Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2026 Appropriations

Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2026 Appropriations

Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2026 Appropriations

Updated August 6, 2025 (R48564)
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Contents

Description of Agriculture Appropriations

Status of FY2026 Action

Total FY2026 Appropriations and Trends

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

Subcommittee Allocation

Amounts for Agencies and Programs in FY2026

Administration's Request

House-Reported Bill

Senate-Passed Bill

Other Appropriations Issues

Policy-Related Provisions

Congressionally Directed Spending (Earmarks)

Figures

Figure 1. Timeline of Legislative Actions on Agriculture Appropriations

Figure 2. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, FY2016-FY2025 enacted and FY2026 proposed

Figure 3. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2025

Figure 4. Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2025 Enacted to FY2026 Proposals

Figure 5. Percentage Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2025 Enacted to FY2026 Proposals

Tables

Table 1. Status of Agriculture Appropriations

Table 2. Discretionary Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations Totals

Table 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations by Agency, FY2024-FY2026

Table 4. Mandatory Agriculture Appropriations, FY2024-FY2026

Table 5. Earmarks in FY2026 Agriculture Appropriations

Table A-1. Departmental Administration

Table A-2. Research, Education, and Economics

Table A-3. Farm Service Agency

Table A-4. Natural Resources Conservation Service

Table A-5. Rural Housing Service

Table A-6. Rural Business-Cooperative Service

Table A-7. Rural Utilities Service

Table A-8. Domestic Food Programs

Table A-9. Appropriations in General Provisions

Table A-10. Rescissions in General Provisions

Table A-11. Changes in Mandatory Program Spending

Table A-12. Scorekeeping Adjustments

Appendixes

Appendix. Additional Detail on USDA Appropriations

Summary

The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (Agriculture appropriations) funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)—except for the U.S. Forest Service—and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, in the Department of Health and Human Services). It also funds the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in even-numbered fiscal years, and House Agriculture appropriations bills include CFTC funding each year.

Agriculture appropriations acts include both discretionary and mandatory funding, which differentiates Agriculture appropriations from some other appropriations acts. Congressional debate on appropriations is primarily about discretionary spending. Appropriations for mandatory spending programs, although not usually debated, are necessary to technically make funds available for those programs (e.g., entitlement programs, such as farm safety net and nutrition assistance programs, that were previously enacted under separate budget enforcement procedures).

This report focuses mostly on discretionary appropriations, which totaled $26.6 billion in FY2025. The primary discretionary spending accounts are for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural development loans and grants; the FDA; foreign food assistance and trade promotion; farm agency salaries and loans; food safety inspection; animal and plant health programs; and conservation program technical assistance.

For FY2026 appropriations, the Trump Administration released a "skinny budget" on May 2, 2025, and a full budget request on May 30, 2025. The Trump Administration proposed $21.0 billion of discretionary appropriations in the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations, a $5.6 billion reduction (-21.1%). Among its largest reductions, it would eliminate Food for Peace Title II international food aid grants (FFP; -$1.6 billion), McGovern-Dole Food for Education (-$240 million), and the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS; -$104 million) and reduce the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS; -$799 million) and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (-$642 million).

The House Committee on Appropriations reported a bill, H.R. 4121 (H.Rept. 119-172), on June 23. The bill would provide $25.5 billion in discretionary appropriations, a reduction of nearly $1.2 billion from FY2025 (-4.3%) and $4.5 billion more than the Administration's request. Compared with FY2025, the House-reported bill would reduce FFP (-$719 million), FDA (-$326 million), Rural Utilities Service (RUS; -$145 million), and Farm Service Agency (-$135 million), among others. It would increase Rural Housing Service (RHS) Community Facilities grants (+$462 million) and the RHS Rental Assistance Program (+$107 million).

On August 1, the Senate passed a minibus appropriations bill (H.R. 3944) with Agriculture as Division B. The Senate Committee on Appropriations had reported a bill, S. 2256 (S.Rept. 119-37), on July 10. The bill as reported and as passed the Senate would provide $27.1 billion in discretionary appropriations, an increase of $785 million from FY2025 (+3.0%) on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC. The Senate-passed bill is $1.9 billion more than the House-reported bill (+7.6%). The Senate-passed bill would increase WIC (+$603 million, +7.9%), RHS (+$308 million, +13%), the Agricultural Research Service (+81 million, +4.6%), NRCS (+38 million, +4.1%), and RBCS (+24 million, +34%). The bill would reduce FFP (-$119 million, -7.4%) and RUS (-$87 million, -13%).

Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, FY2016-FY2025 enacted and FY2026 proposed

Source: Figure created by CRS using appropriations acts, committee reports, and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Excludes the CFTC on the basis of Senate Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee jurisdiction and supplemental appropriations acts. Adjusted for inflation using the Gross Domestic Product price index.

Description of Agriculture Appropriations

The Agriculture Appropriations Act—formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (referred to as Agriculture appropriations in this report)—funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), except for the U.S. Forest Service.¹ It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Department of Health and Human Services and, in certain cases, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC, an independent agency).²

Congressional actions on appropriations bills primarily concern discretionary spending. Agriculture appropriations acts include both discretionary and mandatory funding, which differentiates them from some other appropriations acts. For example, the level of mandatory spending for farm commodity and nutrition assistance programs is set in the farm bill authorization process, but the funding technically needs to be appropriated in appropriations acts. Specifically, the Commodity Credit Corporation—a line of credit with the U.S. Treasury—needs a reimbursement in appropriations to continue operating, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) needs an annual appropriation to fulfill its authorization. These mandatory amounts are funded, although not often debated, in annual Agriculture appropriations. This report focuses mostly on discretionary appropriations but includes tables for the mandatory appropriations included in Agriculture appropriations.

Mandatory and Discretionary Spending

Federal spending is divided into two main categories: discretionary and mandatory. Congressional jurisdiction for discretionary spending rests primarily with the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, including the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies. Congressional jurisdiction for mandatory spending rests primarily with the authorizing committees, including the House and Senate Agriculture Committees that write the farm bill. Congressional actions on specific programs may overlap these jurisdictions. Authorizing committees set parameters in law for how discretionary programs are to operate (e.g., eligibility criteria for rural development loan and grant programs) and authorize them for funding that is subsequently determined in the appropriations process. Appropriations committees may decide whether to appropriate funding for discretionary programs and may include changes to some program terms, typically for one year at a time, in reported bills. Appropriations committees provide appropriations for some mandatory programs, which technically makes the funds available for those programs (e.g., entitlement programs, such as farm safety net and nutrition assistance programs, enacted by authorizing committees under separate budget enforcement procedures). See CRS In Focus IF12233, Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics.

Status of FY2026 Action

The Trump Administration released a brief budget request of top-level intentions (referred to as a "skinny budget") on May 2, 2025. It released its full FY2026 budget request on May 30, 2025.

On June 5, 2025, the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies (House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee) voted to send a markup to the full committee. The House Committee on Appropriations reported a bill (H.R. 4121, H.Rept. 119-172) on June 23 by a vote of 35-27. Eight amendments were adopted, 23 amendments were not adopted, and 2 amendments were offered and withdrawn.³

The Senate Committee on Appropriations reported a bill (S. 2256, S.Rept. 119-37) on July 10, 2025, by a vote of 27-0 after adopting a manager's amendment.⁴ The reported bill was incorporated into a minibus appropriations bill, amended and passed in the Senate (Division B of H.R. 3944) on August 1. On the floor, seven amendments were adopted in Division B by unanimous consent, and three were not adopted by vote.⁵ See Table 1 for links to congressional actions and Figure 1 for a timeline of legislative actions.

