{ "id": "R45307", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R45307", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com", "versions": [ { "summary": null, "typeId": "R", "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45307", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "retrieved": "2023-08-07T04:03:20.184460", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "id": "R45307_16_2023-07-03", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45307/16", "sha1": "125e82fd7c212ca224efd117c5cf368faf89b256", "filename": "files/2023-07-03_R45307_125e82fd7c212ca224efd117c5cf368faf89b256.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2023-07-03_R45307_125e82fd7c212ca224efd117c5cf368faf89b256.html" } ], "active": true, "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "date": "2023-07-03" }, { "summary": null, "typeId": "R", "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45307", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "retrieved": "2023-08-07T04:03:20.183834", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "id": "R45307_15_2021-06-10", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45307/15", "sha1": "877dfd67eacf36c62d747b92ae95b8b907ad7efc", "filename": "files/2021-06-10_R45307_877dfd67eacf36c62d747b92ae95b8b907ad7efc.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-06-10_R45307_877dfd67eacf36c62d747b92ae95b8b907ad7efc.html" } ], "active": true, "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "date": "2021-06-10" }, { "summary": null, "typeId": "R", "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45307", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "retrieved": "2023-08-07T04:03:20.182628", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "id": "R45307_13_2021-04-14", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45307/13", "sha1": "eee90d0a3c3ecfd58941c07934ced70c9454133b", "filename": "files/2021-04-14_R45307_eee90d0a3c3ecfd58941c07934ced70c9454133b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-04-14_R45307_eee90d0a3c3ecfd58941c07934ced70c9454133b.html" } ], "active": true, "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "date": "2021-04-14" }, { "summary": null, "typeId": "R", "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45307", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "retrieved": "2023-08-07T04:03:20.181571", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "id": "R45307_11_2020-10-23", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45307/11", "sha1": "db5e549ff7b735d26e5815d023c4fae694ac43de", "filename": "files/2020-10-23_R45307_db5e549ff7b735d26e5815d023c4fae694ac43de.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-10-23_R45307_db5e549ff7b735d26e5815d023c4fae694ac43de.html" } ], "active": true, "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "date": "2020-10-23" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 606593, "date": "2019-10-17", "retrieved": "2019-10-24T22:05:23.406921", "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Georgia is one of the United States\u2019 closest partners among the states that gained their independence after the USSR collapsed in 1991. With a history of strong economic aid and security cooperation, the United States has deepened its strategic partnership with Georgia since Russia\u2019s 2008 invasion of Georgia and 2014 invasion of Ukraine. U.S. policy expressly supports Georgia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders, and Georgia is a leading recipient of U.S. aid to Europe and Eurasia. \nMany observers consider Georgia to be one of the most democratic states in the post-Soviet region, even as the country faces ongoing governance challenges. The center-left Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia party (GD) holds a dominant political position, with about 70% of seats in parliament. Although Georgia faces high rates of poverty and underemployment, its economy has performed better since 2017 than it did in the previous four years.\nGeorgia at a Glance\nPopulation: 3.72 million (2019 est.)\nComparative Area: slightly larger than West Virginia\nCapital: Tbilisi\nEthnic Composition: 87% Georgian, 6% Azerbaijani, 5% Armenian (2014 census)\nReligion: 83% Georgian Orthodox, 11% Muslim, 3% Armenian Apostolic (2014 census)\nGDP/GDP per capita: $16.3 billion/$4,400 (2018 est.)\nTop Exports: copper ores, beverages, motor vehicles, iron and steel (2018)\nLeadership: Prime Minister Giorgi Gakharia, President Salome Zurabishvili, Defense Minister Irakli Garibashvili, Foreign Minister David Zalkaliani, Parliamentary Chairman Archil Talakvadze\nSources: National Statistics Office of Georgia and International Monetary Fund (does not include Abkhazia and South Ossetia).\n\nThe GD led a coalition to victory in parliamentary elections in 2012 amid growing dissatisfaction with the former ruling party, Mikheil Saakashvili\u2019s center-right United National Movement, which came to power as a result of Georgia\u2019s 2003 Rose Revolution. In August 2008, Russia went to war with Georgia to prevent Saakashvili\u2019s government from reestablishing control over the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which broke away from Georgia in the early 1990s and became informal Russian protectorates. \nCongress has expressed firm support for Georgia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-44, Title II, \u00a7253) states that the United States \u201cdoes not recognize territorial changes effected by force, including the illegal invasions and occupations\u201d of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and other territories occupied by Russia. In September 2016, the House of Representatives passed H.Res. 660, which condemns Russia\u2019s military intervention and occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In the 115th Congress, the House passed the Georgia Support Act (H.R. 6219) by unanimous consent. In the 116th Congress, a similar bill (H.R. 598) was ordered to be reported by the House Foreign Affairs Committee on May 22, 2019. The bill would express support for Georgia\u2019s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, as well as for its democratic development, Euro-Atlantic integration, and peaceful conflict resolution in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. \nThe United States provides substantial foreign and military aid to Georgia each year. Since 2010, U.S. nonmilitary aid to Georgia has totaled around $64 million a year on average, in addition to a five-year Millennium Challenge Corporation grant of $140 million to support education. In FY2019, Congress appropriated almost $90 million in nonmilitary aid to Georgia. Since 2010, U.S. military aid to Georgia has been estimated at around $68 million a year on average. In FY2019, Congress appropriated $35 million in Foreign Military Financing and $2 million in International Military Education and Training funds. Defense assistance also includes a three-year, $35 million training initiative, the Georgia Defense Readiness Program.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45307", "sha1": "74fc530352e666fceaa6f359a251dfa401c58bc5", "filename": "files/20191017_R45307_74fc530352e666fceaa6f359a251dfa401c58bc5.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45307", "sha1": "ed62fd9073d4c4166cc73bb4399d48cf5800b944", "filename": "files/20191017_R45307_ed62fd9073d4c4166cc73bb4399d48cf5800b944.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 595349, "date": "2019-04-01", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T13:49:21.214949", "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Georgia is one of the United States\u2019 closest partners among the states that gained their independence after the USSR collapsed in 1991. With a history of strong economic aid and security cooperation, the United States has deepened its strategic partnership with Georgia since Russia\u2019s 2008 invasion of Georgia and 2014 invasion of Ukraine. U.S. policy expressly supports Georgia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders, and Georgia is a leading recipient of U.S. aid to Europe and Eurasia. \nMany observers consider Georgia to be one of the most democratic states in the post-Soviet region, even as the country faces ongoing governance challenges. The center-left Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia party (GD) has close to a three-fourths supermajority in parliament and governs with limited checks and balances. Although Georgia faces high rates of poverty and underemployment, its economy in 2017 and 2018 appeared to show stronger growth than it had in the previous four years.\nGeorgia at a Glance\nPopulation: 3.73 million (2018 est.)\nComparative Area: slightly larger than West Virginia\nCapital: Tbilisi\nEthnic Composition: 87% Georgian, 6% Azerbaijani, 5% Armenian (2014 census)\nReligion: 83% Georgian Orthodox, 11% Muslim, 3% Armenian Apostolic (2014 census)\nGDP/GDP per capita: $16.7 billion/$4,506 (2018 est.)\nTop Exports: copper ores, beverages, motor vehicles, iron and steel (2018)\nLeadership: Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze, President Salome Zurabishvili, Defense Minister Levan Izoria, Foreign Minister David Zalkaliani, Parliamentary Chairman Irakli Kobakhidze\nSources: National Statistics Office of Georgia and International Monetary Fund (does not include Abkhazia and South Ossetia).\n\nThe GD led a coalition to victory in parliamentary elections in 2012 amid growing dissatisfaction with the former ruling party, Mikheil Saakashvili\u2019s center-right United National Movement, which came to power as a result of Georgia\u2019s 2003 Rose Revolution. In August 2008, Russia went to war with Georgia to prevent Saakashvili\u2019s government from reestablishing control over the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which broke away from Georgia in the early 1990s and became informal Russian protectorates. \nCongress has expressed firm support for Georgia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-44, Title II, \u00a7253) states that the United States \u201cdoes not recognize territorial changes effected by force, including the illegal invasions and occupations\u201d of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and other territories occupied by Russia. In September 2016, the House of Representatives passed H.Res. 660, which condemns Russia\u2019s military intervention and occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In February 2019, the Georgia Support Act (H.R. 598), which originally passed the House by unanimous consent in the 115th Congress (H.R. 6219), was reintroduced in the 116th Congress. The act would express support for Georgia\u2019s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, as well as for its democratic development, Euro-Atlantic integration, and peaceful conflict resolution in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. \nThe United States provides substantial foreign and military aid to Georgia each year. Since 2010, U.S. nonmilitary aid to Georgia has totaled around $64 million a year on average, in addition to a five-year Millennium Challenge Corporation grant of $140 million to support education. In FY2019, Congress appropriated almost $90 million in nonmilitary aid to Georgia. Since 2010, U.S. military aid to Georgia has been estimated at around $68 million a year on average. In FY2019, Congress appropriated $35 million in Foreign Military Financing and $2 million in International Military Education and Training funds. Defense assistance also includes a three-year, $35 million training initiative, the Georgia Defense Readiness Program.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45307", "sha1": "323328dce3cb7be2a66151f51315afdfddb350ab", "filename": "files/20190401_R45307_323328dce3cb7be2a66151f51315afdfddb350ab.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45307_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190401_R45307_images_8f666c7f2bd08125a17e6d36d4dbe327fdf00559.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45307", "sha1": "e046e6d3449cc2d1e604ef5ed4fc30c9dcde3d28", "filename": "files/20190401_R45307_e046e6d3449cc2d1e604ef5ed4fc30c9dcde3d28.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584893, "date": "2018-09-05", "retrieved": "2018-10-05T22:31:10.176221", "title": "Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Georgia is one of the United States\u2019 closest non-NATO partners among the post-Soviet states. With a history of strong economic aid and security cooperation, the United States has deepened its strategic partnership with Georgia since Russia\u2019s 2008 invasion of Georgia and 2014 invasion of Ukraine. U.S. policy expressly supports Georgia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders, and Georgia is a leading recipient of U.S. aid in Europe and Eurasia. \nMany observers consider Georgia to be one of the most democratic states in the post-Soviet region, even as the country faces ongoing governance challenges. The center-left Georgian Dream party has more than a three-fourths supermajority in parliament, allowing it to rule with only limited checks and balances. Although Georgia faces high rates of poverty and underemployment, its economy in 2017 appeared to enter a period of stronger growth than the previous four years.\nGeorgia: Basic Facts\nPopulation: 3.73 million (2018 est.)\nComparative Area: slightly larger than West Virginia\nCapital: Tbilisi\nEthnic Composition: 87% Georgian, 6% Azerbaijani, 5% Armenian (2014 census)\nReligion: 83% Georgian Orthodox, 11% Muslim, 3% Armenian Apostolic (2014 census)\nGDP/GDP per capita: $15.1 billion/$4,099 (2017 est.)\nTop Exports: copper ores, beverages, iron and steel, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals (2017)\nLeadership: Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze, President Giorgi Margvelashvili, Defense Minister Levan Izoria, Foreign Minister David Zalkaliani, Parliamentary Chairman Irakli Kobakhidze\nSources: National Statistics Office of Georgia and International Monetary Fund (does not include Abkhazia and South Ossetia).\n\nThe Georgian Dream won elections in 2012 amid growing dissatisfaction with the former ruling party, Mikheil Saakashvili\u2019s center-right United National Movement, which came to power as a result of Georgia\u2019s 2003 Rose Revolution. In August 2008, Russia went to war with Georgia to prevent Saakashvili\u2019s government from reestablishing control over Georgia\u2019s regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which broke away from Georgia in the early 1990s to become informal Russian protectorates. \nCongress has expressed firm support for Georgia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-44, Title II, \u00a7253) states that the United States \u201cdoes not recognize territorial changes effected by force, including the illegal invasions and occupations\u201d of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and other territories occupied by Russia. In September 2016, the House of Representatives passed H.Res. 660, which condemns Russia\u2019s military intervention and occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Similar resolutions on Georgia and other countries with territories under Russian occupation have been introduced recently in the House and the Senate (H.Res. 955, H.Res. 1030, S.Res. 106).\nThe United States provides substantial nonmilitary and military aid to Georgia each year. Since 2010, U.S. nonmilitary aid to Georgia has totaled around $60 million a year on average, in addition to a second five-year Millennium Challenge Corporation grant of $140 million to support education. In FY2018, Congress appropriated $68 million in nonmilitary aid to Georgia. U.S. Military aid to Georgia has been estimated at around $74 million a year on average from FY2010 to FY2017. For FY2018, Congress appropriated at least $37 million in military aid (Foreign Military Financing [FMF] and International Military Education and Training [IMET]), not including Defense appropriations. \nThe Trump Administration also has provided major defensive lethal weaponry to Georgia. In November 2017, the U.S. State Department approved a foreign military sale of over 400 Javelin portable anti-tank missiles at a total estimated cost of $75 million. The Georgian Ministry of Defense confirmed that the first stage of two sales was complete as of January 2018.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45307", "sha1": "c20160aff3601357df2abe14ed3e5573b0946fd3", "filename": "files/20180905_R45307_c20160aff3601357df2abe14ed3e5573b0946fd3.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45307_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180905_R45307_images_8f666c7f2bd08125a17e6d36d4dbe327fdf00559.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45307", "sha1": "07e433d44b7d75622d5ae08f99fab9702be3bcff", "filename": "files/20180905_R45307_07e433d44b7d75622d5ae08f99fab9702be3bcff.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] } ], "topics": [ "European Affairs", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }