{
  "id": "R41749",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "R41749",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 386119,
      "date": "2011-03-25",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T01:01:04.617034",
      "title": "Non-Governmental Organizations Activities in North Korea",
      "summary": "A number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)\u2014non-profit, charitable institutions\u2014have been active in North Korea since the mid-1990s. Although their work is relatively limited in scope, it is of interest to U.S. policy-makers because of the deep isolation of the regime in Pyongyang. Several American and international NGOs have provided assistance to North Korea in humanitarian relief, development, health, informal diplomacy, science, communication and education. A relatively recent trend is that a growing number of NGOs, particularly in South Korea, are run by or have North Korean defectors on staff. \nNon-governmental organizations\u2019 activities in North Korea have stirred some controversy. Some observers believe that NGOs\u2019 projects represent one of the few ways to improve the lives of ordinary North Koreans, and that their work provides first-hand accounts about social conditions in North Korea. Some NGOs have a comparative advantage in dealing with North Korea, with over a decade\u2019s experience working with North Korean officials and institutions. However, others argue that NGOs\u2019 programs aid North Korea\u2019s regime, and that given the lack of transparency and tight restrictions imposed on them by the regime, their funds are vulnerable to diversion by North Korean officials. \nTwo issues bear consideration: Have NGOs contributed to improving the lives of ordinary North Korean citizens in sustainable ways? Can NGOs evaluate the impact of their operations and take steps to minimize diversion of the resources they deliver to North Koreans? In short, are they effective, and should the United States welcome their work in spite of the North Korean regime\u2019s treatment of its citizens? This paper will address some of the publicly disclosed activities that NGOs have undertaken in North Korea. \nThe role of NGOs in North Korea may re-emerge as a congressional interest, as the Obama Administration has expressed interest in restarting humanitarian assistance to North Korea. During the Bush Administration, five large U.S. NGOs were part of a food delivery program that enjoyed some success. Some believed they were more effective than international organizations at navigating the North Korean system to get aid where it was needed. But some organizations opted to cease their operations when North Korean restrictions became too onerous.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41749",
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41749",
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      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Asian Affairs",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security"
  ]
}