{ "id": "R42752", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R42752", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 427014, "date": "2014-01-17", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T20:44:10.061733", "title": "Clean Water Act and Pollutant Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)", "summary": "Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires states to identify waters that are impaired by pollution, even after application of pollution controls. For those waters, states must establish a total maximum daily load (TMDL) of pollutants to ensure that water quality standards can be attained. A TMDL is both a quantitative assessment of pollution sources and pollutant reductions needed to restore and protect U.S. waters and a planning process for attaining water quality standards. Implementation of Section 303(d) was dormant until states and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were prodded by lawsuits. The program has been controversial, in part because of requirements and costs faced by states, as well as industries, cities, farmers, and others who may be required to use new pollution controls to meet TMDL requirements.\nDespite controversies, the TMDL program has become a core element of overall efforts to protect and restore water quality. States and EPA develop several thousand TMDLs annually, but many more need to be completed. The most recent information indicates that over 41,000 waterbodies do not meet water quality standards and need a TMDL to initiate corrective measures. The 303(d) program has evolved, and especially during the last decade, EPA and states have addressed more complex issues, including TMDLs involving both point (direct discharges) and nonpoint sources (diffuse discharges) such as stormwater; TMDLs for less-traditional causes of impairment such as climate change; TMDLs for pollutants such as mercury that involve coordination among water, air, and other environmental programs; and multi-jurisdictional TMDLs.\nThe largest multi-jurisdictional TMDL, for the Chesapeake Bay watershed, has drawn considerable attention. It was developed by EPA and was necessitated because previous largely voluntary restoration efforts by the Bay jurisdictions were insufficient to attain water quality standards. It addresses all segments of the Bay and its tidal tributaries that are impaired from discharges of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment, with a goal of having TMDL implementation measures in place by 2025. The Chesapeake Bay TMDL has a number of novel elements, including Watershed Implementation Plans in which the jurisdictions identify specific measures to achieve needed pollutant reductions, and biennial reports to the public on progress in implementation. The Bay TMDL has been controversial with a number of groups concerned about the costs of implementation and the likely mandatory nature of many of EPA\u2019s and states\u2019 actions. EPA\u2019s authority to develop the TMDL was upheld, after a legal challenge.\nWhen a TMDL is developed, implementation is a major uncertainty. First, Section 303(d) does not require implementation, and states\u2019 strategies for implementation vary widely. Only a few have laws requiring implementation plans, while many others rely on less structured policies. Second, a number of barriers to implementation can be identified. The most prominent is insufficient funding, but technical impediments such as insufficient scientific data also are a challenge. At the same time, factors that may aid effective implementation include active involvement of stakeholders and governments, and adequate resources.\nThe TMDL program is in a period of transition and increasingly is addressing new challenges\u2014more complex TMDLs, larger scale impairments, and nonpoint sources. Other than oversight hearings on the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, Congress has not shown active interest in the TMDL program for more than a decade. Some stakeholders, especially states, believe that several issues present Congress with an opportunity to examine the TMDL provisions of the CWA.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42752", "sha1": "039766d35a0c5bcebe8780ab49e0830acd33ef30", "filename": "files/20140117_R42752_039766d35a0c5bcebe8780ab49e0830acd33ef30.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42752", "sha1": "36a1057a3a42ddaa184d7450f29e24f9dd0a9ac1", "filename": "files/20140117_R42752_36a1057a3a42ddaa184d7450f29e24f9dd0a9ac1.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2647, "name": "Water Quality Protection" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122259/", "id": "R42752_2012Sep21", "date": "2012-09-21", "retrieved": "2012-11-30T09:28:34", "title": "Clean Water Act and Pollutant Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)", "summary": "This report discusses the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program which regulates pollutants to ensure that water quality standards can be attained; section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to identify waters that are impaired by pollution, even after application of pollution controls. The report focuses on new challenges facing the TMDL program, including more complex TMDLs, larger scale impairments, and nonpoint sources.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120921_R42752_0ae61abc86ba92108de0cffcba4774d3c3b51c3b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120921_R42752_0ae61abc86ba92108de0cffcba4774d3c3b51c3b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal Justice", "name": "Criminal Justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Government regulation", "name": "Government regulation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Water quality", "name": "Water quality" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental law enforcement", "name": "Environmental law enforcement" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Water resources", "name": "Water resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Water pollution", "name": "Water pollution" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" } ] } ], "topics": [] }