{ "id": "R41153", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R41153", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2024-03-19", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2024-03-19_R41153_60bc12854df5889e9637acdb6ac6cdb2bee289e1.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/203", "sha1": "60bc12854df5889e9637acdb6ac6cdb2bee289e1" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2024-03-19_R41153_60bc12854df5889e9637acdb6ac6cdb2bee289e1.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.986482", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_203_2024-03-19" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2024-01-18", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2024-01-18_R41153_4f25dfe75637f1db40fd5c02a38eb9f34197c2e3.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/197", "sha1": "4f25dfe75637f1db40fd5c02a38eb9f34197c2e3" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2024-01-18_R41153_4f25dfe75637f1db40fd5c02a38eb9f34197c2e3.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.984125", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_197_2024-01-18" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2023-10-11", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2023-10-11_R41153_b188e0db822dd993078774e78dac5f97f4f3907f.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/195", "sha1": "b188e0db822dd993078774e78dac5f97f4f3907f" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2023-10-11_R41153_b188e0db822dd993078774e78dac5f97f4f3907f.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.981894", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_195_2023-10-11" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2023-07-05", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2023-07-05_R41153_3168b8f3dfe57e3a3eb3c59822bc0f3837ef535a.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/193", "sha1": "3168b8f3dfe57e3a3eb3c59822bc0f3837ef535a" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2023-07-05_R41153_3168b8f3dfe57e3a3eb3c59822bc0f3837ef535a.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.980007", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_193_2023-07-05" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2022-03-24", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2022-03-24_R41153_63c1413c49ee17c6fe789ddb9afaa765e32365a3.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/188", "sha1": "63c1413c49ee17c6fe789ddb9afaa765e32365a3" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-03-24_R41153_63c1413c49ee17c6fe789ddb9afaa765e32365a3.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.970378", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_188_2022-03-24" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-10-12", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-10-12_R41153_86ed970dadb177903c7a3efea7bf298d01c8c4d3.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/187", "sha1": "86ed970dadb177903c7a3efea7bf298d01c8c4d3" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-10-12_R41153_86ed970dadb177903c7a3efea7bf298d01c8c4d3.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.969701", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_187_2021-10-12" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-09-23", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-09-23_R41153_ff97808ccd562b0efc6c61e50300f6b6f1b35b09.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/185", "sha1": "ff97808ccd562b0efc6c61e50300f6b6f1b35b09" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-09-23_R41153_ff97808ccd562b0efc6c61e50300f6b6f1b35b09.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.968366", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_185_2021-09-23" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-09-07", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-09-07_R41153_935438f3ffa2790d6abb2c58793a2f1010cbd5fc.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/183", "sha1": "935438f3ffa2790d6abb2c58793a2f1010cbd5fc" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-09-07_R41153_935438f3ffa2790d6abb2c58793a2f1010cbd5fc.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.966774", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_183_2021-09-07" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-08-04", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-08-04_R41153_d95204855324312a18e3ea74a7ceac3fffa25e87.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/182", "sha1": "d95204855324312a18e3ea74a7ceac3fffa25e87" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-08-04_R41153_d95204855324312a18e3ea74a7ceac3fffa25e87.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.965918", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_182_2021-08-04" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-07-16", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-07-16_R41153_729f63b987b806cf9bcd564cab1701c68d6ad316.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/180", "sha1": "729f63b987b806cf9bcd564cab1701c68d6ad316" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-07-16_R41153_729f63b987b806cf9bcd564cab1701c68d6ad316.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.964200", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_180_2021-07-16" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-05-17", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-05-17_R41153_e9bba8ec847c8d9ed1e96d7786b1f5adf6a80afe.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/178", "sha1": "e9bba8ec847c8d9ed1e96d7786b1f5adf6a80afe" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-05-17_R41153_e9bba8ec847c8d9ed1e96d7786b1f5adf6a80afe.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.962186", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_178_2021-05-17" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-02-01", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-02-01_R41153_7d14fb310ccd218d5513ce05b675ac755586f704.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/177", "sha1": "7d14fb310ccd218d5513ce05b675ac755586f704" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-02-01_R41153_7d14fb310ccd218d5513ce05b675ac755586f704.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.961257", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_177_2021-02-01" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-01-06", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-01-06_R41153_33dcfebf19e48467482cb85861c20fccdbb20de0.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/175", "sha1": "33dcfebf19e48467482cb85861c20fccdbb20de0" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-01-06_R41153_33dcfebf19e48467482cb85861c20fccdbb20de0.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.959989", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_175_2021-01-06" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-12-15", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-12-15_R41153_bc93b7f9641b4a83f091e6b050f2385b6f867b17.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/174", "sha1": "bc93b7f9641b4a83f091e6b050f2385b6f867b17" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-12-15_R41153_bc93b7f9641b4a83f091e6b050f2385b6f867b17.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.959438", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_174_2020-12-15" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-11-04", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-11-04_R41153_ee030bdf3bf7d0a85b67a551b5595e1c2f308191.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/173", "sha1": "ee030bdf3bf7d0a85b67a551b5595e1c2f308191" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-11-04_R41153_ee030bdf3bf7d0a85b67a551b5595e1c2f308191.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.958815", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_173_2020-11-04" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-09-10", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-09-10_R41153_630c5d71fcfb7ecb255544dc929d0b0a316e44c5.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/169", "sha1": "630c5d71fcfb7ecb255544dc929d0b0a316e44c5" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-09-10_R41153_630c5d71fcfb7ecb255544dc929d0b0a316e44c5.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.956711", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_169_2020-09-10" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-08-20", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-08-20_R41153_e24f6bd5f9235ae24f4a5e379fd3a2c99aff50ba.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/167", "sha1": "e24f6bd5f9235ae24f4a5e379fd3a2c99aff50ba" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-08-20_R41153_e24f6bd5f9235ae24f4a5e379fd3a2c99aff50ba.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.954166", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_167_2020-08-20" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-08-04", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-08-04_R41153_a891ac1c3d9e2fd7aa5b94a7c9513591b063c20a.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/166", "sha1": "a891ac1c3d9e2fd7aa5b94a7c9513591b063c20a" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-08-04_R41153_a891ac1c3d9e2fd7aa5b94a7c9513591b063c20a.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.953477", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_166_2020-08-04" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-06-18", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-06-18_R41153_21d9770ab9f266a9fd24da6b0abe9a06a94028d1.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/165", "sha1": "21d9770ab9f266a9fd24da6b0abe9a06a94028d1" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-06-18_R41153_21d9770ab9f266a9fd24da6b0abe9a06a94028d1.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.952748", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_165_2020-06-18" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-05-22", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-05-22_R41153_eb81aa56b2c395eef985642348b26d5d2b294a26.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/163", "sha1": "eb81aa56b2c395eef985642348b26d5d2b294a26" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-05-22_R41153_eb81aa56b2c395eef985642348b26d5d2b294a26.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.951329", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_163_2020-05-22" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 623916, "date": "2020-04-28", "retrieved": "2020-05-19T13:59:17.821767", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia.\nThe Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) \u201cprovide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.\u201d The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. Key U.S. policy documents relating to the Arctic include National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD 66/HSPD 25) of January 9, 2009; the National Strategy for the Arctic Region of May 10, 2013; the January 30, 2014, implementation plan for the 2013 national strategy; and Executive Order 13689 of January 21, 2015, on enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The office of the U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic has been vacant since January 20, 2017.\nThe Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world\u2019s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. The United States is not a party to UNCLOS.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe geopolitical environment for the Arctic has been substantially affected by the renewal of great power competition. Although there continues to be significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly viewed as an arena for geopolitical competition among the United States, Russia, and China. Russia in recent years has enhanced its military presence and operations in the Arctic. China\u2019s growing activities in the Arctic have become a matter of increasing curiosity or concern among observers.\nU.S. military forces have begun to pay more attention to the Arctic in their planning and operations. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Navy, and the Coast Guard have all issued Arctic strategy documents in recent years. Whether DOD and the military services are adequately resourcing these strategies and taking appropriate and adequate actions for defending U.S. interests in the Arctic has emerged as a topic of debate and congressional oversight. The Coast Guard has two operational polar icebreakers and has received funding for the procurement of the first of three planned new polar icebreakers.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is working with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "3aeb4dc9bc00940bf8b5f4b5c0c0274f03ee8e3b", "filename": "files/20200428_R41153_3aeb4dc9bc00940bf8b5f4b5c0c0274f03ee8e3b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200428_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200428_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200428_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200428_R41153_images_47340ce3c4826e57177f4e8e1cd297e5ee594c4a.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "ad5e6a7d6c1ffc15fe8018ce13dd4e4403702740", "filename": "files/20200428_R41153_ad5e6a7d6c1ffc15fe8018ce13dd4e4403702740.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 621380, "date": "2020-03-30", "retrieved": "2020-03-31T22:01:44.686935", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia.\nThe Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) \u201cprovide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.\u201d The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. Key U.S. policy documents relating to the Arctic include National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD 66/HSPD 25) of January 9, 2009; the National Strategy for the Arctic Region of May 10, 2013; the January 30, 2014, implementation plan for the 2013 national strategy; and Executive Order 13689 of January 21, 2015, on enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The office of the U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic has been vacant since January 20, 2017.\nThe Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world\u2019s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. The United States is not a party to UNCLOS.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe geopolitical environment for the Arctic has been substantially affected by the renewal of great power competition. Although there continues to be significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly viewed as an arena for geopolitical competition among the United States, Russia, and China. Russia in recent years has enhanced its military presence and operations in the Arctic. China\u2019s growing activities in the Arctic have become a matter of increasing curiosity or concern among observers.\nU.S. military forces have begun to pay more attention to the Arctic in their planning and operations. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Navy, and the Coast Guard have all issued Arctic strategy documents in recent years. Whether DOD and the military services are adequately resourcing these strategies and taking appropriate and adequate actions for defending U.S. interests in the Arctic has emerged as a topic of debate and congressional oversight. The Coast Guard has two operational polar icebreakers and has received funding for the procurement of the first of three planned new polar icebreakers.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is working with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "6240b5952c76f115dc4ac7a04a292bab00721224", "filename": "files/20200330_R41153_6240b5952c76f115dc4ac7a04a292bab00721224.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200330_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200330_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200330_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200330_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "ac373ca1fa2ec44ba0cafd0357cfd341bd4da65e", "filename": "files/20200330_R41153_ac373ca1fa2ec44ba0cafd0357cfd341bd4da65e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 621007, "date": "2020-03-25", "retrieved": "2020-03-26T22:05:43.928500", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia.\nThe Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) \u201cprovide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.\u201d The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. Key U.S. policy documents relating to the Arctic include National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD 66/HSPD 25) of January 9, 2009; the National Strategy for the Arctic Region of May 10, 2013; the January 30, 2014, implementation plan for the 2013 national strategy; and Executive Order 13689 of January 21, 2015, on enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The office of the U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic has been vacant since January 20, 2017.\nThe Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world\u2019s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. The United States is not a party to UNCLOS.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe geopolitical environment for the Arctic has been substantially affected by the renewal of great power competition. Although there continues to be significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly viewed as an arena for geopolitical competition among the United States, Russia, and China. Russia in recent years has enhanced its military presence and operations in the Arctic. China\u2019s growing activities in the Arctic have become a matter of increasing curiosity or concern among observers.\nU.S. military forces have begun to pay more attention to the Arctic in their planning and operations. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Navy, and the Coast Guard have all issued Arctic strategy documents in recent years. Whether DOD and the military services are adequately resourcing these strategies and taking appropriate and adequate actions for defending U.S. interests in the Arctic has emerged as a topic of debate and congressional oversight. The Coast Guard has two operational polar icebreakers and has received funding for the procurement of the first of three planned new polar icebreakers.