Current Foreign-Born Population by State and Congressional District

Current Foreign-Born Population by State and Congressional District

Current Foreign-Born Population by State and Congressional District

May 8, 2026 (R48940)
Jump to Main Text of Report

Contents

Introduction

State-Level Estimates

District-Level Estimates

Statistics for Unauthorized Immigrants

Additional Sources

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Census Bureau

Congressional Budget Office

Department of Homeland Security

International Organization for Migration

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

Nongovernmental Organizations

Related CRS Products

Tables

Table 1. Foreign-Born Population by State in 2024

Table 2. Foreign-Born Population by Congressional District in 2024

Table 3. Selected Recent Estimates for Unauthorized Immigrants Living in the United States

Summary

The United States in 2024 was home to an estimated 50.2 million foreign-born individuals, who lived in every state and congressional district. This report provides a snapshot of recent U.S. Census Bureau estimates for the foreign-born population (i.e., people now living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth) in each state, as well as estimates for the foreign-born population in each congressional district. It also discusses alternative and additional sources of data on the foreign-born population.

Introduction

Many people now living in the United States were born in foreign countries. As of 2024, an estimated 50.2 million foreign-born residents¹ accounted for roughly 14.8% of the national population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS), a large-scale survey of American households.²

This report provides a snapshot of recent ACS estimates for the foreign-born population in each state, as well as estimates for the foreign-born population in the 435 congressional districts as configured in the 119th Congress (2025-2026). The foreign-born population in the United States includes naturalized U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents (i.e., green card holders), temporary-visa holders such as foreign students, and people illegally present in the United States. The Census Bureau does not collect or publish information about whether an immigrant is authorized to be in the United States.³

The Census Bureau provides access to additional ACS data tables related to the foreign-born population via its data.census.gov website, including:

Table B05001, "Nativity and Citizenship Status in the United States," which tabulates the number of U.S. citizens by naturalization and the number of U.S. residents who are not citizens; and

Table B05006, "Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States," which provides a country-level breakdown for place of birth.⁴

The "Statistics for Unauthorized Immigrants" section below discusses available estimates of the number of people living in the United States without authorization. The "Additional Sources" section discusses other sources of statistics about the foreign-born population.

State-Level Estimates

The Census Bureau publishes state-level estimates for the foreign-born population. Table 1, which includes the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico as well as the 50 states,⁵ contains one-year ACS estimates for 2024 that come with margins of error as indicated in the table. A Microsoft Excel workbook file containing the same data can be downloaded from CRS.gov.

Table 1. Foreign-Born Population by State in 2024

State | Foreign-Born Population | Margin of Error (+/-) | Foreign-Born as % of Total Population | Margin of Error (+/-)
Alabama | 230,850 | 10,664 | 4.5% | 0.2
Alaska | 56,836 | 4,878 | 7.7% | 0.7
Arizona | 1,017,951 | 21,246 | 13.4% | 0.3
Arkansas | 180,109 | 9,006 | 5.8% | 0.3
California | 10,902,022 | 63,747 | 27.6% | 0.2
Colorado | 628,683 | 19,658 | 10.6% | 0.3
Connecticut | 584,170 | 14,124 | 15.9% | 0.4
Delaware | 121,583 | 7,857 | 11.6% | 0.7
District of Columbia | 108,542 | 6,954 | 15.5% | 1.0
Florida | 5,392,412 | 54,062 | 23.1% | 0.2
Georgia | 1,333,177 | 25,980 | 11.9% | 0.2
Hawaii | 268,845 | 10,945 | 18.6% | 0.8
Idaho | 126,009 | 7,062 | 6.3% | 0.4
Illinois | 1,957,482 | 28,940 | 15.4% | 0.2
Indiana | 487,371 | 18,162 | 7.0% | 0.3
Iowa | 203,549 | 10,346 | 6.3% | 0.3
Kansas | 232,485 | 8,492 | 7.8% | 0.3
Kentucky | 238,231 | 13,361 | 5.2% | 0.3
Louisiana | 239,225 | 9,625 | 5.2% | 0.2
Maine | 65,815 | 4,793 | 4.7% | 0.3
Maryland | 1,070,852 | 22,466 | 17.1% | 0.4
Massachusetts | 1,337,811 | 21,991 | 18.7% | 0.3
Michigan | 778,787 | 16,657 | 7.7% | 0.2
Minnesota | 523,549 | 12,206 | 9.0% | 0.2
Mississippi | 79,645 | 5,433 | 2.7% | 0.2
Missouri | 308,514 | 12,572 | 4.9% | 0.2
Montana | 24,386 | 3,062 | 2.1% | 0.3
Nebraska | 180,857 | 8,281 | 9.0% | 0.4
Nevada | 649,711 | 16,499 | 19.9% | 0.5
New Hampshire | 83,815 | 5,293 | 5.9% | 0.4
New Jersey | 2,376,424 | 26,296 | 25.0% | 0.3
New Mexico | 212,830 | 11,226 | 10.0% | 0.5
New York | 4,621,382 | 41,824 | 23.3% | 0.2
North Carolina | 1,093,166 | 23,266 | 9.9% | 0.2
North Dakota | 41,910 | 5,180 | 5.3% | 0.7
Ohio | 654,793 | 17,594 | 5.5% | 0.1
Oklahoma | 271,938 | 9,115 | 6.6% | 0.2
Oregon | 429,125 | 11,907 | 10.0% | 0.3
Pennsylvania | 1,090,675 | 31,467 | 8.3% | 0.2
Puerto Rico | 86,836 | 8,019 | 2.7% | 0.3
Rhode Island | 174,869 | 11,625 | 15.7% | 1.0
South Carolina | 351,009 | 15,685 | 6.4% | 0.3
South Dakota | 38,359 | 3,969 | 4.1% | 0.4
Tennessee | 472,751 | 16,938 | 6.5% | 0.2
Texas | 5,762,477 | 58,185 | 18.4% | 0.2
Utah | 341,716 | 13,262 | 9.8% | 0.4
Vermont | 2,9028 | 2,662 | 4.5% | 0.4
Virginia | 1,193,581 | 24,467 | 13.5% | 0.3
Washington | 1,280,809 | 24,190 | 16.1% | 0.3
West Virginia | 37,253 | 3,897 | 2.1% | 0.2
Wisconsin | 327,033 | 10,756 | 5.5% | 0.2
Wyoming | 20,456 | 3,432 | 3.5% | 0.6

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS).

Notes: One-year ACS estimates for 2024. Figures taken from Table DP02, "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States," and Table DP02PR, "Selected Social Characteristics in Puerto Rico." This table includes estimates for the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. ACS statistics are not available for American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. The margin of error is a measure of the estimate's uncertainty: the greater the margin of error, the less certain the estimate. It is based on the 90-percent confidence interval (the span from the estimate minus the margin of error to the estimate plus the margin of error). If the survey could be readministered to every possible sample of households, most of the samples would produce slightly different estimates. However, the confidence intervals around 90 percent of those estimates would contain the true value (barring any systematic bias in the survey).

District-Level Estimates

The Census Bureau also publishes estimates for the foreign-born population in each congressional district. The figures that appear in Table 2 are one-year ACS estimates for 2024 and reflect U.S. House district boundaries in effect during the 119th Congress (2025-2026). These figures come with margins of error as indicated in the table. A Microsoft Excel workbook file containing the same data can be downloaded from CRS.gov.

Table 2. Foreign-Born Population by Congressional District in 2024

Congressional District | Foreign-Born Population | Margin of Error (+/-) | Foreign-Born Population as % of Total | Margin of Error (+/-)
Alabama, District 1 | 30,368 | 4,133 | 4.0% | 0.5
Alabama, District 2 | 31,434 | 3,955 | 4.5% | 0.6
Alabama, District 3 | 30,055 | 3,247 | 4.1% | 0.4
Alabama, District 4 | 31,601 | 4,131 | 4.3% | 0.6
Alabama, District 5 | 39,803 | 4,007 | 5.1% | 0.5
Alabama, District 6 | 30,594 | 3,990 | 4.2% | 0.5
Alabama, District 7 | 36,995 | 5,083 | 5.1% | 0.7
Alaska, At-Large District | 56,836 | 4,878 | 7.7% | 0.7
Arizona, District 1 | 95,038 | 7,122 | 11.6% | 0.8
Arizona, District 2 | 48,423 | 4,313 | 5.7% | 0.5
Arizona, District 3 | 215,895 | 12,640 | 25.9% | 1.4
Arizona, District 4 | 112,680 | 10,368 | 14.2% | 1.3
Arizona, District 5 | 86,576 | 7,811 | 9.6% | 0.8
Arizona, District 6 | 85,193 | 6,714 | 10.2% | 0.8
Arizona, District 7 | 164,806 | 10,562 | 20.3% | 1.3
Arizona, District 8 | 111,202 | 9,842 | 13.6% | 1.2
Arizona, District 9 | 98,138 | 7,146 | 10.7% | 0.8
Arkansas, District 1 | 20,122 | 3,128 | 2.7% | 0.4
Arkansas, District 2 | 41,160 | 5,478 | 5.3% | 0.7
Arkansas, District 3 | 95,453 | 5,333 | 11.7% | 0.7
Arkansas, District 4 | 23,374 | 2,869 | 3.1% | 0.4
California, District 1 | 88,211 | 6,618 | 11.6% | 0.9
California, District 2 | 105,931 | 6,175 | 14.1% | 0.8
California, District 3 | 105,565 | 7,270 | 13.1% | 0.9
California, District 4 | 134,472 | 7,420 | 17.7% | 1.0
California, District 5 | 99,034 | 7,386 | 12.8% | 0.8
California, District 6 | 170,231 | 10,487 | 22.3% | 1.2
California, District 7 | 199,795 | 9,736 | 26.1% | 1.2
California, District 8 | 218,338 | 9,397 | 29.2% | 1.1
California, District 9 | 206,004 | 10,039 | 26.3% | 1.3
California, District 10 | 204,147 | 8,765 | 26.4% | 1.0
California, District 11 | 235,276 | 10,080 | 32.2% | 1.3
California, District 12 | 209,019 | 9,778 | 27.6% | 1.2
California, District 13 | 220,677 | 10,539 | 27.9% | 1.2
California, District 14 | 297,422 | 9,426 | 40.8% | 1.2
California, District 15 | 287,642 | 10,038 | 39.8% | 1.3
California, District 16 | 270,205 | 9,399 | 35.9% | 1.2
California, District 17 | 388,239 | 12,244 | 50.9% | 1.3
California, District 18 | 260,217 | 12,450 | 34.0% | 1.3
California, District 19 | 174,283 | 8,797 | 23.5% | 1.1
California, District 20 | 108,996 | 8,039 | 13.4% | 0.9
California, District 21 | 176,918 | 8,903 | 22.8% | 1.0
California, District 22 | 212,470 | 8,996 | 27.6% | 1.0
California, District 23 | 120,603 | 9,445 | 15.9% | 1.2
California, District 24 | 135,607 | 8,252 | 17.9% | 1.1
California, District 25 | 211,279 | 8,887 | 26.7% | 1.1
California, District 26 | 185,661 | 10,191 | 24.7% | 1.3
California, District 27 | 190,185 | 11,413 | 25.4% | 1.5
California, District 28 | 272,703 | 8,746 | 36.3% | 1.2
California, District 29 | 307,306 | 11,994 | 42.4% | 1.3
California, District 30 | 275,252 | 10,626 | 37.1% | 1.3
California, District 31 | 265,618 | 10,501 | 36.7% | 1.4
California, District 32 | 236,518 | 12,697 | 31.0% | 1.4
California, District 33 | 184,795 | 8,766 | 23.6% | 1.0
California, District 34 | 316,643 | 14,300 | 42.0% | 1.3
California, District 35 | 225,171 | 8,667 | 29.4% | 1.1
California, District 36 | 176,469 | 9,786 | 23.4% | 1.1
California, District 37 | 261,462 | 13,818 | 35.1% | 1.5
California, District 38 | 237,994 | 9,687 | 32.9% | 1.2
California, District 39 | 194,450 | 11,088 | 24.9% | 1.4
California, District 40 | 192,559 | 9,534 | 25.9% | 1.2
California, District 41 | 151,283 | 9,550 | 18.4% | 1.2
California, District 42 | 232,076 | 10,584 | 32.1% | 1.2
California, District 43 | 242,866 | 9,354 | 33.7% | 1.2
California, District 44 | 238,407 | 11,458 | 32.1% | 1.3
California, District 45 | 286,582 | 9,292 | 38.6% | 1.2
California, District 46 | 293,690 | 10,446 | 38.5% | 1.4
California, District 47 | 219,452 | 10,676 | 29.0% | 1.4
California, District 48 | 135,508 | 9,118 | 17.6% | 1.1
California, District 49 | 131,589 | 9,048 | 17.6% | 1.2
California, District 50 | 167,333 | 11,682 | 22.0% | 1.3
California, District 51 | 184,715 | 11,515 | 24.1% | 1.4
California, District 52 | 255,154 | 9,746 | 33.7% | 1.1
Colorado, District 1 | 118,499 | 8,409 | 16.1% | 1.1
Colorado, District 2 | 62,566 | 5,943 | 8.6% | 0.8
Colorado, District 3 | 40,578 | 4,757 | 5.5% | 0.6
Colorado, District 4 | 66,006 | 5,594 | 8.4% | 0.7
Colorado, District 5 | 61,252 | 6,990 | 8.2% | 0.9
Colorado, District 6 | 131,188 | 9,738 | 18.0% | 1.3
Colorado, District 7 | 47,528 | 4,788 | 6.5% | 0.6
Colorado, District 8 | 101,066 | 7,372 | 13.3% | 1.0
Connecticut, District 1 | 123,622 | 7,543 | 16.8% | 1.0
Connecticut, District 2 | 56,519 | 4,291 | 7.7% | 0.6
Connecticut, District 3 | 111,816 | 8,623 | 15.1% | 1.1
Connecticut, District 4 | 181,369 | 9,018 | 24.5% | 1.2
Connecticut, District 5 | 110,844 | 7,438 | 15.2% | 1.0
Delaware, At-Large District | 121,583 | 7,857 | 11.6% | 0.7
Florida, District 1 | 59,582 | 5,704 | 7.3% | 0.7
Florida, District 2 | 56,723 | 4,752 | 6.9% | 0.6
Florida, District 3 | 75,855 | 6,834 | 9.0% | 0.8
Florida, District 4 | 72,847 | 9,176 | 8.6% | 1.1
Florida, District 5 | 129,573 | 10,701 | 15.2% | 1.1
Florida, District 6 | 78,662 | 8,142 | 9.4% | 0.9
Florida, District 7 | 105,155 | 7,767 | 12.9% | 1.0
Florida, District 8 | 86,730 | 6,170 | 10.4% | 0.7
Florida, District 9 | 269,859 | 21,934 | 29.7% | 2.2
Florida, District 10 | 206,148 | 14,439 | 25.7% | 1.6
Florida, District 11 | 147,347 | 14,842 | 16.5% | 1.5
Florida, District 12 | 85,651 | 8,558 | 9.8% | 0.9
Florida, District 13 | 100,914 | 6,665 | 13.2% | 0.9
Florida, District 14 | 175,951 | 11,408 | 21.3% | 1.1
Florida, District 15 | 147,533 | 11,207 | 17.7% | 1.2
Florida, District 16 | 146,011 | 11,815 | 16.5% | 1.2
Florida, District 17 | 139,694 | 9,347 | 15.9% | 1.0
Florida, District 18 | 140,668 | 13,374 | 16.1% | 1.4
Florida, District 19 | 152,521 | 11,383 | 18.4% | 1.3
Florida, District 20 | 313,881 | 17,476 | 38.4% | 1.6
Florida, District 21 | 163,705 | 10,871 | 19.1% | 1.2
Florida, District 22 | 258,741 | 13,067 | 32.2% | 1.4
Florida, District 23 | 235,798 | 14,434 | 29.4% | 1.5
Florida, District 24 | 396,361 | 15,626 | 47.8% | 1.5
Florida, District 25 | 333,369 | 15,624 | 41.3% | 1.8
Florida, District 26 | 477,713 | 10,673 | 56.1% | 1.1
Florida, District 27 | 427,952 | 14,265 | 54.3% | 1.4
Florida, District 28 | 407,468 | 13,989 | 51.5% | 1.5
Georgia, District 1 | 55,947 | 5,235 | 6.9% | 0.6
Georgia, District 2 | 30,479 | 3,483 | 4.0% | 0.5
Georgia, District 3 | 49,605 | 4,403 | 6.2% | 0.5
Georgia, District 4 | 205,495 | 10,649 | 27.0% | 1.2
Georgia, District 5 | 90,450 | 7,188 | 11.7% | 0.9
Georgia, District 6 | 107,742 | 9,927 | 13.4% | 1.2
Georgia, District 7 | 172,393 | 8,505 | 21.1% | 1.0
Georgia, District 8 | 39,312 | 4,199 | 5.0% | 0.5
Georgia, District 9 | 138,055 | 10,491 | 16.7% | 1.1
Georgia, District 10 | 67,939 | 5,441 | 8.1% | 0.6
Georgia, District 11 | 99,782 | 7,479 | 12.3% | 0.9
Georgia, District 12 | 39,173 | 5,965 | 5.0% | 0.8
Georgia, District 13 | 165,025 | 11,410 | 20.1% | 1.3
Georgia, District 14 | 71,780 | 5,887 | 9.0% | 0.7
Hawaii, District 1 | 175,150 | 8,696 | 24.4% | 1.2
Hawaii, District 2 | 93,695 | 7,020 | 12.9% | 0.9
Idaho, District 1 | 56,939 | 5,250 | 5.5% | 0.5
Idaho, District 2 | 69,070 | 4,866 | 7.1% | 0.5
Illinois, District 1 | 59,640 | 7,664 | 8.1% | 0.9
Illinois, District 2 | 61,715 | 6,087 | 8.4% | 0.8
Illinois, District 3 | 208,760 | 12,673 | 28.5% | 1.4
Illinois, District 4 | 236,151 | 11,934 | 33.2% | 1.5
Illinois, District 5 | 152,921 | 10,034 | 19.8% | 1.2
Illinois, District 6 | 133,290 | 8,944 | 17.4% | 1.1
Illinois, District 7 | 140,450 | 11,709 | 18.5% | 1.4
Illinois, District 8 | 211,926 | 8,956 | 28.2% | 1.2
Illinois, District 9 | 199,846 | 13,035 | 27.0% | 1.5
Illinois, District 10 | 149,922 | 7,518 | 20.0% | 1.0
Illinois, District 11 | 122,934 | 7,008 | 16.0% | 0.9
Illinois, District 12 | 15,133 | 1,766 | 2.0% | 0.2
Illinois, District 13 | 45,887 | 4,173 | 6.2% | 0.6
Illinois, District 14 | 110,268 | 5,809 | 14.4% | 0.8
Illinois, District 15 | 15,825 | 2,270 | 2.1% | 0.3
Illinois, District 16 | 34,143 | 2,829 | 4.5% | 0.4
Illinois, District 17 | 58,671 | 5,753 | 7.9% | 0.8
Indiana, District 1 | 51,437 | 4,971 | 6.8% | 0.7
Indiana, District 2 | 49,713 | 4,393 | 6.6% | 0.6
Indiana, District 3 | 42,328 | 3,640 | 5.5% | 0.5
Indiana, District 4 | 65,454 | 4,978 | 8.3% | 0.6
Indiana, District 5 | 53,892 | 5,886 | 6.8% | 0.7
Indiana, District 6 | 66,647 | 6,161 | 8.6% | 0.8
Indiana, District 7 | 110,160 | 10,288 | 14.5% | 1.4
Indiana, District 8 | 20,264 | 2,617 | 2.7% | 0.3
Indiana, District 9 | 27,476 | 3,137 | 3.6% | 0.4
Iowa, District 1 | 40,328 | 4,830 | 5.0% | 0.6
Iowa, District 2 | 37,457 | 4,038 | 4.7% | 0.5
Iowa, District 3 | 71,846 | 5,721 | 8.6% | 0.7
Iowa, District 4 | 53,918 | 3,400 | 6.7% | 0.4
Kansas, District 1 | 58,085 | 4,395 | 7.9% | 0.6
Kansas, District 2 | 46,833 | 4,603 | 6.3% | 0.6
Kansas, District 3 | 68,532 | 4,646 | 9.1% | 0.6
Kansas, District 4 | 59,035 | 3,613 | 7.9% | 0.5
Kentucky, District 1 | 16,163 | 2,064 | 2.1% | 0.3
Kentucky, District 2 | 38,636 | 4,603 | 5.0% | 0.6
Kentucky, District 3 | 87,855 | 9,236 | 11.5% | 1.2
Kentucky, District 4 | 31,326 | 3,825 | 4.0% | 0.5
Kentucky, District 5 | 7,441 | 1,437 | 1.0% | 0.2
Kentucky, District 6 | 56,810 | 5,323 | 7.3% | 0.7
Louisiana, District 1 | 63,402 | 6,353 | 7.9% | 0.8
Louisiana, District 2 | 59,394 | 5,847 | 8.1% | 0.8
Louisiana, District 3 | 33,664 | 3,623 | 4.3% | 0.5
Louisiana, District 4 | 24,545 | 2,787 | 3.2% | 0.4
Louisiana, District 5 | 23,964 | 4,168 | 3.1% | 0.5
Louisiana, District 6 | 34,256 | 4,537 | 4.5% | 0.6
Maine, District 1 | 38,949 | 3,885 | 5.5% | 0.5
Maine, District 2 | 26,866 | 2,581 | 3.9% | 0.4
Maryland, District 1 | 49,035 | 4,397 | 6.2% | 0.5
Maryland, District 2 | 94,435 | 8,062 | 12.1% | 0.9
Maryland, District 3 | 125,838 | 7,791 | 16.1% | 1.0
Maryland, District 4 | 228,425 | 12,060 | 29.9% | 1.5
Maryland, District 5 | 75,797 | 7,347 | 9.4% | 0.9
Maryland, District 6 | 168,269 | 10,592 | 20.5% | 1.1
Maryland, District 7 | 86,257 | 9,087 | 11.6% | 1.2
Maryland, District 8 | 242,796 | 12,000 | 31.4% | 1.3
Massachusetts, District 1 | 64,703 | 6,442 | 8.3% | 0.8
Massachusetts, District 2 | 135,963 | 8,384 | 17.0% | 1.0
Massachusetts, District 3 | 181,191 | 10,326 | 22.9% | 1.3
Massachusetts, District 4 | 128,621 | 7,747 | 16.0% | 0.9
Massachusetts, District 5 | 216,516 | 8,331 | 27.4% | 1.0
Massachusetts, District 6 | 126,519 | 9,161 | 15.9% | 1.1
Massachusetts, District 7 | 253,373 | 10,599 | 32.1% | 1.3
Massachusetts, District 8 | 162,524 | 8,010 | 20.7% | 1.0
Massachusetts, District 9 | 68,401 | 6,461 | 8.6% | 0.8
Michigan, District 1 | 13,515 | 1,678 | 1.7% | 0.2
Michigan, District 2 | 15,665 | 2,448 | 2.0% | 0.3
Michigan, District 3 | 60,442 | 4,273 | 7.6% | 0.5
Michigan, District 4 | 45,102 | 4,633 | 5.7% | 0.6
Michigan, District 5 | 22,944 | 2,255 | 3.0% | 0.3
Michigan, District 6 | 115,685 | 6,866 | 15.0% | 0.9
Michigan, District 7 | 50,546 | 5,051 | 6.4% | 0.6
Michigan, District 8 | 20,909 | 3,163 | 2.7% | 0.4
Michigan, District 9 | 37,427 | 4,448 | 4.8% | 0.6
Michigan, District 10 | 112,546 | 8,448 | 14.5% | 1.1
Michigan, District 11 | 117,911 | 7,457 | 15.0% | 0.9
Michigan, District 12 | 84,549 | 6,660 | 11.2% | 0.9
Michigan, District 13 | 81,546 | 7,575 | 10.4% | 1.0
Minnesota, District 1 | 44,789 | 3,715 | 6.2% | 0.5
Minnesota, District 2 | 86,898 | 4,475 | 11.6% | 0.6
Minnesota, District 3 | 96,254 | 6,651 | 13.5% | 0.9
Minnesota, District 4 | 98,140 | 5,896 | 13.9% | 0.8
Minnesota, District 5 | 101,111 | 8,607 | 14.3% | 1.2
Minnesota, District 6 | 54,752 | 4,556 | 7.3% | 0.6
Minnesota, District 7 | 26,935 | 2,787 | 3.7% | 0.4
Minnesota, District 8 | 14,670 | 1,599 | 2.0% | 0.2
Mississippi, District 1 | 19,028 | 2,827 | 2.5% | 0.4
Mississippi, District 2 | 11,497 | 2,481 | 1.7% | 0.4
Mississippi, District 3 | 20,149 | 2,754 | 2.7% | 0.4
Mississippi, District 4 | 28,971 | 2,654 | 3.8% | 0.4
Missouri, District 1 | 53,382 | 5,774 | 7.2% | 0.8
Missouri, District 2 | 65,681 | 5,417 | 8.5% | 0.7
Missouri, District 3 | 32,666 | 3,620 | 4.1% | 0.4
Missouri, District 4 | 23,642 | 3,134 | 3.0% | 0.4
Missouri, District 5 | 64,404 | 7,230 | 8.3% | 0.9
Missouri, District 6 | 23,832 | 3,277 | 3.0% | 0.4
Missouri, District 7 | 30,642 | 3,111 | 3.8% | 0.4
Missouri, District 8 | 14,265 | 2,478 | 1.8% | 0.3
Montana, District 1 | 15,150 | 2,288 | 2.6% | 0.4
Montana, District 2 | 9,236 | 1,983 | 1.7% | 0.4
Nebraska, District 1 | 64,440 | 6,035 | 9.6% | 0.9
Nebraska, District 2 | 74,273 | 5,525 | 10.9% | 0.8
Nebraska, District 3 | 42,144 | 3,405 | 6.5% | 0.5
Nevada, District 1 | 190,810 | 11,527 | 24.1% | 1.2
Nevada, District 2 | 107,067 | 6,460 | 13.3% | 0.8
Nevada, District 3 | 210,417 | 13,282 | 25.1% | 1.3
Nevada, District 4 | 141,417 | 8,391 | 17.0% | 0.9
New Hampshire, District 1 | 41,128 | 4,256 | 5.8% | 0.6
New Hampshire, District 2 | 42,687 | 3,680 | 6.1% | 0.5
New Jersey, District 1 | 80,729 | 7,227 | 10.3% | 0.9
New Jersey, District 2 | 83,961 | 6,030 | 10.6% | 0.7
New Jersey, District 3 | 127,957 | 7,281 | 16.1% | 0.9
New Jersey, District 4 | 70,776 | 6,182 | 8.9% | 0.8
New Jersey, District 5 | 225,644 | 8,989 | 28.4% | 1.1
New Jersey, District 6 | 240,267 | 9,326 | 30.5% | 1.3
New Jersey, District 7 | 133,484 | 7,452 | 16.9% | 0.9
New Jersey, District 8 | 371,988 | 10,543 | 47.7% | 1.3
New Jersey, District 9 | 303,662 | 10,647 | 39.3% | 1.3
New Jersey, District 10 | 283,848 | 13,388 | 35.5% | 1.5
New Jersey, District 11 | 175,382 | 7,903 | 21.9% | 1.0
New Jersey, District 12 | 278,726 | 9,495 | 34.5% | 1.2
New Mexico, District 1 | 63,039 | 6,597 | 8.9% | 0.9
New Mexico, District 2 | 88,932 | 7,771 | 12.5% | 1.1
New Mexico, District 3 | 60,859 | 5,048 | 8.6% | 0.7
New York, District 1 | 111,461 | 8,589 | 14.3% | 1.0
New York, District 2 | 159,253 | 9,003 | 20.5% | 1.2
New York, District 3 | 228,355 | 11,685 | 29.4% | 1.3
New York, District 4 | 203,357 | 9,659 | 26.2% | 1.3
New York, District 5 | 334,900 | 12,563 | 43.7% | 1.3
New York, District 6 | 402,414 | 13,839 | 55.4% | 1.3
New York, District 7 | 251,574 | 14,137 | 32.3% | 1.6
New York, District 8 | 283,065 | 13,484 | 38.3% | 1.7
New York, District 9 | 282,009 | 13,650 | 39.6% | 1.7
New York, District 10 | 207,947 | 10,631 | 27.5% | 1.3
New York, District 11 | 260,918 | 12,242 | 34.3% | 1.4
New York, District 12 | 188,970 | 11,626 | 25.1% | 1.4
New York, District 13 | 250,597 | 14,852 | 33.5% | 1.9
New York, District 14 | 284,017 | 13,651 | 38.5% | 1.5
New York, District 15 | 258,134 | 11,693 | 34.2% | 1.4
New York, District 16 | 234,286 | 10,256 | 30.3% | 1.3
New York, District 17 | 163,543 | 8,535 | 20.9% | 1.1
New York, District 18 | 101,593 | 6,572 | 12.8% | 0.8
New York, District 19 | 57,068 | 4,087 | 7.4% | 0.5
New York, District 20 | 74,409 | 5,047 | 9.4% | 0.6
New York, District 21 | 24,855 | 2,602 | 3.2% | 0.3
New York, District 22 | 67,185 | 6,152 | 8.8% | 0.8
New York, District 23 | 23,605 | 2,688 | 3.1% | 0.3
New York, District 24 | 25,861 | 2,759 | 3.3% | 0.4
New York, District 25 | 64,865 | 4,399 | 8.4% | 0.6
New York, District 26 | 77,141 | 5,534 | 10.1% | 0.7
North Carolina, District 1 | 42,651 | 4,212 | 5.7% | 0.6
North Carolina, District 2 | 122,150 | 9,547 | 15.4% | 1.2
North Carolina, District 3 | 42,931 | 3,871 | 5.5% | 0.5
North Carolina, District 4 | 148,700 | 9,572 | 18.5% | 1.1
North Carolina, District 5 | 52,676 | 5,494 | 7.0% | 0.7
North Carolina, District 6 | 80,457 | 6,729 | 10.1% | 0.8
North Carolina, District 7 | 45,506 | 4,644 | 5.6% | 0.6
North Carolina, District 8 | 81,403 | 6,450 | 10.3% | 0.8
North Carolina, District 9 | 65,417 | 5,384 | 8.3% | 0.7
North Carolina, District 10 | 65,087 | 6,498 | 8.3% | 0.8
North Carolina, District 11 | 43,456 | 5,022 | 5.6% | 0.7
North Carolina, District 12 | 151,048 | 10,192 | 18.8% | 1.2
North Carolina, District 13 | 67,968 | 6,110 | 8.1% | 0.7
North Carolina, District 14 | 83,716 | 6,870 | 10.6% | 0.9
North Dakota, At-Large District | 41,910 | 5,180 | 5.3% | 0.7
Ohio, District 1 | 61,895 | 5,275 | 7.6% | 0.7
Ohio, District 2 | 11,306 | 2,298 | 1.4% | 0.3
Ohio, District 3 | 106,502 | 9,677 | 13.5% | 1.1
Ohio, District 4 | 36,116 | 3,155 | 4.5% | 0.4
Ohio, District 5 | 19,239 | 2,821 | 2.4% | 0.4
Ohio, District 6 | 13,284 | 2,008 | 1.7% | 0.3
Ohio, District 7 | 61,243 | 7,092 | 7.8% | 0.9
Ohio, District 8 | 55,988 | 6,170 | 7.1% | 0.8
Ohio, District 9 | 27,826 | 3,019 | 3.6% | 0.4
Ohio, District 10 | 42,918 | 4,894 | 5.4% | 0.6
Ohio, District 11 | 47,855 | 5,353 | 6.3% | 0.7
Ohio, District 12 | 24,130 | 2,723 | 3.0% | 0.3
Ohio, District 13 | 43,610 | 4,692 | 5.6% | 0.6
Ohio, District 14 | 26,950 | 3,493 | 3.4% | 0.4
Ohio, District 15 | 75,931 | 8,887 | 9.2% | 1.0
Oklahoma, District 1 | 79,118 | 4,195 | 9.6% | 0.5
Oklahoma, District 2 | 18,461 | 1,624 | 2.3% | 0.2
Oklahoma, District 3 | 68,422 | 5,415 | 8.6% | 0.6
Oklahoma, District 4 | 45,298 | 3,543 | 5.5% | 0.4
Oklahoma, District 5 | 60,639 | 5,623 | 7.3% | 0.6
Oregon, District 1 | 114,225 | 6,235 | 15.9% | 0.8
Oregon, District 2 | 40,161 | 4,406 | 5.7% | 0.6
Oregon, District 3 | 101,390 | 6,986 | 14.5% | 1.0
Oregon, District 4 | 37,910 | 3,342 | 5.3% | 0.5
Oregon, District 5 | 45,568 | 4,961 | 6.4% | 0.7
Oregon, District 6 | 89,871 | 6,109 | 12.5% | 0.8
Pennsylvania, District 1 | 83,536 | 5,991 | 10.9% | 0.8
Pennsylvania, District 2 | 161,909 | 15,514 | 21.9% | 1.9
Pennsylvania, District 3 | 75,426 | 8,081 | 9.8% | 1.0
Pennsylvania, District 4 | 81,006 | 6,210 | 10.3% | 0.8
Pennsylvania, District 5 | 98,583 | 7,376 | 12.8% | 0.9
Pennsylvania, District 6 | 106,012 | 7,808 | 13.3% | 1.0
Pennsylvania, District 7 | 94,877 | 6,878 | 12.0% | 0.9
Pennsylvania, District 8 | 78,354 | 6,514 | 10.1% | 0.8
Pennsylvania, District 9 | 28,343 | 4,315 | 3.7% | 0.6
Pennsylvania, District 10 | 68,285 | 6,547 | 8.6% | 0.8
Pennsylvania, District 11 | 45,008 | 4,629 | 5.8% | 0.6
Pennsylvania, District 12 | 52,817 | 5,180 | 7.0% | 0.7
Pennsylvania, District 13 | 18,393 | 1,999 | 2.4% | 0.3
Pennsylvania, District 14 | 13,252 | 2,232 | 1.8% | 0.3
Pennsylvania, District 15 | 23,071 | 2,655 | 3.0% | 0.4
Pennsylvania, District 16 | 23,139 | 2,183 | 3.0% | 0.3
Pennsylvania, District 17 | 38,664 | 4,549 | 5.1% | 0.6
Rhode Island, District 1 | 105,720 | 9,558 | 19.0% | 1.7
Rhode Island, District 2 | 69,149 | 8,029 | 12.4% | 1.4
South Carolina, District 1 | 55,320 | 5,197 | 6.9% | 0.7
South Carolina, District 2 | 52,341 | 7,107 | 6.8% | 0.9
South Carolina, District 3 | 30,050 | 3,633 | 3.9% | 0.5
South Carolina, District 4 | 80,058 | 8,075 | 9.9% | 1.0
South Carolina, District 5 | 45,320 | 5,147 | 5.8% | 0.6
South Carolina, District 6 | 47,626 | 5,009 | 6.2% | 0.7
South Carolina, District 7 | 40,294 | 5,471 | 5.1% | 0.7
South Dakota, At-Large District | 38,359 | 3,969 | 4.1% | 0.4
Tennessee, District 1 | 32,798 | 3,119 | 4.1% | 0.4
Tennessee, District 2 | 44,769 | 3,947 | 5.5% | 0.5
Tennessee, District 3 | 44,486 | 4,934 | 5.5% | 0.6
Tennessee, District 4 | 56,478 | 4,311 | 6.8% | 0.5
Tennessee, District 5 | 112,401 | 10,262 | 13.5% | 1.2
Tennessee, District 6 | 42,537 | 6,841 | 5.3% | 0.8
Tennessee, District 7 | 48,756 | 6,897 | 6.0% | 0.8
Tennessee, District 8 | 31,979 | 4,206 | 4.1% | 0.5
Tennessee, District 9 | 58,547 | 5,701 | 7.8% | 0.8
Texas, District 1 | 55,502 | 4,126 | 7.0% | 0.5
Texas, District 2 | 149,876 | 12,306 | 17.0% | 1.3
Texas, District 3 | 189,927 | 11,900 | 20.6% | 1.2
Texas, District 4 | 157,196 | 10,129 | 18.0% | 1.1
Texas, District 5 | 133,826 | 8,855 | 15.6% | 1.0
Texas, District 6 | 150,413 | 10,816 | 17.7% | 1.1
Texas, District 7 | 294,627 | 15,927 | 38.3% | 1.7
Texas, District 8 | 207,356 | 14,358 | 21.9% | 1.2
Texas, District 9 | 249,110 | 16,027 | 30.3% | 1.5
Texas, District 10 | 120,861 | 8,978 | 14.5% | 1.0
Texas, District 11 | 87,421 | 8,215 | 10.9% | 1.0
Texas, District 12 | 98,034 | 8,824 | 11.5% | 1.0
Texas, District 13 | 84,361 | 6,784 | 10.5% | 0.8
Texas, District 14 | 78,071 | 6,821 | 9.9% | 0.9
Texas, District 15 | 178,890 | 8,729 | 22.0% | 1.1
Texas, District 16 | 169,488 | 8,178 | 21.6% | 1.0
Texas, District 17 | 86,864 | 8,005 | 10.9% | 1.0
Texas, District 18 | 222,748 | 14,845 | 27.0% | 1.6
Texas, District 19 | 61,019 | 6,146 | 7.8% | 0.8
Texas, District 20 | 128,339 | 13,735 | 16.7% | 1.7
Texas, District 21 | 82,161 | 9,203 | 9.7% | 1.0
Texas, District 22 | 228,033 | 12,805 | 25.5% | 1.2
Texas, District 23 | 130,410 | 7,546 | 16.2% | 0.9
Texas, District 24 | 118,940 | 9,338 | 15.4% | 1.2
Texas, District 25 | 90,988 | 9,731 | 11.0% | 1.1
Texas, District 26 | 160,628 | 7,759 | 18.2% | 0.9
Texas, District 27 | 71,952 | 6,861 | 9.1% | 0.9
Texas, District 28 | 139,371 | 10,164 | 16.9% | 1.1
Texas, District 29 | 265,908 | 14,761 | 35.2% | 1.5
Texas, District 30 | 135,493 | 10,802 | 17.2% | 1.3
Texas, District 31 | 116,732 | 9,350 | 12.9% | 1.0
Texas, District 32 | 213,488 | 16,286 | 27.9% | 1.7
Texas, District 33 | 285,867 | 19,036 | 36.2% | 1.9
Texas, District 34 | 179,507 | 8,937 | 22.5% | 1.1
Texas, District 35 | 167,988 | 14,799 | 19.2% | 1.6
Texas, District 36 | 118,628 | 10,737 | 14.5% | 1.2
Texas, District 37 | 153,494 | 10,089 | 19.8% | 1.3
Texas, District 38 | 198,960 | 13,665 | 24.5% | 1.4
Utah, District 1 | 61,778 | 5,154 | 7.1% | 0.6
Utah, District 2 | 104,697 | 9,079 | 11.9% | 1.0
Utah, District 3 | 73,020 | 4,873 | 8.8% | 0.6
Utah, District 4 | 102,221 | 7,426 | 11.1% | 0.8
Vermont, At-Large District | 29,028 | 2,662 | 4.5% | 0.4
Virginia, District 1 | 76,839 | 6,629 | 9.3% | 0.8
Virginia, District 2 | 70,135 | 4,915 | 8.9% | 0.6
Virginia, District 3 | 49,997 | 4,323 | 6.4% | 0.6
Virginia, District 4 | 67,467 | 6,954 | 8.3% | 0.8
Virginia, District 5 | 40,417 | 3,060 | 5.0% | 0.4
Virginia, District 6 | 56,348 | 5,039 | 7.1% | 0.6
Virginia, District 7 | 137,479 | 8,785 | 16.7% | 1.0
Virginia, District 8 | 216,070 | 10,837 | 27.4% | 1.2
Virginia, District 9 | 24,087 | 2,747 | 3.1% | 0.4
Virginia, District 10 | 205,621 | 8,989 | 25.0% | 1.0
Virginia, District 11 | 249,121 | 11,831 | 31.4% | 1.3
Washington, District 1 | 224,098 | 11,677 | 27.6% | 1.3
Washington, District 2 | 108,723 | 7,285 | 13.8% | 0.9
Washington, District 3 | 70,149 | 5,815 | 8.7% | 0.7
Washington, District 4 | 130,640 | 7,796 | 16.4% | 1.0
Washington, District 5 | 45,881 | 4,649 | 5.7% | 0.6
Washington, District 6 | 61,994 | 5,569 | 7.8% | 0.7
Washington, District 7 | 155,260 | 8,409 | 19.1% | 1.0
Washington, District 8 | 134,834 | 9,678 | 17% | 1.2
Washington, District 9 | 259,480 | 12,338 | 33.5% | 1.5
Washington, District 10 | 89,750 | 5,926 | 11.6% | 0.8
West Virginia, District 1 | 11,952 | 2,664 | 1.4% | 0.3
West Virginia, District 2 | 25,301 | 3,026 | 2.8% | 0.3
Wisconsin, District 1 | 44,786 | 4,119 | 6.1% | 0.6
Wisconsin, District 2 | 62,424 | 4,721 | 8.2% | 0.6
Wisconsin, District 3 | 20,505 | 2,337 | 2.8% | 0.3
Wisconsin, District 4 | 80,965 | 5,908 | 11.2% | 0.8
Wisconsin, District 5 | 36,144 | 3,408 | 4.8% | 0.5
Wisconsin, District 6 | 31,291 | 3,644 | 4.2% | 0.5
Wisconsin, District 7 | 18,023 | 1,895 | 2.4% | 0.3
Wisconsin, District 8 | 32,895 | 3,447 | 4.4% | 0.5
Wyoming, At-Large District | 20,456 | 3,432 | 3.5% | 0.6

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS).

Notes: One-year ACS estimates for 2024. Congressional districts as configured in the 119th Congress (2025-2026). Figures taken from ACS Table DP02, "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States." This table does not include at-large districts in the District of Columbia or U.S. territories. The District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are included in Table 1. ACS statistics are not available for American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. The margin of error is a measure of the estimate's uncertainty: the greater the margin of error, the less certain the estimate. It is based on the 90-percent confidence interval (the span from the estimate minus the margin of error to the estimate plus the margin of error). If the survey could be readministered to every possible sample of households, most of the samples would produce slightly different estimates. However, the confidence intervals around 90 percent of those estimates would contain the true value (barring any systematic bias in the survey).

Statistics for Unauthorized Immigrants

Unauthorized immigrants can generally be defined as noncitizens who reside in the United States and are not legal residents,⁶ many of whom entered without inspection or overstayed temporary periods of authorized admission.⁷ For more information, see CRS Report R47218, Unauthorized Immigrants: Frequently Asked Questions, by Abigail F. Kolker and Holly Straut-Eppsteiner.

The federal government does not publish official counts for the unauthorized immigrant population. However, both the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and nongovernmental organizations have published estimates that rely on federal administrative records and/or survey data.

DHS produces estimates⁸ by subtracting the legal-resident population (derived from DHS and other federal records) from the total foreign-born population (derived from ACS data). The Center for Immigration Studies, Center for Migration Studies of New York, Migration Policy Institute, and Pew Research Center are nongovernmental and academic organizations that produce estimates using similar methodologies.⁹ Some of these sources publish state-level estimates in addition to national figures.

Table 3. Selected Recent Estimates for Unauthorized Immigrants Living in the United States

Source | Estimate | Year | Underlying Data Source(s)
Center for Immigration Studies | 14.2 million | 2025 | Current Population Survey (CPS)
Migration Policy Institute | 13.7 million | 2023 | DHS and other administrative records; American Community Survey (ACS); Survey of Income and Program Participation
Pew Research Center | 14.0 million | 2023 | DHS administrative records; ACS; CPS
Center for Migration Studies of New York | 12.2 million | 2023 | ACS
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) | 11.0 million | 2022 | DHS and other administrative records; ACS

Notes: Most recent available national-level estimate from each source. Estimates are rounded to one decimal place and arranged in reverse chronological order by publication date. Some estimates may be preliminary.

Sources: Steven A. Camarota and Karen Zeigler, "Overall Foreign-Born Population Down 2.2 Million January to July," Center for Immigration Studies, August 2025, https://cis.org/Report/Overall-ForeignBorn-Population-Down-22-Million-January-July; Julia Gelatt et al., "Changing Origins, Rising Numbers: Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States," Migration Policy Institute, October 2025, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/unauthorized-immigrants-us-2025-fact-sheet; Jeffrey S. Passel and Jens Manuel Krogstad, "U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population Reached a Record 14 Million in 2023," Pew Research Center, August 2025, https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2025/08/21/u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population-reached-a-record-14-million-in-2023; Robert Warren, "The Undocumented Population in the United States Increased to 12.2 Million in 2023," Center for Migration Studies of New York, May 2025, https://cmsny.org/publications/the-undocumented-population-in-the-united-states-increased-to-12-million-in-2023; Bryan Baker and Robert Warren, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2018–January 2022, Department of Homeland Security, April 2024, https://ohss.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/2024_0418_ohss_estimates-of-the-unauthorized-immigrant-population-residing-in-the-united-states-january-2018%25E2%2580%2593january-2022.pdf.

Additional Sources

This section contains a selection of additional data sources dealing with the foreign-born population in the United States.¹⁰

Bureau of Justice Statistics

The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects and publishes data for the number of non-U.S. citizens in federal and state prisons as part of its National Prisoner Statistics program.¹¹

"Table 22. Citizenship Status of Prisoners in the Custody of Publicly or Privately Operated State or Federal Prisons, Excluding Jails, by Sex and Jurisdiction, December 31, 2023," in Prisoners in 2023—Statistical Tables, September 2025¹²

Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes data about the foreign-born workforce based on the Current Population Survey (CPS),¹³ including monthly employment statistics¹⁴ and an annual Labor Force Characteristics of Foreign-Born Workers report.¹⁵

Census Bureau

In addition to the ACS estimates discussed above, the Census Bureau publishes data for the foreign-born population based on the CPS.¹⁶ These tables include national-level demographic and socioeconomic breakdowns as well as headcounts by generation: a first generation of people who were born abroad, a second generation of U.S.-born individuals with at least one foreign-born parent, and a third-and-higher generation of U.S.-born individuals with two U.S.-born parents.

The Census Bureau also produces estimates for net international migration—the total combined movement of people in and out of the United States—as part of its Population Estimates Program. Net international migration is one component of change in the national population, along with natural change via births and deaths.¹⁷

Congressional Budget Office

The Congressional Budget Office has produced several recent estimates related to the foreign-born population and the unauthorized population:

Effects of the Surge in Immigration on State and Local Budgets in 2023, June 2025¹⁸

Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy, July 2024¹⁹

The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget, April 2023²⁰

Estimating the Legal Status of Foreign-Born People, March 2021²¹

The Employment of Foreign-Born People, June 2020²²

Department of Homeland Security

DHS's Office of Homeland Security Statistics publishes a variety of data²³:

The Yearbook of Immigration Statistics²⁴ compiles annual data on immigration flows in a given fiscal year—that is, foreign nationals who came to the United States under various legal categories or were naturalized. Categories include lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, naturalizations, and nonimmigrant admissions. Some tables contain state-level data.

The "State Immigration Statistics" page²⁵ provides noncitizen population figures by state. Data can be downloaded and viewed as raw or per capita ranks, and includes state ranks. A visualization tool is also available.

Annual Flow Reports²⁶ describe the number and characteristics of individuals moving into different immigration statuses over a given fiscal year. Categories include lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, naturalizations, and nonimmigrant admissions.

International Organization for Migration

The International Organization for Migration is a United Nations agency based in Switzerland that publishes data on migration across national borders.

Its Migration Data Portal²⁷ includes estimates for the number of international migrants in the United States, value of remittances, victims of human trafficking, and other metrics.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics publishes data on foreign-born college graduates living in the United States based on the biennial National Survey of College Graduates.²⁸

"Table 5-5. Employed Foreign-Born College Graduates, by Broad Degree Field, Place of Birth, and Broad Occupation: 2023"²⁹

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nongovernmental and academic organizations that produce widely cited reports on the foreign-born population in the United States include the Center for Immigration Studies,³⁰ Center for Migration Studies of New York,³¹ Institute for Immigration Research,³² Migration Policy Institute,³³ Pew Research Center,³⁴ and Urban Institute.³⁵

Related CRS Products

CRS In Focus IF12322, Naturalization: Policy Overview and Selected Trends, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

CRS In Focus IF11806, Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

CRS Infographic IG10022, Immigration Court Proceedings: Process and Data, by Hillel R. Smith and Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

CRS Insight IN12638, FY2025 Immigration Court Data: Case Outcomes, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

CRS Report R48446, H-1B, H-2A, and H-2B Temporary Worker Programs: Resources for Data and Statistics, by Tilly Finnegan-Kennel

CRS Report R47504, Asylum Process in Immigration Courts and Selected Trends, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

CRS Report R47218, Unauthorized Immigrants: Frequently Asked Questions, by Abigail F. Kolker and Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

CRS Report R46764, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): By the Numbers, by Andorra Bruno

CRS Report R45938, Nonimmigrant and Immigrant Visa Categories: Data Brief, by Jill H. Wilson

CRS Report R45020, Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner

Footnotes

1.

In this report, the term foreign-born means any person now living in the United States who was not a U.S. citizen at birth. This is broader than the definition of immigrant used by the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Office of Homeland Security Statistics (OHSS): "Any person lawfully in the United States who is not a U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or person admitted under a nonimmigrant category as defined by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) section 101(a)(15)." For more details on the citizenship and immigration status of the foreign-born population in the United States, see CRS In Focus IF11806, Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner.

2.

These statistics come from American Community Survey (ACS), Table DP02, "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States," https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2024.DP02?q=DP02&g=010XX00US&y=2024&d=ACS+1-Year+Estimates+Data+Profiles. For more information about the ACS, see CRS Insight IN12303, The American Community Survey, by Taylor R. Knoedl.

3.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "The ACS questionnaires do not ask about immigration status. The population surveyed includes all people who indicated that the United States was their usual place of residence on the survey date." See Census Bureau, American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey: 2024 Subject Definitions, p. 63, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf.

4. | ACS Table B05006 excludes people born at sea and does not break down estimates for all countries.
5. | Other U.S. territories—American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands—are not included in ACS data collection. For more information, see CRS Report R48522, Federal Statistical Data for U.S. Territories: Issues and Resources, by Taylor R. Knoedl and Ben Leubsdorf.

6.

OHSS defines the unauthorized alien population as "all foreign-born aliens who are not legal residents, including naturalized citizens, persons granted lawful permanent residence, persons granted asylum, persons admitted as refugees, and persons admitted as resident nonimmigrants (i.e., students and temporary workers, as opposed to tourists) who have unexpired authorized periods of admission. Most unauthorized aliens either entered the United States without inspection or were admitted temporarily and remained past the date they were required to depart." See OHSS, "Glossary," https://ohss.dhs.gov/glossary.

7. | For more information, see CRS Report R47848, Nonimmigrant Overstays: Overview and Policy Issues, coordinated by Jill H. Wilson.

8.

See the most recent report, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2018-January 2022, at https://ohss.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/2024_0418_ohss_estimates-of-the-unauthorized-immigrant-population-residing-in-the-united-states-january-2018%25E2%2580%2593january-2022.pdf. The full series is available at https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/illegal/population-estimates.

9.

This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all agencies, organizations, and individuals that have produced historical and/or current estimates for this population. For example, the Social Security Administration in 2025 published annual estimates for the 2006-2016 period; see Robert V. Gesumaria et al., "A New Way to Estimate the Number of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States," Social Security Bulletin, vol. 85, no. 2 (June 2025), pp. 17-23, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v85n2/v85n2p17.html.

10. | These sources are provided for informational purposes, and their inclusion does not represent an endorsement by CRS.
11. | Bureau of Justice Statistics, "National Prisoner Statistics (NPS)," https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/national-prisoner-statistics-nps.
12. | Derek Mueller and Rich Kluckow, Prisoners in 2023—Statistical Tables, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2025, https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2023-statistical-tables.

13.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: Foreign-Born Workers," https://www.bls.gov/cps/demographics/foreign-born-workers.htm. The CPS is a survey of U.S. households used to produce the monthly unemployment rate, among other statistics. It has a much smaller sample size than does the ACS, and the Census Bureau does not publish CPS-derived estimates for congressional districts and other relatively small geographical areas.

14. | BLS, "Table A-7. Employment Status of the Civilian Population by Nativity and Sex, Not Seasonally Adjusted," https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t07.htm.
15. | BLS, "Labor Force Characteristics of Foreign-Born Workers," https://www.bls.gov/news.release/forbrn.toc.htm.
16. | Census Bureau, "Foreign-Born CPS Data Tables," https://www.census.gov/topics/population/foreign-born/data/tables/cps-tables.html.
17. | Census Bureau, "Population and Housing Unit Estimates Tables," https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html.
18. | CBO, Effects of the Surge in Immigration on State and Local Budgets in 2023, June 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61256.
19. | CBO, Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy, July 2024, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/60165.
20. | CBO, The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget, April 2023, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58939.
21. | Julia Heinzel et al., Estimating the Legal Status of Foreign-Born People, CBO, March 2021, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57022.
22. | CBO, The Employment of Foreign-Born People, June 2020, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56357.
23. | OHSS, "Data and Reports by Topic," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics.
24. | OHSS, "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook.
25. | OHSS, "State Immigration Statistics," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/state-immigration-data/state-immigration-statistics.
26. | OHSS, "Immigration," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration. See the Immigration, Lawful Permanent Residents, Refugees, Asylees, Naturalizations, and Nonimmigrant Admissions (Temporary Visitors) topics.
27. | International Organization for Migration, "Migration Data Portal," https://www.migrationdataportal.org.
28. | National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), "National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG)," https://ncses.nsf.gov/surveys/national-survey-college-graduates.
29. | NCSES, "Table 5-5. Employed Foreign-Born College Graduates, by Broad Degree Field, Place of Birth, and Broad Occupation: 2023," https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf25322/table/5-5.
30. | Center for Immigration Studies, https://cis.org.
31. | Center for Migration Studies, https://cmsny.org.
32. | George Mason University, Institute for Immigration Research, https://iir.gmu.edu.
33. | Migration Policy Institute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org.
34. | Pew Research Center, "Immigration and Migration," https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/immigration-migration.
35. | Urban Institute, "Immigration," https://www.urban.org/expertise/immigration.