Congressional Review Act Issues for the 117th Congress: The Lookback Mechanism and Effects of Disapproval

Congressional Review Act Issues for the 117th Congress: The Lookback Mechanism and Effects of Disapproval

Congressional Review Act Issues for the 117th
February 19, 2021
Congress: The Lookback Mechanism and
Maeve P. Carey
Effects of Disapproval
Specialist in Government
Organization and
The Congressional Review Act (CRA) (codified at 5 U.S.C. §§801-808) is a tool that Congress
Management
may use to pass legislation overturning a final rule issued by a federal agency. The CRA’s

definition of rule is broad, meaning the CRA may be used to overturn other agency actions in
Christopher M. Davis
addition to rules promulgated under the typical notice-and-comment rulemaking process,
Analyst on Congress and
including, for example, some agency guidance documents. Additionally, although the CRA
the Legislative Process
imposes specific requirements on a category of rules known as “major” rules, it can be used to

disapprove rules regardless of whether they are major.

Under the CRA, before a rule can take effect, an agency must submit the rule to both houses of
Congress and the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Upon receipt and publication of the rule, Members of Congress
have a limited time period specified by the act to submit joint resolutions of disapproval overturning the rule. CRA
resolutions of disapproval, like other laws, must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the President. However,
the CRA provides Congress with special “fast track” parliamentary procedures—applying primarily in the Senate—to
consider such a joint resolution of disapproval. These fast-track procedures allow a simple majority of the Senate to call up
and pass a disapproval resolution should it choose to do so. Generally speaking, the CRA fast-track procedures are available
in the Senate for a period of 60 days of Senate session after a final rule is received and published.
If a final rule is submitted to Congress so late in the year that the adjournment of the session prevents either chamber from
enjoying this full 60-day review period, the time periods for introduction and action on a joint resolution of disapproval begin
again in their entirety the following year on the 15th meeting day in each chamber. This provision is referred to as the CRA
“lookback” mechanism. This lookback provision is intended to ensure that an Administration cannot deny Congress the full
periods for review and action contemplated by the CRA simply by submitting a final rule to Congress shortly before it
adjourns for the year.
The CRA disapproval process is most likely to be used following the inauguration of a new President, particularly when the
new President is of a different party than the outgoing President and shares a party affiliation with the majority in both houses
of Congress. Generally, if Congress were to send the President a joint resolution of disapproval that overturns a rule issued by
his or her own Administration, he or she would be very likely to veto it, and Congress would need a two-thirds majority in
both houses to override the veto. However, the CRA’s lookback mechanism permits a new Congress and a new President to
review and potentially overturn rules issued near the end of the previous Administration. CRS unofficially estimates that
Trump Administration final rules submitted to the House or Senate after August 21, 2020, until the end of the 116th Congress
on January 3, 2021, are subject to the CRA lookback provisions and will qualify for additional periods of CRA review in the
first few months of the 117th Congress (2021-2022). These renewed periods of fast-track review are likely to last until early
to mid-May 2021.
Enactment of a CRA joint resolution disapproving a rule has two primary effects. First, a disapproved rule will not take effect
or, if a rule has already taken effect, it is not to continue in effect and “shall be treated as though such rule had never taken
effect.” Second, the CRA provides that an agency may not reissue the rule in “substantially the same form” or issue a “new
rule that is substantially the same” as the disapproved rule “unless the reissued or new rule is specifically authorized by a law
enacted after the date of the joint resolution disapproving the original rule.” Because the CRA does not define substantially
the same, it may be open to debate whether a newly issued rule is substantially similar to a disapproved rule . To date, two
rules have been reissued following disapproval under the CRA: a rule from the Department of Labor reissued in October
2019 and a rule from the Securities and Exchange Commission in January 2021.
This report discusses issues related to the CRA for the 117th Congress in a frequently asked questions (FAQs) format. Issues
discussed include the scope of the CRA; its disapproval mechanism, including the time periods for introduction and action on
joint resolutions of disapproval and the lookback provisions; the effects of disapproving rules under the CRA , including the
prohibition on issuing a rule in “substantially the same form;” and links to additional CRS written materials on the subject.
Congressional Research Service

link to page 4 link to page 4 link to page 5 link to page 6 link to page 6 link to page 6 link to page 6 link to page 7 link to page 7 link to page 8 link to page 9 link to page 9 link to page 10 link to page 10 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 12 link to page 14 link to page 15 link to page 16 link to page 16 link to page 17 Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

Contents
What Is the Congressional Review Act? ............................................................................. 1
What Is a Covered Rule Under the CRA? ........................................................................... 1
Applicability of the CRA to Major Rules....................................................................... 2
What Are the Time Periods for CRA Review? ..................................................................... 3
“Fast Track” Parliamentary Procedures for Considering a CRA Joint Resolution of
Disapproval ................................................................................................................. 3
Procedures for Senate Committee Consideration ............................................................ 3
Procedures for Senate Floor Consideration .................................................................... 4
What Is the CRA “Lookback” Period? ................................................................................ 4
Why Is the Lookback Period Relevant in the Early Days of the 117th Congress? ....................... 5
What Trump Administration Rules Are Covered by the CRA Lookback Mechanism? ................ 6
Estimated Time Periods for Reviewing Lookback Period Rules in 117th Congress ..................... 6
What Other Trump Administration Rules or Agency Actions May Also Be Subject to
CRA Review? .............................................................................................................. 7
How Can I Identify Rules Subject to the CRA?.................................................................... 8
What Happens When a CRA Joint Resolution of Disapproval Is Enacted? ............................... 8
What Does Substantially the Same Mean?........................................................................... 9
How Is the “Substantially the Same” Prohibition Enforced?................................................. 11
Is There Judicial Review Under the CRA? ........................................................................ 12
How Can CRS Assist Congressional Clients? .................................................................... 13
Additional CRS Written Materials on the CRA .................................................................. 13

Contacts
Author Information ....................................................................................................... 14

Congressional Research Service

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

What Is the Congressional Review Act?
The Congressional Review Act (CRA) (codified at 5 U.S.C. §§801-808) is an oversight tool that
Congress may use to pass legislation overturning a rule issued by a federal agency or other
qualifying agency action.1 The CRA was enacted in 1996 as part of the Small Business
Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act.2
Under the CRA, before a rule can take effect, an agency must submit the rule to Congress and the
Government Accountability Office (GAO).3 Upon receipt of the rule by Congress, Members of
Congress have specified time periods during which to submit and take action on a joint resolution
of disapproval overturning the rule. The CRA provides Congress with special “fast track”
parliamentary procedures—applying primarily in the Senate—to consider such a joint resolution
of disapproval overturning a rule. If both houses pass the joint resolution, it is sent to the
President for signature or veto. If the President were to veto the resolution, Congress could vote
to override the veto. Enactment of the resolution would take the rule out of effect or prevent it
from going into effect, and the agency would be prohibited from issuing a rule that is
“substantial y the same” without further authorization from Congress.4
What Is a Covered Rule Under the CRA?
The category of rules covered by the CRA’s definition is broader than the category of rules that
are subject to the notice-and-comment requirements for federal rulemaking under the
Administrative Procedure Act (APA).5 The CRA general y incorporates the broad definition of
rule contained in Section 551 of the APA, which includes both rules subject to the APA’s
aforementioned rulemaking requirements and general statements of policy and interpretive rules
that are otherwise excluded from these procedural requirements.6 Therefore, some agency actions
that are not subject to the APA’s notice-and-comment rulemaking procedures, including some

1 See generally, CRS Report R43992, The Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions, by Maeve P.
Carey and Christ opher M. Davis; and CRS In Focus IF10023, The Congressional Review Act (CRA), by Maeve P.
Carey and Christopher M. Davis.
2 T itle II, Subtitle E, P.L. 104-121, 5 U.S.C. §§601 et seq.
3 5 U.S.C. §801(a)(1)(A).
4 5 U.S.C. §801(b)(2). If a rule had already taken effect when it is disapproved, the rule “shall be treated as though such
rule had never taken effect ” (5 U.S.C. §801(f)).
5 5 U.S.C. §553. Among other exceptions, the requirements for notice-and-comment rulemaking procedures generally
do not apply to “interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or rules of agency organization, procedure, or
practice” or “when the agency for good cause finds … that notice and public procedure thereon are impracticable,
unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest.”
6 More specifically, the CRA (5 U.S.C. §804(3)) incorporates the definition of rule that appears in Section 551 of the
APA, with three exceptions. Section 551 of the APA defines rule as “ the whole or a part of an agency statement of
general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or
describing the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency ” (5 U.S.C. §551(4)). T he first CRA
exception is for rules of particular applicability, including a rule that “ approves or prescribes for the future rates, wages,
prices, services, or allowances therefor, corporate or financial structures, reorganizations, mergers, or acquisitions
thereof, or accounting practices or disclosures bearing on any of the foregoing. ” Second, the CRA excludes “ any rule
relating to agency management or personnel.” Finally, the CRA also excludes “ any rule of agency organization,
procedure, or practice that does not substantially affect the rights or obligations of non -agency parties.”
Congressional Research Service

1

link to page 11 Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

agency guidance documents, may stil be considered rules under the CRA, and, therefore, eligible
to be overturned under the CRA’s fast-track procedures.7
As discussed more in depth below, under the text of the CRA, the fast-track procedures for
considering a joint resolution of disapproval become available only when the agency submits the
rule to Congress. In practice, agencies are fairly consistent in submitting rules to Congress that
have undergone APA notice-and-comment rulemaking procedures and have been published as
final rules in the Federal Register.8 Agencies are less consistent, however, about submitting
actions to Congress that did not go through notice-and-comment but nonetheless fal under the
broad scope of the CRA’s definition of rule. Thus, questions have arisen as to how Members can
avail themselves of the CRA’s special procedures if the agency has not submitted an action,
despite the action being covered by the CRA’s definition of rule. In recent years, Congress has
developed a means through which the CRA’s procedures can stil be accessed despite a rule not
having been submitted.9 This aspect of the CRA is discussed in more detail below.
Applicability of the CRA to Major Rules
The CRA imposes specific requirements on “major” rules, which it defines to include rules that
have an annual effect on the economy of at least $100 mil ion, among other effects.10 However,
the availability of the CRA to overturn a rule does not depend on whether a rule is major. The
CRA can be used to overturn major or non-major rules.
The CRA contains two provisions for which designation as a major rule is relevant. First, the
CRA has provisions that may affect the effective date of major rules, general y by requiring a
delay of at least 60 days.11 This delay effectively gives Congress more time to consider using the
CRA before major rules, the most economical y impactful rules issued by federal agencies, take
effect. Second, the CRA requires the GAO to write a report to Congress on each major rule within
15 calendar days of its submission or publication.12
Regardless of these two provisions, however, the CRA can be used to overturn any final agency
action that meets its definition of rule, regardless of whether the rule is major.

7 For an in-depth discussion of what agency actions are considered rules under the CRA, see CRS Report R45248, The
Congressional Review Act: Determining Which “Rules” Must Be Submitted to Congress, by Valerie C. Brannon and
Maeve P. Carey.
8 For information on how to find if a rule was submitted, see “ How Can I Identify Rules Subject to the CRA?” below.
9 For more information on this process, see CRS In Focus IF11096, The Congressional Review Act: Defining a “Rule”
and Overturning a Rule an Agency Did Not Subm it to Congress, by Maeve P. Carey and Valerie C. Brannon.
10 T he CRA defines major rule as “any rule that the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
of the Office of Management and Budget finds has resulted in or is likely to result in —(A) an annual effect on the
economy of $100,000,000 or more; (B) a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal,
State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions; or (C) significant adverse effects on competition,
employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with
foreign-based enterprises in domestic and export markets. T he term does not include any rule promulgated under the
T elecommunications Act of 1996 and the amendments made by th at Act.”
11 5 U.S.C. §801(a)(3).
12 5 U.S.C. §801(a)(2)(A). T he major rule reports are posted on GAO’s website at https://www.gao.gov/legal/other-
legal-work/congressional-review-act#reports and are required to contain “ an assessment of the agency’s compliance
with procedural steps” followed in issuing the rule.
Congressional Research Service

2

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

What Are the Time Periods for CRA Review?
Both the introduction and consideration of CRA disapproval resolutions are governed by three
specific time periods established by the act. General y speaking, al of these time periods begin
when an agency final rule has been published in the Federal Register and submitted to both
chambers of Congress. Al three periods run at the same time. These time periods include the
following:
 An “introduction” period, which applies in both chambers, which lasts for 60
calendar days (excluding days on which either house has adjourned by
concurrent resolution), during which joint resolutions disapproving the agency
rule can be introduced by any Member of either chamber.
 A “discharge” period, applying only in the Senate, which lasts for 20 calendar
days following receipt and publication of the rule. After the conclusion of this
period, a petition signed by 30 Senators can be filed to discharge a Senate
committee from the further consideration of a Senate CRA joint resolution of
disapproval.
 A “Senate action” period, lasting for 60 days of Senate session (that is, 60
calendar days on which the Senate meets), during which a disapproval resolution
can be considered in the Senate under fast-track parliamentary procedures that
permit a simple majority of that chamber to cal up and reach a final vote on the
measure.
“Fast Track” Parliamentary Procedures for
Considering a CRA Joint Resolution of Disapproval
The CRA contains “fast track” procedures (sometimes cal ed “expedited parliamentary
procedures”) for both committee consideration and floor consideration of a CRA disapproval
resolution in the Senate.13
The CRA does not establish fast-track procedures for committee and initial floor consideration of
a joint resolution of disapproval in the House of Representatives. In every case in which the
House has considered a CRA disapproval resolution on the floor, it has done so under the terms of
a closed special rule reported by the Rules Committee and adopted by the House.14 When
considered under the terms of a special rule, the House minority leader or his or her designee is
guaranteed the opportunity to offer a nondebatable motion to recommit the joint resolution. The
CRA also provides procedures that govern the consideration by either the House or Senate of a
disapproval resolution received from the other chamber.
Procedures for Senate Committee Consideration
As noted above, any time after the expiration of a 20-calendar-day period that begins after a final
rule is received by Congress and published in the Federal Register (if it is required to be
published), a Senate committee can be discharged from the further consideration of a Senate CRA

13 5 U.S.C. §802(c), (d).
14 When a measure is considered under the terms of a closed special rule, no floor amendments are in order.
Congressional Research Service

3

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

joint resolution disapproving the rule.15 This discharge occurs upon the filing on the Senate floor
of a petition signed by at least 30 Senators.16 While the act does not specify the text of a CRA
discharge petition, those that have been used in the past resemble a cloture petition seeking to
bring debate to a close:
We, the undersigned Senators, in accordance with chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code,
hereby direct that the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation be
discharged of further consideration of S.J. Res. 6, a resolution on providing for
congressional disapproval of a rule submitted by the Federal Communications Commission
relating to the matter of preserving the open Internet and broadband industry practices, and,
further, that the resolution be immediately placed upon the Legislative Calendar under
General Orders.17
Procedures for Senate Floor Consideration
Once a Senate CRA joint resolution of disapproval is reported or the committee of jurisdiction is
discharged, any Senator may make a nondebatable motion to proceed to consider the disapproval
resolution on the floor.18 This motion to proceed requires a simple majority for adoption. If the
motion to proceed is successful, the CRA disapproval resolution would then be pending and
subject to up to 10 hours of debate.19 A nondebatable motion to limit debate to fewer than 10
hours is in order. Neither amendments nor motions to recommit are permitted.20 Upon the using
or yielding back of the al otted time, the Senate would vote on the measure. A CRA disapproval
resolution requires a simple majority in order to pass. Because the measure is debate-limited,
cloture (and its accompanying requirement for supermajority support) is unnecessary.
The Senate may also, instead of considering a Senate-introduced joint resolution, move to directly
consider a CRA disapproval resolution received from the House of Representatives. In the cases
in which the CRA has been used in the past, this “House to Senate” path has been the more
common order of action taken. If a joint resolution of disapproval is received from the House, it is
not referred to Senate committee but is instead placed directly on the Senate Calendar of
Business, where it would be available to be cal ed up by unanimous consent or by nondebatable
motion.
What Is the CRA “Lookback” Period?
As described above, whenever a rule is finalized and submitted to Congress, under the CRA, it is
subject to an overal period of congressional fast-track review that lasts for a period of 60 days of

15 5 U.S.C. §802(c). T he 20-day period after which a discharge petition may be presented in the Senate is calculated
from the receipt and publication of the rule, not from the submission of a disapproval resolution aimed at the rule.
Accordingly, if a disapproval resolution is introduced on or after the 21 st day following publication and submission of
the rule, it would be ripe for immediate discharge, as the Senate committee of jurisdiction may have no time to consider
the measure even if it wanted to do so.
16 5 U.S.C. §802(c).
17 Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 157 (November 3, 2011), p. S7141.
18 5 U.S.C. §802(d)(1). T he motion to proceed to consider contained in the CRA, like the motion to proceed to consider
contained in the standing rules of the Senate, can be made by any Senator. In practice, however, with rare exception,
Senators generally defer to the majority leader or his or her designee to make such scheduling motions or consult
closely with him or her on the timing of such actions.
19 5 U.S.C. §802(d)(2).
20 5 U.S.C. §802(d)(2).
Congressional Research Service

4

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

Senate session. If a final rule is submitted to Congress so late in the year, however, that the
adjournment of the session prevents either chamber from enjoying this full 60-day review period,
the review period begins again in its entirety the following year. This mechanism is referred to as
the CRA “lookback” mechanism.
Specifical y, Section 801(d) of the CRA provides that, if a final rule is submitted to Congress with
either fewer than 60 days of session in the Senate or fewer than 60 legislative days in the House
of Representatives before Congress adjourns a session sine die, a new period for congressional
review of that rule becomes available in the next session of Congress.21 For this purpose, the rule
is treated as if it had been submitted to Congress and published in the Federal Register on the 15th
legislative day (House) or 15th session day (Senate) of the new session for purposes of calculating
the time periods described above.
Said another way, final rules submitted to Congress prior to both the 60th day of Senate session
and the 60th House legislative day before the day of the adjournment will not be subject to the
additional periods for review in the following congressional session. Rules submitted on or after
the 60th day before sine die adjournment in at least one chamber will be subject to the renewed
periods for congressional review. These lookback provisions are applied in the same way
regardless of whether the session in question is the first or second session of a Congress, but (as is
discussed below) they have particular significance in the second session of a Congress that
corresponds with an outgoing presidential Administration. These provisions of the act ensure that
an Administration cannot deny Congress the full periods for review and action contemplated by
the CRA simply by submitting a final rule to Congress shortly before it adjourns for the year.
Why Is the Lookback Period Relevant in the Early
Days of the 117th Congress?
One of the biggest chal enges for using the CRA to overturn rules is that a President can general y
be expected to veto a joint resolution of disapproval attempting to overturn a rule issued by the
President’s own Administration. A joint resolution of disapproval requires the signature of the
President to become law—an unlikely prospect if the President’s own Administration issued the
rule. If the President were to veto the measure, Congress could attempt to override the veto. A
two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress is required to override a President’s veto. This
creates a de facto supermajority requirement for a CRA joint resolution to be enacted in most
cases, assuming that Congress would usual y need a veto-override majority to disapprove a rule
under the CRA.
During a transition period following the inauguration of a new President of a different party than
the outgoing President, however, the CRA is more likely to be used successful y. Because of the
structure of the time periods during which Congress can take action under the CRA, there is a
period at the beginning of each new Administration—known as the “lookback period”—during
which rules issued near the end of the previous Administration are eligible for consideration
under the CRA.22 These circumstances are present in the first session of the 117th Congress

21 An adjournment sine die simply means “an adjournment that ends an annual session.” T he literal meaning of sine die
is “ without day.” T he implication is that the session is adjourning without having set any day for a subsequent meeting.
Legislative days in the House are normally equal to its days of session. A session day in the Senate includes any day on
which the Senate meets, including in pro form a session.
22 T he rules issued near the end of an Administration are often referred to as “midnight rules.” See CRS Insight
IN11539, Presidential Transitions: Midnight Rulem aking , by Maeve P. Carey; and CRS Report R42612, Midnight
Congressional Research Service

5

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

(2021). The vast majority of the instances in which the CRA was used to overturn a rule took
place during such a period.23
What Trump Administration Rules Are Covered by
the CRA Lookback Mechanism?
CRS unofficial y estimates that final rules submitted to the House or Senate after August 21,
2020, until the end of the 116th Congress on January 3, 2021, are subject to the CRA lookback
provisions and wil qualify for additional periods of CRA review in the first few months of the
117th Congress (2021-2022). The House and Senate Parliamentarians are the sole definitive
arbiters of the CRA parliamentary mechanism, however, including time periods involved, and
should be consulted for authoritative guidance on its operation.
Estimated Time Periods for Reviewing Lookback
Period Rules in 117th Congress
As noted, rules that fal into the CRA lookback period—that is, rules CRS estimates were
submitted in at least one chamber after August 21, 2020, and before the adjournment of the 116th
Congress on January 3, 2021—qualify for additional full periods of CRA review in 2021,
beginning on the 15th session day in the Senate and the 15th legislative day in the House. The 15th
day of Senate session of the 117th Congress was February 2, 2021. The 15th legislative day in the
House was February 3, 2021.
As described above, Members wil have no fewer than 60 calendar days from this 15th day in their
chamber (lasting until early April 2021) to introduce disapproval resolutions aimed at any rule
submitted in the lookback period. Qualifying disapproval resolutions could be considered in the
Senate under the CRA fast-track procedures described above for 60 days of Senate session, a
period that appears likely to extend until early to mid-May 2021. Final y, it appears that petitions
signed by 30 Senators could first be presented to discharge a Senate committee of a qualifying
Senate disapproval resolution during the week of February 22, 2021.
This unofficial estimate is based on the projected meeting schedules of the chambers and an
assumption that neither chamber wil adjourn by concurrent resolution going forward. Should
these stipulations change, the estimate of the CRA time periods wil also change. The estimate is
discussed here to provide general context of the likely time frames involved in acting on CRA
joint resolutions aimed at lookback period rules. The Senate and House Parliamentarians are the
sole definitive arbiters of the time periods for review.

Rulem aking: Background and Options for Congress, by Maeve P. Carey, for more information about the history,
practice, and oversight of midnight rulemaking.
23 For a list of rules overturned under the CRA to date, see Appendix A of CRS Report R43992, The Congressional
Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions, by Maeve P. Carey and Christopher M. Davis.
Congressional Research Service

6

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

What Other Trump Administration Rules or Agency
Actions May Also Be Subject to CRA Review?
There were Trump Administration rules finalized and submitted during the early days of the 117th
Congress (2021-2022), that is, between January 3 and January 20, 2021. These rules also qualify
for review under CRA but have a slightly different review clock than the periods described above
applying to lookback period rules. In short, the periods for congressional review of these rules
start from the submission and publication date of each specific rule.
Additional y, as noted above, there may be other agency actions that meet the broad definition of
rule under the CRA and should have been submitted but were not. In the past, such cases have
general y occurred when an agency has failed to submit a rule to Congress because the agency
apparently did not consider the action to be covered by the CRA. On occasion, when this has
occurred, Members of Congress have asked GAO for a formal opinion as to whether an un-
submitted action satisfies the CRA definition of rule such that the agency should have submitted
the rule to Congress under the CRA.24 GAO has issued several opinions of this type at the request
of Members. These opinions are available on GAO’s website.25
Although the CRA states that a joint resolution of disapproval can be introduced only after a rule
is received by Congress, Members have sometimes had success in getting resolutions recognized
as eligible for the CRA’s special procedures using these GAO opinions.26 Specifical y, the Senate
has developed a practice in which the publication in the Congressional Record of a GAO opinion
concluding that an agency action is a rule can trigger the CRA’s special procedures for a joint
resolution of disapproval.27 In this way, a GAO opinion affirming that an action is covered by the
act and should have been submitted essential y substitutes for the agency having submitted the
action, thereby facilitating Congress’s use of the CRA.28 These GAO opinions do not have legal
effect on their own and are merely advisory as to whether GAO considers an agency action to
meet the definition of rule under the CRA.29 The question these GAO opinions inform is a
parliamentary one: Should Congress consider a joint resolution of disapproval using the CRA’s

24 GAO has a document containing information on procedures and practices for obtaining legal opinions, including
these opinions under the CRA. See GAO, Procedures and Practices for Legal Decisions and Opinions, GAO-06-
1064SP, September 2006, https://www.gao.gov/assets/210/203101.pdf.
25 See GAO, “Congressional Review Act,” https://www.gao.gov/legal/other-legal-work/congressional-review-
act#legal_opinions.
26 For more information on this process, see CRS In Focus IF11096, The Congressional Review Act: Defining a “Rule”
and Overturning a Rule an Agency Did Not Subm it to Congress, by Maeve P. Carey and Valerie C. Brannon .
27 Normally, when agencies submit their rules to Congress under the CRA, a record of each rule’s receipt is published
in the Executive Communications portion of the Congressional Record. T he publication of the GAO opinion in the
Congressional Record fulfills this same purpose: notifying Congress that a rule is now available for review under the
CRA.
28 As GAO stated in one of its opinions, “ Congress has opted to treat the receipt of a GAO opinion concluding that an
agency action is a rule as triggering the statutory provisions that otherwise would have been triggered by the agency ’s
submission. T hus, Congress has used GAO opinions to cure the impediment created by the agency ’s failure to submit
the rule, protecting its review and oversight authorities.” Letter from GAO to Senator Orrin Hatch, November 30, 2018
(GAO B-330376), p. 2.
29 See also Bridget C. E. Dooling, “Into the Void: T he GAO’s Role in the Regulatory State,” American University Law
Review, vol. 70, no. 2 (August 21, 2020), pp. 387 -417.
Congressional Research Service

7

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

special procedures, or should it consider the joint resolution as a regular bil under its regular
procedures?30
In 2018, for the first time, Congress followed this process to enact a joint resolution of
disapproval overturning an agency guidance document that had not been submitted under the
CRA.31 To date, this is the only instance when Congress used the CRA to disapprove a rule that
was not submitted.32
How Can I Identify Rules Subject to the CRA?
When final rules are submitted to Congress pursuant to the CRA, notice of each chamber’s
receipt and referral appears in the respective House and Senate sections of the daily
Congressional Record devoted to “Executive Communications.” They are also entered into a
database that can be searched using the main search page of Congress.gov at
https://www.congress.gov.33 The databases are searchable under the links for “House
Communications” and “Senate Communications.”
As a practical matter, identifying the universe of agency actions that meet the CRA’s definition of
rule but have not been submitted to Congress is not possible. Some agency guidance documents
are published in the Federal Register, and guidance documents may also be available on agency
websites. However, while rules that have been submitted to Congress under the CRA can be
identified in a search of the Congressional Record, non-submitted rules are general y identified
on a case-by-case basis and evaluated individual y by GAO, as described above.
What Happens When a CRA Joint Resolution of
Disapproval Is Enacted?
Enactment of a CRA joint resolution disapproving a rule has two primary effects. First, a rule
subject to a disapproval resolution wil not take effect if it had not taken effect by the time the
disapproval was enacted.34 If a rule has taken effect by the time it is disapproved, it is not to
continue in effect and “shal be treated as though such rule had never taken effect.”35
Second, the CRA provides that an agency may not reissue the rule in “substantial y the same
form” or issue a “new rule that is substantial y the same” as the disapproved rule “unless the

30 T he CRA does not confer upon Congress any power that Congress does not already have to control agency rules
through legislation, and, as a general matter, Congress can always legislate to overturn agency rules. T he advantage of
the CRA is procedural, simply making it easier for Congress to legislate to overturn rules under the CRA compared to
using its regular legislative process. See CRS Report R45442, Congress’s Authority to Influence and Control Executive
Branch Agencies, by T odd Garvey and Daniel J. Sheffner.
31 See P.L. 115-172, which overturned the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, Indirect Auto Lending and
Compliance with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, March 21, 2013, https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/
201303_cfpb_march_-Auto-Finance-Bulletin.pdf.
32 For a complete list of the disapproved rules, see Appendix A of CRS Report R43992, The Congressional Review Act
(CRA): Frequently Asked Questions, by Maeve P. Carey and Christopher M. Davis.
33 See the search categories entitled “House Communications” and “Senate Communications” on the left side of the
page.
34 5 U.S.C. §801(b)(1).
35 5 U.S.C. §801(f).
Congressional Research Service

8

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

reissued or new rule is specifical y authorized by a law enacted after the date of the joint
resolution disapproving the original rule.”36
What Does Substantially the Same Mean?
The CRA does not define the meaning or scope of substantially the same.37 Looking to the
ordinary meaning of the text may not provide much guidance for agencies looking to reissue
specific rules.38 The word substantially has been defined as “being largely but not wholly that
which is specified,”39 “to a great extent or degree,” or “in essentials.”40 This leaves ambiguity,
however, in how to determine whether a new rule is largely the same as a disapproved rule.
Sameness could be determined by a number of factors and would likely depend on the rule in
question.41 Under these definitions, it could be measured simply by comparing the language of
the two rules or by attempting to determine which portions of the rule were essential and
comparing the rules on that basis. For example, if the legislative history of the joint resolution of
disapproval suggests that Congress objected to a specific section of a rule that was ultimately
disapproved, would a rule that removed only that language be considered “substantial y the same”
as the original, even if the text is otherwise the same? If the agency reissued a rule in which it
changed one standard listed in the original regulation, would that be “substantial y the same”? If
it changed the number of categories to which a standard applied, would the rule stil be
“substantial y the same”? These questions highlight the ambiguity in the meaning of substantially
the same.
The CRA thus seems to contemplate that an agency may reissue a rule related to the rule that was
disapproved or within the same policy area so long as the new rule is not substantial y similar to
the disapproved rule. Section 803 of the CRA stipulates that where an agency is under a statutory,
regulatory, or court-imposed deadline to promulgate a rule, the deadline wil be extended for one

36 5 U.S.C. §801(b)(2).
37 Nor is there a particular definition of substantially the same in the U.S. Code that would apply to this section. T he
Code contains over 270 provisions that include the terms substantially sim ilar or substantially the sam e. See, for
example, 15 U.S.C. §57a; 26 U.S.C. §§83, 168, 246; 49 U.S.C. §§30141, 30166. At least one other law has prohibited
an agency from issuing “substantially similar” regulations, which is also undefined in the text (Federal T rade
Commission Improvements Act of 1980, P.L. 96-252, 94 Stat. 391-92).
38 Courts frequently look to dictionaries to determine a word’s ordinary meaning, although dictionary definitions are
generally not conclusive. See, for example, Yates v. United States, 574 U.S. 528, 537 (2015) (“ Ordinarily, a word’s
usage accords with its dictionary definition. In law as in life, however, the same words, placed in different contexts,
sometimes mean different things.”).
39 Merriam Webster, “substantial,” accessed February 11, 2021, at https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
substantially.
40 Oxford English Dictionary, “substantially, adv.,” accessed February 11, 2021, at https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/
193055#eid20113890.
41 T wo scholars have argued that “if a reissued rule has a substantially different cost -benefit equation than the vetoed
rule, then it cannot be regarded as ‘substantially similar.’” Adam M. Finkel and Jason W. Sullivan, “A Cost -Benefit
Interpretation of the ‘Substantially Similar’ Hurdle in the Congressional Review Act: Can OSHA Ever Utter the E -
Word (Ergonomics) Again?,” Administrative Law Review, vol. 63, no. 4 (Fall 2011), p. 710. T he authors identify a
number of other possible interpretations of substantially the sam e, including standards that ask whether external
conditions have changed, whether the agency has addressed the “specific problems Congress identified,” or whether the
agency has devised “a wholly different regulatory approach.” Ibid., pp. 734-37. Others have suggested that the
“legislative history surrounding the disapproval of a rule under the CRA” should be given “predominant weight” in an
evaluation of whether a rule is “substantially the same.” See Sam Batkins and Adam J. White, “Should We Fear
‘Zombie’ Regulations?,” Regulation, Summer 2017, pp. 16-21.
Congressional Research Service

9

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

year from the enactment of the joint resolution of disapproval. This provision strongly suggests
that the text of the CRA contemplates that at least some rules would be reissued.
Although the text alone is arguably ambiguous, the legislative history and subsequent agency
practice may shed some light on the meaning of substantially the same.42 A statement inserted
into the Congressional Record by the sponsors of the CRA following its enactment described
various factors an agency may take into consideration in deciding whether to reissue a rule,
stating that the “substantial y the same” prohibition “may have a different impact on the issuing
agencies depending on the nature of the underlying law that authorized the rule.”43 Factors the
statement identified included the amount of discretion the agency has under the authorizing law to
change the substance of the rule and whether the rule was mandatory or discretionary in the first
place. The statement also specified, “The committees intend the debate on any resolution of
disapproval to focus on the law that authorized the rule and make the congressional intent clear
regarding the agency’s options or lack thereof after enactment of a joint resolution of
disapproval.”44 In other words, the CRA’s sponsors appeared to have envisioned that the debate
over a disapproval resolution would provide some guidance to the agency on next steps, helping
inform the agency’s decision about whether and how to reissue the rule—among other factors,
such as the nature of the authorizing statute. In light of this legislative history, agencies
considering reissuing rules may look to the reasons Congress gave, if any, for striking down the
rule in the first place.
As mentioned above, two rules that had previously been struck down under the CRA have been
reissued. Both overturned rules had been issued in 2016, in the final months of the Barack Obama
Administration, and were among the 16 rules Congress overturned in the 115th Congress (2017-
2018).45 The first reissued rule was issued by the Department of Labor (DOL) in October 2019,
and the second was reissued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in January
2021.46 Both agencies were under a statutory mandate to regulate on the topic of the disapproved
rule and had to determine how to draft a rule that fulfil ed these separate regulatory requirements
but was not substantial y similar to the disapproved rule.

42 For example, in Pierce v. Underwood, the Supreme Court looked to a committee report to help define the statutory
phrase substantially justified, noting “ the broad range of interpretations” possible in ordinary usage and given by
dictionaries. 487 U.S. 552, 563-66 (1988). Post -enactment agency practice can also inform statutory interpretation
inquiries. See, for example, FDA v. Brown & Williamson T obacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 144-46 (2000).
43 Rep. Henry Hyde, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 142, (April 19, 1996), p. E577. In the Congressional
Record statement, the sponsors observed that “ no formal legislative history was prepared to explain” the CRA and th at
this statement was “intended to cure this deficiency.” Ibid., pp. E574 -575. Courts generally disfavor the use of post -
enactment legislative history under the assumption that, by definition, it “ could have had no effect on the congressional
vote.” Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC, 562 U.S. 223, 242 (2011) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 605
(2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, this does not preclude Congress or executive agencies from
looking to such legislative history if they believe it is persuasive.
44 Rep. Henry Hyde, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 142, (April 19, 1996), p. E577.
45 T he overturned rules were Securities and Exchange Commission, “Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction
Issuers,” 81 Federal Register 49359, July 27, 2016; and U.S. Department of Labor, “Federal-State Unemployment
Compensation Program; Middle Class T ax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 Provision on Establishing Appropriate
Occupations for Drug T esting of Unemployment Compensation Applicants,” 81 Federal Register 50298, August 1,
2016.
46 See CRS Insight IN10996, Reissued Labor Department Rule Tests Congressional Review Act Ban on Promulgating
“Substantially the Same” Rules, by Maeve P. Carey. T he two reissued rules were DOL, “ Federal-State Unemployment
Compensation Program; Establishing Appropriate Occupations for Drug T esting of Unemployment Compensation
Applicants Under the Middle Class T ax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012,” 84 Federal Register 53037, October 4,
2019; and SEC, “ Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers,” 86 Federal Register 4662, January 15, 2021.
Congressional Research Service

10

link to page 15 Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

In both of the reissued rules, the agencies provided an explanation of how, in their view, the
reissued version of the rule was different enough from the original version that it did not violate
this provision of the CRA. For example, DOL stated that in its view, the final rule was not
“substantial y the same” as the disapproved rule because the new rule had a “substantial y
different scope and fundamental y different approach” and cited some floor statements from the
debate over the joint resolution of disapproval.47 In its reissued rule, the SEC also cited to some of
the statements of Members during the debate over the 2017 disapproval resolution and further
explained that in its view, “the agency should exercise its reasoned judgment in shaping new
rules, evaluating a reasonable range of potential responses, including by considering the statutory
provision that compels the rulemaking, the administrative record, and the CRA’s requirements,
among other things.”48 Both agencies sought to determine the “central” issue at the heart of the
disapproved rule and concluded that they had to change that aspect of the rule rather than change
solely their original justifications or more ancil ary provisions.49
How Is the “Substantially the Same” Prohibition
Enforced?
The CRA is also silent on the question of who would make the determination as to whether a new
rule is “substantial y the same” as a disapproved rule. It is likely that Congress and agencies
themselves might be ultimately responsible for making that determination rather than a court. As
discussed more in the following section, the CRA contains a prohibition on judicial review,
stating that “no determination, finding, action, or omission under this chapter shal be subject to
judicial review.”50 Courts have general y—but not universal y—interpreted this provision to mean
that they may not consider any claims al eging that an agency has failed to comply with the
CRA.51 As yet, no court has ruled on the precise question of whether an agency’s compliance
with the “substantial y the same” prohibition could be subject to judicial review.52 If a court
believed that the CRA barred judicial review of the question of whether a rule is “substantial y the
same,” it would likely not reach a decision on the issue of whether to invalidate a reissued rule on
the basis that it violates this “substantial y the same” prohibition. As of the date of writing of this
report, no litigation has been filed on either of the two reissued rules cited above to chal enge the
rule on the basis of it being “substantial y the same.”

47 DOL, “Federal-State Unemployment Compensation Program,” p. 53038.
48 SEC, “Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers,” p. 4664.
49 DOL, “Federal-State Unemployment Compensation Program,” p. 53038; SEC, “Disclosure of Payments by Resource
Extraction Issuers,” p. 4665.
50 5 U.S.C. §805. See “Is T here Judicial Review Under the CRA?” below.
51 See, for example, T ugaw Ranches, LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 362 F. Supp. 3d 879, 884, (D. Idaho 2019) (noting
that “numerous” courts have “ found that under a plain reading interpretation § 805 precludes judicial review,” but
holding that “§ 805 does not clearly prohibit judicial review of agency action under the CRA”).
52 Some scholars have argued that the question of whether a rule is “substantially the same” is different from other
types of questions arising under the CRA because a court would be analyzing the validity of the subsequent rule rather
than Congress’s actions reviewing the prior rule. Finkel and Sullivan, “A Cost -Benefit Interpretation,” p. 732, footnote
122. See also, for example, Michael J. Cole, “Interpreting the Congressional Review Act: Why the Courts Should
Assert Judicial Review, Narrowly Construe ‘Substantially the Same,’ and Decline to Defer to Agencies Under
Chevron,” Administrative Law Review, vol. 70, no. 1 (Winter 2018), pp. 53-108. T he post-enactment legislative history
may suggest that Congress did not believe that this provision would prohibit courts “from determining whether a rule is
in effect.” Rep. Henry Hyde, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 142 (April 19, 1996), p. E577. Some courts
have read this statement to support the conclusion that subsequent agency action would be judicially reviewable. See,
for example, T ugaw Ranches, LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 362 F. Supp. 3d 879, 883 (D. Idaho 2019).
Congressional Research Service

11

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

If courts continue to bar al judicial chal enges under the CRA, Congress itself would arguably be
the arbiter of whether a reissued rule clears the “substantial y the same” standard. As occurred in
the DOL and SEC reissued rules, if an agency decides to reissue a rule, the agency would likely
explain the changes it made in light of this CRA provision, providing a justification for why in its
view the rule is sufficiently different from the version that was overturned. Such an explanation is
not required under the CRA, but it may be in the agency’s interest to do so. Importantly, the
agency does not face any other additional requirements under the CRA for a reissued rule—the
new rule would be subject to the regular procedural requirements of the federal rulemaking
process, including submission to Congress under the CRA, but in reissuing a rule, the fact that the
original rule was disapproved under the CRA does not trigger any additional requirements. When
the reissued rule is received in Congress, Congress could then disapprove the rule on the basis of
it being too similar to the disapproved version (or for other reasons). Thus, the most likely
enforcement mechanism for the “substantial y the same” question is Congress’s ability to use the
CRA again on the reissued rule.
As a practical matter, however, one might argue that the enforcement of the “substantial y the
same” provision leaves the agency in a fairly strong position to reissue a rule, assuming that the
CRA bars judicial review. As noted above, the CRA has its greatest potential for overturning rules
during the relatively short period of a presidential transition, when a new President who may be
more in favor of disapproving a rule issued during the previous Administration has taken office.
Most of the time, if Congress sends a joint resolution of disapproval to a President for signature,
the President would likely veto it—and such a scenario is almost guaranteed if the rule was issued
by the President’s own Administration. Presidents have fairly strong control over federal
agencies’ rulemaking activities, and any President could be expected not to support legislation
overturning a rule issued by one of his or her own agencies.53 If the President did veto a
disapproval resolution overturning a reissued rule, Congress would need to override the
President’s veto for a resolution of disapproval to become law.54 Such a veto override would
require a two-thirds majority in both houses.
In other words, if an agency chooses to reissue a rule, the agency would likely put the rule into
effect. Congress could then take further action to disapprove the rule through the CRA or through
other legislative means. However, Congress’s ability to overturn the rule by using the CRA is
limited by the fact that most of the time, any CRA joint resolution of disapproval aimed at the
reissued rule would likely face a presidential veto. And because it appears that courts may be
unlikely to consider a chal enge to the rule under the CRA, agencies may general y be in a fairly
strong position to reissue rules.
Is There Judicial Review Under the CRA?55
Section 805 of the CRA states: “No determination, finding, action, or omission under this chapter
shal be subject to judicial review.”56 Accordingly, courts wil not weigh in on matters fal ing

53 Presidential control over rulemaking is primarily carried out through Executive Order 12866, which requires White
House review of regulations in the Office of Management and Budget’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.
See CRS Report RL32397, Federal Rulem aking: The Role of the Office of Inform ation and Regulatory Affairs,
coordinated by Maeve P. Carey.
54 T o date, Congress has not enacted a CRA resolution of disapproval that was subject to a pr esidential veto—all of the
enacted joint resolutions of disapproval have been signed by the President.
55 T his section was authored by Valerie C. Brannon, Legislative Attorney.
56 5 U.S.C. §805.
Congressional Research Service

12

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

within the scope of Section 805 but wil instead leave the resolution of these CRA-related issues
to the political branches. However, there has been some judicial disagreement regarding which
CRA-related matters are within Section 805’s scope.57 On its face, this provision appears to bar
judicial review of a broad swath of claims.58 While most reviewing courts have interpreted
Section 805 to broadly prohibit judicial review of claims al eging CRA violations, a few courts
have taken the view that certain types of CRA-related claims are not barred.59
How Can CRS Assist Congressional Clients?
CRS can provide congressional clients with lists of rules that have been submitted to Congress
and appear to be subject to CRA review as wel as unofficial estimates of the periods to submit,
discharge, and act on a joint resolution of disapproval under the CRA once a given rule has been
received by Congress and published in the Federal Register. We stress that CRS estimates are
always unofficial and nonbinding. As noted, the Senate and House Parliamentarians are the sole
definitive arbiters of the CRA parliamentary mechanism, including time periods involved, and
should be consulted for authoritative guidance on its operation.
Additional CRS Written Materials on the CRA
CRS Report R43992, The Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions, by
Maeve P. Carey and Christopher M. Davis
CRS In Focus IF10023, The Congressional Review Act (CRA), by Maeve P. Carey and
Christopher M. Davis
CRS Report R45248, The Congressional Review Act: Determining Which “Rules” Must Be
Submitted to Congress, by Valerie C. Brannon and Maeve P. Carey
CRS In Focus IF11096, The Congressional Review Act: Defining a “Rule” and Overturning a
Rule an Agency Did Not Submit to Congress, by Maeve P. Carey and Valerie C. Brannon
CRS Insight IN10660, What Is the Effect of Enacting a Congressional Review Act Resolution of
Disapproval?, by Maeve P. Carey
CRS Insight IN10996, Reissued Labor Department Rule Tests Congressional Review Act Ban on
Promulgating “Substantially the Same” Rules, by Maeve P. Carey
CRS Insight IN10808, GAO Issues Opinions on Applicability of Congressional Review Act to Two
Guidance Documents, by Maeve P. Carey

57 Compare, for example, Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Bernhardt, 946 F.3d 553, 561 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[W]e join our
sister circuits which have … held that federal courts do not have jurisdiction over statutory claims that arise under the
CRA.”), with, for example, T ugaw Ranches, LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 362 F. Supp. 3d 879, 884, 889 (D. Idaho
2019) (noting that “numerous” courts have “ found that under a plain reading interpretation § 805 precludes judicial
review,” but ultimately holding that “ § 805 does not clearly prohibit judicial review of agency action under the CRA”).
58 See, for example, Kan. Nat. Res. Coal. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 971 F.3d 1222, 1235 (10th Cir. 2020); Montanans for
Multiple Use v. Barbouletos, 568 F.3d 225, 229 (D.C. Cir. 2009) .
59 In particular, a minority of courts have concluded that Section 805 allows review of agencies’ compliance with the
CRA. See T ugaw Ranches, LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 362 F. Supp. 3d 879, 889 (D. Idaho 2019); United States v.
S. Ind. Gas & Elec. Co., No. IP99-1692-C-M/S, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20936, at *18 (S.D. Ind. Oct. 24, 2002) . For
more information on current legal interpretations of the CRA’s judicial review provision, contact Valerie C. Brannon,
Legislative Attorney.
Congressional Research Service

13

Disapproval of Late-Submitted Rules Under the CRA

Author Information

Maeve P. Carey
Christopher M. Davis
Specialist in Government Organization and
Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process
Management

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should n ot be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Congressional Research Service
R46690 · VERSION 1 · NEW
14