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is working with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "bf8155367271ef7d00f748c13a24119f8b0639f8", "filename": "files/20200325_R41153_bf8155367271ef7d00f748c13a24119f8b0639f8.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200325_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200325_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200325_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200325_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "90a36045840e4ab85e9579c381b1de8d7bf8478b", "filename": "files/20200325_R41153_90a36045840e4ab85e9579c381b1de8d7bf8478b.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2020-03-24", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2020-03-24_R41153_01e9be124ee0b70cff0a1df40608741477d07260.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/157", "sha1": "01e9be124ee0b70cff0a1df40608741477d07260" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-03-24_R41153_01e9be124ee0b70cff0a1df40608741477d07260.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.945841", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_157_2020-03-24" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 614739, "date": "2020-01-23", "retrieved": "2020-01-24T23:03:25.387626", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia.\nThe Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) \u201cprovide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.\u201d The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. Key U.S. policy documents relating to the Arctic include National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD 66/HSPD 25) of January 9, 2009; the National Strategy for the Arctic Region of May 10, 2013; the January 30, 2014, implementation plan for the 2013 national strategy; and Executive Order 13689 of January 21, 2015, on enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The office of the U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic has been vacant since January 20, 2017.\nThe Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The council\u2019s mandate explicitly excludes the issue of military security. The council\u2019s membership consists of the eight Arctic states, and all decisions of the council and its subsidiary bodies are by consensus of the eight member states. The council also includes six indigenous permanent participants and 39 observer states and organizations. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world\u2019s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. The United States is not a party to UNCLOS.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe geopolitical environment for the Arctic has been substantially affected by the renewal of great power competition. Although there continues to be significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly viewed as an arena for geopolitical competition among the United States, Russia, and China. Russia in recent years has enhanced its military presence and operations in the Arctic, and the other Arctic states are now taking steps to enhance their own military presences and operations in the region. China\u2019s activities in the Arctic have been growing steadily in recent years.\nU.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the Arctic in their planning and operations. The Department of Defense (DOD), the Navy, and the Coast Guard have all issued Arctic strategy documents in recent years. Whether DOD and the military services are adequately resourcing these strategies and taking appropriate and adequate actions for defending U.S. interests in the Arctic has emerged as a topic of debate and congressional oversight. Two Coast Guard has two operational polar icebreakers\u2014the heavy polar icebreaker Polar Star, and the medium polar icebreaker Healy. The Coast Guard has received funding for the procurement of the first of three planned new heavy polar icebreakers.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "1c0d14e38067e481cf66715c819b9b35de48843d", "filename": "files/20200123_R41153_1c0d14e38067e481cf66715c819b9b35de48843d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200123_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200123_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200123_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200123_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "f1f5790c7ceef6848aebf75c51b4b28bafc09131", "filename": "files/20200123_R41153_f1f5790c7ceef6848aebf75c51b4b28bafc09131.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 611942, "date": "2019-12-20", "retrieved": "2020-01-02T13:32:57.206585", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "b11064950b1c372e228aa9ecbf9f8ae2c3123dd9", "filename": "files/20191220_R41153_b11064950b1c372e228aa9ecbf9f8ae2c3123dd9.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191220_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191220_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191220_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191220_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "ab93b3cc6096bee6fdb3379b036366e40aba882a", "filename": "files/20191220_R41153_ab93b3cc6096bee6fdb3379b036366e40aba882a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 610206, "date": "2019-11-27", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:10:56.036714", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "34494b8f6c7c6bd47c87a2617c7eb9f8ec2fb2a0", "filename": "files/20191127_R41153_34494b8f6c7c6bd47c87a2617c7eb9f8ec2fb2a0.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191127_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191127_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191127_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191127_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "a023b29d0658f0ae4eee548ee2785b7547d1e11d", "filename": "files/20191127_R41153_a023b29d0658f0ae4eee548ee2785b7547d1e11d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 605364, "date": "2019-09-23", "retrieved": "2019-10-10T22:27:48.595221", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "5bf89edd93b3dd7fdd600b9d76ec6b6c22ad645e", "filename": "files/20190923_R41153_5bf89edd93b3dd7fdd600b9d76ec6b6c22ad645e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190923_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190923_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190923_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190923_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "ba1b3ba6fd7da3e66e5076cb82de28fc172fae9f", "filename": "files/20190923_R41153_ba1b3ba6fd7da3e66e5076cb82de28fc172fae9f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 603989, "date": "2019-08-23", "retrieved": "2019-08-26T22:06:27.252416", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "141135c847424f78ee604785645dc338112b1c8e", "filename": "files/20190823_R41153_141135c847424f78ee604785645dc338112b1c8e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190823_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190823_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190823_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190823_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "3fd2dff18b20e9eaaf1ae5d34f95c3a23ebf2d36", "filename": "files/20190823_R41153_3fd2dff18b20e9eaaf1ae5d34f95c3a23ebf2d36.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 603232, "date": "2019-08-02", "retrieved": "2019-08-12T22:10:32.102459", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage close to Alaska and through the Canadian archipelago\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "f93de7d5d4194585f1ac766781d819ef14198825", "filename": "files/20190802_R41153_f93de7d5d4194585f1ac766781d819ef14198825.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190802_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190802_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190802_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190802_R41153_images_fd4fea0379b4b7229ed3764ded85015995e279b4.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "c6b03e18db403060fb5b469d8a9b2ed906526a6c", "filename": "files/20190802_R41153_c6b03e18db403060fb5b469d8a9b2ed906526a6c.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 592889, "date": "2019-03-04", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T14:08:02.507434", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "b5a96085a86a45a71bfa31abb22bd49220c2c7a8", "filename": "files/20190304_R41153_b5a96085a86a45a71bfa31abb22bd49220c2c7a8.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190304_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190304_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190304_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190304_R41153_images_6a970bd4a26066afc325d19f3e4320b22333f08c.