{ "id": "R45178", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R45178", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com", "versions": [ { "summary": null, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45178", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "formats": [ { "sha1": "62d6238caecf6c02ddf495be33b3439f09eed744", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45178/10", "filename": "files/2020-11-10_R45178_62d6238caecf6c02ddf495be33b3439f09eed744.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-11-10_R45178_62d6238caecf6c02ddf495be33b3439f09eed744.html" } ], "title": "Artificial Intelligence and National Security", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "retrieved": "2020-12-12T04:03:45.356149", "date": "2020-11-10", "typeId": "R", "id": "R45178_10_2020-11-10", "active": true }, { "summary": null, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45178", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "formats": [ { "sha1": "e21f94e83a390afed890b01da54959e0a0d1e1a6", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45178/8", "filename": "files/2020-08-26_R45178_e21f94e83a390afed890b01da54959e0a0d1e1a6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-08-26_R45178_e21f94e83a390afed890b01da54959e0a0d1e1a6.html" } ], "title": "Artificial Intelligence and National Security", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "retrieved": "2020-12-12T04:03:45.355007", "date": "2020-08-26", "typeId": "R", "id": "R45178_8_2020-08-26", "active": true }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 608506, "date": "2019-11-21", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:17:56.551259", "title": "Artificial Intelligence and National Security", "summary": "Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field of technology with potentially significant implications for national security. As such, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and other nations are developing AI applications for a range of military functions. AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. Already, AI has been incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria. Congressional action has the potential to shape the technology\u2019s development further, with budgetary and legislative decisions influencing the growth of military applications as well as the pace of their adoption.\nAI technologies present unique challenges for military integration, particularly because the bulk of AI development is happening in the commercial sector. Although AI is not unique in this regard, the defense acquisition process may need to be adapted for acquiring emerging technologies like AI. In addition, many commercial AI applications must undergo significant modification prior to being functional for the military. A number of cultural issues also challenge AI acquisition, as some commercial AI companies are averse to partnering with DOD due to ethical concerns, and even within the department, there can be resistance to incorporating AI technology into existing weapons systems and processes.\nPotential international rivals in the AI market are creating pressure for the United States to compete for innovative military AI applications. China is a leading competitor in this regard, releasing a plan in 2017 to capture the global lead in AI development by 2030. Currently, China is primarily focused on using AI to make faster and more well-informed decisions, as well as on developing a variety of autonomous military vehicles. Russia is also active in military AI development, with a primary focus on robotics. \nAlthough AI has the potential to impart a number of advantages in the military context, it may also introduce distinct challenges. AI technology could, for example, facilitate autonomous operations, lead to more informed military decisionmaking, and increase the speed and scale of military action. However, it may also be unpredictable or vulnerable to unique forms of manipulation. As a result of these factors, analysts hold a broad range of opinions on how influential AI will be in future combat operations. While a small number of analysts believe that the technology will have minimal impact, most believe that AI will have at least an evolutionary\u2014if not revolutionary\u2014effect. \nMilitary AI development presents a number of potential issues for Congress:\nWhat is the right balance of commercial and government funding for AI development?\nHow might Congress influence defense acquisition reform initiatives that facilitate military AI development?\nWhat changes, if any, are necessary in Congress and DOD to implement effective oversight of AI development?\nHow should the United States balance research and development related to artificial intelligence and autonomous systems with ethical considerations?\nWhat legislative or regulatory changes are necessary for the integration of military AI applications?\nWhat measures can Congress take to help manage the AI competition globally?", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45178", "sha1": "34bc0ff0f6069c4d71e2e59e4583307811b9da44", "filename": "files/20191121_R45178_34bc0ff0f6069c4d71e2e59e4583307811b9da44.