I. Agricultural Programs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Departmental Admin. (Table A-1) | 479.8 | 436.3 | 490.9 | 448.7 | — | — | +54.6 | +12.4
Research, Education, and Economics (Table A-2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agricultural Research Service | 1,788.1 | 1,853.7 | 1,699.0 | 1,816.8 | — | — | -154.7 | -36.9
National Institute of Food and Agriculture | 1,678.8 | 1,677.0 | 1,022.0 | 1,644.7 | — | — | -655.0 | -32.3
National Agricultural Statistics Service | 187.5 | 185.0 | 187.5 | 187.5 | — | — | +2.5 | +2.5
Economic Research Service | 90.6 | 90.6 | 75.0 | 90.6 | — | — | -15.6 | +0.0
Under Secretary | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.5 | — | — | -0.9 | -0.4
Marketing and Regulatory Programs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service | 1,148.8 | 1,158.0 | 1,148.0 | 1,160.4 | — | — | -10.0 | +2.3
Agricultural Marketing Service | 223.9 | 211.9 | 170.7 | 205.1 | — | — | -41.1 | -6.8
Under Secretary | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | — | — | -0.4 | -0.4
Food Safety |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Food Safety and Inspection Service | 1,214.0 | 1,215.2 | 1,215.7 | 1,226.0 | — | — | +0.5 | +10.8
Under Secretary | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | — | — | -0.3 | -0.3
Subtotal, Title I | 6,816.0 | 6,832.4 | 6,011.8 | 6,783.2 | — | — | -820.5 | -49.2
Title II. Farm Production & Conservation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business Center | 244.2 | 167.6 | 161.5 | 148.6 | — | — | -6.1 | -19.0
Farm Service Agency (Table A-3) | 1,606.7 | 1,502.9 | 1,236.9 | 1,480.2 | — | — | -266.0 | -22.7
Risk Management Agency | 65.6 | 60.0 | 60.3 | 60.3 | — | — | +0.3 | +0.3
Natural Resources Conservation Service (Table A-4) | 911.4 | 903.0 | 111.5 | 840.0 | — | — | -791.5 | -63.0
Under Secretary | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | — | -0.5 | -0.5
Subtotal, Title II | 2,828.9 | 2,634.6 | 1,570.8 | 2,529.6 | — | — | -1,063.8 | -104.9
Title III. Rural Development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and Expensesb | 351.1 | 312.0 | 264.8 | 272.0 | — | — | -47.2 | -40.0
Rural Housing Service (Table A-5) | 2,344.9 | 3,098.5 | 2,450.9 | 2,927.9 | — | — | -647.6 | -170.6
Rural Business-Cooperative Service (Table A-6) | 69.5 | 81.6 | 0.0 | 93.8 | — | — | -81.6 | +12.2
Rural Utilities Service (Table A-7) | 667.1 | 595.4 | 265.8 | 516.5 | — | — | -329.7 | -78.9
Under Secretary | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | — | -0.6 | -0.6
Subtotal, Title III | 3,434.2 | 4,089.2 | 2,982.4 | 3,811.2 | — | — | -1,106.8 | -278.0
Title IV. Domestic Food Programs (Table A-8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Child Nutrition Programs | 16.0 | 16.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | — | — | -16.0 | -6.0
SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Programs | 6.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | — | — | -4.0 | +0.0
WIC Program | 7,597.0 | 8,200.0 | 8,000.0 | 8,000.0 | — | — | -200.0 | -200.0
Commodity Assistance Programs | 516.1 | 551.1 | 91.1 | 546.1 | — | — | -460.0 | -5.0
Nutrition Programs Administration | 177.3 | 160.0 | 135.2 | 135.2 | — | — | -24.8 | -24.8
Under Secretary | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | — | — | -0.3 | -0.3
Subtotal, Title IV | 8,313.5 | 8,935.2 | 8,230.1 | 8,699.1 | — | — | -705.1 | -236.1
Title V. Foreign Assistance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign Agricultural Service and relatedc | 238.3 | 233.0 | 230.5 | 241.0 | — | — | -2.5 | +8.0
Food for Peace Title II and admin. | 1,619.1d | 1,200.0 | 0.0 | 900.0 | — | — | -1,200.0 | -300.0
McGovern-Dole Food for Education | 240.0 | 240.0 | 0.0 | 240.0 | — | — | -240.0 | +0.0
Under Secretary | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.6 | — | — | -0.3 | -0.3
Subtotal, Title V | 2,098.4 | 1,673.9 | 231.1 | 1,381.6 | — | — | -1,442.8 | -292.3
Title VI. Related Agencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Food and Drug Administration | 3,527.2 | 3,427.2 | 3,308.0 | 3,367.1 | — | — | -119.2 | -60.1
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)e | 365.0 | 365.0f,g | 410.0 | 355.0 | — | — | +45.0 | -10.0
Subtotal, Title VI | 3,892.2 | 3,792.2f | 3,718.0 | 3,722.1 | — | — | -74.2 | -70.1
Title VII. General Provisions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Appropriations (Table A-9) | 25.2 | 27.5 | 0.0 | 7.0 | — | — | -27.5 | -20.5
Rescissions (Table A-10)h | -187.8 | -500.0 | -155.0 | -135.0 | — | — | +345.0 | +365.0
CHIMPs (Table A-11)i | -49.0 | 0.0 | +0.0 | +0.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0
Subtotal, Title VII | -211.6 | -472.6 | -155.0 | -128.0 | — | — | +317.6 | +344.6
Scorekeeping Adjustments (Table A-12)j | -528.5 | -507.0 | -534.0 | -534.0 | — | — | -27.0 | -27.0
Totals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senate basis (without CFTC)e | 26,278.0f | 26,612.8 | 21,645.3 | 25,909.8f | — | — | -4,967.5 | -703.0
House basis (with CFTC)e | 26,643.0 | 26,977.8f | 22,055.3 | 26,264.8 | — | — | -4,922.5 | -713.0

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; P.L. 119-75, Division E; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts. Amounts and totals are nominal discretionary budget authority. SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

a. Amounts for the Administration's request do not reflect legislative proposals that would require legislative activity (authorizations) beyond appropriations.

b. The Rural Development (RD) Salaries and Expenses account is a base amount for the mission area and excludes transfers from the Rural Housing Service, Rural Business-Cooperative Service, and Rural Utilities Service.

c. Includes Foreign Agricultural Service salaries and expenses, Commodity Credit Corporation Export Loan salaries, and the Office of Codex Alimentarius.

d. In addition, the FY2024 Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778(2)) provided $68 million to Food for Peace Title II grants from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF; 7 U.S.C. §2250b). The NEF accumulates transfers of expired, unobligated discretionary funds from across USDA from prior appropriations and thus does not score in current-year appropriations. The provision continues in FY2025 under terms of the yearlong continuing resolution (CR).

e. Appropriations jurisdiction for the CFTC differs between the chambers. After FY2008, the CFTC has been carried in the House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee markup, never in the Senate Agriculture Subcommittee markup, and always in Senate Financial Services and General Government Subcommittee markup. In enacted appropriations acts, the CFTC is carried in the Agriculture Appropriations Act in alternating fiscal years except for FY2025, which repeated carrying CFTC under the yearlong CR.

f. This amount is not recorded with the act or bill because of differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the CFTC in Agriculture appropriations but is shown for comparison with other amounts in that row.

g. The amount for the CFTC in the FY2026 enacted column is from P.L. 119-75, Division E, a five-bill minibus appropriation.

h. Rescissions are actions that permanently reduce an enacted budget authority, thereby scoring budgetary savings. Reductions from mandatory programs are included separately with CHIMPs (changes in mandatory program spending).

i. CHIMPs in appropriations acts include temporary increases or limitations to mandatory program spending or permanent rescissions of mandatory programs that are focused on the current fiscal year. See CRS Report R47705, Congressional Rules Pertaining to Changes in Mandatory Program Spending in Appropriations Bills (CHIMPs).

j. Scorekeeping adjustments are not directly appropriated provisions and may not be shown in the committee tables accompanying a bill but are part of the official CBO accounting of an appropriations act. In Agriculture appropriations, scorekeeping adjustments primarily include "negative subsidies" for some loan programs, mostly from receipt of fees charged to borrowers.

Table 4. Mandatory Agriculture Appropriations, FY2025-FY2027

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Title I. Agricultural Programs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Section 32a | 1,571.7 | 1,716.3 | 1,717.0 | 1,717.0 | — | — | +0.7 | +0.7 |
Title II. Farm Production & Conservation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation | 14,581.0 | 15,346.0 | 18,036.0 | 18,036.0 | — | — | +2,690.0 | +2,690.0 |
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)b | 13,863.0 | 13,953.7 | 18,898.9 | 18,898.9 | — | — | +4,945.1 | +4,945.1 |
Dairy Indemnity Payment Program | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0% |
Title IV. Domestic Food Programs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Child Nutrition Programs | 33,250.2 | 37,825.7 | 37,890.9 | 37,890.9 | — | — | +65.3 | +65.3 |
SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Programs | 122,376.5 | 107,474.2 | 101,234.0 | 101,235.0 | — | — | -6,240.2 | -6,239.3 |
Total | 185,642.9 | 176,316.4 | 177,777.3 | 177,778.3 | — | — | +1,460.9 | +1,461.8 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts. Amounts are nominal budget authority.

a. In this table, Section 32 (formally known as Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income, and Supply) shows only the U.S. Department of Agriculture's reserved spending authority as noted in appropriations committee reports. Amounts transferred to the child nutrition programs are included within the amounts shown for the child nutrition programs. See CRS In Focus IF12193, Farm and Food Support Under USDA's Section 32 Account.

b. The amount for the CCC is the reimbursement to the U.S. Treasury for net realized losses to replenish the CCC borrowing authority. See CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

Other Appropriations Issues

Policy-Related Provisions

Appropriations acts set spending authority and may serve as vehicles for policy-related limitations and so-called "riders" (language extraneous to the subject of the bill) that direct executive branch actions.¹⁴ These provisions may have the force of law if they are included in an act's text, but their effect is generally limited to the current fiscal year unless they amend the U.S. Code, which is not typical in appropriations acts. Report language may also provide policy directions for agencies but does not carry the force of law.

Congress has directed that committee reports and the joint explanatory statement are to be read together to capture congressional intent.

The joint explanatory statement accompanying this division is approved and indicates congressional intent. Unless otherwise noted, the language set forth in H.Rept. 119–172 and S.Rept. 119–37 carries the same weight as language included in this joint explanatory statement and should be complied with unless specifically addressed to the contrary in this joint explanatory statement. While some language is repeated for emphasis, it is not intended to negate the language referred to above unless expressly provided herein.¹⁵

Congressionally Directed Spending (Earmarks)

Congressional earmarks are defined in the 119th Congress as a type of congressional spending action that noncompetitively benefits a specific entity or locality.¹⁶ The House Committee on Appropriations refers to these as Community Project Funding, and the Senate Committee on Appropriations refers to these as Congressionally Directed Spending.

Beginning in FY2022 and continuing to FY2024, after about a decade of no earmarks, the House and Senate allowed earmarks in annual appropriations acts, including in Agriculture appropriations.¹⁷ The FY2025 yearlong CR did not include earmarks and reduced funding commensurately for accounts that had been earmarked in FY2024. In FY2026, earmarks resumed; 6 accounts in the enacted appropriation contained 509 earmarks totaling $643 million.

For FY2027, 5 USDA accounts have Community Project Funding in the House-passed bill: ARS Buildings and Facilities; NRCS Conservation Operations; RUS Water and Waste Disposal Program grants; and RUS Distance Learning and Telemedicine Program grants. There were 592 earmark projects totaling $604 million (Table 5). Earmarks were requested by 196 Representatives or Delegates from 45 states, the District of Columbia, and 4 territories.¹⁸

The Community Facilities account comprises 73% of the number of earmarks and 66% of the dollar amount of earmarks in Agriculture appropriations. Nearly all of this account is earmarked (97%), leaving little for USDA to allocate competitively. The Rural Water and Waste Disposal account is the next largest earmark recipient, with 21% of the number of earmarks and 22% of the amount. More of this account's total remains available for competitive allocation; 35% is earmarked. Six infrastructure projects in the Community Facilities, Rural Water and Waste Disposal, and ARS Buildings and Facilities accounts are the largest earmarks, ranging from $5 million to $8.5 million.

Table 5. Community Project Funding in House Agriculture Appropriations Bills

| FY2026 H.R. 4121 (H.Rept. 119-172) | FY2027 House-Passed H.R. 8646 (H.Rept. 119-632)
Account | Nbr. | Amt. ($ millions) | Nbr. | Amt. ($ millions) | % of Acct. | Median (dollars) | Range (dollars)
Agricultural Research Service
Buildings & Facilities | 7 | $21.0 | 6 | $18.0 | 100% | $2,001,500 | $2,000,000- $5,000,000
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Conservation Operations | 26 | $34.6 | 28 | $49.0 | 6% | $1,100,000 | $500,000- $4,000,000
Rural Development |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Community Facilities | 395 | $467.3 | 432 | $398.7 | 97% | $803,000 | $44,000- $8,471,850
Rural Water and Waste Disposal | 72 | $109.1 | 124 | $135.4 | 35% | $803,000 | $76,000- $6,200,000
Distance Learning, Telemedicine, and Broadband | 8 | $10.2 | 2 | $3.2 | 10% | $1,580,099 | $1,035,198-$2,125,000
ReConnect | 1 | $0.8 | — | — | — | — | —
Total | 509 | $643.0 | 592 | $604.2 | — | — | —

Source: CRS analysis of Community Project Funding tables in H.Rept. 119-172 and H.Rept. 119-632.

Notes: Nbr. = the number of earmark projects; % of Acct. = the percentage of the total account that is earmarked (see Appendix tables for account totals).

Appendix. Additional Detail on USDA Appropriations

Table A-1. Departmental Administration

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Office of the Secretary | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | — | — | -1.0 | -1.0
Office of Tribal Relations | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | — | — | -0.2 | +0.0
Office of Homeland Security | 1.9 | 1.7 | 15.3 | 15.3 | — | — | +13.6 | +13.6
Public Partnership and Engagement | 7.5 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | — | — | -3.3 | -3.3
Assistant Secretary for Admin. | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.3 | — | — | -0.4 | -0.4
Departmental Administration | 23.5 | 17.0 | 27.0 | 17.0 | — | — | +10.0 | +0.0
Asst. Sec. Congressional Relations | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0
Office of Communications | 7.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | — | — | -0.0 | -0.0
Office of the Chief Economist | 30.5 | 29.5 | 15.0 | 29.5 | — | — | -14.5 | +0.0
Office of Hearings and Appeals | 16.7 | 14.5 | 12.7 | 10.2 | — | — | -1.8 | -4.3
Office of Budget and Program Analysis | 15.0 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | — | — | -3.0 | -1.0
Chief Information Officer | 91.0 | 85.0 | 134.9 | 124.4 | — | — | +49.9 | +39.4
Chief Financial Officer | 6.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.3 | — | — | -0.1 | -0.6
Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | — | — | -0.2 | -0.2
Office of Civil Rights | 37.0 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | — | — | -15.0 | -10.0
Office of Safety, Security, and Protection | 20.8 | 24.0 | 19.1 | 19.1 | — | — | -4.9 | -4.9
Buildings and Facilities | 22.6 | 15.0 | 70.0 | 20.0 | — | — | +55.0 | +5.0
Hazardous Materials Management | 3.0 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | — | -0.6 | -0.6
Office of Inspector General | 111.6 | 103.0 | 90.0 | 102.0 | — | — | -13.0 | -1.0
General Counsel | 60.5 | 60.5 | 45.0 | 42.5 | — | — | -15.6 | -18.0
Office of Ethics | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.1 | — | — | -0.4 | -0.4
Total | 479.8 | 436.3 | 490.9 | 448.7 | — | — | +54.6 | +12.4

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Table A-2. Research, Education, and Economics

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Under Secretary | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | — | -0.4 | -0.4 |
Office of the Chief Scientist | 0.5 | 0.5 | — | 0.5 | — | — | -0.5 | +0.0 |
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and Expenses | 1,788.1 | 1,793.1 | 1,699.0 | 1,798.8 | — | — | -94.0 | +5.8 |
Buildings and Facilities | 0.0 | 60.7 | — | 18.0 | — | — | -60.7 | -42.6 |
Subtotal, ARS | 1,788.1 | 1,853.7 | 1,699.0 | 1,816.8 | — | — | -154.7 | -36.9 |
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFRI (competitive grants) | 445.2 | 435.0 | 419.4 | 435.0 | — | — | -15.6 | +0.0 |
Hatch Act (1862 institutions) | 265.0 | 265.0 | — | 265.0 | — | — | -265.0 | +0.0 |
Evans-Allen (1890s institutions) | 89.0 | 89.0 | 50.0 | 89.0 | — | — | -39.0 | +0.0 |
McIntire-Stennis (forestry) | 38.0 | 38.0 | 20.0 | 38.0 | — | — | -18.0 | +0.0 |
Other | 238.8 | 248.8 | 155.7 | 219.5 | — | — | -79.5 | -15.8 |
Subtotal | 1,076.0 | 1,075.8 | 645.1 | 1,046.5 | — | — | -430.7 | -29.3 |
Extension |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Smith-Lever (b) & (c) | 325.0 | 325.0 | 175.0 | 325.0 | — | — | -150.0 | +0.0 |
Smith-Lever (d) | 88.6 | 88.6 | 66.6 | 88.6 | — | — | -22.0 | +0.0 |
Other | 148.1 | 147.5 | 127.3 | 145.5 | — | — | -20.2 | -2.0 |
Subtotal | 561.7 | 561.1 | 368.9 | 559.1 | — | — | -192.2 | -2.0 |
Integrated Activities | 41.1 | 40.1 | 8.0 | 39.1 | — | — | -32.1 | -1.0 |
Subtotal, NIFA | 1,678.8 | 1,677.0 | 1,022.0 | 1,644.7 | — | — | -655.0 | -32.3 |
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agricultural Census | 46.9 | 46.0 | 48.5 | 48.5 | — | — | +2.5 | +2.5 |
Agricultural estimates | 140.7 | 139.0 | 139.0 | 139.0 | — | — | -0.0 | +0.0 |
Subtotal, NASS | 187.5 | 185.0 | 187.5 | 187.5 | — | — | +2.5 | +2.5 |
Economic Research Service | 90.6 | 90.6 | 75.0 | 90.6 | — | — | -15.6 | +0.0 |
Total | 3,746.8 | 3,808.2 | 2,984.5 | 3,741.1 | — | — | -823.7 | -67.1 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; Table NIFA-7. Project Statement on Basis of Appropriations, in U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2027 USDA Explanatory Notes – National Institute of Food and Agriculture; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Note: AFRI = Agriculture and Food Research Initiative.

Table A-3. Farm Service Agency

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Farm Service Agency Salaries and Expenses | 1,209.3 | 1,125.0 | 953.4 | 1,107.5 | — | — | -171.6 | -17.5 |
Farm loan programs: administration | 326.1 | 326.1 | 252.5 | 326.1 | — | — | -73.6 | +0.0 |
Farm loan programs: loan subsidy (see below for details and loan authority) | 53.8 | 33.9 | 30.6 | 31.6 | — | — | -3.3 | -2.2 |
State mediation grants | 6.5 | 6.5 | — | 6.5 | — | — | -6.5 | +0.0 |
Grassroots source water protection | 7.0 | 7.5 | — | 8.0 | — | — | -7.5 | +0.5 |
Geographically disadvantaged farmers | 3.5 | 3.5 | — | 0.0 | — | — | -3.5 | -3.5 |
Dairy Indemnity Payment Program (M) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Total discretionary appropriations | 1,606.7 | 1,502.9 | 1,236.9 | 1,480.2 | — | — | -266.0 | -22.7 |
Farm Loan Program Details Loan subsidy (budget authority) Loan authority |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Farm Ownership Loans – Direct | 50.3 | 32.8 | 30.6 | 30.6 | — | — | -2.2 | -2.2 |
Loan authority | 2,578.7 | 2,580.0 | 1,242.0 | 1,242.0 | — | — | -1,338.0 | -1,338.0 |
Farm Ownership Loans – Guaranteed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Loan authority | 3,500.0 | 3,500.0 | 4,663.8 | 4,663.8 | — | — | +1,163.8 | +1,163.8 |
Farm Operating Loans – Direct | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Loan authority | 1,633.0 | 1,633.0 | 1,633.0 | 1,633.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Farm Operating Loans – Guaranteed | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Loan authority | 2,118.5 | 2,000.0 | 2,000.0 | 2,000.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Emergency Loans | 3.5 | 1.0 | — | 1.1 | — | — | -1.0 | +0.1 |
Loan authority | 30.1 | 14.4 | — | 14.4 | — | — | -14.4 | +0.0 |
Conservation Loans | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Loan authority – Guaranteed | 150.0 | 150.0 | — | 150.0 | — | — | -150.0 | +0.0 |
Indian Tribe Land Acquisition Loans | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Loan authority | 20.0 | 20.0 | — | 20.0 | — | — | -20.0 | +0.0 |
Boll Weevil Eradication Loans | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | -0.1 | -0.1 |
Loan authority | — | 60.0 | — | 60.0 | — | — | -60.0 | +0.0 |
Subtotal, loan subsidy | 53.8 | 33.9 | 30.6 | 31.6 | — | — | -3.3 | -2.2 |
Subtotal, loan authority | 10,030.3 | 9,957.4 | 9,538.7 | 9,783.1 | — | — | -418.6 | -174.3 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not included in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. Some loan programs do not require a loan subsidy because of sufficient fees charged on the loans that make them self-funding and that may result in a negative subsidy in the scorekeeping adjustments section. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

Table A-4. Natural Resources Conservation Service

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Conservation Operations | 895.8 | 850.0 | 111.5 | 802.0 | — | — | -738.5 | -48.0 |
Watershed and Flood Prevention | 14.7 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 35.0 | — | — | -50.0 | -15.0 |
Watershed Rehabilitation Program | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | — | — | -3.0 | +0.0 |
Total | 911.4 | 903.0 | 111.5 | 840.0 | — | — | -791.5 | -63.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Table A-5. Rural Housing Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Administrative expenses (transfer) | 412.3 | 412.3 | 412.3 | 412.3 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Single family direct loans (§502) | 84.5 | 130.6 | 130.7 | 132.9 | — | — | +0.1 | +2.3 |
Direct loan authority | 715.9 | 1,000.0 | 983.2 | 1,000.0 | — | — | -16.8 | +0.0 |
Guaranteed loan authority | 25,000.0 | 25,000.0 | 20,000.0 | 25,000.0 | — | — | -5,000.0 | +0.0 |
Relending for Native American Tribes | 2.3 | 2.1 | — | 2.7 | — | — | -2.1 | +0.5 |
Loan authority | 4.6 | 5.0 | — | 6.0 | — | — | -5.0 | +1.0 |
Other Rural Housing Insurance Fund programs | 66.8 | 61.4 | 62.0 | 63.1 | — | — | +0.6 | +1.7 |
Loan authority | 500.0 | 510.0 | 600.0 | 510.0 | — | — | +90.0 | +0.0 |
Rental assistance (§521) | 1,642.0 | 1,715.0 | 1,795.0 | 1,795.0 | — | — | +80.0 | +80.0 |
Rural housing assistance grants | 35.0 | 27.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | — | — | -1.0 | -1.0 |
Mutual and self-help housing grants | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Rural housing vouchers | 48.0 | 48.0 | — | 48.0 | — | — | -48.0 | +0.0 |
Community Facilities: Grants | 5.0a | 664.2 | — | 410.0 | — | — | -664.2 | -254.2 |
Community Facilities: Loan subsidy | 11.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Direct loan authority | 989.3 | 1,250.0 | 1,250.0 | 1,250.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Guaranteed loan authority | 650.0 | 650.0 | 650.0 | 650.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Rural community development initiative | 5.0 | 5.0 | — | 5.0 | — | — | -5.0 | +0.0 |
Tribal college grants | 8.0 | 8.0 | — | 8.0 | — | — | -8.0 | +0.0 |
Total | 2,344.9 | 3,098.5 | 2,450.9 | 2,927.9 | — | — | -647.6 | -170.6 |
Loan authority | 27,859.9 | 28,415.0 | 23,483.2 | 28,416.0 | — | — | -4,931.8 | +1.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not included in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

a. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1204, excludes from continuation for FY2025 the $505 million from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (7 U.S.C. §2250b) that had been included for FY2024 Community Facilities earmarks (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778).

Table A-6. Rural Business-Cooperative Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Rural Business Program Account |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Guaranteed Business and Industry Loans – Loan subsidy | 3.3 | 15.6 | — | 38.6 | — | — | -15.6 | +23.0 |
Loan authority | 1,663.0 | 1,750.0 | — | 2,000.0 | — | — | -1,750.0 | +250.0 |
Rural Business Development Grants | 20.5 | 25.0 | — | 18.0 | — | — | -25.0 | -7.0 |
Delta Regional Authority Grants | 8.0 | 10.0 | — | 7.0 | — | — | -10.0 | -3.0 |
Rural Development Loan Fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Administrative expenses (transfer) | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 4.5 | — | — | -4.5 | +0.0 |
Intermediary Relending Program - Loan subsidy | 3.4 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.6 | — | — | -2.5 | +0.1 |
Loan authority | 10.0 | 9.0 | 0.0 | 9.0 | — | — | -9.0 | +0.0 |
Rural Economic Development Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan authority | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Rural Cooperative Development Grants | 24.6 | 20.0 | — | 17.6 | — | — | -20.0 | -2.4 |
Rural Microentrepreneur Assistance Program | 4.6 | 4.0 | — | 3.6 | — | — | -4.0 | -0.4 |
Loan authority | 12.7 | 17.0 | — | 15.0 | — | — | -17.0 | -2.0 |
Rural Energy for America Program |  |  | — | 1.9 | — | — |  |  |
Loan authority | 50.0 | 100.0 | — | 50.0 | — | — | -100.0 | -50.0 |
Healthy Food Financing Initiative | 0.5 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | -0.1 | -0.1 |
Total | 69.5 | 81.6 | 0.0 | 93.8 | — | — | -81.6 | +12.2 |
Loan authority | 1,785.7 | 1,926.0 | 50.0 | 2,124.0 | — | — | -1,876.0 | +198.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not included in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

Table A-7. Rural Utilities Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Rural Water and Waste Disposal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan subsidy and grants | 478.5 | 445.9 | 202.5 | 387.3 | — | — | -243.4 | -58.5 |
Direct loan authority | 860.0 | 1,015.0 | 816.9 | 1,015.0 | — | — | -198.1 | +0.0 |
Guaranteed loan authority | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Rural Electricity and Telecommunication |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Admin. expenses (transfer) | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Rural Energy Savings Program | 3.6 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 4.5 | — | — | -4.2 | +0.3 |
Telecommunication loan subsidy | 1.7 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 3.2 | — | — | -3.6 | -0.4 |
Telecommunication loan authority | 1,549.6 | 550.0 | 200.0 | 550.0 | — | — | -350.0 | +0.0 |
Electricity loan authority | 7,417.7 | 7,935.0 | 7,700.0 | 8,335.0 | — | — | -235.0 | +400.0 |
Distance Learning, Telemedicine, Broadband |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distance learning & telemedicine | 40.0 | 40.8 | 30.0 | 33.2 | — | — | -10.8 | -7.6 |
Community Connect grants | 20.0 | 17.0 | 0.0 | 15.0 | — | — | -17.0 | -2.0 |
ReConnect | 90.0 | 50.8 | 0.0 | 40.0 | — | — | -50.8 | -10.8 |
Total | 667.1 | 595.4 | 265.8 | 516.5 | — | — | -329.7 | -78.9 |
Loan authority | 9,877.3 | 9,550.0 | 8,766.9 | 9,950.0 | — | — | -783.1 | +400.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not included in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

