Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Updated December 20, 2024

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov

R47094

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Tables

Table 1. Concurrent Resolutions under the AECA .......................................................................... 3

Table 2. Joint Resolutions of Disapproval under AECA ................................................................ 11

Contacts

Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 23

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

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Introduction

Under the Foreign Military Sales Act (FMSA) of 1968, Congress delegated authority to the President to sell and transfer defense articles, defense services and related training to foreign governments.¹ Due to concern over rapidly growing U.S. arms sales in the 1970s,² Congress amended the FMSA in 1974 to include procedures for Congress to block proposed arms sales by passing concurrent resolutions of disapproval, at Section 36 (22 U.S.C. §2776).³ Concurrent resolutions must be passed in the same form by both houses, but they do not require the signature of the president and do not have the force of law. These procedures were later expanded under the renamed Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976 and in subsequent amendments.⁴ In 1986, Congress amended the AECA to require enactment of a joint resolution of disapproval to block an arms sale.⁵ Joint Resolutions require the approval of both Chambers in identical form and the

1 P.L. 90-629 P.L. 90-629; 22 U.S.C. §§2751 et seq. For information about the process by which the executive notifies Congress about arms sales, including notification thresholds and time periods, see CRS Report RL31675, Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process, by Paul K. Kerr.

2 “Congress Weighs New Controls on Arms Sales,” in CQ Almanac, 1975, 31st ed., 356-60. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1976, at http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal75-1214225.

3 The Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-559, §45) amended the Foreign Military Sales Act to require the President to submit a statement notifying Congress of the intent to offer to sell defense items worth $25 million or more. Under the provision, referred to as the Nelson-Bingham Amendment, the President could not proceed with a sale if Congress disapproved of the sale within 20 days of receipt of the statement by passage of a concurrent resolution stating Congress’ objection to the proposed sale, “unless the President in his statement certifies that an emergency exists which requires such sale in the national security interests of the United States.” Adopting a concurrent resolution requires a majority vote in both chambers to take effect. It does not go to the President for his signature or veto. For more information, see “$2.7-Billion Authorized for Foreign AID,” in CQ Almanac 1974, 30th ed., 533-47. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1975, at http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal74-1221325.

4 In 1976, the AECA (P.L. 94-329, 90 Stat. 729) changed the period of time in which the President notifies Congress of AECA activities from 20 to 30 days. It also added a notification requirement for the sale of major defense equipment with a $7 million threshold. Congress amended the threshold in later years. For instance, the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-533, 94 Stat. 3131) added a notification requirement for the sale of design and construction services with a $200 million threshold. The International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-113, 95 Stat. 1519) changed the $7 million threshold to $14 million and the $25 million threshold to $50 million. Additional amendments to the AECA allowed for joint resolutions of disapproval to prevent commercial sales and leases of defense equipment. See also the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-533, §107, 94 Stat. 3131, 3136-37), and International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-113, 95 Stat. 1519-21, 1524-26).

5 In 1974, when Congress amended the Foreign Military Sales Act, it added language to provide for Congress to adopt a concurrent resolution to block an arms transfer. Congress amended the AECA in 1986 to require Congress to pass a joint resolution of disapproval (JRD), which would require a presidential signature or a subsequent override of a likely presidential veto, to block an arms sale. If Congress does not enact a JRD, the sale can move forward. Aside from JRDs under the AECA, Congress can also block an arms sale through other means, by passing legislation modifying, conditioning, or permitting a sale through the regular legislative process. See, A bill to amend the Arms Export Control Act to require that congressional vetoes of certain arms export proposals be enacted into law (P.L. 99-247, §1(b), (c), February 12, 1986, 100 Stat. 9).

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

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president's signature to become law. This Fact Sheet lists the concurrent and joint resolutions of disapproval that have been introduced under the AECA.⁶

This Fact Sheet is a research aid that lists, in chronological order, the concurrent resolutions (Table 1) and joint resolutions (Table 2) of disapproval under the AECA related to foreign military sales (FMS), direct commercial sales (DCS), commercial technical assistance, or manufacturing licensing agreements.⁷ It includes pertinent information on the concurrent and joint resolutions as they progressed through the legislative process, including bill number, title, date introduced, and final status. Each bill number includes a hyperlink to the bill’s record in Congress.gov. This Fact Sheet will be updated as legislative activity warrants.

CRS has identified 171 concurrent resolutions and 127 joint resolutions of disapproval (JRDs) that have been introduced since Congress amended the FMSA in 1974. Among the 298 concurrent and joint resolutions: 269 related to FMS, citing Section 36(b) of the AECA, and 27 applied to DCS, citing Section 36(c). Six JRDs referred to commercial technical assistance or manufacturing licensing agreements (Section 36(d) of the AECA); however only two of those six resolutions reference Section 36(d) of the AECA without also referencing Sections 36(b) or (c).⁸

In the tables below, resolutions in italics concerned Direct Commercial Sales; resolutions in bold concerned commercial technical assistance or manufacturing licensing agreements, referencing Section 36(d) only; all others concerned Foreign Military Sales. CRS used Congress.gov to build the list of the concurrent resolutions and JRDs. There may be inadvertent omissions.

