Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS)

Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS)

Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022
July 8, 2022
Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice
Keigh E. Hammond,
and Related Agencies (CJS)
Coordinator
Senior Research Librarian
This report provides an overview of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 budget request and appropriations

for the International Trade Administration (ITA), the U.S. International Trade Commission
M. Angeles Villarreal
(USITC), and the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR). These three trade-
Specialist in International
related agencies are funded through the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related
Trade and Finance
Agencies (CJS) appropriations. This report also reviews these trade agencies’ programs.

The Administration’s FY2022 Budget Request

For FY2022, the Administration requested a total of $735.3 million in appropriations for the
three CJS trade-related agencies. The request was $32.3 million (4.6%) more than the FY2021 enacted level, and included the
following for the three agencies.
 ITA: $559.3 million in direct appropriations, 5.5% more than the FY2021 enacted amount;
 USITC: $103.0 million, an amount equal to the FY2021 enacted amount;
 USTR: a total of $73.0 million, 4.3% more than the FY2021 enacted amount. (Total USTR funding
includes direct appropriations and funds from the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund.)
Congressional Actions
The House Committee on Appropriations reported its FY2022 CJS appropriations proposal, H.R. 4505 (117th Congress), on
July 19, 2021. The House committee-reported bill proposed a total of $757.7 million for the three CJS trade-related agencies,
an amount $54.7 million (7.8%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount and $22.4 million (3.0%) more than the President’s
budget request. The House committee-reported bill proposed the following for the three agencies:
 ITA: $566.4 million in direct appropriations, 6.9% more than FY2021 enacted level, and 1.3% more than
the Administration’s request;
 USITC: $118.5 million, 15.0% more than both the FY2021 enacted level and the President’s request;
 USTR: a total of $72.8 million, 4.0% more than FY2021 enacted level, and 0.3% less than the President’s
request.
In the Senate, a CJS appropriations proposal, S. 3042 (117th Congress), was introduced on October 21, 2021 and referred to
the Committee on Appropriations. The bill proposed a total of $764.6 million for the three CJS trade-related agencies, which
represented $61.6 million (8.8%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount, and $29.3 million (4.0%) more than the President’s
request. The draft bill proposed the following for the three agencies:
 ITA: $572.8 million in direct appropriations, 8.1% more than FY2021 enacted level, and 2.4% more than
the President’s request;
 USITC: $118.8 million, 15.3% more than both the FY2021 enacted level and the President’s request;
 USTR: a total of $73.0 million, 4.3% more than the FY2021 enacted level, and equal to the President’s
request.
On March 15, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103) was signed into law, providing annual
appropriations for the three CJS trade-related agencies. The Act provided a total of $740.0 million for the three agencies,
which is $37.0 million (5.3%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount, and $4.7 million (0.6%) more than the President’s
budget request. The Act included the following for the three agencies:
 ITA: $559.0 million in direct appropriations, 5.5% more than FY2021 enacted level, and 0.1% less than the
President’s request;
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Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations (CJS)

 USITC: $110.0 million, 6.8% more than both the FY2021 enacted level and the President’s request;
 USTR: a total of $71.0 million, 1.4% more than the FY2021 enacted level, and 2.7% less than the
President’s request.

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Contents
Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1
FY2022 Appropriations ................................................................................................................... 1
International Trade Administration (ITA) ........................................................................................ 3
Global Markets .......................................................................................................................... 4
Enforcement and Compliance ................................................................................................... 5
Industry and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 6
U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) .............................................................................. 6
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) ............................................................................ 7
Selected Trade-Related Programs and Activities ............................................................................. 9
China Trade Enforcement and Compliance Activities, ITA ...................................................... 9
SelectUSA Program, ITA ........................................................................................................ 10
Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT), ITA ................................................................. 10
Trade Enforcement Trust Fund (TETF), USTR ....................................................................... 11

Tables
Table 1. Appropriations for CJS Trade-Related Agencies, FY2021-FY2022 .................................. 2
Table 2. ITA Appropriations, By Unit, FY2021-FY2022 ................................................................ 3
Table 3. USTR: FY2021-FY2022 Regular Appropriations ............................................................. 9

Table A-1. Budget Authority for ITA by Unit: FY2012-FY2021 .................................................. 12
Table A-2. Budget Authority for USITC and USTR: FY2012-FY2021 ........................................ 13
Table A-3. Budget Authority for Selected Trade-Related Programs: FY2012-FY2021 ................ 14

Appendixes
Appendix. Budget Authority Tables .............................................................................................. 12

Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 15

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Background
The International Trade Administration (ITA), the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC),
and the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) are three trade-related agencies
funded through the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS)
appropriations.1 This report provides an overview of these agencies’ programs and a comparison
of the FY2022 CJS proposals with the previous fiscal year’s enacted legislation.2 In this report,
appropriations are rounded to the nearest thousand dollar value. However, for greater accuracy,
percentage change and annual differences are calculated using whole, not rounded, numbers; this
means that in some instances totals may not sum due to rounding and there may be small
differences between the actual percentage change and the percentage change that would be
calculated by using the rounded amounts discussed in the report.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), provided a total of $703.0 million for
the three trade agencies, including $530.0 million in direct appropriations for ITA; 3 $103.0
million for USITC; and a total of $70.0 million for USTR.4 The FY2021 appropriations for the
three CJS trade-related agencies represented a 3.6% increase ($24.4 million) from the previous
fiscal year’s enacted amount.
In addition to regular appropriations, Congress also passed supplemental funding in December
2019 for USTR in Title IX of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act
(USMCA, P.L. 116-113). USMCA provided a total of $90.0 million for USTR, to remain
available until September 30, 2023. The supplemental funds were provided for USTR to monitor
compliance with labor and environmental obligations of the agreement and to carry out the
enforcement of USMCA environmental obligations, including for state-to-state dispute settlement
actions. In this report, the FY2021 and FY2022 funding levels are taken from the Consolidated
Appropriations Acts of 2021 and 2022, and do not include supplemental appropriations provided
in USMCA.
See the Appendix for enacted budget authority for the trade-related agencies for FY2012-
FY2021.
FY2022 Appropriations
For FY2022, the Administration requested a total of $735.3 million in appropriations for the three
CJS trade-related agencies (Table 1). The request represented $32.3 million (4.6%) more than the
FY2021 enacted amount. The President’s budget included $559.3 million in direct appropriations
for ITA; $103.0 million for USITC; and a total of $73.0 million for USTR.4
The House Committee-reported bill (H.R. 4505, 117th Congress) proposed a total of $757.7
million in appropriations for the three CJS trade-related agencies, which was $54.7 million
(7.8%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount and $22.4 million (3.0%) more than the