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191121_R45178_images_be9d0d9c7c9de516c9fefdadc47257533dc85f2a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191121_R45178_images_8c10aeb9c7ba9c9b41baf4cc69298c85c8ba2f7b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191121_R45178_images_cbaa1e4321b737a6ad4573238778d01f4ffcd10a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191121_R45178_images_914aec8cf9bc163121395d352e0f3f7d950e7fd6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191121_R45178_images_1f01b7d391fd574cd49ac12574fd2a6a68edeeff.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191121_R45178_images_f589ee5dc6d3bc3cc87d463c3ebfdedcdd526c78.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45178", "sha1": "ddbcce24a6fbf02ad9e81387b5623295ac60f017", "filename": "files/20191121_R45178_ddbcce24a6fbf02ad9e81387b5623295ac60f017.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4852, "name": "Science & Technology R&D" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4902, "name": "Air, Land, Sea, & Projection Forces" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4916, "name": "Technology & Innovation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 590639, "date": "2019-01-30", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T14:27:21.393103", "title": "Artificial Intelligence and National Security", "summary": "Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field of technology with potentially significant implications for national security. As such, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and other nations are developing AI applications for a range of military functions. AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, and in a variety of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. Already, AI has been incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria. Congressional action has the potential to shape the technology\u2019s development further, with budgetary and legislative decisions influencing the growth of military applications as well as the pace of their adoption.\nAI technologies present unique challenges for military integration, particularly because the bulk of AI development is happening in the commercial sector. Although AI is not unique in this regard, the defense acquisition process may need to be adapted for acquiring emerging technologies like AI. In addition, many commercial AI applications must undergo significant modification prior to being functional for the military. A number of cultural issues also challenge AI acquisition, as some commercial AI companies are averse to partnering with DOD due to ethical concerns, and even within the department, there can be resistance to incorporating AI technology into existing weapons systems and processes.\nPotential international rivals in the AI market are creating pressure for the United States to compete for innovative military AI applications. China is a leading competitor in this regard, releasing a plan in 2017 to capture the global lead in AI development by 2030. Currently, China is primarily focused on using AI to make faster and more well-informed decisions, as well as on developing a variety of autonomous military vehicles. Russia is also active in military AI development, with a primary focus on robotics. \nAlthough AI has the potential to impart a number of advantages in the military context, it may also introduce distinct challenges. AI technology could, for example, facilitate autonomous operations, lead to more informed military decisionmaking, and increase the speed and scale of military action. However, it may also be unpredictable or vulnerable to unique forms of manipulation. As a result of these factors, analysts hold a broad range of opinions on how influential AI will be in future combat operations. While a small number of analysts believe that the technology will have minimal impact, most believe that AI will have at least an evolutionary\u2014if not revolutionary\u2014effect. \nMilitary AI development presents a number of potential issues for Congress:\nWhat is the right balance of commercial and government funding for AI development?\nHow might Congress influence defense acquisition reform initiatives that facilitate military AI development?\nWhat changes, if any, are necessary in Congress and DOD to implement effective oversight of AI development?\nHow should the United States balance research and development related to artificial intelligence and autonomous systems with ethical considerations?\nWhat legislative or regulatory changes are necessary for the integration of military AI applications?\nWhat measures can Congress take to help manage the AI competition globally?", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45178", "sha1": "095f4a9af230c62fef202d3b1654d157bc8f4721", "filename": "files/20190130_R45178_095f4a9af230c62fef202d3b1654d157bc8f4721.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190130_R45178_images_be9d0d9c7c9de516c9fefdadc47257533dc85f2a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190130_R45178_images_8c10aeb9c7ba9c9b41baf4cc69298c85c8ba2f7b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190130_R45178_images_cbaa1e4321b737a6ad4573238778d01f4ffcd10a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190130_R45178_images_914aec8cf9bc163121395d352e0f3f7d950e7fd6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190130_R45178_images_1f01b7d391fd574cd49ac12574fd2a6a68edeeff.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190130_R45178_images_f589ee5dc6d3bc3cc87d463c3ebfdedcdd526c78.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45178", "sha1": "dadab5affa95707757ae85773a40a8cb11c74418", "filename": "files/20190130_R45178_dadab5affa95707757ae85773a40a8cb11c74418.