As seen in Table 1, all of the concurrent resolutions were referred to their respective committees; however, only three were released by their committees. Only one of the concurrent resolutions received a floor vote by both chambers—H.Con.Res. 194, which objected to President Ronald Reagan’s 1981 proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of E-3A airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft, Sidewinder missiles, and Boeing 707 refueling aircraft. The House agreed to the resolution by a yea-nay vote of 301-111, but the Senate rejected the measure by a yea-nay vote of 48-52. The Senate indefinitely postponed its companion measure, S.Con.Res. 37, by voice vote on November 5, 1981. The Senate introduced numerous concurrent resolutions of disapproval in 1976, but none were passed by either chamber.⁹

As seen in Table 2, only one joint resolution became public law—S.J.Res. 228, A Joint Resolution Relating to the Proposed Sales of Arms to Jordan (P.L. 99-162). Although the public law led President Reagan to postpone a major arms sale to Jordan at least until early 1986,

6 Following enactment of amendments to the Foreign Military Sales Act in 1976 that renamed the act as the Arms Export Control Act, several concurrent resolutions of disapproval continued to reference the Foreign Military Sales Act, rather than the AECA.

7 FMS involve government-to-government sales of major defense items, governed under Section 36(b) of the AECA. DCS refer to private sales between U.S. manufacturers and foreign entities, governed under Section 36(c) of the AECA. For an overview of the AECA, including the distinctions between FMS and DCS, see CRS Report RL31675, Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process, by Paul K. Kerr.

8 Section 36(d) of the AECA “contains similar notification requirements, though not reporting thresholds, for commercial technical assistance or manufacturing licensing agreements. As with arms sales, Congress can block any of these reportable transactions by enacting a joint resolution of disapproval as stipulated in the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) (see 22 U.S.C. 2753, 2776, 2796).” See CRS Report RL31675, Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process, by Paul K. Kerr.

9 “Congress Declines to Block Arms Sales.” In CQ Almanac 1976, 32nd ed., 253-56. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1977, at http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal76-1189605.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

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Congress has never successfully blocked a proposed arms sale via a joint resolution of disapproval.¹⁰

Table 1. Concurrent Resolutions under the AECA

(in order of introduction)

Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

H.Con.Res. 88 Concurrent resolution expressing the disapproval of the Congress pursuant to Section 36(b) of the Foreign Military Sales Act, concerning a U.S. Army offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Turkey.

1/31/1975

S.Con.Res. 50 Concurrent resolution relating to the sale of improved Hawk Missiles and Redeye Missiles to Jordan.

7/11/1975

H.Con.Res. 404

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of certain defense services to Saudi Arabia.

9/23/1975

H.Con.Res. 453

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Kuwait of air-to-air missiles.

10/21/1975

H.Con.Res. 507

Concurrent resolution disapproving certain sales of defense articles to Saudi Arabia.

12/10/1975

H.Con.Res. 517

Concurrent resolution objecting to a proposed sale of F-15 aircraft to Israel. 12/17/1975

H.Con.Res. 554

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-25).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 555

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-27).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 556

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter to offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-28).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 557

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter to offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-29).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 558

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-30).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 559

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-31).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 560

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal No. 76-32).

2/19/1976

H.Con.Res. 561

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-25).

2/26/1976

H.Con.Res. 562

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-27).

2/26/1976

H.Con.Res. 563

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-28).

2/26/1976

H.Con.Res. 564

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-29).

2/26/1976

10 For more information on S.J.Res. 228 (P.L. 99-162) and the arms sale to Jordan, see “Reagan Accepts Hill Delay of Jordan Arms.” In CQ Almanac 1985, 41st ed., 93-96. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1986, at http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal85-1147306.

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

H.Con.Res. 565

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-30).

2/26/1976

H.Con.Res. 566

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-31).

2/26/1976

H.Con.Res. 567

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of military equipment to Saudi Arabia (transmittal 76-32).

2/26/1976

H.Con.Res. 568

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letters of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia.

2/26/1976

S.Con.Res. 99 A concurrent resolution relating to the proposed sale of airborne early warning aircraft to NATO.

3/4/1976

H.Con.Res. 576

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of certain military equipment to NATO (transmittal No. 76-41).

3/8/1976

H.Con.Res. 595

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell six C-130 aircraft to Egypt (transmittal No. 76-47).

3/29/1976

H.Con.Res. 597

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Egypt of C-130 aircraft and related support equipment.