1 For more on the overall CJS appropriations, see CRS Report R46868, Overview of FY2022 Appropriations for
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS), by Nathan James.
2 The FY2021 funding levels stated in this report reflect the amounts appropriated in the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2021. They do not include supplemental appropriations provided in USMCA (P.L. 116-113).
3 ITA is funded through a combination of direct appropriations and user fees the agency collects for certain services.
See Table 1 for additional detail.
4 Total USTR funding amounts in this report include both direct appropriations for “salaries and expenses,” and
funding to be derived from the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund for certain trade enforcement activities. See section on
“Trade Enforcement Trust Fund (TETF), USTR” in this report.
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President’s budget request. The House committee-reported bill would have provided $566.4
million in direct appropriations for ITA; $118.5 million for USITC; and a total of $72.8 million
for USTR.
On October 21, 2021, a CJS proposal was introduced in the Senate (S. 3042, 117th Congress). The
bill was referred to the Committee on Appropriations but was not marked up by the whole
committee. The Senate CJS bill proposed a total of $764.6 million for the three CJS trade-related
agencies, which represented $61.6 million (8.8%) more than the FY2021-enacted amount, and
$29.3 million (4.0%) more than the President’s request. The bill proposed $572.8 million in direct
appropriations for ITA; $118.8 million for USITC; and a total of $73.0 million for USTR.
Following a series of continuing resolutions, Congress passed the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2022, which was signed into law on March 15, 2022 (P.L. 117-103). The Act provided
$740.0 million for the three trade-related agencies, which represented $37.0 million (5.3%) more
than the FY2021 enacted amount, and $4.7 million (0.6%) more than the President’s budget
request. The Act included $559.0 million in direct appropriations for ITA; $110.0 million for
USITC; and a total of $71.0 million for USTR.
Table 1. Appropriations for CJS Trade-Related Agencies, FY2021-FY2022
Millions of Current U.S. Dollars
FY2022
House-
FY2022
FY2022
Committee
Senate
Enacted
CJS Trade-
FY2021
FY2022
Reported
Introduced (P.L. 117-
Related Agency
Enacted
Request
(H.R. 4505)
(S. 3042)
103)
International Trade Administration
530.0
559.3
566.4
572.8
559.0
(ITA) (direct appropriations)a
U.S. International Trade Commission
103.0
103.0
118.5
118.8
110.0
(USITC)b
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
70.0
73.0
72.8
73.0
71.0
(USTR)c
Total
703.0
735.3
757.7
764.6
740.0
Sources: The FY2021-enacted amounts are in P.L. 116-260, and the FY2022-enacted amounts are in P.L. 117-
103. For the FY2022 request, see the appendix tables to the President’s Budget.
a. In addition to the direct appropriations listed above, ITA’s budget authority includes a portion to be derived
from user fees, which increases ITA’s available funds. For FY2021, ITA’s available funds were $541.0 million,
including $11.0 million in user fees. FY2022 proposals and enacted amount also include an additional $11.0
million to be derived from user fees, raising ITA’s available funds.
b. In the table, USITC’s request represents the President’s budget request. The Commission is also directed to
submit an independent request directly to Congress (19 U.S.C. §2232). The Commission’s independent
request for FY2022 was $118.8 million.
c. USTR appropriations include direct appropriations for salaries and expenses and funds to be derived from
the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund (TETF) for certain trade enforcement activities. Supplemental funding
provided in USMCA implementing legislation is excluded from USTR totals above.
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International Trade Administration (ITA)5
ITA is a bureau within the Department of Commerce whose mission is to improve U.S. prosperity
by strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, promoting trade and investment, and
ensuring compliance with trade laws and agreements. ITA provides export promotion services,
works to enforce and ensure compliance with trade laws and agreements, administers trade
remedies such as antidumping and countervailing duties, and provides analytical support for
ongoing trade negotiations.6
In October 2013, ITA reorganized, consolidating four organizational units into three more
functionally aligned units: (1) Global Markets, (2) Enforcement and Compliance, and (3) Industry
and Analysis. ITA also has a fourth organizational unit, the Executive and Administrative
Directorate, which is responsible for providing policy leadership, information technology support,
and administration services for all of ITA. (Table 2 outlines the FY2022 budget for ITA by unit.
For historical budget amounts for ITA units, see the Appendix.)
ITA is funded through a combination of direct appropriations and user fees collected for certain
services. For FY2022, the Administration requested $559.3 million in direct appropriations for
ITA, with an additional $11.0 million to be collected in fees, for a total of $570.3 million in
authorized spending. The budget request was $29.3 million (5.5%) more than the FY2021 enacted
direct appropriation.
The House Appropriations Committee-reported bill (H.R. 4505) proposed $566.4 million in direct
appropriations for ITA, with an additional $11.0 million to be collected in fees, for a total of
$577.4 million in authorized spending. The House proposal would have been $36.4 million
(6.9%) more than the FY2021 enacted funding, and $7.1 million (1.3%) more than the
Administration’s request.
The Senate introduced bill (S. 3042) proposed $572.8 million in direct appropriations for ITA,
with an additional $11.0 million to be collected in fees, for a total of $583.8 million in authorized
spending. The Senate proposal would have been $42.8 million (8.1%) more than the FY2021
enacted funding, and $13.5 million (2.4%) more than the President’s budget request.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103), provided $559.0 million in direct
appropriations for ITA, with an additional $11.0 million to be collected in fees, for a total of
$570.0 million in authorized spending. The FY2022 appropriation is $29.0 million (5.5%) more
than the FY2021 enacted funding, and $0.3 million (-0.1%) less than the President’s request.
Table 2. ITA Appropriations, By Unit, FY2021-FY2022
Millions of Current U.S. Dollars
FY2022
House-
FY2022
FY2021
Committee
Senate
FY2022
Enacted/
Reported
Introduced
Enacted
Budget
FY2022
Bill (H.R.
Bill (S.
(P.L. 117-
ITA Unit
Authority
Request
4505)
3042)
103)
ITA
530.0
559.3
566.4
572.8
559.0

5 In this report, the budget authority figures for ITA’s subunits have been rounded; however, calculations comparing
ITA’s FY2021 budget and the FY2022 proposals are based on the original figures, as identified in ITA’s FY2021 and
FY2022 congressional budget justifications.
6 For more on ITA, see https://www.trade.gov/.
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FY2022
House-
FY2022
FY2021
Committee
Senate
FY2022
Enacted/
Reported
Introduced
Enacted
Budget
FY2022
Bill (H.R.
Bill (S.
(P.L. 117-
ITA Unit
Authority
Request
4505)
3042)
103)
Global Markets
340.8
351.3
351.3
—a
340.8b
Enforcement and
99.2
110.6
117.7
—a
105.5b
Compliance
Industry and Analysis
66.0
72.1
—a
—a
—a
Executive Administration
24.0
25.3
—a
—a
—a
Sources: P.L. 116-260; ITA’s FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 11; House Appropriations
Committee report, H.Rept. 117-97, accompanying H.R. 4505; the Senate bill (S. 3042) and explanatory text
released October 18, 2021 on the committee’s website, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/
doc/CJSRept_Final.PDF. Joint Explanatory Statement (H. Comm. Print 47-047), accompanying H.R. 2471 (P.L.
117-10).
Notes: See Table A-1 for ITA’s historical funding.
a. Funding amount was not specified.
b. The agreement provided “no less than” the fiscal year 2021 enacted level for Global Markets and “no less
than” $105.5 million for Enforcement and Compliance.
Global Markets
ITA’s Global Markets (GM) unit is a combination of the United States and Foreign Commercial
Service (US&FCS) program, which provides export promotion services to U.S. businesses, and
the SelectUSA program, which works to attract foreign investment into the United States. (For
more on SelectUSA, see the section “SelectUSA Program, ITA” below.) Through US&FCS, GM
aims to promote U.S. exports by helping U.S. exporters research foreign markets and identify
opportunities abroad. GM’s country and regional experts―in domestic and overseas offices—
advise U.S. companies on market access, local standards, and regulations. The unit also seeks to
help to make business-to-business connections through trade shows, fairs, and missions. GM is
designed to advance U.S. commercial interests by engaging with foreign governments and U.S.
businesses, identifying and resolving market barriers, and leading efforts that advocate for U.S.
firms with foreign governments.
The Administration requested $351.3 million in funding for GM in FY2022, which is $10.6
million more (3.1%) than the FY2021 enacted amount.
The House Committee on Appropriations also recommended $351.3 million for GM.7
The Senate-introduced bill did not include a specific funding level for GM; however the
explanatory statement, released on the Senate Appropriations Committee’s website, highlights
specific activities within GM to be funded at FY2021 enacted levels or higher.8

