{ "id": "R42135", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R42135", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578558, "date": "2018-02-21", "retrieved": "2018-02-23T14:08:36.258828", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": "The health of the U.S. manufacturing sector has long been of great concern to Congress. The decline in manufacturing employment since the start of the 21st century has stimulated particular congressional interest, leading Members to introduce hundreds of bills over many sessions of Congress intended to support domestic manufacturing activity in various ways. The proponents of such measures frequently contend that the United States is by various measures falling behind other countries in manufacturing, and they argue that this relative decline can be mitigated or reversed by government policy.\nThis report is designed to inform the debate over the health of U.S. manufacturing through a series of charts and tables that depict the position of the United States relative to other countries according to various metrics. Understanding which trends in manufacturing reflect factors that may be unique to the United States and which are related to broader changes in technology or consumer preferences may be helpful in formulating policies intended to aid firms or workers engaged in manufacturing activity. This report does not describe or discuss specific policy options.\nThe main findings are the following: \nThe United States\u2019 share of global manufacturing activity declined from 28% in 2002, following the end of a U.S. recession, to 16.5% in 2011. By 2016, the U.S. share rose to over 18%, the largest share since 2009. These estimates are based on the value of each country\u2019s manufacturing in U.S. dollars; part of the decline in the U.S. share was due to a 23% decline in the value of the dollar between 2002 and 2011, and part of the subsequent rise is attributable to a stronger dollar.\nChina displaced the United States as the largest manufacturing country in 2010. Again, part of China\u2019s rise by this measure has been due to the appreciation of its currency, the renminbi, against the U.S. dollar. The reported size of China\u2019s manufacturing sector decreased in 2015 and 2016 due to currency adjustments.\nManufacturing output, measured in each country\u2019s local currency adjusted for inflation, has been growing more slowly in the United States than in China, South Korea, Germany, and Mexico, but more rapidly than in many European countries and Canada. \nEmployment in manufacturing has fallen in most major manufacturing countries over the past quarter-century. In the United States, manufacturing employment since 1990 has declined in line with the changes in Western Europe and Japan, although the timing of the decline has differed from country to country. \nU.S. manufacturers\u2019 spending for research and development (R&D) rose 10.5% from 2010 to 2015, adjusted for inflation. Manufacturers\u2019 R&D spending rose more rapidly in several other countries. \nManufacturers in many countries have increased spending on R&D, relative to value added in the manufacturing sector, but U.S. manufacturers\u2019 R&D intensity has changed little since 2008. A large proportion of U.S. manufacturers\u2019 R&D takes place in high-technology sectors such as pharmaceutical, electronics, and aircraft manufacturing, whereas in most other countries the largest share of R&D occurs in medium-technology sectors such as automotive and machinery manufacturing.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/R42135", "sha1": "3e6c1edc4673464e7afe386bb56a49679170bc17", "filename": "files/20180221_R42135_3e6c1edc4673464e7afe386bb56a49679170bc17.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_2c8201058c9dae771b3ab9d30d8a98d45c44befd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_92f1ba0c39f93815ac6090e38be84667752115f5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_1a3ad4ebab8f1a7ab90f2636f682ab089ea91d06.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_b7b8d9d728690c195a2de833576aac46446c82bc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_d33ffb191b619ec067287556d75b9eb5a4d62428.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/9.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_94c27a450312296194af82cd246d9d510c8445b6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/11.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_06844193405aa39ad133bf933448f1bea6d48fb8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/10.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_f16f6502998567f8fa4ed948276c0b298b1abe3f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/14.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_1265a131ac957dde45427a18e0c4c1da41480748.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/12.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_7218879bb2c7a9aa776a4b1fef8d5400fc7a9f2f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_56d4a95c1db1c4bb97810f6fc79e414c137a8c90.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_76c3cf4ce1ff775e1b4fdf5cad45c639b168ccba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/13.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_f5ecde8eba02c1706eada24c158be28b73d2ea5a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_8d17c55e052c29fc85760d060d3ef5f6a63e32f6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42135_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180221_R42135_images_d1ff3002b679006c255e51c70bf194382f186323.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42135", "sha1": "e79a2a5e1bd6660cef4de57cc832604e5ed7b2dd", "filename": "files/20180221_R42135_e79a2a5e1bd6660cef4de57cc832604e5ed7b2dd.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458385, "date": "2017-01-18", "retrieved": "2017-02-03T19:14:45.615909", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": "The health of the U.S. manufacturing sector has long been of great concern to Congress. The decline in manufacturing employment since the start of the 21st century has stimulated particular congressional interest, leading Members to introduce hundreds of bills over many sessions of Congress intended to support domestic manufacturing activity in various ways. The proponents of such measures frequently contend that the United States is by various measures falling behind other countries in manufacturing, and they argue that this relative decline can be mitigated or reversed by government policy.