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "0ad824f42aa34aed6d99201837d57fb8f0cf9e8c", "filename": "files/20190304_R41153_0ad824f42aa34aed6d99201837d57fb8f0cf9e8c.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41153", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2019-02-07", "typeId": "R", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2019-02-07_R41153_fafc3dcf5ae5148ddecb6b85bfa6b07cb2a40e0f.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41153/142", "sha1": "fafc3dcf5ae5148ddecb6b85bfa6b07cb2a40e0f" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2019-02-07_R41153_fafc3dcf5ae5148ddecb6b85bfa6b07cb2a40e0f.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-04-20T04:03:48.934506", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "R41153_142_2019-02-07" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 588821, "date": "2018-12-13", "retrieved": "2018-12-19T14:00:54.365505", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "2586a91ee8c859c11344dc9c730fe022a33412d4", "filename": "files/20181213_R41153_2586a91ee8c859c11344dc9c730fe022a33412d4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20181213_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181213_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181213_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20181213_R41153_images_6a970bd4a26066afc325d19f3e4320b22333f08c.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "9a9bb7f5c65e348dd3b340b48fd9e937c4846e43", "filename": "files/20181213_R41153_9a9bb7f5c65e348dd3b340b48fd9e937c4846e43.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 586882, "date": "2018-10-25", "retrieved": "2018-10-29T13:13:43.997517", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "e7e0056d279cf1ac8709018a616e3ff2f82ead72", "filename": "files/20181025_R41153_e7e0056d279cf1ac8709018a616e3ff2f82ead72.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20181025_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181025_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181025_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20181025_R41153_images_f2869775ddd72ab8a84690cb5ea3905ea9feb804.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "c5ec8b0821f4ae13827118a70c1cbd5490dcf9e5", "filename": "files/20181025_R41153_c5ec8b0821f4ae13827118a70c1cbd5490dcf9e5.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 583445, "date": "2018-08-01", "retrieved": "2018-08-07T13:36:51.369677", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "09118d8e8fc255aa202f107e178ffb2cce4594a5", "filename": "files/20180801_R41153_09118d8e8fc255aa202f107e178ffb2cce4594a5.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180801_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180801_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180801_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180801_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "f0b9cc1a1e8a82c1471570e8bc3ccf6d7bd368a0", "filename": "files/20180801_R41153_f0b9cc1a1e8a82c1471570e8bc3ccf6d7bd368a0.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 582704, "date": "2018-07-09", "retrieved": "2018-07-10T20:01:31.003397", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "c3a22fc7f1178377867ff82e255cb746e4d3426f", "filename": "files/20180709_R41153_c3a22fc7f1178377867ff82e255cb746e4d3426f.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180709_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180709_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180709_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180709_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "bd46eb5bd539dd99639e72fb122fc0e44fb360e8", "filename": "files/20180709_R41153_bd46eb5bd539dd99639e72fb122fc0e44fb360e8.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581247, "date": "2018-05-21", "retrieved": "2018-05-22T13:04:46.151047", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "47d2a86a131a9a2a464249b3941d7c63e15257cf", "filename": "files/20180521_R41153_47d2a86a131a9a2a464249b3941d7c63e15257cf.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180521_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180521_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180521_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180521_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "a84ae2e3c9fff143aa59dcdadcd4611f08151d9e", "filename": "files/20180521_R41153_a84ae2e3c9fff143aa59dcdadcd4611f08151d9e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580509, "date": "2018-04-24", "retrieved": "2018-05-01T14:16:38.729046", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "0da75d5e7b57e73e9df767b582b2c90cb3241cd4", "filename": "files/20180424_R41153_0da75d5e7b57e73e9df767b582b2c90cb3241cd4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180424_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180424_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180424_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180424_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "a3e27dc4c38de532053671d856e37174e7dfc80c", "filename": "files/20180424_R41153_a3e27dc4c38de532053671d856e37174e7dfc80c.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577362, "date": "2018-01-04", "retrieved": "2018-01-05T14:21:04.080697", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "7ab878b42097139ce988fb7a2c0c707f6c5d935b", "filename": "files/20180104_R41153_7ab878b42097139ce988fb7a2c0c707f6c5d935b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180104_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180104_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180104_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180104_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "293267be0a402e3d7e1bd578eae507ba3dc673c7", "filename": "files/20180104_R41153_293267be0a402e3d7e1bd578eae507ba3dc673c7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577145, "date": "2017-12-21", "retrieved": "2018-01-03T13:54:15.785005", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "e44a1864aae06606cf73b1f781f0e60fffb69b16", "filename": "files/20171221_R41153_e44a1864aae06606cf73b1f781f0e60fffb69b16.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171221_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171221_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171221_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171221_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "daf8da78c8131a3c15e4a2c25a73fb795bf15a4a", "filename": "files/20171221_R41153_daf8da78c8131a3c15e4a2c25a73fb795bf15a4a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576590, "date": "2017-12-11", "retrieved": "2017-12-14T14:16:14.275741", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "18b33690ef1a204348d097cc4b0d99ebfe0d3d5b", "filename": "files/20171211_R41153_18b33690ef1a204348d097cc4b0d99ebfe0d3d5b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171211_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171211_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171211_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171211_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "75cbf6b56cd10c3ff0662a9bd095ec1442c3f132", "filename": "files/20171211_R41153_75cbf6b56cd10c3ff0662a9bd095ec1442c3f132.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576065, "date": "2017-12-01", "retrieved": "2017-12-05T13:52:52.414052", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "bf5b806aaa63e2f887149bed8c588fdb14303b6a", "filename": "files/20171201_R41153_bf5b806aaa63e2f887149bed8c588fdb14303b6a.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171201_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171201_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171201_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171201_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "7bcd0d46395250a2319483f71c411d100951ba48", "filename": "files/20171201_R41153_7bcd0d46395250a2319483f71c411d100951ba48.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 575086, "date": "2017-11-02", "retrieved": "2017-11-07T14:11:39.305867", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "30b550d6ba839c4b723b733423c5863c6bbc78e7", "filename": "files/20171102_R41153_30b550d6ba839c4b723b733423c5863c6bbc78e7.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171102_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171102_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171102_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171102_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "b6b04b0202c870e340fe0c8cff144baa2ee282db", "filename": "files/20171102_R41153_b6b04b0202c870e340fe0c8cff144baa2ee282db.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 465530, "date": "2017-09-18", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:18:20.610913", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "6cb678ae6827c76c438d9dcec793d0af469b3d81", "filename": "files/20170918_R41153_6cb678ae6827c76c438d9dcec793d0af469b3d81.