{ "id": "R46049", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R46049", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com", "versions": [ { "summary": null, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R46049", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "formats": [ { "sha1": "5073a721a8c80cadd14135ef3e9296a89ac29bf3", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46049/6", "filename": "files/2022-03-29_R46049_5073a721a8c80cadd14135ef3e9296a89ac29bf3.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-03-29_R46049_5073a721a8c80cadd14135ef3e9296a89ac29bf3.html" } ], "title": "Space Weather: An Overview of Policy and Select U.S. Government Roles and Responsibilities", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "retrieved": "2022-05-07T04:04:29.054543", "date": "2022-03-29", "typeId": "R", "id": "R46049_6_2022-03-29", "active": true }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 614776, "date": "2020-01-06", "retrieved": "2020-01-24T23:07:17.037603", "title": "Space Weather: An Overview of Policy and Select U.S. Government Roles and Responsibilities", "summary": "Space weather refers to conditions on the sun, in the solar wind, and within the extreme reaches of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. In certain circumstances, space weather may pose hazards to space-borne and ground-based critical infrastructure systems and assets that are vulnerable to geomagnetically induced current, electromagnetic interference, or radiation exposure. Hazardous space weather events are rare, but may affect broad areas of the globe. Effects may include physical damage to satellites or orbital degradation, accelerated corrosion of gas pipelines, disruption of radio communications, damage to undersea cable systems or interference with data transmission, permanent damage to large power transformers essential to electric grid operations, and radiation hazards to astronauts in orbit. \nIn 2010, Congress directed the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to improve national preparedness for space weather events and to coordinate related federal space weather efforts (P.L. 111-267). OSTP established the Space Weather Operations, Research, and Mitigation (SWORM) Working Group, which released several strategic and implementation plans, including the 2019 National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan. The White House provided further guidance through two executive orders (E.O. 13744 and E.O. 13865) regarding space weather and electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), respectively. \nThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service are the primary civilian agencies responsible for space weather forecasting. The National Laboratories (administered by the Department of Energy), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the National Science Foundation support forecasting activities with scientific research. Likewise, the U.S. Geological Survey provides data on the earth\u2019s variable magnetic field to inform understanding of the solar-terrestrial interface. The Department of Homeland Security disseminates warnings, forecasts, and long-term risk assessments to government and industry stakeholders as appropriate. The Department of Energy is responsible for coordinating recovery in case of damage or disruption to the electric grid. The Department of State is responsible for engagement with international partners to mitigate hazards of space weather. The Department of Defense supports military operations with its own space weather forecasting capabilities, sharing expertise and data with other federal agencies as appropriate. \nThe Congressional Budget Office estimated that federal agencies participating in the SWORM Working Group \u201callocated a combined total of nearly $350 million to activities related to space weather\u201d in FY2019. NASA allocated the majority ($264 million) of the $350 million total.\nCongress enacted S. 1790 in December 2019 as the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (2020 NDAA). The 2020 NDAA amended Sections 320 and 707 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) to enact a series of homeland security-related provisions that parallel the E.O. 13865 framework for critical infrastructure resilience and emergency response. The 2020 NDAA also repealed Section 1691 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (P.L. 115-91), which authorized a \u201cCommission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attacks and Similar Events.\u201d Other provisions in the 2020 NDAA require the National Guard to clarify relevant \u201croles and missions, structure, capabilities, and training,\u201d and report to Congress no later than September 30, 2020, on its readiness to respond to electromagnetic pulse events affecting multiple states. Separately, some Members of Congress have introduced the Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act (S. 881), which would define certain federal agency roles and responsibilities, among other provisions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R46049", "sha1": "e0c1e1e96b1c8b8d099a46b67df6beda4b3b768b", "filename": "files/20200106_R46049_e0c1e1e96b1c8b8d099a46b67df6beda4b3b768b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R46049_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200106_R46049_images_bb77ece8385e63fdd8d2ca2ff6c5d626cc23fd84.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R46049_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200106_R46049_images_c963d7625fcdeb2d0de60ab58cf28f9900871a20.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R46049_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200106_R46049_images_ff7602cc560c3e6f1a93685910cda0dfe1cf9990.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R46049", "sha1": "b31deec10f66538facbed93c35c4e349bafea4a7", "filename": "files/20200106_R46049_b31deec10f66538facbed93c35c4e349bafea4a7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4794, "name": "Science for Security" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4839, "name": "Earth Sciences & Natural Hazards" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 609197, "date": "2019-11-20", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:18:52.540328", "title": "Space Weather: An Overview of Policy and Select U.S. Government Roles and Responsibilities", "summary": "Space weather refers to conditions on the sun, in the solar wind, and within the extreme reaches of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. In certain circumstances, space weather may pose hazards to space-borne and ground-based critical infrastructure systems and assets that are vulnerable to geomagnetically induced current, electromagnetic interference, or radiation exposure. Hazardous space weather events are rare, but may affect broad areas of the globe. Effects may include physical damage to satellites or orbital degradation, accelerated corrosion of gas pipelines, disruption of radio communications, damage to undersea cable systems or interference with data transmission, permanent damage to large power transformers essential to electric grid operations, and radiation hazards to astronauts in orbit. \nIn 2010, Congress directed the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to improve national preparedness for space weather events and to coordinate related federal space weather efforts (P.L. 111-267). OSTP established the Space Weather Operations, Research, and Mitigation (SWORM) Working Group, which released several strategic and implementation plans, including the 2019 National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan. The White House provided further guidance through two executive orders (E.O. 13744 and E.O. 13865) regarding space weather and electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), respectively. \nThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service are the primary civilian agencies responsible for space weather forecasting. The National Laboratories (administered by the Department of Energy), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the National Science Foundation support forecasting activities with scientific research. Likewise, the U.S. Geological Survey provides data on the earth\u2019s variable magnetic field to inform understanding of the solar-terrestrial interface. The Department of Homeland Security disseminates warnings, forecasts, and long-term risk assessments to government and industry stakeholders as appropriate. The Department of Energy is responsible for coordinating recovery in case of damage or disruption to the electric grid. The Department of State is responsible for engagement with international partners to mitigate hazards of space weather. The Department of Defense supports military operations with its own space weather forecasting capabilities, sharing expertise and data with other federal agencies as appropriate. \nThe Congressional Budget Office estimated that federal agencies participating in the SWORM Working Group \u201callocated a combined total of nearly $350 million to activities related to space weather\u201d in FY2019. NASA allocated the majority ($264 million) of the $350 million total.\nThe 116th Congress is considering space weather-related legislation. House and Senate versions of FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) legislation (H.R. 2500 and S. 1790) would require the National Guard to report on available resources to respond to EMP events. The House version would dissolve the Congressional EMP Commission. The Senate version would pass certain E.O. 13865 requirements into law. In addition to provisions of the FY2020 NDAA, some Members of Congress have introduced the Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act (S. 881), which would define certain federal agency roles and responsibilities, among other provisions. Versions of this bill were also introduced in the 114th and 115th Congresses.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R46049", "sha1": "6cd6bf36c2bfe55f981d063f8b26262f7d86b54d", "filename": "files/20191120_R46049_6cd6bf36c2bfe55f981d063f8b26262f7d86b54d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R46049_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191120_R46049_images_bb77ece8385e63fdd8d2ca2ff6c5d626cc23fd84.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R46049_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191120_R46049_images_c963d7625fcdeb2d0de60ab58cf28f9900871a20.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R46049_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191120_R46049_images_ff7602cc560c3e6f1a93685910cda0dfe1cf9990.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R46049", "sha1": "ab7406a7d41ea8f436b189cac7e760a645ed9540", "filename": "files/20191120_R46049_ab7406a7d41ea8f436b189cac7e760a645ed9540.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4794, "name": "Science for Security" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4839, "name": "Earth Sciences & Natural Hazards" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Energy Policy", "Foreign Affairs", "National Defense", "Science and Technology Policy" ] }