\nThis report is designed to inform the debate over the health of U.S. manufacturing through a series of charts and tables that depict the position of the United States relative to other countries according to various metrics. Understanding which trends in manufacturing reflect factors that may be unique to the United States and which are related to broader changes in technology or consumer preferences may be helpful in formulating policies intended to aid firms or workers engaged in manufacturing activity. This report does not describe or discuss specific policy options.\nThe main findings are the following: \nThe United States\u2019 share of global manufacturing activity declined from 28% in 2002, following the end of the 2001 U.S. recession, to 16.5% in 2011. Since then, the U.S. share has risen to 18.6%, the largest share since 2009. These estimates are based on the value of each country\u2019s manufacturing in U.S. dollars; part of the decline in the U.S. share was due to a 23% decline in the value of the dollar between 2002 and 2011, and part of the rise since 2011 is attributable to a stronger dollar.\nChina displaced the United States as the largest manufacturing country in 2010. Again, part of China\u2019s rise by this measure has been due to the appreciation of its currency, the renminbi, against the U.S. dollar. The reported size of China\u2019s manufacturing sector decreased slightly in 2015 due to currency adjustments.\nManufacturing output, measured in each country\u2019s local currency adjusted for inflation, has been growing more slowly in the United States than in China, South Korea, Germany, and Mexico, but more rapidly than in most European countries and Canada. \nEmployment in manufacturing has fallen in most major manufacturing countries over the past quarter-century. In the United States, manufacturing employment since 1990 has declined in line with the changes in Western Europe and Japan, although the timing of the decline has differed from country to country. \nU.S. manufacturers spend far more on research and development (R&D) than those in any other country, but manufacturers\u2019 R&D spending is rising more rapidly in several other countries. \nManufacturers in many countries appear to be spending increasing amounts on R&D, relative to their value added. U.S. manufacturers spend approximately 11% of value added on R&D, an increase of more than three percentage points since 2002. A large proportion of U.S. manufacturers\u2019 R&D takes place in high-technology sectors, such as pharmaceutical, electronics, and aircraft manufacturing, whereas in most other countries the largest share of R&D occurs in medium-technology sectors such as automotive and machinery manufacturing.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42135", "sha1": "e382cfe69565b1f9ee47c8889e7e213dc599ab1f", "filename": "files/20170118_R42135_e382cfe69565b1f9ee47c8889e7e213dc599ab1f.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42135", "sha1": "4ca2da0ca7960568718994e922f1a191935dec8e", "filename": "files/20170118_R42135_4ca2da0ca7960568718994e922f1a191935dec8e.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456251, "date": "2016-04-26", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T22:18:40.307880", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": "The health of the U.S. manufacturing sector has long been of great concern to Congress. The decline in manufacturing employment since the start of the 21st century has stimulated particular congressional interest. The Obama Administration has undertaken a variety of related initiatives, and Members have introduced hundreds of bills over many sessions of Congress intended to support domestic manufacturing activity in various ways. The proponents of such measures frequently contend that the United States is by various measures falling behind other countries in manufacturing, and they argue that this relative decline can be mitigated or reversed by government policy.\nThis report is designed to inform the debate over the health of U.S. manufacturing through a series of charts and tables that depict the position of the United States relative to other countries according to various metrics. Understanding which trends in manufacturing reflect factors that may be unique to the United States and which are related to broader changes in technology or consumer preferences may be helpful in formulating policies intended to aid firms or workers engaged in manufacturing activity. This report does not describe or discuss specific policy options.\nThe main findings are the following: \nThe United States\u2019 share of global manufacturing activity declined from 28% in 2002, following the end of the 2001 U.S. recession, to 16.5% in 2011. Since then, the U.S. share has risen to 17.2%. These estimates are based on the value of each country\u2019s manufacturing in U.S. dollars; part of the decline in the U.S. share was due to a 23% decline in the value of the dollar between 2002 and 2011, and part of the rise since 2011 is attributable to a stronger dollar.\nChina displaced the United States as the largest manufacturing country in 2010. Again, part of China\u2019s rise by this measure has been due to the appreciation of its currency, the renminbi, against the U.S. dollar. \nManufacturing output, measured in each country\u2019s local currency adjusted for inflation, has grown more slowly in the United States over the past decade than in China, Japan, Germany, and Mexico. \nEmployment in manufacturing has fallen in most major manufacturing countries over the past quarter-century. In the United States, manufacturing employment since 1990 has declined in line with the changes in Western Europe and Japan, although the timing of the decline has differed from country to country. \nU.S. manufacturers spend far more on research and development (R&D) than those in any other country, but manufacturers\u2019 R&D spending is rising more rapidly in China, South Korea, and Taiwan. \nManufacturers in all major manufacturing countries appear to be spending increasing amounts on R&D, relative to their value added. U.S. manufacturers spend approximately 11% of value added on R&D, an increase of more than three percentage points since 2002. A very large proportion of U.S. manufacturers\u2019 R&D takes place in high-technology sectors, particularly pharmaceuticals, electronics, and aircraft manufacturing, whereas in most other countries a far greater proportion of manufacturers\u2019 R&D outlays occurs in medium-technology sectors such as motor vehicle and machinery manufacturing.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42135", "sha1": "67b793f66e3e61d904c655f1e5e8a944d52df5a1", "filename": "files/20160426_R42135_67b793f66e3e61d904c655f1e5e8a944d52df5a1.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42135", "sha1": "24a65b0a6d55ad62d81080821d50b5b15777653c", "filename": "files/20160426_R42135_24a65b0a6d55ad62d81080821d50b5b15777653c.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 439860, "date": "2015-03-17", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T19:21:36.531429", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": "The health of the U.S. manufacturing sector has long been of great concern to Congress. The decline in manufacturing employment since the start of the 21st century has stimulated particular congressional interest. The Obama Administration has undertaken a variety of related initiatives, and Members have introduced hundreds of bills intended to support domestic manufacturing activity in various ways. The proponents of such measures frequently contend that the United States is by various measures falling behind other countries in manufacturing, and they argue that this relative decline can be mitigated or reversed by government policy.\nThis report is designed to inform the debate over the health of U.S. manufacturing through a series of charts and tables that depict the position of the United States relative to other countries according to various metrics. Understanding which trends in manufacturing reflect factors that may be unique to the United States and which are related to broader changes in technology or consumer preferences may be helpful in formulating policies intended to aid firms or workers engaged in manufacturing activity. This report does not describe or discuss specific policy options.\nThe main findings are the following: \nChina displaced the United States as the largest manufacturing country in 2010, as the United States\u2019 share of global manufacturing activity declined from 30% in 2002 to 17.4% in 2012.\nManufacturing output has grown more rapidly in the United States over the past decade than in most European countries and Japan, although it has lagged China, Korea, and other countries in Asia.\nEmployment in manufacturing has fallen in most major manufacturing countries over the past two decades. The United States saw a disproportionately large drop between 2000 and 2010, but its decline in manufacturing employment since 1990 is in line with the changes in several European countries and Japan. \nU.S. manufacturers spend far more on research and development (R&D) than those in any other country, but manufacturers\u2019 R&D spending is rising more rapidly in China, Korea, and Taiwan. \nManufacturers in all major manufacturing countries appear to be spending increasing amounts on R&D, relative to their value added. U.S. manufacturers spend approximately 11% of value added on R&D, an increase of approximately three percentage points since the 2000-2002 period. A very large proportion of U.S. manufacturers\u2019 R&D takes place in high-technology sectors, particularly pharmaceutical, electronics, and aircraft manufacturing, whereas in most other countries a far greater proportion of manufacturers\u2019 R&D outlays occur in medium-technology sectors such as motor vehicle and machinery manufacturing.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42135", "sha1": "b4865be1d7f5a3d405c8ba07ad7c97fab180fc37", "filename": "files/20150317_R42135_b4865be1d7f5a3d405c8ba07ad7c97fab180fc37.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42135", "sha1": "272a277b62d45111bade70666c6ae9aeba8861fa", "filename": "files/20150317_R42135_272a277b62d45111bade70666c6ae9aeba8861fa.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4602, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc282349/", "id": "R42135_2014Feb20", "date": "2014-02-20", "retrieved": "2014-04-02T19:38:14", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": "This report contains a series of charts and tables that depict the position of manufacturing in the United States relative to other countries according to various metrics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140220_R42135_c478eaaf1d45fbfc2a099c0c5429dc5b1c31f580.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140220_R42135_c478eaaf1d45fbfc2a099c0c5429dc5b1c31f580.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Manufacturing industries", "name": "Manufacturing industries" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Employment", "name": "Employment" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Labor", "name": "Labor" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463253/", "id": "R42135_2013Feb11", "date": "2013-02-11", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": "This report is designed to inform the debate over the health of U.S. manufacturing through a series of charts and tables that depict the position of the United States relative to other countries according to various metrics. Understanding which trends in manufacturing reflect factors that may be unique to the United States and which are related to broader changes in technology or consumer preferences may be helpful in formulating policies intended to aid firms or workers engaged in manufacturing activity. This report does not describe or discuss specific policy options.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130211_R42135_2e92353bbd4b242740f1b25617f34ccb81be38c6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130211_R42135_2e92353bbd4b242740f1b25617f34ccb81be38c6.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Manufacturing industries", "name": "Manufacturing industries" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Employment", "name": "Employment" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Labor", "name": "Labor" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811209/", "id": "R42135_2012Jan05", "date": "2012-01-05", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120105_R42135_ff29f8dce5f01e02b01655c4304f4c33f518ce31.pdf" } ], "topics": [] } ], "topics": [] }