{
  "id": "R42945",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "R42945",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
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      "id": 447014,
      "date": "2014-01-13",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:42:13.389941",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 113th Congress: New and Recurring Issues",
      "summary": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 16 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a71531-1543) was enacted to increase protection for, and to provide for the recovery of, vanishing wildlife and vegetation. Under ESA, species of plants and animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) can be listed as endangered or threatened according to assessments of their risk of extinction. Habitat loss is the primary cause for listing species. Once a species is listed, powerful legal tools are available to aid its recovery and protect its habitat. Accordingly, when certain resources are associated with listed species\u2014such as water in arid regions like California, energy resources in sagebrush country, or free-flowing rivers\u2014ESA is seen as an obstacle to continued or greater human use of these resources. ESA may also be controversial because dwindling species are usually harbingers of broader ecosystem decline or conflicts. As a result, ESA is considered a primary driver of large-scale ecosystem restoration issues.\nPrevious Congresses have conducted oversight hearings on the implementation of various federal programs and laws that address threatened and endangered species. This has ranged from addressing listing and delisting decisions under ESA to justifying funding levels for international conservation programs. In the 113th Congress, resource-specific issues may be addressed independently, whereas oversight on the implementation of ESA may be addressed in debates about particular species (e.g., wolves, polar bears, sage grouse, and salmon).\nMajor issues for the 113th Congress include how to allocate funds to activities and programs seeking to assist species adaptation to climate change. Other major issues concerning ESA in recent years have included the role of science in decision-making, critical habitat (CH) designation, incentives for property owners, and appropriate protection of listed species, among others.\nAuthorization for spending under ESA expired on October 1, 1992. The prohibitions and requirements of ESA remain in force, even in the absence of an authorization, and funds have been appropriated to implement the administrative provisions of ESA in each subsequent fiscal year. Proposals to reauthorize and extensively amend ESA were last considered in the 109th Congress, but none was enacted. No legislative proposals were introduced in the 110th, 111th, 112th, or 113th Congresses for a broad reauthorization of ESA.\nThis report discusses oversight issues and legislation in the 113th Congress that address ESA implementation and management of endangered and threatened species.",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806751/",
      "id": "R42945_2013Feb01",
      "date": "2013-02-01",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 113th Congress: New and Recurring Issues",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Energy Policy",
    "Environmental Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Science and Technology Policy"
  ]
}