3/30/1976

H.Con.Res. 599

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of C-130 aircraft to Egypt.

3/30/1976

H.Con.Res. 602

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Egypt of C-130 aircraft and related support equipment.

4/2/1976

H.Con.Res. 603

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell six C-130 aircraft to Egypt (transmittal No. 76-47).

4/5/1976

H.Con.Res. 610

Concurrent resolution expressing the sense of the Congress with respect to sales of defense articles and services to Egypt.

4/9/1976

H.Con.Res. 612

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell six C-130 aircraft to Egypt (transmittal No. 76-47).

4/12/1976

H.Con.Res. 691

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Kenya of F-5E/F aircraft and related equipment and training.

7/29/1976

S.Con.Res. 140

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of missiles to the Republic of Korea.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 141

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of tanks to the Republic of Korea.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 142

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of vehicles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 143

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 144

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of bombs to Israel. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 145

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft support to Iran.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 146

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of ammunition. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 147

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of bombs to Israel. 9/7/1976

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

S.Con.Res. 148

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of vehicles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 149

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of ammunition.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 150

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 151

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of helicopters to Israel. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 152

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of missiles to Norway. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 153

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of torpedoes.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 154

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft to Morocco. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 155

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft training and maintenance to West Germany.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 156

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft to the Republic of Korea.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 157

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft to the Philippines.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 158

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft and missiles to Singapore.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 159

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of a Naval training center.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 160

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of Air Force headquarters construction.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 161

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 162

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 163

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 164

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of aircraft. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 165

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 166

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of vehicles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 167

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of ammunition to Israel.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 168

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of missiles to Israel 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 169

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale of Saudi Arabia of air defense weapons.

9/7/1976

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

S.Con.Res. 170

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of torpedoes. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 171

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 172

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of National Guard Training and Modernization.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 173

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of certain aircraft. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 174

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of helicopters. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 175

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of construction to Saudi Arabia.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 176

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft to Australia. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 177

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of torpedoes.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 178

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of Sidewinder missiles.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 179

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of ammunition.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 180

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of 25 M88A1 recovery vehicles.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 181

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Pakistan of vehicles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 182

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of ammunition. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 183

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of certain aircraft.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 184

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 185

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of specified aircraft repair parts.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 186

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of helicopter repair parts.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 187

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 188

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of missiles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 189

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale to Iran of torpedoes. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 190

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft to the Philippines.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 191

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft and missiles to Singapore.

9/7/1976

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

S.Con.Res. 192

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of Air Force headquarters construction.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 193

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 194

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of a Naval training center.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 195

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 196

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of vehicles. 9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 197

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of National Guard Training and Modernization.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 198

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of air defense weapons.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 199

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/7/1976

S.Con.Res. 200

Expresses the objection of Congress to the sale to Saudi Arabia of certain aircraft. 9/7/1976

H.Con.Res. 738a

A resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-15).

9/8/1976

H.Con.Res. 739a

A resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-21).

9/8/1976

H.Con.Res. 740a

A resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-39).

9/8/1976

H.Con.Res. 747

A resolution disapproving certain proposed sales to Iran of defense articles and services.

9/10/1976

S.Con.Res. 203

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of aircraft to Israel. 9/14/1976

S.Con.Res. 204

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of howitzers to the Philippines.

9/14/1976

S.Con.Res. 205

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of missiles to Spain. 9/14/1976

S.Con.Res. 206

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of missile defense systems and missiles to Tunisia.

9/14/1976

S.Con.Res. 207

Expresses the objection of Congress to the proposed sale of armored personnel carriers to Kuwait.

9/14/1976

H.Con.Res. 750

A resolution disapproving certain proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and services.

9/15/1976

H.Con.Res. 755a

A resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-15).

9/17/1976

H.Con.Res. 756a

A resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-21).

9/17/1976

H.Con.Res. 757a

A resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-39).

9/17/1976

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

H.Con.Res. 760

A resolution disapproving certain proposed sales to Iran of defense articles and services.

9/20/1976

H.Con.Res. 764a

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-15).

9/23/1976

H.Con.Res. 765a

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-21).

9/23/1976

H.Con.Res. 766a

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed letter of offer to sell certain defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (transmittal numbered 7T-39).

9/23/1976

H.Con.Res. 768a

A concurrent resolution disapproving a proposed sale of defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (7T-15).

9/27/1976

H.Con.Res. 769a

A concurrent resolution disapproving a proposed sale of defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (7T-21).

9/27/1976

H.Con.Res. 770a

A concurrent resolution disapproving a proposed sale of defense articles and services to Saudi Arabia (7T-39).

9/27/1976

H.Con.Res. 773

A concurrent resolution disapproving certain proposed sales to the Philippines of defense articles and services.

9/27/1976

H.Con.Res. 774

A concurrent resolution disapproving certain proposed sales to Iran of defense articles and services.

9/28/1976

H.Con.Res. 775a

A concurrent resolution disapproving certain proposed sale to Saudi Arabia under the Foreign Military Sales Act described in transmittal numbered 7T-15.

9/28/1976

H.Con.Res. 776a

A concurrent resolution disapproving certain proposed sale to Saudi Arabia under the Foreign Military Sales Act described in transmittal numbered 7T-21.

9/28/1976

H.Con.Res. 777a

A concurrent resolution disapproving certain proposed sale to Saudi Arabia under the Foreign Military Sales Act described in transmittal numbered 7T-39.

9/28/1976

H.Con.Res. 275

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of airborne early warning aircraft to Iran.

7/11/1977

H.Con.Res. 287

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of airborne early warning aircraft to Iran.

7/15/1977

S.Con.Res. 36 Expresses Congressional objection to the sale of seven airborne early warning aircraft to Iran.

7/15/1977

H.Con.Res. 293

Concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of airborne early warning aircraft to Iran.

7/19/1977

H.Con.Res. 312

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale of airborne early warning aircraft to Iran.

7/27/1977

H.Con.Res. 367

Concurrent resolution objecting to proposed sales to Egypt of certain defense articles and services (transmittals 77-80 and 77-83 submitted by the President).

9/30/1977

S.Con.Res. 48 Expresses Congressional objection to the site of seven airborne early warning aircraft to Iran.

10/1/1977

H.Con.Res. 480

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of 60 F15 aircraft to Saudi Arabia which was announced by the Secretary of State on February 14, 1978.

2/15/1978

H.Con.Res. 481

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of 50 F5E aircraft to Egypt which was announced by the Secretary of State on February 14, 1978.

2/15/1978

H.Con.Res. 482

A resolution stating the intention of the Congress to disapprove the proposed sales, announced by the Secretary of State on February 14, 1978, of certain military aircraft to Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia.

2/15/1978

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

H.Con.Res. 484

A resolution stating Congressional disapproval of the proposed sales, announced by the Secretary of State on February 14, 1978, of certain military aircraft to Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

2/21/1978

H.Con.Res. 499

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of fifty F5E aircraft to Egypt which was announced by the Secretary of State on February 14th, 1978.

3/3/1978

H.Con.Res. 500

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of sixty F-15 aircraft to Saudi Arabia which was announced by the Secretary of State on February 14th, 1978.

3/3/1978

H.Con.Res. 585

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-16 aircraft to Israel (Transmittal No. 78-34).

5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 586

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-15 aircraft to Israel (Transmittal No. 78-33).

5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 587

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-5E and F-5F aircraft to Egypt (Transmittal No. 78-32).

5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 588

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-15 aircraft to Saudi Arabia (Transmittal No. 78-35).

5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 594

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-15 aircraft to Israel. 5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 595

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-16 aircraft to Israel. 5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 596

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-5E aircraft to Egypt. 5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 597

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of F-15 aircraft to Saudi Arabia. 5/1/1978

H.Con.Res. 598

A resolution disapproving the proposed sale of aircraft to Saudi Arabia. 5/1/1978

S.Con.Res. 81 A concurrent resolution expressing the objection of the Congress, pursuant to Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act, to the proposed sale of 50 F-5 aircraft (transmittal number 78-32, transmitted to Congress on April 28, 1978).

5/1/1978

S.Con.Res. 82 A concurrent resolution expressing the objection of the Congress, pursuant to Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act, to the proposed sale of 15 F-15 aircraft (transmittal number 78-33, transmitted to Congress on April 28,1978).

5/1/1978

S.Con.Res. 83 A concurrent resolution expressing the objection of the Congress, pursuant to Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act, to the proposed sale of 75 F-16 aircraft (transmittal number 78-34, transmitted to Congress on April 28, 1978).

5/1/1978

S.Con.Res. 84 A concurrent resolution expressing the objection of the Congress, pursuant to Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act, to the proposed sale of 60 F-15 aircraft (transmittal number 78-35, transmitted to Congress on April 28, 1978).

5/1/1978

S.Con.Res. 86b

Concurrent resolution relating to action by the Congress on certain sales of armaments to Egypt, Israel and Saudi Arabia.

5/11/1978

H.Con.Res. 117

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to England described in the statement submitted by the President (79-29).

5/4/1979

H.Con.Res. 135

A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale of management and contracting services to Saudi Arabia.

6/11/1979

H.Con.Res. 136

A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale of management and contracting services to Saudi Arabia.

6/11/1979

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

H.Con.Res. 137

A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale of management and contracting services to Saudi Arabia.

6/11/1979

H.Con.Res. 163

A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale of certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia.

7/17/1979

H.Con.Res. 174

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Israel of Improved Hawk air defense missiles (Transmittal No. 79-49).

8/2/1979

H.Con.Res. 175

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Israel of Dragon anti- tank missiles (Transmittal No. 79-50).

8/2/1979

H.Con.Res. 176

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Israel of M113A2 armored personnel carriers, M577A2 command post carriers, M548 cargo carriers, supporting equipment, and spare parts (Transmittal No. 79-58).

8/2/1979

H.Con.Res. 177

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Israel of M60A3 tanks (Transmittal No. 79-59).

8/2/1979

H.Con.Res. 178

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Israel of M109A1B 155mm self-propelled howitzers (Transmittal No. 79-60).

8/2/1979

H.Con.Res. 205

A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale of construction and modification services to Saudi Arabia.

10/30/1979

H.Con.Res. 226

A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale of certain defense articles to Saudi Arabia.

12/12/1979

H.Con.Res. 230

A concurrent resolution to disapprove the sale of smart bombs and missiles to Saudi Arabia.

12/18/1979

S.Con.Res. 71 A concurrent resolution stating the objection of the Congress to certain proposed sales of defense articles to Morocco.

1/29/1980

H.Con.Res. 396

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Jordan of 100 M60A3 tanks and related defense articles and services (Transmittal No. 80-82).

7/31/1980

H.Con.Res. 401

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Jordan of 100 M60A3 tanks and related defense articles and services (Transmittal No. 80-82).

8/19/1980

H.Con.Res. 408

A concurrent resolution to disapprove the proposed sale to Jordan of 100 M60A3 tanks (Transmittal No. 80-82).

8/21/1980

H.Con.Res. 443

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to the Republic of Korea of defense articles pursuant to a Cooperative Logistics Supply Support Arrangement (Transmittal No. 80-96).

10/1/1980

H.Con.Res. 90 A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of AIM- 9L air-to-air missiles and the FAST auxiliary fuel and equipment pods for the F-15 fighter aircraft ordered by Saudi Arabia.

3/10/1981

H.Con.Res. 117

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of AIM-9l air-to-air missiles, the FAST auxiliary fuel and equipment pods for the F-15 fighter, and the five (5) airborne warning and control aircraft (AWACS) ordered by Saudi Arabia.

4/27/1981

H.Con.Res. 118

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of five (5) airborne warning and control aircraft (AWACS) and conformal fuel tanks and air- to- air missiles for sixty-two (62) F-15 fighter aircraft.

4/27/1981

H.Con.Res. 170

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of AIM- 9L air-to-air missiles, the FAST auxiliary fuel and equipment pods for the F-15 fighter, and the five airborne warning and control aircraft (AWACS) ordered by Saudi Arabia.

8/4/1981

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Bill Number Title or Summary Date

Reported

S.Con.Res. 35 A concurrent resolution expressing the objection of the Congress to the proposed sale of certain defense articles, together with associated spare parts and equipment and related defense services, to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

9/17/1981

S.Con.Res.37c A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of E-3A Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, conformal fuel tanks for F-15 aircraft, AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles, and Boeing 707 aerial refueling aircraft.

10/1/1981

H.Con.Res. 194d

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of E-3A Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, conformal fuel tanks for F-15 aircraft, AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles, and Boeing 707 aerial refueling aircraft.

10/1/1981

H.Con.Res. 211

A concurrent resolution disapproving the proposed sale to Pakistan of F-16 aircraft.

10/28/1981

S.Con.Res. 48 A concurrent resolution disapproving the sale to Pakistan of F-16 aircraft. 11/10/1981

Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov. Notes: The table is current as of November 21, 2024. Each bill number includes a hyperlink to the bill’s record in Congress.gov. All concurrent resolutions involved Foreign Military Sales and were introduced and referred to their respective committees. Only one resolution, H.Con.Res. 194 made it to a floor vote by both chambers. a. The concurrent resolution referenced Section 36(b) of the Foreign Military Sales Act.

b. The resolution failed to pass in the Senate, roll call no. 161 (44-54).

c. It was reported favorably by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. However, the Senate indefinitely postponed it by voice vote.

d. The only concurrent resolution under the AECA that received a floor vote by both chambers. The resolution was agreed to in the House by a yea-nay vote of 301-111, but it was disagreed to in the Senate by a yea-nay vote of 48-52.

Table 2. Joint Resolutions of Disapproval under AECA

(in order of introduction)

Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 228 A joint resolution relating to the proposed sales of arms to Jordan.

10/24/1985 Senate passed by Yea-Nay Vote. 97-1. Roll Call No: 250. Passed House by Voice Vote. Became P.L. 99-162.

H.J.Res. 592 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed sale of integrated avionics system kits to the People’s Republic of China, unless the United States sells advanced aircraft to the Republic of China on Taiwan.

4/9/1986 Referred to the House Foreign Affairs Committee (HFAC).

H.J.Res. 593 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed sale of integrated avionics system kits to the People’s Republic of China.

4/9/1986 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 589 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed sales of certain missiles to Saudi Arabia.

4/9/1986 Passed/agreed to in House: Passed House by Yea-Nay Vote. 356-62. Roll Call No: 112.

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 316 A joint resolution prohibiting the sale to Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and related defense services.

4/9/1986 Passed House by Voice Vote. Passed Senate by Yea- Nay Vote. 73-22. Roll Call No: 91. Vetoed by President. Failed of passage in Senate over veto by Yea- Nay Vote. 66-34. Roll Call No: 111.

S.J.Res. 331 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed sale of integrated avionics system kits to the People’s Republic of China.

4/24/1986 Indefinitely postponed by Senate by Voice Vote.

H.J.Res. 277 A joint resolution to prohibit the proposed sale of F-5E/F aircraft to Honduras.

5/13/1987 Tabled by the HFAC, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs after consideration and mark-up session held.

S.J.Res. 128 A joint resolution prohibiting the sale to Honduras of certain defense articles and related defense services.

5/13/1987 Indefinitely postponed by Senate by Unanimous Consent.

S.J.Res. 133 A joint resolution prohibiting the sale to Saudi Arabia of 12 F-15 aircraft.

5/20/1987 Referred to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC).

H.J.Res. 590 A joint resolution to prohibit the proposed sale to Japan of an AEGIS Combat System (transmittal number 88-25).

6/9/1988 Hearings held by the HFAC, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs and Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security and Science

H.J.Res. 609 A joint resolution to prohibit the proposed sale to Kuwait of F/A-18 aircraft, Cluster bomb units, SIDEWINDER missiles, SPARROW missiles, HARPOON missiles, and MAVERICK missiles (transmittal number 88-39).

7/12/1988 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 652 A joint resolution to prohibit the proposed export to the People’s Republic of China of commercial communications satellites (transmittal number MC-48-88).

9/13/1988 Hearings held by the HFAC, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade, and the Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security and Science.

S.J.Res. 113a A joint resolution prohibiting the export of technology, defense articles, and defense services to codevelop or coproduce the FSX aircraft with Japan.

5/1/1989 Passed Senate by Voice Vote. Passed/agreed to in House by recorded vote. 241-168. Vetoed by President. Failed of passage in Senate over veto by Yea- Nay Vote. 66-34. Roll Call No. 175.

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 123a

A joint resolution approving the proposed authorization for the export of technology, defense articles, and defense services to codevelop the FS-X weapon system with Japan and requiring that any coproduction of that weapon system meet certain conditions, and for other purposes.

5/9/1989 Referred to the SFRC. Hearings held.

H.J.Res. 368 To prohibit the proposed sale to Pakistan of F- 16 aircraft.

7/18/1989 Referred to the HFAC, Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security and Science.

H.J.Res. 550 To prohibit the proposed sale to Turkey of AH- 1W attack helicopters.

4/18/1990 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 592 To prohibit the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of modifications and systems integration of AWACS E-3 and tanker KE-5 aircraft.

6/11/1990 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 593 To prohibit the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of M88A1 Recovery Vehicles.

6/11/1990 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 594 To prohibit the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of defense articles and defense services to modernize the Saudi Arabian National Guard.

6/11/1990 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 378 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and defense services, pursuant to Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act.

10/11/1990 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res.674 To prohibit the proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of M1A2 tanks and Bradley Fighting Vehicles, APACHE helicopters, and PATRIOT guided missile units that were reported to the Congress on September 27, 1990.

10/17/1990 Referred to HFAC.

H.J.Res.270 To prohibit the proposed sale to the United Arab Emirates of AH-64 APACHE attack helicopters.

6/12/1991 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 165 A joint resolution to prohibit the proposed sale to the United Arab Emirates of AH-64 APACHE attack helicopters.

6/19/1991 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 177 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed sale to the Republic of Korea of F-16C/D aircraft and other specified defense articles and defense service, pursuant to Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act.

7/15/1991 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 178 A joint resolution prohibiting the proposed export to the Republic of Korea of certain technical data and equipment related to the sale of F-16C/D aircraft, pursuant to Section 36(c) of such Act.

7/15/1991 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 473 To prohibit the proposed sale to Kuwait of an air defense system.

4/28/1992 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 548 To prohibit the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of F-15 aircraft.

9/15/1992 Referred to the HFAC.

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

H.J.Res. 549 Prohibiting the proposed sale of F-15 fighter jets to Saudi Arabia until that country renounces and no longer observes the boycott of Israel by Arab countries.

9/15/1992 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 344 A joint resolution to prohibit the proposed sale to Saudi Arabia of F-15 aircraft.

10/1/1992 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 93 Disapproving the issuance of letters of offer with respect to certain proposed sales of defense articles and defense services to Pakistan.

7/20/2006 Referred to the House Committee on International Relations.

H.J.Res. 76 Disapproving the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

1/15/2008 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 32 A joint resolution limiting the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

5/13/2008 Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 736.

H.J.Res. 87 Limiting the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

5/21/2008 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 99 Disapproving the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

11/18/2010 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 104 Disapproving the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

12/15/2010 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 80 Limiting the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Bahrain.

10/6/2011 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 28 A joint resolution limiting the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to the Kingdom of Bahrain.

10/6/2011 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 83 Disapproving the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to a certain proposed sale of defense articles and defense services to Turkey.

11/3/2011 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 30 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Pakistan of F-16 Block 52 aircraft.

2/24/2016 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 82 Relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Pakistan of F-16 Block 52 aircraft.

2/25/2016 Referred to the HFAC.

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 31 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Pakistan of F-16 Block 52 aircraft.

2/25/2016 Motion to table the motion to discharge SFRC agreed to in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 71-24. Roll Call No. 35.

S.J.Res. 39 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of M1A1/A2 Abrams Tank structures and other major defense equipment.

9/8/2016 Motion to table the motion to discharge SFRC agreed to in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 71-27. Roll Call No. 145.

H.J.Res. 98 Relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of M1A1/A2 Abrams Tank structures and other major defense equipment.

9/20/2016 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 72 Relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Kenya of Air Tractor aircraft with weapons, and related support.

2/14/2017 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 102 Relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles.

5/25/2017 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 42 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles.

5/25/2017 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 47- 53. Roll Call No.143.

S.J.Res. 50 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Georgia of Javelin Missiles and Javelin Command Launch Units.

12/7/2017 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 65 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain of certain defense articles and services.

10/10/2018 Motion to SFRC tabled by Yea-Nay Vote. 77-21. Roll Call No. 243.

S.J.Res. 66 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of Qatar of certain defense articles and services.

11/29/2018 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 67 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

11/29/2018 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 68 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

11/29/2018 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 20 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of Bahrain of certain defense articles and services.

5/13/2019 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 43-56. Roll Call No.161.

S.J.Res. 22 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of Bahrain of certain defense articles and services.

5/14/2019 Referred to the SFRC.

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 23 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of the Czech Republic of certain defense articles and services.

5/14/2019 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 24 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of the Czech Republic of certain defense articles and services.

5/14/2019 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 25 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

5/14/2019 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 26 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of Qatar of certain defense articles and services.

5/14/2019 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 42-57. Roll Call No. 162.

S.J.Res. 27b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and Australia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 28b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 29b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 30b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 31b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 32b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 33b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 34b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Congressional Research Service 17

Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 35b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 36b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Kingdom of Spain, and the Italian Republic of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 53-45. Roll Call No. 177. Passed House by the Yeas and Nays: 238-190. Roll Call No. 486. Vetoed by President. Failed of passage in Senate over veto by Yea-Nay Vote. 45-40. Roll Call No. 231.

S.J.Res. 37b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Republic of France of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Passed House by the Yeas and Nays: 238-190. Roll Call No. 487. Vetoed by President. Failed of passage in Senate over veto by Yea-Nay Vote. 45-39. Roll Call No. 232.

S.J.Res. 38b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate without amendment by Yea-Nay Vote. 53-45. Roll Call No. 178. Passed House by the Yeas and Nays: 237-190. Roll Call No. 488. Vetoed by President. Failed of passage in Senate over veto by Yea-Nay Vote. 46-41. Roll Call No. 233.

S.J.Res. 39b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom of certain defense articles, including technical data and defense services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 40b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to India, Israel, Republic of Korea, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles, including technical data and defense services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No.: 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 41b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of technical data and defense services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 42b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of certain defense articles, including technical data and defense services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 43b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 44ab

A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed retransfer of certain defense articles from the United Arab Emirates to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea- Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 45b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 46b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the United Arab Emirates certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 47b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

S.J.Res. 48b A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the United Arab Emirates certain defense articles and services.

6/5/2019 Passed Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51-45. Roll Call No. 179. Sent to House and held at the desk.

H.J.Res. 61 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of certain defense articles and services.

6/12/2019 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 62a Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

6/12/2019 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 63 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed export to the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Republic of France of certain defense articles and services.

6/12/2019 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 64a Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Kingdom of Spain, and the Italian Republic of certain defense articles and services.

6/12/2019 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 77 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/18/2020 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 46-50. Roll Call No. 261.

S.J.Res. 78 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/18/2020 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 47-49. Roll Call No. 262.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Congressional Research Service 19

Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 79 A joint resolution providing congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/18/2020 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 80 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/18/2020 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 100 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/19/2020 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 101 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/19/2020 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 102 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/19/2020 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 103 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/19/2020 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 82a A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed export to the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles.