7 H.Rept. 117-97, pp. 13-15.
8 The Senate majority released explanatory text to accompany the proposal (October 18, 2021), at
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CJSRept_Final.PDF. For example, the released language would
have supported ITA’s Rural Export Assistance programs to be funded at levels equal to or greater than FY2021.
Likewise, the released draft language recommended, within GM’s funding, $7.0 million to increase international
commercial engagement efforts in certain countries of strategic and economic importance.
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The Joint Explanatory Text accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 provided
“no less than the fiscal year 2021 enacted level for Global Markets” ($340.8 million).9 The
agreement also directed ITA to report to the Committees on “recommendations and estimated
costs to increase U.S. trade and investment opportunities, including the expansion of the U.S.
Commercial Service, in Africa and regions of international strategic significance for the United
States such as Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.” The agreement also supported
ITA’s efforts to generally increase its international commercial engagement efforts, including
hiring additional staff and establishing new international offices in countries of strategic
importance, such as with the Quad strategic partnership countries.10
Enforcement and Compliance
The mission of ITA’s Enforcement and Compliance unit is to enforce U.S. trade laws and ensure
compliance with negotiated international trade agreements. The Enforcement and Compliance
unit is responsible for enforcing U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty (AD/CVD) laws,
overseeing a variety of programs and policies regarding the enforcement and administration of
U.S. trade remedy laws, assisting U.S. industry and businesses with unfair trade matters, and
administering the Foreign-Trade Zone program and other U.S. import programs.11
For FY2022, the Administration requested $110.6 million in funding for the Enforcement and
Compliance unit.12 The request was $11.4 million (11.5%) more than the previous year’s enacted
amount. The ITA congressional budget justification included $8.0 million to support its work
evaluating Section 232 tariff exclusions for steel and aluminum products and $0.8 million for
continued work on the Aluminum Import Monitoring (AIM) system, which was launched in
2021.13 The ITA congressional budget justification also highlighted an upward trend in the
number of AD/CVD cases.
The House Committee on Appropriations recommended $117.7 million for the Enforcement and
Compliance unit. The House proposal was $18.5 million (18.6%) more than the FY2021 enacted
funding and $7.1 million (6.4%) more than the Administration’s request.14 The Committee
recommended $1.3 million to support AIM ($0.5 million above the request), and an additional
$6.1 million above the request “to support the creation of a ninth AD/CVD enforcement office,”
to alleviate workload burdens and staffing declines in the existing AD/CVD offices.
The Senate-introduced bill (S. 3042) did not include a specific funding level for the Enforcement
and Compliance unit. The explanatory statement accompanying the bill highlighted specific
activities and funding within Enforcement and Compliance unit’s portfolio. For example, the
released language would have provided $6.5 million above the FY2021 enacted level to establish
a ninth AD/CVD enforcement office and hire additional staff to enforce U.S. AD/CVD laws. In
addition, the released explanatory language would have provided $1.3 million to support AIM.15

9 Joint Explanatory Statement (H. Comm. Print 47-047, Book 1), accompanying H.R. 2471 (P.L. 117-10), p. 210.
10 Ibid., pp. 210-211. “The Quad” security alliance includes Japan, Australia, India, and the United States.
11 For background on some of these activities, see CRS In Focus IF10018, Trade Remedies: Antidumping and
Countervailing Duties, by Christopher A. Casey and CRS In Focus IF11348, U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) Program,
by Liana Wong.
12 International Trade Administration, ITA FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 11.
13 International Trade Administration, ITA FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 44-46.
14 H.Rept. 117-97, pp. 13-15.
15 The Senate majority released explanatory text to accompany the proposal (October 18, 2021), at
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The Joint Explanatory Text accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 provided
“no less than” $105.5 million for Enforcement and Compliance, and within the amounts provided,
up to $3.0 million for the establishment of a ninth AD/CVD Office; and up to $1.3 million for
staffing and other necessary expenses to support the AIM system. The agreement also included up
to a $3.0 million increase to support ITA’s role in “the review of requests for exclusion from steel
and aluminum tariffs applied under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.” 16
Industry and Analysis
ITA’s Industry and Analysis unit brings together ITA’s industry, trade, and economic experts to
advance the competitiveness of U.S. industries through the development and execution of
international trade and investment policies, export promotion strategies, and investment
promotion. It analyzes economic and international policies to improve market access for U.S.
businesses, and designs and implements trade and investment promotion programs. The unit aims
to serve as the primary liaison between U.S. industries and the federal government on trade and
investment promotion activities. It administers programs that support small- and medium-sized
enterprises, such as the Market Development Cooperator Program.
For FY2022, the Administration requested $72.1 million for Industry and Analysis. This request
was $6.1 million (9.2%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount.17 ITA’s congressional budget
justification included $2.9 million to support 12 positions to conduct national security reviews for
the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), and an additional $3.1
million to support the Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT) (for more on SIAT, see the
section “Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT), ITA” below ).18 ITA also highlighted
increased administrative costs for the unit, due to an expected increase in dispute cases filed
under USMCA.19
Neither the House nor the Senate bill provided a specific funding level for the Industry and
Analysis unit.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, did not provide a specific funding level for the
Industry and Analysis unit.
U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC)
USITC is an independent, quasi-judicial agency responsible for conducting trade-related
investigations and providing independent technical advice on U.S. international trade policy to
Congress, the President, and USTR. The Commission (1) investigates and determines whether
imports injure a domestic industry or violate U.S. intellectual property rights; (2) provides
independent tariff, trade, and competitiveness-related analysis to the President, Congress, and
USTR; and (3) maintains the U.S. tariff schedule. USITC also serves as a federal resource for
trade data and other trade policy information. It makes most of its information and analyses
available to the public to promote understanding of competitiveness, international trade issues,
and the role that international trade plays in the U.S. economy.

https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CJSRept_Final.PDF, pp. 7-9.
16 Joint Explanatory Statement (H. Comm. Print 47-047, Book 1), accompanying H.R. 2471 (P.L. 117-10), p. 210.
17 International Trade Administration, ITA FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 11.
18 For an overview of CFIUS, see CRS In Focus IF10177, The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States,
by James K. Jackson.
19 International Trade Administration, ITA FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 25-31.
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USITC’s annual budget request to Congress is subject to two types of submission: (1) the
President’s budget request for the Commission, which is included in the President’s annual
budget; and (2) the Commission’s independent budget request. USITC has the authority to submit
its independent budget directly to Congress without revision by the President, pursuant to Section
175 of the Trade Act of 1974.
The President’s FY2022 budget requested $103.0 million in funding for USITC, an amount equal
to the FY2021 enacted funding. While the President’s budget would not have increased the
agency’s funding, the Commission’s independent budget submission to Congress requested
$118.8 million for FY2022, which was $15.8 million (15.3%) above the FY2021 enacted funding
level.20 The Commission proposed that, with increased funding, it would hire additional staff to
respond to increased workloads due to AD/CVD and safeguards cases and would upgrade its
information technology.21
The House committee-reported bill proposed $118.5 million for USITC in FY2022, which was
$15.5 million (15.0%) more than both the FY2021 enacted level and the President’s budget
request, and $0.3 million less than USITC’s independently submitted budget.
The Senate-introduced bill proposed $118.8 million for USITC, which was $15.8 million (15.3%)
above both the FY2021 enacted funding level and the President’s budget request. The Senate
proposal was equal to the Commission’s independently submitted budget request.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, provided $110.0 million for USITC, which
represented $7.0 million (6.8%) more than both the FY2021-enacted level and the President’s
budget request. The agreement also directed the Commission to produce a report with an
economic analysis of the existing tariffs implemented under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion
Act of 1962 and Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.22
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)
USTR has primary responsibility for developing and coordinating U.S. international trade and
direct investment policies, as the head of the interagency trade policy coordinating process.23 As
part of the Executive Office of the President, USTR is the President’s principal advisor on trade
policy and the President’s chief negotiator for international trade agreements, including
commodity and direct investment negotiations. USTR negotiates directly with foreign
governments to create trade agreements (which may require legislative approval to enter into
effect) and resolve trade disputes, and participates in global trade policy organizations such as the
World Trade Organization. It also meets with business groups, policymakers, and public interest
groups on trade policy issues.24