Table 1. Status of Agriculture Appropriations

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

House

Senate

Enacteda

Enactedb

Request

Cmte.c

Floor

Cmte.

Floor

Enacted

3/9/2024

P.L. 118-42, Division B

H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress)

3/15/2025

P.L. 119-4 Division A, Title II (year-long CR)

No joint explanatory statement

5/2/2025
Skinny budget

5/30/2025 Appendix

Justifications:
USDA
FDA
CFTC

6/23/2025

H.R. 4121

H.Rept. 119-172

Vote of 35-27

—

7/10/2025

S. 2256

S.Rept. 119-37

Vote of 27-0

8/1/2025

H.R. 3944, Division B

Vote of 87-9

—

Source: Prepared by CRS.

Notes: USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission; CR = continuing resolution. "Skinny budget" refers to a brief budget request of top-level intentions. The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts.

a. For FY2024, see House-reported H.R. 4368 (H.Rept. 118-124), which had insufficient votes to pass on the House floor; Senate-reported S. 2131 (S.Rept. 118-44); and Senate-passed H.R. 4366 (Division B).

b. For FY2025, see House-reported H.R. 9027 (H.Rept. 118-583); Senate-reported S. 4690 (S.Rept. 118-193).

c. The subcommittee voted 9-7 on June 5, 2025, to send a subcommittee markup to the full committee.

Figure 1. Timeline of Legislative Actions on Agriculture Appropriations

Source: Figure created by CRS.

Notes: The figure excludes supplemental appropriations acts and continuing resolutions (CRs). Gray shading shows the beginning of each fiscal year. Yellow shading highlights the current appropriations cycle.

Total FY2026 Appropriations and Trends

The House Appropriations Committee-reported bill for FY2026, H.R. 4121, would provide $25.5 billion in discretionary Agriculture appropriations, a decrease of about $1.2 billion from FY2025 (-4.3%). The Senate-passed bill, Division B of H.R. 3944, would provide $27.1 billion in discretionary appropriations, an increase of $785 million from FY2025 (+3.0%) on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC. The Trump Administration's request for FY2026 was for $21.0 billion, a decrease of nearly $5.6 billion (-21.1%) (see Table 2).

The nominal total of Agriculture appropriations generally has been increasing from FY2017 to FY2025. On an inflation-adjusted basis in FY2025 dollars, Agriculture appropriations have been decreasing since FY2018 (Figure 2).

Table 2. Discretionary Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations Totals

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Discretionary Total

P.L. 119-4

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Senate-basis, without CFTC

26,278.0a

20,622.9

25,150.8a

27,062.8

—

-1,127.2

+784.8

House-basis, with CFTC

26,643.0

21,032.9

25,485.8

na

—

-1,157.2

na

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission; na = not available (a bill for Financial Services and General Government appropriations is not yet reported with CFTC). The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts.

a. This amount is not recorded with the act or bill due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the CFTC in Agriculture appropriations but is shown for comparisons with other amounts in that row.

Figure 2. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, FY2016-FY2025 enacted and FY2026 proposed

Source: Figure created by CRS using appropriations acts, committee reports, and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The figure excludes supplemental appropriations acts and excludes the CFTC. Adjusted for inflation using U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product price index, Table 1.1.4, using Q4 of the calendar year (Q1 of the subsequent fiscal year).

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

As discussed above (see "Description of Agriculture Appropriations"), agricultural programs rely on both discretionary and mandatory spending. This section describes specific mandatory and discretionary spending in Agriculture appropriations and the relative sizes of major agencies and functions.

Appropriations for discretionary spending programs in the FY2025 Agriculture Appropriations Act were $26.6 billion ($26.3 billion excluding CFTC), distributed among the programs or agencies in the green stacked bar in Figure 3. Appropriations for mandatory spending programs were about $185 billion, as shown by the gray shading in the pie graph (Figure 3), relative to the discretionary total.

Figure 3. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2025

Budget authority in billions of dollars

Source: Figure created by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; H.Rept. 119-172; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The figure excludes supplemental appropriations acts and excludes the CFTC on the basis of jurisdiction of the Senate Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee. Amounts in the figure may add to the totals in Table 3 and Table 4 due to rounding. FSA = Farm Service Agency; RMA = Risk Management Agency; FPAC Business = Farm Production and Conservation Business Center; FSIS = Food Safety Inspection Service; NRCS = Natural Resources Conservation Service. The amount shown for Section 32 (formally known as Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income, and Supply) is USDA's reserved spending authority for payments and procurement (see CRS In Focus IF12193, Farm and Food Support Under USDA's Section 32 Account). The amount for the Commodity Credit Corporation is the reimbursement for net realized losses (see CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)).

Most programs in Agriculture appropriations are in the authorizing jurisdiction of the House Committee on Agriculture and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. A few programs funded through Agriculture appropriations are not in the jurisdiction of the Agriculture authorizing committees. The FDA is in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. In rural development, Rural Housing Service (RHS) programs, except for community facilities loans and grants, are in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Financial Services and the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. In the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), the child nutrition programs and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Education and Workforce and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.

Key Budget Terms

Budget authority is provided by an act of Congress for an agency to enter into financial obligations on behalf of the United States that will result in immediate or future outlays. It is the amount allocated by Congress for program grants, loan subsidies, and salaries and expenses. Most funding amounts in this report are budget authority.

Obligations are commitments using budget authority that create a legal liability of the government to pay for goods and services ordered or received. Obligations occur when a federal agency awards a grant or agrees to make a loan. The Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. §§1341 et seq.) prohibits agencies from obligating more budget authority than is provided in law, such as during a government shutdown.

Outlays are a federal agency distribution of funds for grants, loans, or services to recipients to satisfy a valid obligation. The timing of outlays in fiscal years may differ from budget authority or obligations because payments from an agency may not occur until services are fulfilled, goods are delivered, or construction is completed.

Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects the cost of making loans, including interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses from delinquencies. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the annual budget request (Office of Management and Budget, Federal Credit Supplement).

Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed with a loan subsidy. Loan authority is not added in budget authority totals. A loan authority is several times the amount of its corresponding loan subsidy.

Program level represents the sum of the activities undertaken by an agency. A program level may be higher than a budget authority if the program (1) receives user fees, (2) includes loans that are leveraged by an expectation of repayment (loan authority may exceed budget authority), or (3) receives transfers from other agencies.

Rescissions are permanent reductions in budget authority after enactment that score as budgetary savings.

CHIMPS (changes in mandatory program spending) are adjustments via an appropriations act that can change available funding for mandatory programs. CHIMPS usually change spending for one year and may score as an increase or decrease to outlays. They do not change the underlying authority of the program in law.

For background, see CRS Report 98-721, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process; and CRS Report R46417, Congress's Power Over Appropriations: Constitutional and Statutory Provisions.

Subcommittee Allocation

The total amount allowed for discretionary appropriations is controlled by congressional budget enforcement rules.⁶ Typically, each chamber's appropriations committee would receive a top-line limit on discretionary budget authority from the chamber's budget committee via an annual budget resolution, referred to as a "302(a)" allocation. The appropriations committees would subdivide the allocation among the 12 appropriations subcommittees, referred to as "302(b)" allocations.⁷

For FY2026, the House and Senate Budget Committees have not approved a budget resolution with discretionary spending limits. The appropriations committees may deem spending levels during meetings to mark up separate subcommittee bills.⁸

On June 10, the House Committee on Appropriations adopted interim subcommittee allocations for four subcommittees, including an Agriculture subcommittee allocation of $25.5 billion.⁹

Amounts for Agencies and Programs in FY2026

Table 3 provides detail at the agency level for FY2026 discretionary appropriations proposed in the Trump Administration request, the House Appropriations Committee-reported bill, and the Senate-passed bill, which can be summarized as follows:

The Trump Administration's budget request would provide $21.0 billion in discretionary appropriations for accounts in the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Appropriations. This would be a $5.6 billion reduction from the FY2025 year-long continuing resolution (-21.1%).

House-reported H.R. 4121 would provide $25.5 billion in discretionary appropriations, a decrease of nearly $1.2 billion from FY2025 (-4.3%). The House-reported bill would provide about $4.5 billion more than the Trump Administration's request.

Senate-passed H.R. 3944 would provide $27.1 billion in discretionary appropriations, an increase of $785 million from FY2025 (+3.0%) on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC. The Senate-passed bill is $1.9 billion more than the House-reported bill (+7.6%).

Figure 4 shows the dollar changes from FY2025 enacted levels to the proposed amounts for FY2026 at agency or account levels; Figure 5 shows the percentage changes. Table 4 shows the appropriations for mandatory spending programs.

Administration's Request

The Trump Administration proposed discretionary appropriations in the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations of $21.0 billion, a reduction of $5.6 billion from FY2025 levels (-21.1%). The largest reduction would be from eliminating Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) Food for Peace Title II international food aid grants (FFP, -$1.6 billion, -100%), followed by reductions of the Conservation Operations account in the Natural Resources Conservation Service (-$783 million, -88%), research and extension grants by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (-$642 million, -38%), FNS Commodity Assistance Programs (-$425 million, -82%), grants and loans in the Rural Utilities Service (RUS; -$405 million, -60%), Farm Service Agency salaries and expenses (-$372 million, -23%), and salaries and expenses for the FDA (-$360 million, -10%). WIC would receive an increase of $100 million in its regular account appropriation, but a rescission of unobligated prior appropriations in the General Provisions title would reduce WIC by $391 million for a net reduction.

In percentage terms, the Administration's request would eliminate appropriations for the FAS McGovern-Dole Food for Education (-$240 million, -100%), the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS, -$104 million, -100%), and formula funding for university agricultural research under the Hatch Act (-$265 million, -100%). The Rental Assistance Program in the RHS would increase by $107 million (+7%).

House-Reported Bill

The House-reported bill would provide $25.5 billion for discretionary Agriculture appropriations, a reduction of nearly $1.2 billion from FY2025 levels (-4.3%) and affecting most accounts. The largest reduction would be from FFP (-$719 million, -44%), followed by the FDA (-$326 million, -9%), RUS (-$145 million, -22%), and the Farm Service Agency (-$135 million, -8%). The House subcommittee markup would reduce the Nutrition Programs Administration account (-$42 million -24%), the Agricultural Marketing Service (-$33 million, -15%), and the RBCS (-$20 million, -19%). Increases would be provided for RHS Community Facilities grants (+$462 million; up from $5 million in FY2025, which was unusually low because no earmarks were allowed) and the RHS Rental Assistance Program (+$107 million, +7%).

Senate-Passed Bill

The Senate-passed bill would provide $27.1 billion for discretionary Agriculture appropriations, an increase of $785 million from FY2025 levels (+3.0%). Many accounts would be unchanged from FY2025 levels. The largest increase would be for WIC (+$603 million, +7.9%), followed by the RHS (+$308 million, +13%), Agricultural Research Service (ARS; +81 million, +4.6%), NRCS (+38 million, +4.1%), and RBCS (+24 million, +34%). The largest reductions to partially offset these increases would be from FFP (-$119 million, -7.4%) and RUS (-$87 million, -13%).

Figure 4. Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2025 Enacted to FY2026 Proposals

Change in budget authority in millions of dollars

Source: Figure created by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The figure excludes supplemental appropriations acts. Agencies and programs are ordered as shown in Table 3. WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children; CHIMPS = changes in mandatory spending programs.

Figure 5. Percentage Changes in Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations from FY2025 Enacted to FY2026 Proposals

Source: Figure created by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The figure excludes supplemental appropriations acts. Agencies and programs are ordered as shown in Table 3. WIC = Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children; CHIMPS = changes in mandatory spending programs

Table 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations by Agency, FY2024-FY2026

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Requesta

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Title I. Agricultural Programs

Departmental Admin. (Table A-1)

479.8

479.8

426.2

399.9

470.6

—

-79.9

-9.2

Research, Education, and Economics (Table A-2)

Agricultural Research Service

1,845.2

1,788.1

1,700.0

1,811.6

1,869.4

—

+23.5

+81.4

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

1,678.8

1,678.8

1,037.0

1,654.1

1,692.3

—

-24.7

+13.6

National Agricultural Statistics Service

187.5

187.5

185.0

180.0

187.5

—

-7.5

+0.0

Economic Research Service

90.6

90.6

80.0

85.6

90.6

—

-5.0

+0.0

Under Secretary

1.9

1.9

1.0

2.4

1.9

—

+0.5

+0.0

Marketing and Regulatory Programs

Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service

1,163.0

1,148.8

1,148.8

1,147.0

1,168.5

—

-1.8

+19.8

Agricultural Marketing Service

223.9

223.9

170.9

191.3

223.9

—

-32.6

+0.0

Under Secretary

1.6

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.6

—

+0.0

+0.0

Food Safety

Food Safety and Inspection Service

1,190.0

1,214.0

1,205.2

1,216.0

1,226.0

—

+2.0

+12.0

Under Secretary

1.1

1.1

0.8

1.1

1.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

Subtotal, Title I

6,863.4

6,816.0

5,956.0

6,690.6

6,933.5

—

-125.4

+117.5

Title II. Farm Production & Conservation

Business Center

244.2

244.2

214.0

210.0

238.5

—

-34.2

-5.7

Farm Service Agency (Table A-3)

1,606.7

1,606.7

1,234.5

1,471.3

1,593.3

—

-135.4

-13.3

Risk Management Agency

65.6

65.6

60.0

60.0

65.6

—

-5.6

+0.0

Natural Resources Conservation Service (Table A-4)

950.9

911.4

112.3

892.0

949.1

—

-19.4

+37.7

Under Secretary

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.5

1.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Subtotal, Title II

2,868.4

2,828.9

1,621.3

2,634.3

2,847.6

—

-194.6

+18.7

Title III. Rural Development

Salaries and Expensesb

351.1

351.1

265.0

305.0

351.1

—

-46.1

+0.0

Rural Housing Service (RHS, Table A-5)

2,306.2c

2,344.4d

2,191.4

2,850.1

2,652.6

—

+505.7

+308.2

Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS, Table A-6)

104.2

69.5d

0.0

84.6

93.3

—

+15.1

+23.8

Rural Utilities Service (RUS, Table A-7)

808.5

667.1d

265.8

526.0

580.4

—

-141.1

-86.6

Under Secretary

1.6

1.6

1.0

1.6

1.6

—

+0.0

+0.0

Subtotal, Title III

3,571.6

3,433.7

2,723.2

3,767.3

3,679.1

—

+333.7

+245.4

Title IV. Domestic Food Programs (Table A-8)

Child Nutrition Programs

16.0

16.0

0.0

15.0

16.5

—

-1.0

+0.5

SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Programs

6.0

6.0

3.0

8.0

7.0

—

+2.0

+1.0

WIC Program

7,030.0

7,597.0

7,697.0e

7,697.0e

8,200.0

—

+100.0

+603.0

Commodity Assistance Programs

480.1

516.1

91.1

516.1

516.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

Nutrition Programs Administration

177.3

177.3

164.7

135.3

177.3

—

-42.0

+0.0

Under Secretary

1.1

1.1

0.8

1.1

1.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

Subtotal, Title IV

7,710.5

8,313.5

7,956.6

8,372.5

8,918.0

—

+59.0

+604.5

Title V. Foreign Assistance

Foreign Agricultural Service and relatedf

238.3

238.3

231.4

238.3

238.3

—

+0.0

+0.0

Food for Peace Title II and admin.

1,619.1g

1,619.1g

0.0

900.0

1,500.0

—

-719.1

-119.1

McGovern-Dole Food for Education

240.0

240.0

0.0

220.3

240.0

—

-19.7

+0.0

Under Secretary

0.9

0.9

0.6

0.9

0.9

—

+0.0

+0.0

Subtotal, Title V

2,098.4

2,098.4

232.0

1,359.6

1,979.2

—

-738.8

-119.1

Title VI. Related Agencies

Food and Drug Administration

3,527.2

3,527.2

3,166.9

3,201.0

3,537.2

—

-326.2

+10.0

Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)h

365.0

365.0

410.0

335.0

na

—

-30.0

na

Subtotal, Title VI

3,892.2

3,892.2

3,576.9

3,536.0

na

—

-356.2

na

Title VII. General Provisions

Appropriations (Table A-9)

25.2

25.2

0.0

10.5

25.2

—

-14.7

+0.0

Rescissions (Table A-10)i

-351.9

-187.8

-526.0

-378.0

-350.0

—

-190.2

-162.2

CHIMPS (Table A-11)j

+0.0

-49.0

+0.0

+0.0

+0.0

—

+49.0

+49.0

Subtotal, Title VII

-326.7

-211.6

-526.0

-367.5

-324.8

—

-155.9

-113.2

Scorekeeping Adjustments (Table A-12)k

-455.0

-528.0

-507.0

-507.0

-507.0

—

+21.0

+21.0

Totals

Senate basis (without CFTC)h

25,857.8l

26,278.0l

20,622.9

25,150.8l

27,062.8

—

-1,127.2

+784.8

House basis (with CFTC)h

26,222.8

26,643.0

21,032.9

25,485.8

na

—

-1,157.2

na

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: na = not available (a bill for Financial Services and General Government appropriations is not yet reported with CFTC). The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts. Amounts and totals are nominal discretionary budget authority except for amounts in italics, which are loan authority.

a. Amounts for the Administration's request do not reflect legislative proposals that would require legislative activity (authorizations) beyond appropriations.

b. The Rural Development (RD) Salaries and Expenses account is a base amount for the mission area and excludes transfers from the three agencies.

c. The FY2024 Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778(1)) provided $505 million to the Community Facilities account from the USDA Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF; 7 U.S.C. §2250b). The NEF accumulates transfers of expired, unobligated discretionary funds from across USDA from prior appropriations and thus does not score in current-year appropriations. An anomaly in the FY2025 year-long continuing resolution prevented this provision from continuing.

d. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1206, allows USDA to transfer amounts within the RD mission area to maintain FY2024 program levels to the extent possible, provided that $34 million be transferred to the RHS Rental Assistance Program. The implications for other RD programs that USDA might reduce to accomplish the budget neutral transfer are uncertain. The $34 million increase for Rental Assistance is included in the table, consistent with the FY2026 House committee report, but the unspecified reductions to other accounts are not reflected; a $34 million reduction is included in the "rounding plug" in scorekeeping adjustments.

e. Excludes rescission in General Provisions.

f. Includes Foreign Agricultural Service salaries and expenses, CCC Export Loan salaries, and the Office of Codex Alimentarius.

g. In addition to appropriations shown in the table, the FY2024 Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778(2)) provided $68 million to Food for Peace Title II grants from the USDA NEF (7 U.S.C. §2250b). The NEF accumulates transfers of expired, unobligated discretionary funds from across USDA from prior appropriations and thus does not score in current-year appropriations. The provision continues in FY2025 under terms of the year-long continuing resolution.

h. Appropriations jurisdiction for the CFTC differs between the chambers. After FY2008, the CFTC has always been carried in the House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee markup, never in the Senate Agriculture Subcommittee markup, and always in Senate Financial Services and General Government Subcommittee markup. In enacted appropriations acts, the CFTC is carried in the Agriculture Appropriations Act in even-numbered fiscal years.

i. Rescissions are actions that permanently reduce an enacted budget authority, thereby scoring a budgetary savings. Reductions from mandatory programs are included separately with CHIMPS (changes in mandatory program spending).

j. CHIMPS in appropriations acts include temporary increases or limitations to mandatory program spending or permanent rescissions of mandatory programs that are focused on the current fiscal year. See CRS Report R47705, Congressional Rules Pertaining to Changes in Mandatory Program Spending in Appropriations Bills (CHIMPs).

k. Scorekeeping adjustments are not directly appropriated provisions and may not be shown in the committee tables accompanying a bill but are part of the official CBO accounting of an appropriations act. In Agriculture appropriations, scorekeeping adjustments primarily include "negative subsidies" for some loan programs, mostly from receipt of fees charged to borrowers.

l. This amount is not recorded with the act or bill due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the CFTC in Agriculture appropriations but is shown for comparisons with other amounts in that row.

Table 4. Mandatory Agriculture Appropriations, FY2024-FY2026

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Title I. Agricultural Programs

Section 32a

1,574.0

1,571.7

1,667.0

1,667.0

1,716.3

—

+95.4

+144.6

Title II. Farm Production & Conservation

Federal Crop Insurance Corporation

15,484.0

14,581.0

14,264.0

14,264.0

14,264.0

—

-317.0

-317.0

Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)b

12,438.0

13,863.0

13,491.4

13,491.4

13,491.4

—

-371.6

-371.6

Dairy Indemnity Payment Program

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Title IV. Domestic Food Programs

Child Nutrition Programs

33,250.2

33,250.2

36,269.4

35,769.4

36,269.4

—

+2,519.2

+3,019.2

SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Programs

122,376.5

122,376.5

118,132.3

118,133.3

118,133.3

—

-4,243.2

-4,243.2

Total

185,123.3

185,642.9

183,824.7

183,325.7

183,874.9

—

-2,317.2

-1,768.0

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: The table excludes supplemental appropriations acts. Amounts are nominal budget authority.

a. In this table, Section 32 (formally known as Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income, and Supply) shows only USDA's reserved spending authority as noted in appropriations committee reports. Amounts transferred to the child nutrition programs are included within the amounts shown for the child nutrition programs. See CRS In Focus IF12193, Farm and Food Support Under USDA's Section 32 Account.

b. The amount for the CCC is the reimbursement to Treasury for net realized losses to replenish the CCC borrowing authority. See CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

Other Appropriations Issues

Policy-Related Provisions

Appropriations acts set spending authority and may serve as vehicles for policy-related limitations and so-called "riders" (language extraneous to the subject of the bill) that direct executive branch actions.¹⁰ These provisions may have the force of law if they are included in an act's text, but their effect is generally limited to the current fiscal year unless they amend the U.S. Code, which is not typical in appropriations acts. Report language may also provide policy directions for agencies but does not carry the force of law.

Congress has directed that committee reports and the joint explanatory statement are to be read together to capture congressional intent. For example, the explanatory statement for the Agriculture division of the FY2024 Consolidated Appropriations Act instructs that the House and Senate committee reports are to be read together and with the conference agreement. The FY2025 full-year CR continued the policy-related provisions that were in the FY2024 Appropriations Act.

The joint explanatory statement accompanying this division is approved and indicates congressional intent. Unless otherwise noted, the language set forth in H.Rept. 118-124 and S.Rept. 118-44 carries the same weight as language included in this joint explanatory statement and should be complied with unless specifically addressed to the contrary in this joint explanatory statement. While some language is repeated for emphasis, it is not intended to negate the language referred to above unless expressly provided herein.

In cases in which the House or the Senate or this explanatory statement has directed the submission of a report, such report is to be submitted to both the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations no later than 60 days after enactment of this Act, unless otherwise directed.¹¹

Congressionally Directed Spending (Earmarks)

From FY2022 to FY2024, the House and Senate allowed earmarks in annual appropriations acts, including in Agriculture appropriations.¹² The FY2025 year-long CR did not include earmarks and reduced funding commensurately for accounts that were earmarked in FY2024. For FY2026, both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees are allowing earmark requests from Members.

Congressional earmarks are defined in the 119th Congress as a type of congressional spending action that noncompetitively benefits a specific entity or locality.¹³ The House Committee on Appropriations refers to these as Community Project Funding requests, and the Senate Committee on Appropriations refers to these as Congressionally Directed Spending items.

The House-reported bill includes 509 earmark projects requested by 192 Members totaling $643 million.¹⁴ Six USDA accounts were earmarked (Table 5): ARS Buildings and Facilities ($21 million, 100% of the account); NRCS Conservation Operations ($35 million, 4% of the account); RHS Community Facilities grants ($467 million, 100% of the account); RUS Distance Learning and Telemedicine Program grants ($10 million, 33% of the account); RUS ReConnect broadband grants ($750,000, 1% of the account); and RUS Water and Waste Disposal Program grants ($109 million, 32% of the account).¹⁵

The Senate-passed bill includes 250 earmark projects totaling $300 million by incorporating S.Rept. 119-37, the Senate-reported committee report. Six USDA accounts were earmarked (three of which overlap with the House-reported bill, Table 5): ARS Buildings and Facilities ($43 million, 100% of the account); APHIS salaries and expenses ($11 million, 1% of the account); NIFA Research and Education ($14 million, 1% of the account); NRCS Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations ($32 million, 62% of the account); RHS Community Facilities grants ($199 million, 98% of the account); and RUS Distance Learning and Telemedicine Program grants ($0.6 million, 2% of the account).¹⁶

Table 5. Earmarks in FY2026 Agriculture Appropriations

Community Project Funding in the House bill and Congressionally Directed Spending in the Senate bill

House-Reported

H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Account

Count

Amount ($ million)

Percent of account

Count

Amount ($ million)

Percent of account

Agricultural Research Service

Buildings & Facilities

7

21.0

100%

6

42.7

100%

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Research and Education

—

—

—

7

13.6

1%

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Salaries and Expenses

—

—

—

9

11.4

1%

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Conservation Operations

26

34.6

4%

—

—

—

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations

—

—

—

11

32.4

62%

Rural Housing Service

Community Facilities

395

467.3

100%

215

199.4

98%

Rural Utilities Service

Distance Learning and Telemedicine

8

10.2

34%

2

0.6

2%

Rural Utilities Service

ReConnect

1

0.8

1%

—

—

—

Rural Utilities Service

Water and Waste Disposal

72

109.1

32%

—

—

—

Total

509

643.0

—

250

300.0

—

Source: CRS analysis of H.Rept. 119-172 and S.Rept. 119-37.

Appendix. Additional Detail on USDA Appropriations

Table A-1. Departmental Administration

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Office of the Secretary

7.0

7.0

6.0

5.6

7.0

—

-1.4

+0.0

Office of Tribal Relations

5.2

5.2

5.0

5.2

5.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

Office of Homeland Security

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.7

1.9

—

-0.2

+0.0

Public Partnership and Engagement

7.5

7.5

3.0

5.0

6.0

—

-2.5

-1.5

Assistant Secretary for Admin.

1.7

1.7

1.3

0.9

1.7

—

-0.8

+0.0

Departmental Administration

23.5

23.5

17.0

17.0

20.0

—

-6.5

-3.5

Asst. Sec. Congressional Relations

4.5

4.5

3.5

3.5

3.0

—

-1.0

-1.5

Office of Communications

7.0

7.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

—

-2.0

-2.0

Office of the Chief Economist

30.5

30.5

19.8

28.0

30.5

—

-2.5

+0.0

Office of Hearings and Appeals

16.7

16.7

13.0

12.7

16.0

—

-4.0

-0.7

Office of Budget and Program Analysis

15.0

15.0

14.0

15.0

15.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Chief Information Officer

91.0

91.0

91.0

85.0

91.0

—

-6.0

+0.0

Chief Financial Officer

6.9

6.9

6.0

5.9

6.9

—

-1.0

+0.0

Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights

1.5

1.5

1.0

0.9

1.5

—

-0.6

+0.0

Office of Civil Rights

37.0

37.0

20.0

24.5

37.0

—

-12.5

+0.0

Office of Safety, Security, and Protection

20.8

20.8

19.1

18.3

20.8

—

-2.5

+0.0

Buildings and Facilities

22.6

22.6

35.0

10.6

22.6

—

-12.0

+0.0

Hazardous Materials Management

3.0

3.0

2.5

1.0

3.0

—

-2.0

+0.0

Office of Inspector General

111.6

111.6

100.0

94.6

111.6

—

-17.0

+0.0

General Counsel

60.5

60.5

57.5

55.5

60.5

—

-5.0

+0.0

Office of Ethics

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.1

4.5

—

-0.4

+0.0

Total

479.8

479.8

426.2

399.9

470.6

—

-79.9

-9.2

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Table A-2. Research, Education, and Economics

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Under Secretary

1.4

1.4

1.0

1.4

1.4

—

+0.0

+0.0

Office of the Chief Scientist

0.5

0.5

0.0

1.0

0.5

—

+0.5

+0.0

Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

Salaries and Expenses

1,788.1

1,788.1

1,700.0

1,790.6

1,826.8

—

+2.5

+38.7

Buildings and Facilities

57.2

0.0

0.0

21.0

42.7

—

+21.0

+42.7

Subtotal, ARS

1,845.2

1,788.1

1,700.0

1,811.6

1,869.4

—

+23.5

+81.4

National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)

Research and Education

AFRI (competitive grants)

445.2

445.2

405.3

445.0

445.2

—

-0.2

+0.0

Hatch Act (1862 institutions)

265.0

265.0

0.0

265.0

265.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Evans-Allen (1890s institutions)

89.0

89.0

50.0

89.0

89.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

McIntire-Stennis (forestry)

38.0

38.0

20.0

38.0

38.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Other

238.8

238.8

195.8

221.0

252.3

—

-17.8

+13.6

Subtotal

1,076.0

1,076.0

671.1

1,058.0

1,089.5

—

-18.0

+13.6

Extension

Smith-Lever (b) & (c)

325.0

325.0

175.0

325.0

325.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Smith-Lever (d)

88.6

88.6

66.6

87.5

88.6

—

-1.1

+0.0

Other

148.1

148.1

124.3

143.5

148.1

—

-4.6

+0.0

Subtotal

561.7

561.7

365.9

556.0

561.7

—

-5.7

+0.0

Integrated Activities

41.1

41.1

0.0

40.1

41.1

—

-1.0

+0.0

Subtotal, NIFA

1,678.8

1,678.8

1,037.0

1,654.1

1,692.3

—

-24.7

+13.6

National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)

Agricultural Census

46.9

46.9

46.0

46.0

46.0

—

-0.9

-0.9

Agricultural estimates

140.7

140.7

139.0

134.0

141.5

—

-6.7

+0.8

Subtotal, NASS

187.5

187.5

185.0

180.0

187.5

—

-7.5

+0.0

Economic Research Service

90.6

90.6

80.0

85.6

90.6

—

-5.0

+0.0

Total

3,804.0

3,746.8

3,003.0

3,733.6

3,841.7

—

-13.2

+94.9

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Note: AFRI = Agriculture and Food Research Initiative.

Table A-3. Farm Service Agency

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Farm Service Agency Salaries and Expenses

1,209.3

1,209.3

950.0

1,100.0

1,209.3

—

-109.3

+0.0

Farm loan programs loan subsidy

326.1

326.1

252.5

326.1

326.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

Farm loan programs administration

53.8

53.8

31.6

30.2

40.5

—

-23.6

-13.3

State mediation grants

6.5

6.5

0.0

6.5

6.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Grassroots source water protection

7.0

7.0

0.0

8.0

7.0

—

+1.0

+0.0

Geographically disadvantaged farmers

3.5

3.5

0.0

0.0

3.5

—

-3.5

+0.0

Dairy Indemnity Payment Program (M)

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Total discretionary appropriations

1,606.7

1,606.7

1,234.5

1,471.3

1,593.3

—

-135.4

-13.3

Farm Loan Program Details

Loan subsidy (budget authority)

Loan authority

Farm Ownership Loans – Direct

27.6

50.3a

30.6

25.0

39.4

—

-25.3

-10.9

Loan authority

3,100.0

2,578.7a

2,405.7

1,967.0

3,100.0

—

-611.7

+521.3

Farm Ownership Loans – Guaranteed

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Loan authority

3,500.0

3,500.0

3,500.0

3,500.0

3,500.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Farm Operating Loans – Direct

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Loan authority

1,633.0

1,633.0

1,633.0

1,100.0

1,633.0

—

-533.0

+0.0

Farm Operating Loans – Guaranteed

1.5

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Loan authority

2,118.5

2,118.5

2,000.0

2,118.5

2,000.0

—

+0.0

-118.5

Emergency Loans

3.5

3.5

1.0

2.6

1.0

—

-0.9

-2.5

Loan authority

37.7

30.1

14.4

37.0

14.4

—

+6.9

-15.7

Conservation Loans

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Loan authority – Direct

—

—

—

300.0

—

—

+300.0

—

Loan authority – Guaranteed

150.0

150.0

—

—

150.0

—

-150.0

+0.0

Indian Highly Fractionated Land Loans

1.6

0.0a

—

—

—

—

—

—

Loan authority

5.0

0.0a

—

—

—

—

—

—

Indian Tribe Land Acquisition Loans

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Loan authority

20.0

20.0

—

20.0

20.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Boll Weevil Eradication Loans

0.3

0.0a

—

0.02

0.1

—

+0.02

+0.1

Loan authority

60.0

0.0a

—

5.0

60.0

—

+5.0

+60.0

Heirs Property Relending

19.4

0.0a

—

2.7

—

—

+2.7

—

Loan authority

61.4

0.0a

—

7.7

—

—

+7.7

—

Subtotal, loan subsidy

53.8

53.8

31.6

30.2

40.5

—

-23.6

-13.3

Subtotal, loan authority

10,685.6

10,030.3a

9,553.1

9,055.2

10,477.4

—

-975.1

+447.1

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not added in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. Some loan programs do not require a loan subsidy because of sufficient fees charged on the loans that make them self-funding and that may result in a negative subsidy in the scorekeeping adjustments section. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

a. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1205 allows amounts for loan subsidies for the USDA Farm Service Agency's farm loan program to be reprogrammed among the loan categories to maintain FY2024 loan authorization levels. This may be important for programs with different estimated loan subsidy ratios between FY2024 and FY2025; for example, guaranteed farm operating loans were estimated to no longer require a loan subsidy in FY2025, and direct farm operating loans were estimated to require a loan subsidy in FY2025.

Table A-4. Natural Resources Conservation Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Conservation Operations

914.9

895.8

112.3

850.0

895.8

—

-45.8

+0.0

Watershed and Flood Prevention

35.0

14.7

0.0

35.0

52.4

—

+20.4

+37.7

Watershed Rehabilitation Program

1.0

1.0

0.0

7.0

1.0

—

+6.0

+0.0

Total

950.9

911.4

112.3

892.0

949.1

—

-19.4

+37.7

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Table A-5. Rural Housing Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title IIa

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Administrative expenses (transfer)

412.3

412.3

412.3

412.3

412.3

—

+0.0

+0.0

Single family direct loans (§502)

84.5

84.5

—

84.5

130.6

—

+0.0

+46.1

Direct loan authority

880.0

715.9a

—

880.0

1,000.0

—

+164.1

+284.1

Guaranteed loan authority

25,000.0

25,000.0

25,000.0

25,000.0

25,000.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Relending for Native American Tribes

2.3

2.3

—

3.0

2.5

—

+0.7

+0.2

Loan authority

5.0

4.6

—

6.0

5.0

—

+1.4

+0.4

Other Rural Housing Insurance Fund programs

73.2

66.3a

44.2

66.1

66.9

—

-0.2

+0.5

Loan authority

520.0

500.0a

510.0

520.0

510.0

—

+20.0

+10.0

Rental assistance (§521)

1,608.0

1,642.0

1,715.0

1,715.0

1,715.0

—

+73.0

+73.0

Rural housing assistance grants

35.0

35.0

20.0

20.0

35.0

—

-15.0

+0.0

Mutual and self-help housing grants

25.0

25.0

—

20.0

25.0

—

-5.0

+0.0

Rural housing vouchers

48.0

48.0

—

48.0

48.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Community Facilities: Grants

5.0b

5.0c

—

467.3

204.4

—

+462.3

+199.4

Community Facilities: Loan subsidy

—

11.1

—

—

—

—

-11.1

-11.1

Direct loan authority

2,800.0

989.3a

1,250.0

1,000.0

1,250.0

—

+10.7

+260.7

Guaranteed loan authority

650.0

650.0

650.0

650.0

650.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Rural community development initiative

5.0

5.0

—

6.0

5.0

—

+1.0

+0.0

Tribal college grants

8.0

8.0

—

8.0

8.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Total

2,306.2

2,344.4

2,191.4

2,850.1

2,652.6

—

+505.7

+308.2

Loan authority

29,855.0

27,859.9a

27,410.0

28,056.0

28,415.0

—

+196.1

+555.1

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not added in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

a. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1206, allows USDA to transfer amounts within the Rural Development (RD) mission area to maintain FY2024 program levels to the extent possible, provided that $34 million be transferred to the Rural Housing Service (RHS) Rental Assistance Program. The $34 million transfer would be an increase of 2% for the Rental Assistance Program. The implications for other RD programs that USDA might reduce to accomplish the budget neutral transfer are uncertain.

b. In addition to appropriations shown in the table, the FY2024 Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778) provided $505 million to the Community Facilities account from the USDA Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF) (7 U.S.C. 2250b).

c. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1204 excludes from continuation for FY2025 the $505 million from the NEF that had been included for FY2024 Community Facilities earmarks.