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170918_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170918_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170918_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170918_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "b8c6e88fc518a3eff4348615253f0eb881d109fa", "filename": "files/20170918_R41153_b8c6e88fc518a3eff4348615253f0eb881d109fa.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 463382, "date": "2017-08-16", "retrieved": "2017-08-21T14:18:36.753308", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The United States held the two-year, rotating chairmanship of the Arctic Council from April 24, 2015, to May 11, 2017.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the center of Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route close to Russia, and the Northwest Passage\u2014though the rate of increase in the use of these routes might not be as great as sometimes anticipated in press accounts. International guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters have been recently updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies for cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species, and could result in migration of fish stocks to new waters. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. The Coast Guard has initiated a project to build up to three new heavy polar icebreakers. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "b326bf031618cff9fffbfd8837c8dac7a3a7c255", "filename": "files/20170816_R41153_b326bf031618cff9fffbfd8837c8dac7a3a7c255.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170816_R41153_images_ffc7523912ceb65d04619d8752d67a173b2e51cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170816_R41153_images_ddf369938637b6189b056a6e4825417804fbbd28.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170816_R41153_images_e4d0b91edbe0bb909fd6b2cc46ec27de6feedb9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170816_R41153_images_91a69730f457b35a961309fae9068a313fc67cb7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "9fa5f8297a9b9bf72815b210ee3de23addfdb967", "filename": "files/20170816_R41153_9fa5f8297a9b9bf72815b210ee3de23addfdb967.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461702, "date": "2017-06-06", "retrieved": "2017-06-07T15:27:29.887035", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Obama Administration wanted to begin building a new polar icebreaker, and that the Obama Administration would also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers.\u201d\nA project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs. The project has received about $220.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2017, including $175 million in FY2017 that was provided in the Coast Guard\u2019s acquisition account ($25 million) and the Navy\u2019s shipbuilding account ($150 million). The Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2018 budget requests $19 million in acquisition funding for the ship. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) included a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the polar icebreaker program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2019 might enter service in 2023. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "712b51648f33f665eca37af9ce22b30a679ba24c", "filename": "files/20170606_R41153_712b51648f33f665eca37af9ce22b30a679ba24c.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "dfb1c06fe86a3c51bd181fe6f2825bccedf84ba9", "filename": "files/20170606_R41153_dfb1c06fe86a3c51bd181fe6f2825bccedf84ba9.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461409, "date": "2017-05-16", "retrieved": "2017-05-24T16:20:17.391062", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Obama Administration wanted to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Obama Administration would also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Obama Administration proposed to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requested $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) included a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs. \nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 was the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and was requested for planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nAs part of its action in marking up the FY2017 budget, Congress provided a total of $175 million for a new polar icebreaker\u2014$25 million in the FY2017 DHS Appropriations Act (Division F of H.R. 244/P.L. 115-31 of May 5, 2017, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017), and $150 million in the FY2017 DOD Appropriations Act (Division C of H.R. 244/P.L. 115-31).\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the polar icebreaker program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "ea12cad77016039333b5d9ce48d0d81b1a532e75", "filename": "files/20170516_R41153_ea12cad77016039333b5d9ce48d0d81b1a532e75.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "efa98225726eb485a62f1e0af2a09fb21340cc03", "filename": "files/20170516_R41153_efa98225726eb485a62f1e0af2a09fb21340cc03.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 459826, "date": "2017-03-20", "retrieved": "2017-03-22T18:25:36.355037", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Administration wants to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Administration will also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Administration proposes to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requests $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) includes a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs.\nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project has received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 is the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and would fund planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the polar icebreaker program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "a82fcebf66fee86f43eab4e1dfa635462cfd1f76", "filename": "files/20170320_R41153_a82fcebf66fee86f43eab4e1dfa635462cfd1f76.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "946586656779e5c9d9736cdb6d4b584d81c55df1", "filename": "files/20170320_R41153_946586656779e5c9d9736cdb6d4b584d81c55df1.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458035, "date": "2017-01-05", "retrieved": "2017-01-06T19:11:27.091561", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Administration wants to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Administration will also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Administration proposes to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requests $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) includes a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs.\nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project has received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 is the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and would fund planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nOn January 13, 2016, the Coast Guard announced that it intended to hold an industry day for the polar icebreaker program, followed by one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and prospective shipbuilders and ship designers, as a part of the Coast Guard\u2019s ongoing market research for the program. The industry day was held on March 18, 2016, and the one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and industry officials were scheduled for March 28-31, with industry feedback to be submitted to the Coast Guard by April 5, 2016.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star or repairing Polar Sea and bringing it back into service, so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "3afdd07dc25c99dfff318be0c0a60e377bfdd0f3", "filename": "files/20170105_R41153_3afdd07dc25c99dfff318be0c0a60e377bfdd0f3.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "13dad4b1aa430cf5cc14a41e9ffdf83de000a45c", "filename": "files/20170105_R41153_13dad4b1aa430cf5cc14a41e9ffdf83de000a45c.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457426, "date": "2016-12-07", "retrieved": "2016-12-09T19:05:59.071591", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Administration wants to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Administration will also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Administration proposes to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requests $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) includes a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs.\nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project has received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 is the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and would fund planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nOn January 13, 2016, the Coast Guard announced that it intended to hold an industry day for the polar icebreaker program, followed by one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and prospective shipbuilders and ship designers, as a part of the Coast Guard\u2019s ongoing market research for the program. The industry day was held on March 18, 2016, and the one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and industry officials were scheduled for March 28-31, with industry feedback to be submitted to the Coast Guard by April 5, 2016.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star or repairing Polar Sea and bringing it back into service, so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "eeed1f2722c56d9191de723ee779d0e81629293d", "filename": "files/20161207_R41153_eeed1f2722c56d9191de723ee779d0e81629293d.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "6143e3221d572fed65e4b28ec6a759dbc73377c5", "filename": "files/20161207_R41153_6143e3221d572fed65e4b28ec6a759dbc73377c5.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456458, "date": "2016-10-14", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:14:51.120705", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Administration wants to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Administration will also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Administration proposes to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requests $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) includes a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs.\nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project has received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 is the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and would fund planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nOn January 13, 2016, the Coast Guard announced that it intended to hold an industry day for the polar icebreaker program, followed by one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and prospective shipbuilders and ship designers, as a part of the Coast Guard\u2019s ongoing market research for the program. The industry day was held on March 18, 2016, and the one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and industry officials were scheduled for March 28-31, with industry feedback to be submitted to the Coast Guard by April 5, 2016.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star or repairing Polar Sea and bringing it back into service, so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "25ba4d1754c031582f0d1b295f8da95c2ee06101", "filename": "files/20161014_R41153_25ba4d1754c031582f0d1b295f8da95c2ee06101.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "8233bf094b9e3b60af257d93198128d63a761d9d", "filename": "files/20161014_R41153_8233bf094b9e3b60af257d93198128d63a761d9d.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4813, "name": "International Energy & Natural Resource Issues" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4815, "name": "International Environmental Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4842, "name": "Climate Change" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4908, "name": "Oceans & Fisheries" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4928, "name": "Wildlife & Ecosystems" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 455367, "date": "2016-08-08", "retrieved": "2016-09-09T19:02:33.709698", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Administration wants to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Administration will also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Administration proposes to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requests $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) includes a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs.\nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project has received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 is the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and would fund planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nOn January 13, 2016, the Coast Guard announced that it intended to hold an industry day for the polar icebreaker program, followed by one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and prospective shipbuilders and ship designers, as a part of the Coast Guard\u2019s ongoing market research for the program. The industry day was held on March 18, 2016, and the one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and industry officials were scheduled for March 28-31, with industry feedback to be submitted to the Coast Guard by April 5, 2016.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star or repairing Polar Sea and bringing it back into service, so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "f87379d4dfaf2f4fc0cead1231d6e6822865eae3", "filename": "files/20160808_R41153_f87379d4dfaf2f4fc0cead1231d6e6822865eae3.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "9d6e0932f3cc9728ba26a841c073dd26fa6be461", "filename": "files/20160808_R41153_9d6e0932f3cc9728ba26a841c073dd26fa6be461.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2911, "name": "North America: Canada and Mexico" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 312, "name": "Endangered Species" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3153, "name": "Defense Strategy, Military Operations, and Force Structure" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 315, "name": "Ocean and Coastal Resources" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3878, "name": "Climate Change Science, Technology, and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4412, "name": "International Environmental Law" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4425, "name": "Sustainability Law and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 453009, "date": "2016-05-31", "retrieved": "2016-06-21T21:11:28.137819", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The operational U.S. polar icebreaking fleet currently consists of one heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Star, and one medium polar icebreaker, Healy. In addition to Polar Star, the Coast Guard has a second heavy polar icebreaker, Polar Sea. This ship suffered an engine casualty in June 2010 and has been non-operational since then. Polar Star and Polar Sea entered service in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and are now well beyond their originally intended 30-year service lives. \nA Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Mission Need Statement (MNS) approved in June 2013 states that \u201ccurrent requirements and future projections ... indicate the Coast Guard will need to expand its icebreaking capacity, potentially requiring a fleet of up to six icebreakers (3 heavy and 3 medium) to adequately meet mission demands in the high latitudes....\u201d\nThe current condition of the U.S. polar icebreaker fleet, the DHS MNS, and concerns among some observers about whether the United States is adequately investing in capabilities to carry out its responsibilities and defend its interests in the Arctic, have focused policymaker attention on the question of whether and when to acquire one or more new heavy polar icebreakers as replacements for Polar Star and Polar Sea.\nOn September 1, 2015, the White House issued a fact sheet in conjunction with a visit to Alaska by President Obama indicating that the Administration wants to begin building a new polar icebreaker in FY2020, and that the Administration will also \u201cbegin planning for construction of additional icebreakers\u201d beyond the one that the Administration proposes to begin building in FY2020.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s proposed FY2017 budget requests $150 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker that the Coast Guard wants to begin building in FY2020. The Coast Guard\u2019s FY2017-FY2021 five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) includes a total of $780 million in acquisition funding for a new polar icebreaker, including the $150 million requested for FY2017, $200 million projected for FY2019 and FY2020, and $430 million projected for FY2021. The total acquisition cost of the ship has not been officially estimated but might be roughly $1 billion, including design costs.\nThe project to acquire a new polar icebreaker was initiated in Coast Guard\u2019s FY2013 budget submission. The project has received about $15.6 million in acquisition funding through FY2016. The $150 million requested for FY2017 is the first major increment of acquisition funding requested for the ship, and would fund planning design activities required to begin production of the ship in FY2020.\nOn January 13, 2016, the Coast Guard announced that it intended to hold an industry day for the polar icebreaker program, followed by one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and prospective shipbuilders and ship designers, as a part of the Coast Guard\u2019s ongoing market research for the program. The industry day was held on March 18, 2016, and the one-on-one meetings between the Coast Guard and industry officials were scheduled for March 28-31, with industry feedback to be submitted to the Coast Guard by April 5, 2016.\nThe Coast Guard\u2019s notional schedule for the program, which could change, shows a draft Request for Proposals (RFP) being released in the first quarter of FY2017, a final RFP being released in the fourth quarter of FY2017 or the first quarter of FY2018, Coast Guard evaluation of received proposals taking place from the third or fourth quarter of FY2018 through the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, a contract award being made in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019, and construction of the ship beginning in the third or fourth quarter of FY2019.\nA polar icebreaker that begins construction in FY2020 might enter service in 2024 or 2025. Polar Star has been refurbished and reentered service in December 2012 for an intended period of 7 to 10 years\u2014a period that will end between December 2019 and December 2022. The Coast Guard is examining the feasibility and potential cost effectiveness of either further extending the service life of Polar Star or repairing Polar Sea and bringing it back into service, so as to bridge the time between the end of Polar Star\u2019s intended current 7- to 10-year operating period and the entry into service of a new polar icebreaker.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "f6c6ebb792542ba44bb466131d1b03fd8a52dccc", "filename": "files/20160531_R41153_f6c6ebb792542ba44bb466131d1b03fd8a52dccc.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "8429bb29d0f2a245131cb0a8ff2a097b60aa1a92", "filename": "files/20160531_R41153_8429bb29d0f2a245131cb0a8ff2a097b60aa1a92.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2911, "name": "North America: Canada and Mexico" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 312, "name": "Endangered Species" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3153, "name": "Defense Strategy, Military Operations, and Force Structure" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 315, "name": "Ocean and Coastal Resources" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3878, "name": "Climate Change Science, Technology, and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4412, "name": "International Environmental Law" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4425, "name": "Sustainability Law and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452483, "date": "2016-05-12", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:08:51.768941", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. On January 21, 2015, President Obama issued an executive order for enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The United States assumed the chairmanship of the Arctic Council on April 24, 2015, and will serve in that capacity for two years.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage. Current international guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters are being updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "0f5514c1f8a70cb715e63d4a4e4db5ead86940fa", "filename": "files/20160512_R41153_0f5514c1f8a70cb715e63d4a4e4db5ead86940fa.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "84374990fa549f5a490d8f7d42b100929822313c", "filename": "files/20160512_R41153_84374990fa549f5a490d8f7d42b100929822313c.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2911, "name": "North America: Canada and Mexico" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 312, "name": "Endangered Species" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3153, "name": "Defense Strategy, Military Operations, and Force Structure" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 315, "name": "Ocean and Coastal Resources" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3878, "name": "Climate Change Science, Technology, and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4412, "name": "International Environmental Law" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4425, "name": "Sustainability Law and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 451221, "date": "2016-03-25", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T16:53:42.095483", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region\u2019s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. On January 21, 2015, President Obama issued an executive order for enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The United States assumed the chairmanship of the Arctic Council on April 24, 2015, and will serve in that capacity for two years.\nRecord low extents of Arctic sea ice over the past decade have focused scientific and policy attention on links to global climate change and projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic within decades. These changes have potential consequences for weather in the United States, access to mineral and biological resources in the Arctic, the economies and cultures of peoples in the region, and national security.\nThe five Arctic coastal states\u2014the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, and Denmark (of which Greenland is a territory)\u2014have made or are in the process of preparing submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding the outer limits of their extended continental shelves. The Russian submission includes the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, a feature that spans a considerable distance across the Arctic Ocean.\nThe diminishment of Arctic ice could lead in coming years to increased commercial shipping on two trans-Arctic sea routes\u2014the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage. Current international guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters are being updated.\nChanges to the Arctic brought about by warming temperatures will likely allow more exploration for oil, gas, and minerals. Warming that causes permafrost to melt could pose challenges to onshore exploration activities. Increased oil and gas exploration and tourism (cruise ships) in the Arctic increase the risk of pollution in the region. Cleaning up oil spills in ice-covered waters will be more difficult than in other areas, primarily because effective strategies have yet to be developed.\nLarge commercial fisheries exist in the Arctic. The United States is currently meeting with other countries regarding the management of Arctic fish stocks. Changes in the Arctic could affect threatened and endangered species. Under the Endangered Species Act, the polar bear was listed as threatened on May 15, 2008. Arctic climate change is also expected to affect the economies, health, and cultures of Arctic indigenous peoples. \nTwo of the Coast Guard\u2019s three polar icebreakers\u2014Polar Star and Polar Sea\u2014have exceeded their intended 30-year service lives, and Polar Sea is not operational. On May 12, 2011, representatives from the member states of the Arctic Council signed an agreement on cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic.\nAlthough there is significant international cooperation on Arctic issues, the Arctic is increasingly being viewed by some observers as a potential emerging security issue. Some of the Arctic coastal states, particularly Russia, have announced an intention or taken actions to enhance their military presences in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region in their planning and operations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41153", "sha1": "5050e1ac471a392ffc93cf79cd40da97b68976d3", "filename": "files/20160325_R41153_5050e1ac471a392ffc93cf79cd40da97b68976d3.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41153", "sha1": "18e0d7351cf86b9fed214f014654d4366e1eac15", "filename": "files/20160325_R41153_18e0d7351cf86b9fed214f014654d4366e1eac15.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2911, "name": "North America: Canada and Mexico" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 312, "name": "Endangered Species" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3153, "name": "Defense Strategy, Military Operations, and Force Structure" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 315, "name": "Ocean and Coastal Resources" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3878, "name": "Climate Change Science, Technology, and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4412, "name": "International Environmental Law" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4425, "name": "Sustainability Law and Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824663/", "id": "R41153_2016Jan19", "date": "2016-01-19", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress such as: Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic that could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation or competition.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160119_R41153_4ccd4c7b709c75c6a377f120b2a989d8c4ccc125.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160119_R41153_4ccd4c7b709c75c6a377f120b2a989d8c4ccc125.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795890/", "id": "R41153_2015Nov25", "date": "2015-11-25", "retrieved": "2016-01-13T14:26:20", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151125_R41153_93b17d142b997ef119bc39c5882f1b31d83d467f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151125_R41153_93b17d142b997ef119bc39c5882f1b31d83d467f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795739/", "id": "R41153_2015Oct22", "date": "2015-10-22", "retrieved": "2016-01-13T14:26:20", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress such as Arctic sovereignty claims, commercial shipping through the Arctic, Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration, endangered Arctic species, and increased military operations in the Arctic, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151022_R41153_ce01af16e18a3fcf2cf9fcfd9bcaa756906c9842.