20 U.S. International Trade Commission, USITC Congressional Budget Submission Fiscal Year 2022, at
https://usitc.gov/documents/fy_2022_congressional_budget_justification.pdf.
21 U.S. International Trade Commission, USITC Congressional Budget Submission Fiscal Year 2022, pp. 9-12.
22 Joint Explanatory Statement (H. Comm. Print 47-047, Book 1), accompanying H.R. 2471 (P.L. 117-10), p. 210.
For more information on the tariff measures see, CRS In Focus IF10667, Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of
1962, by Rachel F. Fefer and CRS In Focus IF11346, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, by Andres B.
Schwarzenberg.
23 USTR coordinates U.S. trade policy through the interagency process, as outlined by statute. The interagency draws
its membership from key executive trade agencies and the White House. For more on the interagency process, see CRS
In Focus IF11016, U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What?, by Shayerah Ilias Akhtar.
24 USTR, “Mission of the USTR,” at https://ustr.gov/about-us/about-ustr. USTR coordinates the advisory committee
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In addition to direct appropriations for USTR, Congress can provide USTR supplementary
funding from the congressionally established Trade Enforcement Trust Fund. USTR may use
funding from this trust fund for certain trade enforcement activities, authorized by the Trade
Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015. See the section below, “Trade Enforcement Trust
Fund (TETF), USTR” for more detail.
For FY2022, the Administration requested a total of $73.0 million for USTR, including $58.0
million in direct appropriations for salaries and expenses and $15.0 million to be derived from the
TETF for certain trade enforcement activities (Table 3). The total request was $3.0 million
(4.3%) more than the FY2021 enacted funding level.
The House committee-reported bill would have provided a total of $72.8 million for USTR,
including $57.8 million in direct appropriations for salaries and expenses and $15.0 million to be
derived from the TETF for certain trade enforcement activities. The House proposal was $2.8
million (4.0%) more than the FY2021 enacted funding level, and $0.2 million less (-0.3%) than
the Administration’s budget request.
The Senate bill proposed a total of $73.0 million for USTR, including $58.0 million in direct
appropriations for salaries and expenses and $15.0 million to be derived from the TETF for
certain trade enforcement activities. The bill represented $3.0 million (4.3%) more than the
FY2021-enacted funding, and equal to the Administration’s request.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, provided a total of $71.0 million for USTR,
including $56.0 million in direct appropriations for salaries and expenses and $15.0 million to be
derived from the TETF for certain trade enforcement activities. The FY2022 enacted
appropriations were $1.0 million (1.4%) more than the previous year’s enacted amount, and $2.0
million (-2.7%) less than the President’s request. The Joint Explanatory Statement also directed
USTR to establish and administer an exclusion process for the Section 301 tariffs and to seek
parity for American exports that have been targeted by retaliatory tariffs.
In addition to regular appropriations, Congress also passed supplemental funding in December
2019 for USTR in the USMCA implementing act.25 Under this act, Congress provided $50.0
million for USTR to remain available until September 30, 2023, for salaries and expenses to
monitor compliance with labor and environmental obligations of the agreement. USMCA
implementing legislation also includes $40.0 million for the TETF “to carry out the enforcement
of environmental obligations under the USMCA, including for state-to-state dispute settlement
actions, during fiscal years 2020 through 2023.”26

system, as outlined by statute, to ensure private sector input into the trade policy and negotiating objectives (see, 19
U.S.C. 2155).
25 For more on the USMCA, see CRS Report R44981, The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), by M.
Angeles Villarreal.
26 P.L. 116-113, Title IX.
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Table 3. USTR: FY2021-FY2022 Regular Appropriations
Millions of Current U.S. Dollars
FY2022
House-
FY2022
FY2022
Committee
Senate
Enacted
FY2021
FY2022
Reported
Introduced (P.L.

Enacted
Request
(H.R. 4505)
(S. 3042)
117-103)
USTR
70.0
73.0
72.8
73.0
71.0
Direct appropriation for
55.0
58.0
57.8
58.0
56.0
salaries and expenses
Funding to be derived from
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
TETF for certain trade
enforcement activities
Sources: For FY2021 appropriations, see P.L. 116-260. For the FY2022 request, see the appendix tables to the
President’s Budget. For FY2022 enacted amounts, see P.L. 117-103.
Notes: The totals exclude supplemental funding from USMCA. TETF = Trade Enforcement Trust Fund,
authorized by the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (19 U.S.C. §4405).
Selected Trade-Related Programs and Activities
Over the past decade, Congress has provided funding for specific trade-related programs or
activities within broader agency budgets. The following programs are highlighted in this report,
due to recent and ongoing congressional interest: (1) ITA’s China trade enforcement and
compliance activities; (2) ITA’s investment promotion activities in its SelectUSA Program; (3)
the Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT) within ITA; and (4) the Trade Enforcement Trust
Fund, which funds certain activities of USTR. (See Table A-3 for historical budget authority for
these selected programs.)
China Trade Enforcement and Compliance Activities, ITA
Since 2004, Congress has dedicated some of ITA’s funding to AD/CVD enforcement and
compliance activities with respect to China and other nonmarket economies.27 ITA’s Office of
China Compliance was established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-
199). Its primary role has been to enforce U.S. AD/CVD laws and to develop and implement
other policies and programs aimed at countering unfair foreign trade practices in China. ITA’s
China Countervailing Duty Group was established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 111-117) to accommodate the workload that resulted from the application of countervailing
duty law to imports from nonmarket economy countries.28
ITA’s FY2022 budget justification requested $16.4 million, within ITA’s budget, for China
antidumping and countervailing duty enforcement and compliance activities in FY2022. This

27 For the purposes of trade remedies, the Commerce Department determines “nonmarket economy” countries,
according to 19 U.S.C. §1677(18); “the term ‘nonmarket economy country’ means any foreign country that the
administering authority determines does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of
merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise.”
28 U.S. Congress, Conference Committee, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill 2010,
conference report accompanying H.R. 2847, 111th Cong. 1st sess., H.Rept. 111-149, June 12, 2009, pp. 10-11.
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Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations (CJS)

amount is equal to the previous year’s enacted amount. Both the House committee-reported bill
and the Senate-introduced bill also proposed $16.4 million for such activities.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, provided $16.4 million within ITA’s budget, for
China antidumping and countervailing duty enforcement and compliance activities.
SelectUSA Program, ITA
SelectUSA was established by executive order in 2011 as a Commerce Department program to
promote the United States as an investment market and to address investor climate concerns that
could impede investment in the United States. SelectUSA aims to coordinate investment-related
resources across more than 20 federal agencies; serve as an information resource for international
investors; and advocate for U.S. cities, states, and regions as investment destinations.29
SelectUSA is a part of ITA’s Global Markets unit.
Between FY2012 and FY2020, CJS appropriations provided specific funding levels for
SelectUSA. In FY2021 and FY2022, neither the Administration’s budget justification nor
congressional appropriators outlined a specific funding level for SelectUSA within ITA.
Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT), ITA
ITA’s Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT) gathers statistics about air passenger travelers
in the United States. Federal agencies use these statistics for a variety of purposes, such as to
estimate the contribution of international travel to the economy, develop public policy on the
travel industry, and forecast staffing needs at consulates and ports of entry.
SIAT is a program within the Industry and Analysis unit at ITA. For the SIAT program in
FY2022, ITA proposed $7.9 million—$3.1 million more than the “existing program amount of
$4.8 million.” The proposal would have added two positions to SIAT.30 With the proposed
increase, ITA aimed to expand coverage of data collection to “non-traditional, non-urban markets
not usually covered by the SIAT, allowing ITA to assist smaller states and destinations with
market intelligence,” and to collect data to inform the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic
recovery programs for the travel and tourism industries (as directed in H.Rept. 116-455).31
The House Committee on Appropriations’ “recommendation [for ITA] includes the requested
increase for [SIAT.]”32
Language in the explanatory statement, released on the Senate Committee on Appropriations
website, to accompany the Senate-introduced bill, would have also provided the full amount
requested to fund SIAT.33
The Joint Explanatory Text, accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, provided
an increase of $1.0 million for SIAT.34

29 Executive Order 13577, June 15, 2011. For more on SelectUSA, see CRS In Focus IF10674, SelectUSA: U.S.
Inbound Investment Promotion, by Shayerah I. Akhtar.
30 ITA FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 31.
31 ITA FY2022 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 4.
32 H.Rept. 117-97, p. 13.
33 The Senate Committee on Appropriations released an explanatory statement on its website on October 18, 2021, to
accompany the CJS bill, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CJSFY2022_Final.PDF, p. 7.
34 Joint Explanatory Statement (H. Comm. Print 47-047, Book 1), accompanying H.R. 2471 (P.L. 117-10), p. 210.
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Trade Enforcement Trust Fund (TETF), USTR
In order to provide additional funding for trade enforcement activities, Congress established the
Trade Enforcement Trust Fund (TETF) in 2016. In Section 611 of the Trade Facilitation and
Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-125), Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury to
transfer $15.0 million annually into TETF from the general fund of Treasury, and outlined
authorized uses of the funds.35 Under Section 611(d) of this act, funds are available to USTR,
“only as provided by appropriations Acts,” for any of the following: (1) to monitor and enforce
U.S. free trade agreements and World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments; (2) to support
trade capacity-building assistance to help partner countries meet their free trade agreement
obligations and commitments; and (3) to investigate petitions concerning unfair trade practices
under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. 36 The Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act
of 2015 also authorizes USTR to transfer funds to select federal agencies for trade enforcement
activities authorized in Section 611(d).
For FY2022, the Administration requested $15.0 million to be derived from the TETF for USTR,
for trade enforcement activities authorized by the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act
of 2015. The request was equal to the FY2021 enacted level, and equal to the House and Senate
proposals.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, provided $15.0 million to be derived from the TETF
for certain trade enforcement activities of USTR. (See Table 3.)

35 The total amount in the TETF may not exceed $30.0 million, and thus the Treasury may transfer less than $15.0
million annually, as required by this limitation (19 U.S.C. §4405).
36 19 U.S.C. §4405; Section 611 of the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-125). For more
information on Section 301 see, CRS In Focus IF11346, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, by Andres B.
Schwarzenberg.
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Appendix. Budget Authority Tables

Table A-1. Budget Authority for ITA by Unit: FY2012-FY2021
Millions of Current U.S. Dollars

FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021
Manufacturing
46.5
42.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
and Services
Market Access
42.6
39.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
and Compliance
Import
69.8
70.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Administration
Trade Promotion
269.8
261.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
and the U.S. &
Foreign
Commercial
Service
Industry and
—
—
54.9
55.5
56.3
55.4
52.3
52.6
62.5
66.0
Analysis
Enforcement and
—
—
70.6
71.6
79.0
85.5
87.5
88.5
91.8
99.2
Compliance
Global Markets
—
—
312.0
311.8
324.4
319.2
319.2
320.0
333.0
340.8
Executive and
26.9
23.7
23.1
23.1
23.3
23.0
22.9
22.9
23.0
24.0
Administration
Total ITA
455.6
438.5
460.6
462.0
483.0
483.0
482.0
484.0
510.3
530.0
Sources: Budget office, International Trade Administration (ITA), U.S. Department of Commerce.
Notes: Totals may not sum due to rounding. In 2013, ITA went through a reorganization in which four units (Manufacturing and Services, Market Access and
Compliance, Import Administration, and the U.S. & Foreign Commercial Service) were restructured into three units: Industry and Analysis, Enforcement and Compliance,
and Global Markets.
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Table A-2. Budget Authority for USITC and USTR: FY2012-FY2021
Millions of Current U.S. Dollars

FY2012
FY2013
FY2014
FY2015
FY2016
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
USITC
80.0
78.9
83.0
84.5
88.5
91.5
93.7
95.0
99.4
103.0
USTR (total)a
51.3
47.6
52.6
54.3
54.5
62.0
72.6
68.0
69.0
70.0
Direct appropriation for
51.3
47.6
52.6
54.3
54.5
47.0
57.6
53.0
54.0
55.0
salaries and expenses
Funds to be derived from
—
—
—
—
—
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
TETF, for certain trade
enforcement activitiesb
Sources: FY2012: H.Rept. 112-284, Conference report to accompany P.L. 112-55. FY2013: FY2013 post-sequestration amounts were provided by USITC and USTR.
FY2014: Joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 113-76. FY2015: Joint Explanatory Statement to accompany P.L. 113-235. FY2016: P.L. 114-113. FY2017: P.L. 115-
31. FY2018: P.L. 115-141. FY2019: P.L. 116-6. FY2020: P.L. 116-93. FY2021: P.L. 116-260.
Notes: FY2013 appropriations include sequestration.
a. USTR totals exclude supplemental appropriations from USMCA.
b. TETF = the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund, established by the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-125). Congress first provided funds
for USTR to be derived from the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund in FY2017.
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Table A-3. Budget Authority for Selected Trade-Related Programs: FY2012-FY2021
Millions of Current U.S. Dollars

FY2012
FY2013
FY2014
FY2015
FY2016
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
Office of China
7.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Compliance (ITA)
China Countervailing
4.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Duty Group (ITA)
China antidumping
—
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
and countervailing
duty enforcement and
compliance activities
(ITA)
SelectUSA (ITA)
0.9
0.9
7.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
n/a
USTR funds to be
—
—
—
—
—
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
derived from the
Trade Enforcement
Trust Fund
Sources: ITA Budget office. FY2012: P.L. 112-55, H.Rept. 112-284, the Conference report. FY2013: P.L. 113-6. FY2014: P.L. 113-76 and the Joint Explanatory Statement.
FY2015: P.L. 113-235 and the Joint Explanatory Statement. FY2016: P.L. 114-113. FY2017: P.L. 115-31. FY2018: P.L. 115-141, the Legislative Text and Explanatory
Statement (Book 1), and S.Rept. 115-139. FY2019: P.L. 116-6 and H.Rept. 116-9, the Conference Report. FY2020: P.L. 116-93 and Conference Report H. Comm. Prt. 38-
678. FY2021: P.L. 116-260.
Note: n/a = exact funding amounts not provided in appropriation acts or agency budget documents.

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Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations (CJS)

Author Information

Keigh E. Hammond, Coordinator
M. Angeles Villarreal
Senior Research Librarian
Specialist in International Trade and Finance

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