Table A-6. Rural Business-Cooperative Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title IIa

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Rural Business Program Account

Guaranteed Business and Industry (B&I) Loans – Loan subsidy

38.1

3.3a

—

35.2

15.6

—

+31.9

+12.2

Loan authority

1,600.0

1,663.0a

—

2,000.0

1,750.0

—

+337.0

+87.0

Rural Business Development Grants

20.5

20.5

—

18.0

30.0

—

-2.5

+9.5

Delta Regional Authority Grants

8.0

8.0

—

4.0

10.0

—

-4.0

+2.0

Rural Development Loan Fund

—

Administrative expenses (transfer)

4.5

4.5

—

4.5

4.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Intermediary Relending Program - Loan subsidy

3.0

3.4

—

3.1

3.0

—

-0.3

-0.5

Loan authority

10.0

10.0

—

9.0

13.0

—

-1.0

+3.0

Rural Economic Development Loans

Loan authority

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Rural Cooperative Development Grants

24.6

24.6

—

16.6

24.8

—

-8.0

+0.2

Rural Microentrepreneur Assistance Program

5.0

4.6a

—

3.3

5.0

—

-1.4

+0.4

Loan authority

20.0

12.7a

—

15.0

19.5

—

+2.3

+6.8

Rural Energy for America Program

Loan authority

50.0

50.0

—

50.0

100.0

—

+0.0

+50.0

Healthy Food Financing Initiative

0.5

0.5

—

—

0.5

—

-0.5

+0.0

Total

104.2

69.5

—

84.6

93.3

—

+15.1

+23.8

Loan authority

1,730.0

1,785.7a

50.0

2,124.0

1,932.5

—

+338.3

+146.8

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not added in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

a. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1206, allows USDA to transfer amounts within the RD mission area to maintain FY2024 program levels to the extent possible, provided that $34 million be transferred to the RHS Rental Assistance Program. The implications for other RD programs that USDA might reduce to accomplish the budget neutral transfer are uncertain.

Table A-7. Rural Utilities Service

Budget authority (or loan authority, as noted) in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title IIa

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Rural Water and Waste Disposal

Loan subsidy and grants

596.0

478.5a

202.5

346.0

443.8

—

-132.4

-34.7

Direct loan authority

860.0

860.0

1,228.7

860.0

1,015.0

—

-0.0

+155.0

Guaranteed loan authority

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Rural Electricity and Telecommunication

Admin. expenses (transfer)

33.3

33.3

33.3

33.3

33.3

—

+0.0

+0.0

Rural Energy Savings Program

3.6

3.6

—

5.0

4.2

—

+1.5

+0.6

Telecommunication loan subsidy

5.7

1.7a

—

5.7

3.6

—

+4.0

+1.9

Telecommunication loan authority

550.0

1,549.6a

200.0

550.0

550.0

—

-999.6

-999.6

Electricity loan authority

7,420.0

7,417.7a

7,000.0

7,430.0

7,925.0

—

+12.3

+507.3

Distance Learning, Telemedicine, Broadband

Distance learning & telemedicine

49.6

40.0

30.0

30.2

40.6

—

-9.8

+0.6

Community Connect grants

20.0

20.0

—

15.0

20.0

—

-5.0

+0.0

Broadband ReConnect

100.4

90.0

—

90.8

35.0

—

+0.8

-55.0

Total

808.5

667.1a

265.8

526.0

580.4

—

-141.1

-86.6

Loan authority

8,880.0

9,877.3a

8,478.7

8,890.0

9,540.0

—

-987.3

-337.3

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed. Loan authority is not added in the budget authority totals. Loan subsidy is part of the discretionary budget authority and reflects any interest rate subsidies and anticipated losses. The relationship between loan authority and loan subsidy is explained for each loan program in the Federal Credit Supplement of the Administration's annual budget request.

a. An anomaly in P.L. 119-4, §1206, allows USDA to transfer amounts within the RD mission area to maintain FY2024 program levels to the extent possible, provided that $34 million be transferred to the RHS Rental Assistance Program. The implications for other RD programs that USDA might reduce to accomplish the budget neutral transfer are uncertain.

Table A-8. Domestic Food Programs

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Child Nutrition Programs

33,266.2

33,266.2

36,269.4

35,784.4

36,285.9

—

+2,518.2

+3,019.7

Mandatory

33,250.2

33,250.2

36,269.4

35,769.4

36,269.4

—

+2,519.2

+3,019.2

Discretionary

16.0

16.0

0.0

15.0

16.5

—

-1.0

+0.5

SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Program

122,382.5

122,382.5

118,135.3

118,141.3

118,140.3

—

-4,241.2

-4,242.2

Mandatory

122,376.5

122,376.5

118,132.3

118,133.3

118,133.3

—

-4,243.2

-4,243.2

Discretionary

6.0

6.0

3.0

8.0

7.0

—

+2.0

+1.0

WIC

7,030.0

7,597.0

7,697.0a

7,697.0a

8,200.0

—

+100.0a

+603.0

Commodity Assistance Programs

480.1

516.1

91.1

516.1

516.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

Nutrition Programs Administration

177.3

177.3

164.7

135.3

177.3

—

-42.0

+0.0

Under Secretary

1.1

1.1

0.8

1.1

1.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

Total

163,337.3

163,940.3

162,358.3

162,275.3

163,320.8

—

-1,665.0

-619.5

Mandatory

155,626.7

155,626.7

154,401.7

153,902.7

154,402.7

—

-1,724.0

-1,224.0

Discretionary

7,710.5

8,313.5

7,956.6

8,372.5

8,918.0

—

+59.0

+604.5

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. This table shows both discretionary and mandatory amounts as presented separately in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. Totals for the Child Nutrition Programs and SNAP are the amounts expressed in the relevant appropriations acts and committee reports; subtotals for mandatory and discretionary amounts are derived from unpublished CBO scores of the appropriations bills.

a. Excludes rescissions in General Provisions.

Table A-9. Appropriations in General Provisions

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-
Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Institute for Rural Partnership

6.0

6.0

—

—

6.0

—

-6.0

+0.0

Bison Inspection Waiver

0.7

0.7

—

—

0.7

—

-0.7

+0.0

Bison Marketing Pilot

2.0

2.0

—

—

2.0

—

-2.0

+0.0

Meat and Poultry Processing Expansion

3.0

3.0

—

2.0

—

—

-1.0

-3.0

Mitigation banking

2.0

2.0

—

—

2.0

—

-2.0

+0.0

Cotton Classing Office upgrades

—

—

—

4.0

—

—

+4.0

—

Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act (AFIDA) reporting

2.0

2.0

—

—

—

—

-2.0

-2.0

Protecting Animals with Shelter Grants

3.0

3.0

—

1.5

3.0

—

-1.5

+0.0

Water Bank

2.0

2.0

—

—

2.0

—

-2.0

+0.0

Energy Circuit Rider Pilot

—

—

—

—

4.0

—

—

+4.0

Maturing mortgage pilot

1.0

1.0

—

—

2.0

—

-1.0

+1.0

Waste water pilot

1.0

1.0

—

—

—

—

-1.0

-1.0

Buy American Study

—

—

—

1.0

—

—

+1.0

—

Tribal Demonstration Projects

2.0

2.0

—

2.0

2.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

ARS hemp fiber research

—

—

—

—

0.5

—

—

+0.5

ARS mycotoxin risk research

—

—

—

—

0.5

—

—

+0.5

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration working group

0.5

0.5

—

—

0.5

—

-0.5

+0.0

Total

25.2

25.2

0.0

10.5

25.2

—

-14.7

+0.0

Note: Non-scoreable provisions, from the Nonrecurring Expenses Fund

Community Facilities

505.0

0.0a

—

—

—

—

—

—

Food for Peace Title II

68.5

0.0a

—

—

—

—

—

—

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

a. The year-long continuing resolution (CR) (P.L. 119-4, §1204) excludes from continuation for FY2025 the $505 million from the NEF in the FY2024 Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778(1)). The general terms of the CR did not prevent the $68.5 million from the NEF (P.L. 118-42, Div. B, §778(2)) from continuing in FY2025, but committee reports indicate it did not continue.

