H.Con.Res. 14: The Budget Resolution for FY2025

H.Con.Res. 14: The Budget Resolution for FY2025

H.Con.Res. 14: The Budget Resolution for FY2025

May 9, 2025 (R48532)
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Contents

Introduction

Legislative History

Budgetary Totals

Reconciliation Directives

Reserve Funds

Other Procedural Provisions

Policy Statements in the House

Tables

Table 1. Budgetary Totals Included in H.Con.Res. 14

Table 2. Reconciliation Directives to House and Senate Committees Included in H.Con.Res. 14

Summary

In April 2025, the House and Senate adopted H.Con.Res. 14, a budget resolution for FY2025. The budget resolution generally represents an agreement between the House and Senate on a budgetary plan for the upcoming fiscal year. Certain budgetary levels established in the budget resolution may be enforceable by points of order during subsequent floor consideration of budgetary legislation in the House and Senate. In addition, the budget resolution may trigger the budget reconciliation process, which allows Congress to develop and consider certain budgetary legislation using expedited procedures.

H.Con.Res. 14 establishes aggregate budgetary levels related to total revenues, spending, the deficit, and the public debt for FY2025-FY2034. It also includes several other provisions, most of which relate to the congressional budget process. These include reserve fund provisions, other provisions related to budget procedure in the House and Senate, and policy statements in the House.

For Congress to use the reconciliation process, it must first adopt a budget resolution that includes reconciliation directives. Title II of H.Con.Res. 14 includes reconciliation directives to 11 House committees and 10 Senate committees instructing each to develop and submit legislation within their jurisdictions increasing or reducing the deficit by a specified amount by May 9, 2025. H.Con.Res. 14 also includes instructions directing committees to report legislation increasing the statutory debt limit. The House Committee on Ways and Means is directed to submit such changes by May 9, while the Senate Committee on Finance is directed to submit by May 16.

Introduction

The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (the Budget Act) provides for the annual adoption of a concurrent resolution on the budget—known as the budget resolution—to serve as an agreement between the House and Senate on a framework within which Congress will consider budgetary legislation over a specified period.¹ Because a concurrent resolution is not law, it is not signed by the President and no money can be raised or spent as a result of its adoption. Instead, the budget resolution is intended to allow Congress to make decisions on overall fiscal and policy priorities that are enforceable during subsequent consideration of budgetary measures.² In addition, the adoption of a budget resolution containing reconciliation directives to committees is required to trigger the budget reconciliation process.³

In April 2025, the House and Senate each adopted H.Con.Res. 14, a budget resolution for FY2025 (the fiscal year that began on October 1, 2024).⁴ H.Con.Res. 14 establishes aggregate budgetary levels related to total revenues, spending, the deficit, and the public debt for the current fiscal year (FY2025) and the subsequent nine fiscal years (FY2026-FY2034). The budget resolution also triggers the reconciliation process by including reconciliation directives to 11 House committees and 10 Senate committees. In addition, the resolution includes reserve fund provisions, other provisions related to budget procedure in the House and Senate, and statements of policy in the House. This report summarizes the provisions adopted in H.Con.Res. 14.

Legislative History

In order for a budget resolution to have force and effect, both chambers must adopt an identical version of the same concurrent resolution.

On February 21, 2025, the Senate adopted S.Con.Res. 7, a budget resolution for FY2025. The House adopted a different budget resolution for FY2025—H.Con.Res. 14—on February 25, 2025. The budget resolutions initially adopted by the House and Senate differed in several key ways, most notably in their approach to reconciliation directives.⁵

After several weeks of negotiations, on April 3, 2025, the Senate began consideration of H.Con.Res. 14.⁶ The chair of the Senate Budget Committee offered an amended version of the FY2025 budget resolution as an amendment in the nature of a substitute (ANS) to H.Con.Res. 14.⁷ Prior to adoption, the Senate considered 28 amendments to the ANS, one of which was adopted.⁸ On April 5, 2025, the Senate agreed to the ANS by unanimous consent and then agreed to the amended version of H.Con.Res. 14 by a vote of 51-48.⁹

The House, on April 9, 2025, adopted H.Res. 313, a special rule providing for the consideration of the Senate amendment to H.Con.Res. 14. The House did not consider any further amendments to the budget resolution. On April 10, 2025, the House agreed to a motion to concur with the Senate amendment to H.Con.Res. 14 by a vote of 216-214, thus adopting the FY2025 budget resolution.¹⁰

Budgetary Totals

Under the Budget Act, a budget resolution is required to include certain budgetary totals for the budget year¹¹ and at least four additional fiscal years.¹² These include, for each fiscal year covered by the budget resolution:

total new budget authority and outlays;

total federal revenues and the amount (if any) by which federal revenues should be changed by subsequent legislation;

the surplus or deficit;

new budget authority and outlays, allocated from the totals, for each major functional category;

the level of public debt; and

tor the purposes of Senate enforcement, the outlays and revenues of the Social Security program.