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4852, "name": "Science & Technology R&D" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4902, "name": "Air, Land, Sea, & Projection Forces" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4916, "name": "Technology & Innovation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580553, "date": "2018-04-26", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T10:20:02.553357", "title": "Artificial Intelligence and National Security", "summary": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field of technological development with potentially significant implications for national security. As such, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is developing AI applications for a range of military functions. AI research is underway in the fields of intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyberspace operations, command and control, and a variety of military autonomous vehicles. AI applications are already playing a role in operations in Iraq and Syria, with algorithms designed to speed up the target identification process. Congressional action has the potential to shape the technology\u2019s trajectory, with fiscal and regulatory decisions potentially influencing growth of national security applications and the standing of military AI development versus international competitors.\nAI technology presents unique challenges for military acquisitions, especially since the bulk of AI development is happening in the commercial sector. Although AI is not unique in this regard, the Defense Acquisition Process (DAP) may potentially need to be adapted for acquiring systems like AI. In addition, many commercial AI applications must undergo significant modification prior to being functional for the military. A number of cultural issues challenge AI acquisition, leading to discord with AI companies and potential military aversion to adapting weapons systems and processes to this disruptive technology.\nInternational rivals in the AI market are creating pressure for the United States to compete for innovative military AI applications. China is a leading competitor in this regard, releasing a plan in 2017 to capture the global lead in AI development by 2030. Currently, China is primarily focused on using AI to make faster and more well-informed decisions, as well as developing multiple types of autonomous military vehicles. Russia is also active in military AI development, with a primary focus on robotics. \nAlthough AI has the potential to impart a number of advantages in the military context, it may also introduce distinct challenges. AI technology can facilitate autonomous operations, lead to more informed military decision-making, and will likely increase the speed and scale of military action. However, it is also unpredictable, vulnerable to unique forms of manipulation, and presents challenges to human-machine interaction. Analysts hold a broad range of opinions on how influential AI will be in future combat operations. While a small number of analysts believe that the technology will have minimal impact, a larger number of experts believe that AI will have at least an evolutionary if not revolutionary effect. \nMilitary AI development presents a number of potential issues for Congress\nWhat is the right balance of commercial and government funding for AI development?\nHow might Congress influence Defense Acquisition reform initiatives that ease military AI adaptation?\nWhat changes, if any, are necessary in Congress and DOD to implement effective oversight of AI development?\nWhat regulatory changes are necessary for military AI applications?\nWhat measures can be taken to protect AI from exploitation by international competitors and preserve a U.S. advantage in the field?", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45178", "sha1": "6073961ce4db17bbe8170afbfffe78841558e1ae", "filename": "files/20180426_R45178_6073961ce4db17bbe8170afbfffe78841558e1ae.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_cbaa1e4321b737a6ad4573238778d01f4ffcd10a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_be9d0d9c7c9de516c9fefdadc47257533dc85f2a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_83c2e6f7bc36568b34de3d426f58e1c321728d0d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_8c10aeb9c7ba9c9b41baf4cc69298c85c8ba2f7b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_d8bb3e8c0c3a65d429ba4c1644ed5b1a808fe1bc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_1110162d45050815258af404c7386ba4eae505d6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_f9056e52f86bc53b567f904b92431a359fd6bbe1.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_f589ee5dc6d3bc3cc87d463c3ebfdedcdd526c78.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45178_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180426_R45178_images_1f01b7d391fd574cd49ac12574fd2a6a68edeeff.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45178", "sha1": "27fad5077138df0a45f2bf5dc00f4bb61c9a4e88", "filename": "files/20180426_R45178_27fad5077138df0a45f2bf5dc00f4bb61c9a4e88.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4852, "name": "Science & Technology R&D" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4902, "name": "Air, Land, Sea, & Projection Forces" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4916, "name": "Technology & Innovation" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }