{ "id": "R41368", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R41368", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "summary": null, "typeId": "R", "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41368", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "retrieved": "2023-01-06T04:03:02.655642", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "id": "R41368_74_2022-12-22", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41368/74", "sha1": "c7abafb05437c345f5377f092b8a4ee71418a756", "filename": "files/2022-12-22_R41368_c7abafb05437c345f5377f092b8a4ee71418a756.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-12-22_R41368_c7abafb05437c345f5377f092b8a4ee71418a756.html" } ], "active": true, "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "date": "2022-12-22" }, { "summary": null, "typeId": "R", "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41368", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "type": "CRS Report", "retrieved": "2023-01-06T04:02:58.931141", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "id": "R41368_69_2020-11-09", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41368/69", "sha1": "41278214ccb983584455d0a61fa7d6ce43e39489", "filename": "files/2020-11-09_R41368_41278214ccb983584455d0a61fa7d6ce43e39489.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-11-09_R41368_41278214ccb983584455d0a61fa7d6ce43e39489.html" } ], "active": true, "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "date": "2020-11-09" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584619, "date": "2018-08-31", "retrieved": "2018-09-07T13:53:29.998782", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Turkey, a NATO ally since 1952, significantly affects a number of key U.S. national security issues in the Middle East and Europe. U.S.-Turkey relations have worsened throughout this decade over several matters, including Syria\u2019s civil war, Turkey-Israel tensions, Turkey-Russia cooperation, and various Turkish domestic developments. The United States and NATO have military personnel and key equipment deployed to various sites in Turkey, including at Incirlik air base in the southern part of the country.\nBilateral ties have reached historic lows in the summer of 2018. The major flashpoint has been a Turkish criminal case against American pastor Andrew Brunson. U.S. sanctions on Turkey related to the Brunson case and responses by Turkey and international markets appear to have seriously aggravated an already precipitous drop in the value of Turkey\u2019s currency. \nAmid this backdrop, Congress has actively engaged on several issues involving Turkey, including the following:\nTurkey\u2019s possible S-400 air defense system acquisition from Russia.\nTurkey\u2019s efforts to acquire U.S.-origin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft and its companies\u2019 role in the international F-35 consortium\u2019s supply chain.\nComplex U.S.-Turkey interactions in Syria involving several state and non-state actors, including Russia and Iran. Over strong Turkish objections, the United States continues to partner with Syrian Kurds linked with Kurdish militants in Turkey, and Turkey\u2019s military has occupied large portions of northern Syria to minimize Kurdish control and leverage.\nTurkey\u2019s domestic situation and its effect on bilateral relations. In addition to Pastor Brunson, Turkey has detained a number of other U.S. citizens (most of them dual U.S.-Turkish citizens) and Turkish employees of the U.S. government. Turkish officials and media have connected these cases to the July 2016 coup attempt in Turkey, and to Fethullah Gulen, the U.S.-based former cleric whom Turkey\u2019s government has accused of involvement in the plot.\nIn the FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA, P.L. 115-232) enacted in August 2018, Congress has required a comprehensive report from the Trump Administration on (1) U.S.-Turkey relations, (2) the potential S-400 deal and its implications for U.S./NATO activity in Turkey, (3) possible alternatives to the S-400, and (4) various scenarios for the F-35 program with or without Turkey\u2019s participation. Other proposed legislation would condition Turkey\u2019s acquisition of the F-35 on a cancellation of the S-400 deal (FY2019 State and Foreign Operations Appropriations Act, S. 3180), place sanctions on Turkish officials for their role in detaining U.S. citizens or employees (also S. 3180), and direct U.S. action at selected international financial institutions to oppose providing assistance to Turkey (Turkey International Financial Institutions Act, S. 3248). The S-400 deal might also trigger sanctions under existing law (CAATSA).\nThe next steps in the fraught relations between the United States and Turkey will take place in the context of a Turkey in political transition and growing economic turmoil. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who has dominated politics in the country since 2002, won reelection to an empowered presidency in June 2018. Given Erdogan\u2019s consolidation of power, observers now question how he will govern a polarized electorate and deal with the foreign actors who can affect Turkey\u2019s financial solvency, regional security, and political influence. U.S. officials and lawmakers can refer to Turkey\u2019s complex history, geography, domestic dynamics, and international relationships in evaluating how to encourage Turkey to align its policies with U.S. interests.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41368", "sha1": "78bdfe86aad05c2309b85d432273e8eb259d00a4", "filename": "files/20180831_R41368_78bdfe86aad05c2309b85d432273e8eb259d00a4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_eab38c0eb72a31ec0b03127fa3c63577fe479856.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_653dabe03c51188da812cab12794f2bd475b0ca9.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/10.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_7f081b2844cce873a3a5169b8f37efaeb42bf24d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_69c1e175b553c163705de099908b4cb77e5135a9.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_cf86cf631cbfa582abb9d2801ab6581ba362bb40.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_71363aab2cdf8bdf399b1fee6398fe0844be83ab.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/9.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_a7a09e5df65109c0049b4b1540ea57c24d23330b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_a220fee269ff6e9e46d9633c9441d346a6b46f6d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_7fbfdf41eb9e628bb52847095a2726ab1362e902.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_624c5a3820f1450d92ee84a16d2388b835f8bbba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41368_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180831_R41368_images_38a36c940fe623b4abaa7f1a86b1e697d72a80d2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41368", "sha1": "e3a2ee81b34f4c8cf433a894fcdc35dc1d452c21", "filename": "files/20180831_R41368_e3a2ee81b34f4c8cf433a894fcdc35dc1d452c21.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 455398, "date": "2016-08-26", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T21:43:03.871258", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests, and Congress plays an active role in shaping and overseeing U.S. relations with Turkey. Members of Congress regularly engage in oversight or legislative activities on the following subjects with respect to Turkey, among others:\nU.S.-Turkey military cooperation, including arms sales and aid;\nTurkey\u2019s interactions with countries such as Armenia, Cyprus, and Israel;\ngeneral Turkish domestic issues;\nconcerns regarding Christians, Jews, and other religious minorities in Turkey; and\nbilateral trade. \nThis report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy questions and considerations for Members of Congress. U.S. relations with Turkey\u2014a longtime North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally\u2014have evolved over time. Turkey\u2019s economic dynamism and geopolitical importance underpin its regional and global influence. Although Turkey still depends on the United States and other NATO allies for political and strategic support, and has close economic links with the European Union, its increased economic and military self-reliance since the Cold War allows Turkey relatively greater opportunity for an assertive role in foreign policy. The record of U.S.-Turkey cooperation during the Obama Administration has been mixed. To some extent it mirrors the complexities that past U.S. Administrations faced with Turkey in reconciling alignment on general foreign policy objectives with substantive points of disagreement. \nGreater Turkish independence of action and continuing political transformation appear to have been mutually reinforcing\u2014with both led for more than a decade by President (previously Prime Minister) Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Islamist-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP). However, it remains unclear how Turkey might reconcile majoritarian views favoring Turkish nationalism and Sunni Muslim values with secular governance and protection of individual freedoms and minority rights, including with regard to Turkey\u2019s Kurdish citizens. \nExisting challenges for Turkey and tensions in U.S.-Turkey relations have been exacerbated by a failed coup attempt in July 2016 and the ongoing government response. The vigorous response, accompanied by the Turkish parliament\u2019s approval of a three-month state of emergency, seeks to restructure the military and other key institutions and purge Turkey of the influence of Fethullah Gulen. Gulen was formerly a state-employed imam in Turkey, and is now a permanent U.S. resident whose teachings provide foundational inspiration for an array of individuals, educational institutions, and other organizations in Turkey and elsewhere around the world.\nTurkish officials\u2019 claim that Gulen was responsible for the failed coup has fueled anti-American sentiment and conspiracy theories among the media and public opinion. Turkish officials have called for the United States to extradite Gulen, with some saying that a U.S. failure to do so could damage bilateral relations. U.S. officials have stated their willingness to consider any Turkish extradition request under the terms of the applicable bilateral treaty.\nBilateral tensions in the failed coup\u2019s aftermath have the potential to affect U.S.-Turkey cooperation in countering the Islamic State and more broadly. Effects from some coup plotters\u2019 apparent use of Incirlik air base temporarily disrupted U.S. military operations, raising questions about Turkey\u2019s stability and the safety and utility of Turkish territory for U.S. and NATO assets. U.S. and international officials have expressed concern that Erdogan may use the coup attempt as justification to further consolidate power and control expression in Turkey, though evidence indicates fairly broad public acceptance of the government\u2019s measures, even among some of Erdogan\u2019s political opponents.\nIn a context of increased speculation regarding post-plot Turkish military capacity and resolve, U.S. and Turkish officials continue to face a number of sensitive issues related to Syria. These include (1) U.S. cooperation with Syrian Kurds who are aligned with Kurdish militants in Turkey; (2) U.S. and Turkish military and diplomatic dealings with a number of different stakeholders, including Russia and Iran; and (3) Turkish efforts to stop or control flows of fighters and refugees at its borders. Turkey has taken steps in 2016 to improve relations with Russia, Iran, and Israel, prompting speculation about the implications for Turkey\u2019s long-standing Western ties. The United States provided air support to Turkish military operations in northern Syria in August 2016. These operations could have significant implications for the aforementioned issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41368", "sha1": "f1d005352b48c486b70aa1e33adfbd71cb404028", "filename": "files/20160826_R41368_f1d005352b48c486b70aa1e33adfbd71cb404028.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41368", "sha1": "9c0a7c4a5c567b106014d5d6ded772cdd837b908", "filename": "files/20160826_R41368_9c0a7c4a5c567b106014d5d6ded772cdd837b908.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 448242, "date": "2015-10-05", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:15:21.685984", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests, and Congress plays an active role in shaping and overseeing U.S. relations with Turkey. This report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy questions and considerations for Members of Congress. U.S. relations with Turkey\u2014a longtime North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally\u2014have evolved over time. Turkey\u2019s economic dynamism and geopolitical importance have increased its influence regionally and globally. Although Turkey still depends on the United States and other NATO allies for political and strategic support, and has close economic links with the European Union, its increased economic and military self-reliance since the Cold War allows Turkey relatively greater opportunity for an assertive role in foreign policy. The record of U.S.-Turkey cooperation during the Obama Administration has been mixed. To some extent it mirrors the complexities that past U.S. Administrations faced with Turkey in reconciling alignment on general foreign policy objectives with substantive points of disagreement.\nGreater Turkish independence of action and continuing political transformation appear to have been mutually reinforcing\u2014with both led for more than a decade by President (previously Prime Minister) Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Islamist-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP). However, it remains unclear how Turkey might reconcile majoritarian views favoring Turkish nationalism and Sunni Muslim values with secular governance and protection of individual freedoms and minority rights, including with regard to Turkey\u2019s Kurdish citizens. \nSince the United States assembled an international coalition in 2014 to counter the Islamic State organization in both Iraq and Syria, Turkey\u2019s role vis-\u00e0-vis its two southern neighbors became more consequential. Congress has shown considerable interest in the nature and level of Turkey\u2019s cooperation, including with respect to flows of foreign fighters, supplies, and oil to and from Syria. In the summer of 2015, the United States and Turkey began coordinating airstrikes against the Islamic State from Turkish territory, as part of a larger arrangement that may contemplate clearing the Islamic State from a specific area in northwestern Syria near the Turkish border. Such an arrangement, however, appears to face political and operational obstacles. The United States faces challenges in simultaneously partnering with Turkey and with Syrian Kurdish fighters who have proven to be effective against the Islamic State, but are affiliated with the Kurdish militant group PKK (Kurdistan Workers\u2019 Party), which recently resumed hostilities with the Turkish government.\nCongress also focuses on the following subjects regarding Turkey, among others:\nTurkey\u2019s domestic politics and stability, particularly in anticipation of November 2015 elections amid significant political and economic uncertainty and Turkey-PKK violence.\nDifficulties in Turkey\u2019s relations with Israel, how they might affect U.S.-Turkey relations, and prospects of their improvement.\nLong-standing grievances against Turkey among Christians in Turkey and in other countries\u2014such as Armenia and Cyprus\u2014dating back to various 20th Century events.\nCongressional action to influence arms sales to and trade with Turkey, efforts to counter the Islamic State and to shape political outcomes in Syria and Iraq, and the U.S. relationship with Iran and with various Kurdish groups could have implications for the bilateral alliance, as could any linkage of these issues with U.S.-Turkey dealings on matters regarding Israel, Armenia, Cyprus, and non-NATO countries such as China and Russia.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41368", "sha1": "7fe5b42e8fe3b49804e5eeecf0dff064acd79907", "filename": "files/20151005_R41368_7fe5b42e8fe3b49804e5eeecf0dff064acd79907.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41368", "sha1": "0fcb60d8d18f187f73ff966e13bb1e3ca1b12e5f", "filename": "files/20151005_R41368_0fcb60d8d18f187f73ff966e13bb1e3ca1b12e5f.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462781/", "id": "R41368_2014Aug01", "date": "2014-08-01", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140801_R41368_e7fcf6f4edadcd8e9a40664bf98a7221eedaf543.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140801_R41368_e7fcf6f4edadcd8e9a40664bf98a7221eedaf543.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "NATO countries", "name": "NATO countries" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462879/", "id": "R41368_2014Mar27", "date": "2014-03-27", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides background information on U.S.-Turkey relations and discusses key foreign policy issues regarding the Kurdish issue, Israel, Syria, Iran and Iraq.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140327_R41368_5d09a614cdf6ac3b9eb818bea8a3dddd920600be.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140327_R41368_5d09a614cdf6ac3b9eb818bea8a3dddd920600be.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "NATO countries", "name": "NATO countries" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463523/", "id": "R41368_2013Dec20", "date": "2013-12-20", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests. This report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20131220_R41368_a28b8c629e2d3e347c1992d58f8b07edee8ca490.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20131220_R41368_a28b8c629e2d3e347c1992d58f8b07edee8ca490.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "NATO countries", "name": "NATO countries" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227678/", "id": "R41368_2013Jun21", "date": "2013-06-21", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Report that provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130621_R41368_1dca3248a2cb1185845c2fb1918768287e0b975b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130621_R41368_1dca3248a2cb1185845c2fb1918768287e0b975b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "NATO countries", "name": "NATO countries" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808023/", "id": "R41368_2013Apr23", "date": "2013-04-23", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130423_R41368_e76266bed53da79f65bd2729f89c8c7e6c5d0267.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130423_R41368_e76266bed53da79f65bd2729f89c8c7e6c5d0267.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85384/", "id": "R41368_2012Apr27", "date": "2012-04-27", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Congress has an active role to play in shaping and overseeing U.S. relations with Turkey, and several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests.\r\nThis report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration. U.S. relations with Turkey-a longtime North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally-have evolved over time as global challenges to U.S. interests have changed.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120427_R41368_33c7dde93c5c43766090c97c8fa2d5c5a6d67624.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120427_R41368_33c7dde93c5c43766090c97c8fa2d5c5a6d67624.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Turkey - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Turkey - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Turkey" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87158/", "id": "R41368_2012Feb02", "date": "2012-02-02", "retrieved": "2012-07-03T07:51:21", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Congress has an active role to play in shaping and overseeing U.S. relations with Turkey, and several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests. This report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration. U.S. relations with Turkey\u2014a longtime North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally\u2014have evolved over time as global challenges to U.S. interests have changed. Turkey's economic dynamism and geopolitical importance\u2014it straddles Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia and now has the world's 16th-largest economy\u2014have increased its influence regionally and globally.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120202_R41368_8a9ee6d08de8ac9a140125a3ad3ca99120f717e2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120202_R41368_8a9ee6d08de8ac9a140125a3ad3ca99120f717e2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Turkey - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Turkey - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Turkey" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818230/", "id": "R41368_2012Jan17", "date": "2012-01-17", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120117_R41368_a8a28d8855d2d202f3330d5d341e70eaa23da72f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120117_R41368_a8a28d8855d2d202f3330d5d341e70eaa23da72f.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29601/", "id": "R41368_2010Sep21", "date": "2010-09-21", "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25", "title": "Turkey: Politics of Identity and Power", "summary": "Turkey has become increasingly assertive on the international stage. Members of Congress and other U.S. officials require an understanding of the current domestic political situation that,\r\ncombined with a exceptionally robust economy, has enabled the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) to act so confidently in order to develop appropriate policies. As a contribution toward that goal, this report provides an overview of the Turkish domestic political scene. It does not address specific foreign policy issues, which will be the subject of a separate report.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100921_R41368_09a870a36795f4a12c0f9d04d12f7728f480ab47.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100921_R41368_09a870a36795f4a12c0f9d04d12f7728f480ab47.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Turkey", "name": "Politics and government - Turkey" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491480/", "id": "R41368_2010Aug13", "date": "2010-08-13", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "Turkey: Politics of Identity and Power", "summary": "This report provides an overview of economic situation, demographics, historical context and political situation in Turkey. The report discusses the role of the military in Turkey, the Kurdish issue, press freedom, and future political possibilities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100813_R41368_4b76a51055b3e29d7b90b365e77ab9fae2d57425.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100813_R41368_4b76a51055b3e29d7b90b365e77ab9fae2d57425.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Turkey -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Turkey" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Turkey", "name": "Politics and government -- Turkey" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Energy Policy", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "Middle Eastern Affairs", "National Defense" ] }