Table A-10. Rescissions in General Provisions

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

WIC

—

—

-391.0

-100.0

—

—

-100.0

—

Nutrition Programs Administration

-8.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

NRCS

-30.0

-30.0

—

-100.0

-30.0

—

-70.0

+0.0

Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations

-28.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service

-5.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

NIFA Research and Extension

-37.0

-37.0

—

—

-22.0

—

+37.0

+15.0

Rural Energy for America Program

-10.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FDA American Rescue Plan Act §2304

-30.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Rural Cooperative Development Grants

-7.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Distance Learning and Telemedicine

-18.9

-18.9

—

—

—

—

+18.9

+18.9

Community Connect

-30.0

-10.8

—

—

—

—

+10.8

+10.8

Broadband program

-7.0

-0.8

-40.0

—

-20.0

—

+0.8

-19.2

Housing Repair Loans and Grants

-28.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Rural Housing Voucher

-35.0

-12.4

—

—

—

—

+12.4

+12.4

Water and waste disposal cancellation

—

—

-75.0

—

—

—

—

—

Agricultural Marketing Service

—

—

-20.0

—

—

—

—

—

Working Capital Fund

-78.0

-78.0

—

-78.0

-78.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Food for Peace

—

—

—

—

-200.0

—

—

-200.0

Inflation Reduction Act, for Internal Revenue Service

—

—

—

-100.0

—

—

—

-100.0

Total

-351.9

-187.8

-526.0

-378.0

-350.0

—

-190.2

-162.2

Source: Prepared by CRS using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; H.R. 4121; H.Rept. 119-172; S. 2256; S.Rept. 119-37; H.R. 3944; and unpublished CBO tables.

Table A-11. Changes in Mandatory Program Spending

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Farm Security and Rural Investment Act conservation programs

-60.2

-60.2

-70.7

-70.7

-70.7

—

-10.5

-10.5

Farm Production and Conservation Business Center

+60.2

+60.2

+70.7

+70.7

+70.7

—

+10.5

+10.5

Section 32

—

-49.0

—

—

—

—

+49.0

+49.0

Total

+0.0

-49.0

+0.0

+0.0

+0.0

—

+49.0

+49.0

Source: Prepared by CRS. using P.L. 118-42; H.Prt. 55007 (118th Congress); P.L. 119-4; H.Rept. 119-172; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS) in appropriations acts include temporary increases or limitations to mandatory program spending or permanent rescissions of mandatory programs that are focused on the current fiscal year. See CRS Report R47705, Congressional Rules Pertaining to Changes in Mandatory Program Spending in Appropriations Bills (CHIMPs). Section 32 is formally known as Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income, and Supply.

Table A-12. Scorekeeping Adjustments

Budget authority in millions of dollars

FY2024

FY2025

FY2026

Change from FY2025

Agency or Program

P.L. 118-42, Div. B

P.L. 119-4, Div. A Title II

Admin. Request

House-Reported H.R. 4121

Senate-Passed H.R. 3944, Div. B

Enacted

to FY2026 House-Reported H.R. 4121

to FY2026 Senate-Passed H.R. 3944

Farm loans negative subsidy

-50.0

-142.0

-145.0

-145.0

-145.0

—

-3.0

-3.0

Rural electricity & telecommunication loans negative subsidy

-200.0

-210.0

-200.0

-200.0

-200.0

—

+10.0

+10.0

Rural housing loans negative subsidy

-145.0

-100.0

-100.0

-100.0

-100.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Community facilities loans negative subsidy

-58.0

-57.0

-60.0

-60.0

-60.0

—

-3.0

-3.0

Rural water & waste disposal loans negative subsidy

-2.0

-2.0

-2.0

-2.0

-2.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Rounding adjustments

—

-17.0

—

—

—

—

+17.0

+17.0

Total

-455.0

-528.0

-507.0

-507.0

-507.0

+21.0

+21.0

Source: Prepared by CRS using CBO, "H.R. 1968, Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025," https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-03/hr1968.pdf; and unpublished CBO tables.

Notes: Negative subsidies generally represent receipt of fees charged to borrowers for some loan programs. Rounding adjustments are noted to reconcile the official total with details in the table.

Footnotes

1.

The Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act funds the U.S. Forest Service.

2.

Appropriations jurisdiction for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) began differing between the chambers after FY2008. The CFTC is always carried in House Appropriations Agriculture Subcommittee markup, never in the Senate Agriculture Subcommittee markup, and always in the Senate Financial Services and General Government Subcommittee markup. The CFTC is normally carried in the Agriculture Appropriations Act in even-numbered fiscal years. The FY2025 continuing resolution (CR) for Agriculture appropriations includes the CFTC despite being an odd-numbered fiscal year because the FY2024 Agriculture appropriations carried the CFTC.

3.

House Committee on Appropriations, "Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Subcommittee Legislative Activity, FY2026," https://appropriations.house.gov/subcommittees/agriculture-rural-development-food-and-drug-administration-and-related-agencies/legislative-activity.

4.

Senate Committee on Appropriations, "Full Committee Markup of Commerce, Justice, Science; Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA; and Legislative Branch Appropriations Acts," https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/full-committee-markup-of-commerce-justice-science-agriculture-rural-development-fda-and-legislative-branch-appropriations-acts.

5.

The seven floor amendments that were adopted were S.Amdt. 3070, S.Amdt. 3073, S.Amdt. 3110, S.Amdt. 3418, S.Amdt. 3163, S.Amdt. 3200, and S.Amdt. 3190. These resulted in removing §781 from the reported bill, renumbering §782 in the reported bill, and adding new §§782-787 to the Senate-passed bill. The three floor amendments that were offered but not adopted by vote were S.Amdt. 3115, S.Amdt. 3414, and S.Amdt. 3113.

6.

CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.

7.

References to 302(a) and 302(b) are to sections of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.

8.

CRS Report R44296, Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution.

9.

House Committee on Appropriations, "Committee Approves Numerous FY26 Subcommittee Allocations," June 11, 2025, press release, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/committee-approves-numerous-fy26-subcommittee-allocations.

10.

See CRS Report RL30240, Congressional Oversight Manual.

11.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, committee print, 118th Cong., 2nd sess., Division B (Agriculture), H.R. 4366/ P.L. 118-42, H.Prt. 55007, p. 195, https://www.congress.gov/118/cprt/HPRT55007/CPRT-118HPRT55007.pdf.

12.

CRS Report R48471, Agriculture Appropriations: Earmarks Disclosed from FY2022 to FY2024.

13.

"For the purpose of this clause, the term 'congressional earmark' means a provision or report language included primarily at the request of a Member, Delegate, Resident Commissioner, or Senator providing, authorizing or recommending a specific amount of discretionary budget authority, credit authority, or other spending authority for a contract, loan, loan guarantee, grant, loan authority, or other expenditure with or to an entity, or targeted to a specific State, locality or congressional district, other than through a statutory or administrative formula driven or competitive award process." See Rules of the House of Representatives, 119th Congress, Rule XXI, Clause 9(e), https://rules.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/rules.house.gov/files/documents/houserules119thupdated.pdf.

14.

House Appropriations Committee, "Committee Releases FY2026 Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA Bill," and "Summary" at https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/committee-releases-fy26-agriculture-rural-development-fda-bill, June 4, 2025.

15.

CRS analysis of H.Rept. 119-172 and "Community Project Funding" (table).

16.

CRS analysis of S.Rept. 119-37 and "Congressionally Directed Spending Items" (table).