1/1/2021 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 15 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and services.

1/15/2021 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 16a Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Kingdom of Spain, and the Italian Republic of certain defense articles and services.

1/15/2021 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 49 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed direct commercial sale to Israel of certain weaponry and munitions.

5/20/2021 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 19 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed transfer to Israel of certain defense articles, including defense services and technical data.

5/20/2021 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 63 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed direct commercial sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain weaponry and munitions.

11/12/2021 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 31 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles.

11/18/2021 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 30-67. Roll Call No. 484.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

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Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 35 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

2/7/2022 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 19-80. Roll Call No. 73.

S.J.Res. 36 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

2/7/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 44 A joint resolution relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of Bahrain of certain defense articles and services.

3/30/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 48 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

5/26/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 49 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Australia of certain defense articles and services.

6/6/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 50 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services

6/6/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 51 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

6/6/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 52 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

6/7/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 53 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Australia of certain defense articles and services.

6/23/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 58 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and services.

8/4/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 59 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

8/4/2022 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 102 Providing for congressional disapproval of the issuance of a license to export with respect to the proposed export of defense articles, including technical data, and defense services to the Government of Israel.

11/15/2023 Referred to the HFAC.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Congressional Research Service 21

Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 53 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and services.

12/11/2023 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 105 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

1/2/2024 Referred to the HFAC.

H.J.Res. 106 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and services.

1/2/2024 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 54 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

1/22/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 55 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

1/22/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 56 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sales to the Government of Egypt of certain defense articles and services.

1/22/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

H.J.Res. 108 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Republic of Kosovo of certain defense articles and services.

1/30/2024 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 60 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Turkiye of certain defense articles and services.

2/5/2024 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 13-79. Roll Call No. 62.

S.J.Res. 66 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Bahrain of certain defense articles and services.

3/21/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 105 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of certain defense articles and services.

7/30/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 111 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Israel of certain defense articles and services.

9/25/2024 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 18-79. Roll Call No. 292.

S.J.Res. 112 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Israel of certain defense articles and services.

9/25/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Congressional Research Service 22

Bill

Number

Title Date

Reported

Status

S.J.Res. 113 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Israel of certain defense articles and services.

9/25/2024 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 19-78. Roll Call No. 293.

S.J.Res. 114 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Israel of certain defense articles and services.

9/25/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

S.J.Res. 115 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed license amendment for the export of certain defense articles, defense services, and technical data to Israel.

9/25/2024 Motion to discharge SFRC rejected by Yea-Nay Vote. 17- 80. Roll Call No. 294.

H.J.Res. 226 Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/21/2024 Referred to the HFAC.

S.J.Res. 118 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of the United Arab Emirates of certain defense articles and services.

11/21/2024 Referred to the SFRC.

Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov. Notes: The table is current as of November 21, 2024. JRDs in italics denote Direct Commercial Sales. JRDs in bold reference only Section 36(d) of the AECA. All others are Foreign Military Sales. Each bill number includes a hyperlink to the bill’s record in Congress.gov. HFAC is the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. SFRC is the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Hyperlinks to roll call numbers were not available in Congress.gov in resolutions prior to 1986. a. References Section 36(d) of the AECA, which “contains similar notification requirements, though not reporting thresholds, for commercial technical assistance or manufacturing licensing agreements. As with arms sales, Congress can block any of these reportable transactions by enacting a joint resolution of disapproval as stipulated in the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) (see 22 U.S.C. 2753, 2776, 2796).” See CRS Report RL31675, Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process, by Paul K. Kerr.

b. In May 2019, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo invoked emergency certification that waived the statutory congressional notification period contained in the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. §2776), allowing for the immediate transfer of 22 pending defense articles and services to Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). See Michael R. Pompeo, Secretary of State, “Emergency Notification of Arms Sales to Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia,” Press Statement, May 24, 2019. On June 5, 2019, a bipartisan group of seven Senators introduced 22 separate Joint Resolutions of Disapproval against the sales. On June 20, 2019, the Senate passed three measures: (1) S.J.Res. 36 by a margin of 53-45; (2) S.J.Res. 38 by a margin of 53-45; and (3) en bloc the other 20 resolutions of disapproval prohibiting the remaining notified transfers by a margin of 51-45. On July 17, 2019, the House passed three of the resolutions: S.J.Res.36 and S.J.Res. 37 by 238-190; and S.J.Res.38 by 237-190. On July 24, 2019, President Donald Trump vetoed the three bills. A July 29, 2019, Senate vote failed to override these vetoes.

Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act

Congressional Research Service R47094 · VERSION 4 · UPDATED 23

Author Information

Sofia Plagakis Research Librarian

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