Once both chambers have adopted the budget resolution, certain budgetary levels contained in it may be enforced through points of order during the floor consideration of budgetary legislation.¹³ Certain budgetary totals included in H.Con.Res. 14 are included in Table 1.

Table 1. Budgetary Totals Included in H.Con.Res. 14

In Millions of Dollars

Fiscal Year

Revenues

Outlays

Deficits

Debt Held by the Public

2025

$3,699,743

$4,636,008

$936,265

$29,294,843

2026

$3,850,222

$4,811,854

$961,632

$30,468,366

2027

$3,935,426

$5,009,263

$1,073,837

$31,782,489

2028

$4,064,380

$5,304,033

$1,239,653

$33,298,095

2029

$4,187,266

$5,364,632

$1,177,366

$34,781,086

2030

$4,388,684

$5,654,106

$1,265,422

$36,380,984

2031

$4,600,466

$5,882,786

$1,282,320

$38,027,730

2032

$4,800,588

$6,121,866

$1,321,278

$39,759,791

2033

$5,020,540

$6,487,182

$1,466,642

$41,652,745

2034

$5,242,537

$6,647,428

$1,404,891

$43,515,483

Source: Section 1101 of H.Con.Res. 14.

Reconciliation Directives

The first step in the reconciliation process, and a requirement for its subsequent use, is the adoption of a budget resolution by both chambers that includes reconciliation directives (also referred to as reconciliation instructions).¹⁴ These directives instruct individual committees in the House and Senate to develop and report legislation that would change laws within their jurisdictions related to mandatory (direct) spending, revenue, or the debt limit.¹⁵ Such reconciliation legislation is then eligible to be considered under special expedited procedures in both the House and the Senate. These procedures are especially important in the Senate, as they include a limit on debate time. This means the legislation does not require the support of three-fifths of Senators to bring debate to a close and, therefore, can pass the Senate with the support of only a simple majority of Senators.

Title II of H.Con.Res. 14 includes reconciliation directives to 11 House committees and 10 Senate committees, instructing each to develop and report legislation within their jurisdictions increasing or reducing the deficit by specified amounts over FY2025-FY2034.¹⁶ In addition, it includes directives to the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee to develop and report legislation increasing the statutory debt limit. Reconciliation directives to House and Senate committees included in H.Con.Res. 14 are listed in Table 2.

Reconciliation directives included in H.Con.Res. 14 differ between the House and Senate with respect to the overall budgetary targets. In the House, the budget resolution directs four committees to submit recommended changes that increase the deficit by a combined total of no more than $4.8 trillion over FY2025-FY2034. House committees with directives to reduce the deficit specify a combined total of at least $1.502 trillion over FY2025-FY2034. The directive to the House Ways and Means Committee to submit changes in law increasing the statutory debt limit specifies an increase of no more than $4 trillion. In the Senate, however, the budget resolution directs six Senate committees to submit recommended changes that increase the deficit by a combined total of no more than $2.021 trillion over FY2025-FY2034 and directs four Senate committees to submit recommended changes reducing the deficit by a combined total of no less than $4 billion over FY2025-FY2034.¹⁷ The directive to the Senate Finance Committee to submit changes in law increasing the statutory debt limit specifies an increase of no more than $5 trillion.

The budget resolution directs most instructed House and Senate committees to submit their recommended changes to their chambers' Budget Committees not later than May 9, 2025.¹⁸ The directive to the Senate Finance Committee to submit changes in law increasing the statutory debt limit, however, specifies that the committee shall submit such changes not later than May 16, 2025.¹⁹ The House and Senate Budget Committees are then required to package all submitted committee responses together into an omnibus budget reconciliation bill and report the measure to their respective chambers without "any substantive revision."²⁰ There is no procedural mechanism for requiring a committee to submit legislation in response to its directive. Each chamber may, however, employ methods of moving forward with reconciliation legislation and include legislative language that falls within an instructed committee's jurisdiction in the event that the committee has not submitted by the deadline.²¹

Table 2. Reconciliation Directives to House and Senate Committees Included in H.Con.Res. 14

House Committee Directives

Senate Committee Directives

Committee

Type of Instruction

Amount, FY2025-FY2034 (in Billions)a

Committee

Type of Instruction

Amount, FY2025-FY2034 (in Billions)

Agriculture

Reduce deficit

-$230

Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry

Reduce deficit

-$1

Armed Services

Increase deficit

+$100

Armed Services

Increase deficit

+$150

Education and Workforce

Reduce deficit

-$330

Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Reduce deficit

-$1

Energy and Commerce

Reduce deficit

-$880

Commerce, Science, and Transportation

Increase deficit

+$20

Financial Services

Reduce deficit

-$1

Energy and Natural Resources

Reduce deficit

-$1

Homeland Security

Increase deficit

+$90

Environment and Public Works

Increase deficit

+$1

Judiciary

Increase deficit

+$110

Finance

Increase deficit

+$1,500

Natural Resources

Reduce deficit

-$1

Increase debt limit

+$5,000

Oversight and Government Reform

Reduce deficit

-$50

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

Reduce deficit

-$1

Transportation and Infrastructure

Reduce deficit

-$10

Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

Increase deficit

+$175b

Ways and Means

Increase deficit

+$4,500

Judiciary

Increase deficit

+$175b

Increase debt limit

+$4,000

Minimum Deficit Reduction

$1,502 billionc

Minimum Deficit Reduction

$4 billion

Maximum Deficit Increase

$4,800 billionc

Maximum Deficit Increase

$2,021 billion

Source: Title II, Sections 2001 and 2002 of H.Con.Res. 14.

a. For the purpose of this table, a minus (-) indicates an instruction to decrease the deficit, and a plus (+) indicates an instruction to increase the deficit. Instructions to decrease the deficit are considered a minimum, or floor, while instructions to increase the deficit are considered a maximum, or ceiling.

b. According to statements from the chair of the Senate Budget Committee, the instructions to the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the Judiciary Committees in the Senate to each increase the deficit by no more than $175 billion are intended to be combined instructions. In other words, it is reportedly intended that the submissions for both committees in each chamber, together, would increase the deficit by no more than $175 billion. Procedurally, however, there is nothing precluding these committees from submitting legislation that would each respectively increase the deficit by no more than $175 billion (for a total of $350 billion). See Senate Committee on the Budget, "Chairman Graham Statement After Senate Agrees to Budget Resolution to Secure the Border, Revitalize Our Military and Unleash American Energy," press release, February 21, 2025, https://www.budget.senate.gov/chairman/newsroom/press/chairman-graham-statement-after-senate-agrees-to-budget-resolution-to-secure-the-border-revitalize-our-military-and-unleash-american-energy.

c. Section 4001 of H.Con.Res. 14 establishes that if the House committees directed to decrease the deficit do not submit reconciliation recommendations that, on a net basis, decrease the deficit by at least $2 trillion over FY2025-FY2034, then the instruction to the Ways and Means Committee to increase the deficit must be lowered by the amount that such recommendations fall below $2 trillion. Conversely, if the House committees directed to decrease the deficit do submit reconciliation recommendations that, on a net basis, decrease the deficit by more than $2 trillion over FY2025-FY2034, then the instruction to the Ways and Means Committee to increase the deficit must be increased by the amount that such recommendations exceed $2 trillion.

Reserve Funds

Budget resolutions often include provisions known as "reserve funds," which provide the chairs of the House or Senate Budget Committees the authority to adjust the budgetary levels included in the budget resolution to accommodate the subsequent consideration of certain legislation or policies.²² Generally, the procedural effect of a reserve fund is to allow certain legislation or policies to be considered on the floor of the House and/or Senate without triggering points of order for violating the budgetary levels in the budget resolution. Some reserve funds require that the net budgetary impact of the specified legislation or policy not increase the deficit or not increase spending. Such reserve funds are often referred to, respectively, as "deficit neutral" or "spending neutral" reserve funds.

While reserve funds may have a procedural effect, they do not have any direct effect on spending or revenues. Additionally, they do not require Congress to take subsequent action on the legislation and/or policies they relate to, nor do they prohibit Congress from taking any future action. Reserve funds have sometimes been characterized as a way for Senators to receive a nonbinding vote on a certain policy or to signal support or opposition for a certain policy in the same manner as a "sense of the Senate" provision.²³

Title III of H.Con.Res. 14 includes five reserve fund provisions. One such reserve fund applies to both the House and the Senate, while the remaining four apply only to the Senate. Section 3001 of the budget resolution includes a reserve fund allowing the chairs of the House and Senate Budget Committees, respectively, to adjust the budgetary levels in the budget resolution to accommodate the consideration of a reconciliation bill developed pursuant to the reconciliation directives included in the budget resolution.²⁴ Section 3001(b) also exempts such a reconciliation measure from other budget enforcement rules in the Senate.²⁵

The four remaining reserve funds in Title III of H.Con.Res. 14 apply only in the Senate. These provisions provide the chair of the Senate Budget Committee the authority to adjust the budgetary levels included in the budget resolution to accommodate the subsequent consideration of certain legislation or policies. This authority applies to one or more bills, joint resolutions, amendments, amendments between the chambers, motions, or conference reports that, according to H.Con.Res. 14, would:

relate to government deregulation (Section 3002);

reduce the deficit (through reconciliation, executive action, or rescissions) by more than $2 trillion over 10 years (Section 3003);

relate to using a current policy baseline regarding tax policy (Section 3004); and

relate to "strengthening and improving" the Medicaid program and "extending the life" of Medicare's Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (Section 3005).

Other Procedural Provisions

Title IV of H.Con.Res. 14 includes several other procedural provisions, some of which are commonly included in budget resolutions. These include the following:

A provision establishing that if the House committees that received reconciliation directives to decrease the deficit do not submit recommendations that, on a net basis, decrease the deficit by at least $2 trillion over FY2025-FY2034, then the directive to the Ways and Means Committee to increase the deficit must be lowered by the amount such recommendations fall below $2 trillion (Section 4001(a)).²⁶ Conversely, the provision establishes that if the House committees that received reconciliation directives to decrease the deficit do submit recommendations that, on a net basis, decrease the deficit by more than $2 trillion over FY2025-FY2034, then the instruction to the Ways and Means Committee to increase the deficit must be increased by the amount such recommendations exceed $2 trillion (Section 4001(b)).²⁷

A provision relating to committee spending allocations in the House and Senate, known as 302(a) allocations (Section 4002). The Budget Act requires that the budget resolution allocate total spending among committees with jurisdiction over spending and requires such allocations be included in the joint explanatory statement accompanying the conference report on the budget resolution.²⁸ 302(a) allocations serve as a procedural limit on the total spending under a specific committee's jurisdiction. This provision states that, in the event H.Con.Res. 14 is agreed to without the House and Senate engaging in a conference committee (and therefore issuing a joint explanatory statement), the chairs of the House and Senate Budget Committees must each submit a statement for publication in the Congressional Record establishing 302(a) allocations. (The House and Senate did not engage in a conference report for H.Con.Res. 14.)

A provision requiring that the House and Senate Appropriations Committees receive separate allocations for discretionary administrative expenses of the Social Security Administration and the U.S. Postal Service (Section 4003).

A provision establishing that any adjustments of budgetary levels made by the chairs of the House or Senate Budget Committees pursuant to authorities provided by the budget resolution will apply when the relevant measure is under consideration, take effect upon the enactment of that measure, and be published in the Congressional Record as soon as practicable (Section 4004). This provision also establishes that the budgetary levels used for the purposes of enforcing the budget resolution are to be determined by the chairs of the House and Senate Budget Committees.

A provision granting the chairs of the House and Senate Budget Committees the authority to adjust the budgetary levels adopted in the budget resolution to reflect changes in budgetary concepts and definitions (Section 4005).

A provision granting the chairs of the House and Senate Budget Committees the authority to adjust the budgetary levels adopted in the budget resolution to reflect changes resulting from the Congressional Budget Office updating the baseline for FY2025-FY2034 (Section 4006).

A provision establishing that the provisions in Title IV of the budget resolution are adopted as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House and Senate (Section 4007). This means that (1) such provisions shall be considered as part of the rules of each chamber (or to the chamber in which they specifically apply) and that such rules supersede other rules to the extent they are inconsistent with such existing rules, and (2) the House and/or Senate may change the rules adopted in the budget resolution at any time in the same manner as any other rule of the House and/or Senate.

Policy Statements in the House

Title V of H.Con.Res. 14 includes three provisions expressing policy statements in the House. These provisions have no procedural or budgetary effect but rather serve to express the findings and policy goals of the budget resolution with regard to certain issues. Policy statements in the House adopted in the budget resolution include the following:

A provision expressing that it is the policy of the budget resolution that the House pursue policies that "embrace the free market and promote economic growth policies" (Section 5001).

A provision expressing that it is the goal of the budget resolution that the House reduce mandatory spending by $2 trillion over FY2025-FY2034 (Section 5002).

A provision expressing that it is the policy of the budget resolution that the House pursue government deregulation, among other matters (Section 5003).

Footnotes

1.

Titles I-IX of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, codified as amended at 2 U.S.C. §§601-688.

2.

For more on the budget resolution, see CRS Report R48284, The Congressional Budget Resolution: Frequently Asked Questions, by Tori Gorman.

3.

For more on the budget reconciliation process, see CRS Report R48444, The Reconciliation Process: Frequently Asked Questions, by Tori Gorman.

4.

While the Budget Act states that the budget resolution should pertain to the upcoming fiscal year, Congress has on occasion adopted a budget resolution for a fiscal year already in progress. Doing so may increase the number of opportunities for Congress to trigger the reconciliation process over the course of a single calendar year. For example, in both 2017 and 2021, Congress adopted a budget resolution for the fiscal year already in progress, which was used to trigger reconciliation, and subsequently, Congress adopted a budget resolution for the succeeding year, triggering a second round of reconciliation.

5.

For more on the reconciliation directives in S.Con.Res. 7 and H.Con.Res. 14 (as adopted by the House on February 25, 2025), see CRS Report R48474, Reconciliation Instructions in the House and Senate FY2025 Budget Resolutions: In Brief, by Drew C. Aherne and Megan S. Lynch.

6.

The Senate agreed to a motion to proceed to consideration of H.Con.Res. 14 on April 3, 2025, by a vote of 52-48. Record of this vote is available at https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00169.htm.

7.

S.Amdt. 1717, 119th Congress.

8.

The Senate agreed to S.Amdt. 2035 (to S.Amdt. 1717), which established a deficit-neutral reserve fund related to protecting Medicare and Medicaid, by a vote of 51-48. Record of this vote is available at https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00170.htm.

9.

Record of this vote is available at https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00191.htm.

10.

Record of this vote is available at https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2025100.

11.

The budget year refers to the fiscal year for which the budget is being considered. The budget year for a given budget resolution may refer to the upcoming fiscal year (if the budget resolution is adopted prior to the start of the fiscal year on October 1) or the current fiscal year (if the budget resolution is adopted after the start of the fiscal year on October 1).

12.

Although required to cover at least five total fiscal years, budget resolutions may cover longer periods. In current practice, it is typical for budget resolutions to cover 10 total fiscal years including the budget year and the nine subsequent fiscal years.

13.

This means that if legislation is being considered on the House or Senate floor that would violate certain levels contained in the budget resolution, a Member may raise a point of order against the consideration of that legislation. Points of order can be raised against bills, resolutions, amendments, or conference reports. If such a point of order is raised against legislation for violating levels in the budget resolution, the presiding officer makes a ruling on the point of order based on estimates provided by the relevant budget committee. The process for waiving points of order varies by chamber. Generally, such points of order can be waived in the House by a simple majority of Members and in the Senate by three-fifths of all Senators. For more on points of order in the congressional budget process, see CRS Report R47413, Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process, by James V. Saturno and Megan S. Lynch.

14.

For more on the stages of the reconciliation process, see CRS Report R44058, The Budget Reconciliation Process: Stages of Consideration, by Megan S. Lynch and James V. Saturno.

15.

For more on reconciliation directives, see CRS Report R41186, Reconciliation Directives: Components and Enforcement, by Megan S. Lynch.

16.

Reconciliation directives to increase or reduce the deficit allow for committees to develop and report legislation changing mandatory spending and/or revenues under their jurisdictions so long as the net deficit effect is consistent with the target specified in their instructions. Instructions to reduce the deficit include a dollar amount that is considered a minimum ("not less than")—sometimes referred to as a floor—meaning the committee may report legislation that would reduce the deficit by more than the amount specified but not less. Conversely, directives to increase the deficit are considered a maximum ("not more than")—sometimes referred to as a ceiling—meaning that the committees may report legislation increasing the deficit by less than the amount specified but not more. Directives to increase the statutory debt limit include a dollar amount that is also considered a maximum, or ceiling.

17.