Table A-8. Domestic Food Programs

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed |
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Child Nutrition Programs | 33,266.2 | 37,841.7 | 37,890.9 | 37,900.9 | — | — | +49.3 | +59.3 |  |
Mandatory | 33,250.2 | 37,825.7 | 37,890.9 | 37,890.9 | — | — | +65.3 | +65.3 |  |
Discretionary | 16.0 | 16.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | — | — | -16.0 | -6.0 |  |
SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Program | 122,382.5 | 107,481.2 | 101,237.0 | 101,242.0 | — | — | -6,244.2 | -6,239.3 |  |
Mandatory | 122,376.5 | 107,474.2 | 101,234.0 | 101,235.0 | — | — | -6,240.2 | -6,239.3 |  |
Discretionary | 6.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | — | — | -4.0 | +0.0 |  |
WIC | 7,597.0 | 8,200.0 | 8,000.0 | 8,000.0 | — | — | -200.0 | -200.0 |  |
Commodity Assistance Programs | 516.1 | 551.1 | 91.1 | 546.1 | — | — | -460.0 | -5.0 |  |
Nutrition Programs Administration | 177.3 | 160.0 | 135.2 | 135.2 | — | — | -24.8 | -24.8 |  |
Under Secretary | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | — | — | -0.3 | -0.3 |  |
Total | 163,940.3 | 154,235.1 | 147,355.0 | 147,825.0 | — | — | -6,880.1 | -6,410.1 |  |
Mandatory | 155,626.7 | 145,299.9 | 139,124.9 | 139,125.9 | — | — | -6,175.0 | -6,174.0 |  |
Discretionary | 8,313.5 | 8,935.2 | 8,230.1 | 8,699.1 | — | — | -705.1 | -236.1 |  |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. This table shows both discretionary and mandatory amounts as presented separately in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. Totals for the Child Nutrition Programs and SNAP are the amounts expressed in the relevant appropriations acts and committee reports; subtotals for mandatory and discretionary amounts are derived from unpublished CBO scores of the appropriations bills.

Table A-9. Appropriations in General Provisions

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Institute for Rural Partnership | 6.0 | 5.3 | — | — | — | — | -5.3 | -5.3 |
Bison Inspection Waiver | 0.7 | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | -0.7 | -0.7 |
Bison Marketing Pilot | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Meat and Poultry Processing Expansion | 3.0 | 2.0 | — | 1.0 | — | — | -2.0 | -1.0 |
Mitigation Banking | 2.0 | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | -2.0 | -2.0 |
Cotton Classing Office upgrades | — | 4.0 | — | — | — | — | -4.0 | -4.0 |
Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act (AFIDA) reporting | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Protecting Animals with Shelter Grants | 3.0 | 3.0 | — | 1.5 | — | — | -3.0 | -1.5 |
Water Bank | 2.0 | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | -2.0 | -2.0 |
Energy Circuit Rider Pilot | — | 3.0 | — | — | — | — | -3.0 | -3.0 |
Maturing Mortgage Pilot | 1.0 | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | -2.0 | -2.0 |
Waste Water Pilot | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Buy American Study | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | -1.0 | -1.0 |
Tribal Demonstration Projects | 2.0 | 2.0 | — | 2.0 | — | — | -2.0 | +0.0 |
Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program | — | — | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | +2.5 |
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Working Group | 0.5 | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | -0.5 | -0.5 |
Total | 25.2 | 27.5 | 0.0 | 7.0 | — | — | -27.5 | -20.5 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Table A-10. Rescissions in General Provisions

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
NRCS | -30.0 | -30.0 | — | — | — | — | +30.0 | +30.0 |
NIFA Research and Extension | -37.0 | -22.0 | — | — | — | — | +22.0 | +22.0 |
Distance Learning and Telemedicine | -18.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Community Connect | -10.8 | — | -40.0 | -40.0 | — | — | -40.0 | -40.0 |
Broadband program | -0.8 | -20.0 | — | — | — | — | +20.0 | +20.0 |
Rural Housing Voucher | -12.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Agricultural Marketing Service | — | — | -20.0 | — | — | — | -20.0 | +0.0 |
Working Capital Fund | -78.0 | -78.0 | — | — | — | — | +78.0 | +78.0 |
Treasury Forfeiture Fund | — | -350.0 | — | — | — | — | +350.0 | +350.0 |
Inflation Reduction Act, §22006 (farm loan relief) | — | — | -95.0 | -95.0 | — | — | -95.0 | -95.0 |
Total | -187.8 | -500.0 | -155.0 | -135.0 | — | — | +345.0 | +365.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Rescissions are permanent reductions in budget authority after enactment that score as budgetary savings. NRCS = Natural Resources Conservation Service; NIFA = National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Table A-11. Changes in Mandatory Program Spending

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act conservation programs | -60.2 | -70.7 | -70.7 | -70.7 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Farm Production and Conservation Business Center | +60.2 | +70.7 | +70.7 | +70.7 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Section 32 | -49.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Total | -49.0 | +0.0 | +0.0 | +0.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," March 11, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; P.L. 119-37, Division B; explanatory statement in Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043; "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget, FY2027 President's Budget; H.R. 8646; H.Rept. 119-632; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPs) in appropriations acts include temporary increases or limitations to mandatory program spending or permanent rescissions of mandatory programs that are focused on the current fiscal year. See CRS Report R47705, Congressional Rules Pertaining to Changes in Mandatory Program Spending in Appropriations Bills (CHIMPs). Section 32 is formally known as Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income, and Supply.