The Senate's "Byrd rule" (Section 313 of the Budget Act, codified at 2 U.S.C. §644) prohibits "material extraneous to the instructions to a committee" from being included in a reconciliation bill or offered as an amendment to a reconciliation bill. One definition of extraneous under the rule is any provision increasing outlays or decreasing revenues when the relevant instructed committee is not in compliance with its reconciliation directive (Section 313(b)(1)(B) of the Budget Act, codified as amended at 2 U.S.C. §644(b)(1)(B)). For more on the Senate's Byrd rule, see CRS Report RL30862, The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate's "Byrd Rule", by Bill Heniff Jr.

18.

Section 2001(a) (House) and Section 2002(a) (Senate) of H.Con.Res. 14.

19.

Section 2002(b) of H.Con.Res. 14.

20.

Pursuant to Section 310(b)(2) of the Budget Act. In fulfilling this requirement, the Budget Committee will typically hold a business meeting before voting to report to the chamber. While amendments to a reconciliation bill are not in order during Budget Committee markup, members of the committee may still communicate support for or opposition to the underlying legislation.

21.

In the House, if a committee has not responded to a reconciliation directive, Section 310(d)(5) of the Budget Act states that the House Rules Committee may make in order amendments to a reconciliation bill to satisfy reconciliation directives. In the Senate, if a committee has not responded to a reconciliation directive, it may still be possible to consider reconciliation legislation on the Senate floor that would satisfy the committee's directive. For example, legislation satisfying the reconciliation directive of a committee or committees that have not submitted recommended changes to the Senate Budget Committee may be proposed as a floor amendment. In addition, it would be in order for a Senator to offer a motion to recommit the bill to that committee with instructions that it report the measure back to the Senate forthwith with an amendment. Unlike amendments to the reconciliation bill, the motion to recommit would not have to be germane if it were made in this situation.

22.

For more information on reserve funds, see CRS Report R47277, Reserve Funds in the Congressional Budget Process: Frequently Asked Questions, by Megan S. Lynch.

23.

Senators have sometimes expressed concern regarding reserve funds and whether their presence would result in legislative questions—which would otherwise have required a three-fifths threshold in the Senate—being agreed to with only a simple majority. Such a reserve fund provision, however, would have an impact only on whether a budgetary point of order could be made. It would not affect the Senate's other rules and procedural requirements (such as the cloture process) and the possibility that the measure would need three-fifths of the Senate to agree to end debate on a legislative question (such as final passage). A colloquy on this subject occurred on the Senate floor. Sens. Portman and Murray, "Budget Act Section 114(c)," Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160, part 2 (January 7, 2014), p. S67. For more information on the cloture process, see CRS Report 98-425, Invoking Cloture in the Senate, by Christopher M. Davis.

24.

Section 3001(a) provides this authority in the House, and Section 3001(b) provides this authority in the Senate. The reserve fund gives the chairs of the Budget Committees in the House and Senate the authority to adjust the "allocations of a committee or committees, aggregates, and other appropriate levels in this resolution" to accommodate the consideration of a reconciliation bill pursuant to the directives included in the budget resolution.

25.

Section 3001(b)(1) allows the chair of the Senate Budget Committee to adjust the Senate's pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) ledger to accommodate the reconciliation measure, effectively exempting it from the Senate's PAYGO rule. For more on the Senate PAYGO rule, see CRS Report RL31943, Budget Enforcement Procedures: The Senate Pay-As-You-Go (PAYGO) Rule, by Bill Heniff Jr. Section 3001(b)(3) exempts the reconciliation measure from the Senate's short-term deficit point of order (Section 404 of S.Con.Res. 13 (111th Congress), as amended by Section 3201(b)(2) of S.Con.Res. 11 (114th Congress)) and the Senate's long-term deficit point of order (Section 3101 of S.Con.Res. 11 (114th Congress)). For more on these points of order, see CRS Report R47413, Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process, by James V. Saturno and Megan S. Lynch.

26.

This provision also requires upward or downward adjustments to the 302(a) allocation to the House Ways and Means Committee and the aggregates of budget authority, outlays, and revenues included in the budget resolution.

27.

Section 4001(c) establishes that no adjustments may be made pursuant to this section unless the chair of the House Budget Committee, using estimates produce by the Congressional Budget Office and/or the Joint Committee on Taxation, certify in writing that the recommendations from relevant committees do or do not achieve a net deficit reduction of $2 trillion over FY2025-FY2034.

28.

For more on these allocations, see CRS Report R47388, Enforceable Spending Allocations in the Congressional Budget Process: 302(a)s and 302(b)s, by Drew C. Aherne.