Table A-12. Scorekeeping Adjustments

Budget authority in millions of dollars

| FY2025 | FY2026 | FY2027 | Change from FY2026 to FY2027 Proposed
Agency or Program | P.L. 119-4, Div. A, Title II | Enacted P.L. 119-37, Div. B | Admin. Request | House-Passed H.R. 8646 | Senate | Enacted | Admin. | House
Farm loans negative subsidy | -142.0 | -145.0 | -149.0 | -149.0 | — | — | -4.0 | -4.0 |
Rural electricity & telecommunication loans negative subsidy | -210.0 | -200.0 | -200.0 | -200.0 | — | — | +0.0 | +0.0 |
Rural housing loans negative subsidy | -100.0 | -100.0 | -119.0 | -119.0 | — | — | -19.0 | -19.0 |
Community facilities loans negative subsidy | -57.0 | -60.0 | -51.0 | -51.0 | — | — | +9.0 | +9.0 |
Rural water & waste disposal loans negative subsidy | -2.0 | -2.0 | -15.0 | -15.0 | — | — | -13.0 | -13.0 |
Rounding adjustments | -17.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Total | -528.5 | -507.0 | -534.0 | -534.0 | — | — | -27.0 | -27.0 |

Source: Prepared by CRS using unpublished Congressional Budget Office tables.

Notes: Negative subsidies generally represent receipt of fees charged to borrowers for some loan programs. Rounding adjustments are noted to reconcile the official total with details in the table.

Footnotes

1. | The Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act funds the U.S. Forest Service.

2.

Appropriations jurisdiction for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) had been with the House and Senate Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittees until FY2008. Jurisdiction began differing between the chambers after FY2008. The CFTC is always carried in House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee markup, never in the Senate Agriculture Subcommittee markup, and always in the Senate Appropriations Financial Services and General Government Subcommittee markup. The CFTC is normally carried in enacted Agriculture Appropriations Acts in alternating fiscal years—in even-numbered fiscal years from FY2008 to FY2024 and in odd-numbered fiscal years beginning in FY2025. The FY2025 year-long continuing resolution (CR) for Agriculture appropriations repeated carrying the CFTC as in FY2024 and caused the alternating cycle to switch.

3. | CRS Report RS20129, Entitlements and Appropriated Entitlements in the Federal Budget Process, and CRS In Focus IF13124, Distinguishing Between Discretionary and Mandatory Spending.
4. | CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).
5. | CRS In Focus IF12255, Farm Bill Primer: SNAP and Nutrition Title Programs.
6. | "Budget Appendix: Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency," in Office of Management and Budget (OMB), FY2027 President's Budget, April 3, 2026, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-resources/budget/appendix.

7.

House Committee on Appropriations, "Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Subcommittee Legislative Activity, FY2027," https://appropriations.house.gov/subcommittees/agriculture-rural-development-food-and-drug-administration-and-related-agencies/legislative-activity.

8. | The House Appropriations Committee report for FY2027, H.Rept. 119-632, does not itemize amounts or provide a total of the Administration's request on the basis of the committee's jurisdiction. CRS compiled these amounts using the OMB Budget Appendix.

9.

Effective June 1, 2026, the Secretary of Agriculture, as part of a reorganization, renamed FNS to FNA. See U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition Administration (FNA), "USDA Announces Actions to Better Serve States, Nutrition Program Recipients, and the American Taxpayer," press release, April 30, 2026, https://www.fna.usda.gov/newsroom/usda-0062.26; and USDA, FNA, "Reorganization," accessed September 8, 2026, https://www.fna.usda.gov/reorganization.

10. | CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
11. | References to 302(a) and 302(b) are to sections of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.
12. | CRS Report R44296, Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution.

13.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Report on the Interim Suballocation of Budget Allocations for Fiscal Year 2027, submitted by Rep. Tom Cole, chairman, together with minority views, 119th Cong., 2nd sess., June 22, 2026, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/20260421/119215/HMKP-119-AP00-20260421-SD004.pdf.

14. | See CRS Report RL30240, Congressional Oversight Manual, and CRS Report R46417, Congress's Power Over Appropriations: Constitutional and Statutory Provisions.
15. | "Division B—Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agency Appropriations Act, 2026, Congressional Directives," in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 171, no. 189 (November 9, 2025), p. S8043.

16.

"For the purpose of this clause, the term 'congressional earmark' means a provision or report language included primarily at the request of a Member, Delegate, Resident Commissioner, or Senator providing, authorizing or recommending a specific amount of discretionary budget authority, credit authority, or other spending authority for a contract, loan, loan guarantee, grant, loan authority, or other expenditure with or to an entity, or targeted to a specific State, locality or Congressional district, other than through a statutory or administrative formula-driven or competitive award process." See U.S. Congress, House, Rules of the House of Representatives, 119th Congress, Rule XXI, Clause 9(e), https://rules.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/rules.house.gov/files/documents/houserules119thupdated.pdf.

17. | CRS Report R48471, Agriculture Appropriations: Earmarks Disclosed from FY2022 to FY2024.
18. | CRS analysis of H.Rept. 119-632, "Community Project Funding" (table).