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151022_R41153_ce01af16e18a3fcf2cf9fcfd9bcaa756906c9842.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795814/", "id": "R41153_2015Oct02", "date": "2015-10-02", "retrieved": "2016-01-13T14:26:20", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151002_R41153_6cf7d2030c2b3ceadbca357929fca03bd55026b3.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151002_R41153_6cf7d2030c2b3ceadbca357929fca03bd55026b3.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743426/", "id": "R41153_2015Sep04", "date": "2015-09-04", "retrieved": "2015-10-20T21:35:54", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Issues such as Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation or competition.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150904_R41153_748030843c58aea83f5d0f0ef340360899556864.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150904_R41153_748030843c58aea83f5d0f0ef340360899556864.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689373/", "id": "R41153_2015Jun02", "date": "2015-06-02", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150602_R41153_04ee2af70e6333fb0bf86425584f70d4103ee496.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150602_R41153_04ee2af70e6333fb0bf86425584f70d4103ee496.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc812551/", "id": "R41153_2015May21", "date": "2015-05-21", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150521_R41153_7e4a2b7679e3caf1a8a60c3e37021d3a48c74832.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150521_R41153_7e4a2b7679e3caf1a8a60c3e37021d3a48c74832.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626991/", "id": "R41153_2015May01", "date": "2015-05-01", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an in-depth overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150501_R41153_aa8a31dd1323aa24d7cb86dd0413e1673e90417c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150501_R41153_aa8a31dd1323aa24d7cb86dd0413e1673e90417c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626879/", "id": "R41153_2015Apr24", "date": "2015-04-24", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150424_R41153_8fcaa0765fdb9dfc4a696c77d86a0a482d5740c8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150424_R41153_8fcaa0765fdb9dfc4a696c77d86a0a482d5740c8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503331/", "id": "R41153_2015Mar17", "date": "2015-03-17", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150317_R41153_d7759033e88b3d95cc644636b40b359bf92e8659.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150317_R41153_d7759033e88b3d95cc644636b40b359bf92e8659.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462464/", "id": "R41153_2014Aug04", "date": "2014-08-04", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140804_R41153_4e9a94f499cb3679c9ded3015fda335e14017bc4.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140804_R41153_4e9a94f499cb3679c9ded3015fda335e14017bc4.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc333007/", "id": "R41153_2014Jul02", "date": "2014-07-02", "retrieved": "2014-08-27T12:47:05", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140702_R41153_449b0d38b4155a7a31e66dce265e70d842efab48.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140702_R41153_449b0d38b4155a7a31e66dce265e70d842efab48.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332908/", "id": "R41153_2014Jun05", "date": "2014-06-05", "retrieved": "2014-08-27T12:47:05", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140605_R41153_545166a972cd776d836d84f002b0d5f097b97e0b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140605_R41153_545166a972cd776d836d84f002b0d5f097b97e0b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc287985/", "id": "R41153_2014Apr28", "date": "2014-04-28", "retrieved": "2014-06-05T20:55:02", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140428_R41153_9a1181bd27a9232af0fe7e2bf86f5784f6799bc1.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140428_R41153_9a1181bd27a9232af0fe7e2bf86f5784f6799bc1.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463291/", "id": "R41153_2014Mar28", "date": "2014-03-28", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140328_R41153_95625c1e2a607113b7cf974b8a7014bc3b8b474c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140328_R41153_95625c1e2a607113b7cf974b8a7014bc3b8b474c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc282294/", "id": "R41153_2014Feb27", "date": "2014-02-27", "retrieved": "2014-04-02T19:38:14", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140227_R41153_7719bae19b35dc77c82d3e75e1e53309162c380c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140227_R41153_7719bae19b35dc77c82d3e75e1e53309162c380c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc282307/", "id": "R41153_2014Feb14", "date": "2014-02-14", "retrieved": "2014-04-02T19:38:14", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific relevant topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140214_R41153_54bb7877b97690c0e4e0343a2f525f45d7199460.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140214_R41153_54bb7877b97690c0e4e0343a2f525f45d7199460.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227666/", "id": "R41153_2013Aug08", "date": "2013-08-08", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130808_R41153_2c5e288b03e484f175d3533a4c8bab3ca0a0d0ea.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130808_R41153_2c5e288b03e484f175d3533a4c8bab3ca0a0d0ea.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463053/", "id": "R41153_2013Jun07", "date": "2013-06-07", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130607_R41153_39af339b612ca16fcd886622543640963a804ec5.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130607_R41153_39af339b612ca16fcd886622543640963a804ec5.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462989/", "id": "R41153_2013May24", "date": "2013-05-24", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130524_R41153_44a2f18ac4743c9ff71a7965b6a3add86fefef3a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130524_R41153_44a2f18ac4743c9ff71a7965b6a3add86fefef3a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc461899/", "id": "R41153_2013Apr25", "date": "2013-04-25", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130425_R41153_ee89ca4402c3aec5bcc8576016f1a1df2c5cf6f7.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130425_R41153_ee89ca4402c3aec5bcc8576016f1a1df2c5cf6f7.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463047/", "id": "R41153_2013Jan02", "date": "2013-01-02", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130102_R41153_08bdd2bf4079d9f6060d689ffbca3bf6a98ee004.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130102_R41153_08bdd2bf4079d9f6060d689ffbca3bf6a98ee004.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122198/", "id": "R41153_2012Aug01", "date": "2012-08-01", "retrieved": "2012-11-30T09:28:34", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses the diminishment of Arctic sea ice, the ensuing increase in human activities in the Arctic, and concerns about the region's future. It provides overviews of: Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, competition, or conflict.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120801_R41153_e162558124f05b6c58554a61ff425e992c6f427d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120801_R41153_e162558124f05b6c58554a61ff425e992c6f427d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and mineral resources", "name": "Mines and mineral resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93836/", "id": "R41153_2012Jun15", "date": "2012-06-15", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report gives an overview of the situation in the Arctic region. The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The Arctic has increasingly become a subject of discussion among political leaders of the nations in the region. In varying degrees, the Arctic coastal states have indicated a willingness to establish and maintain a military presence in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120615_R41153_2266f6ba508de5161dc0841beffc21d6ab4b415e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120615_R41153_2266f6ba508de5161dc0841beffc21d6ab4b415e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and mineral resources", "name": "Mines and mineral resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97986/", "id": "R41153_2012Apr05", "date": "2012-04-05", "retrieved": "2012-08-21T08:46:06", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, including sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered species; and increased military operations in the region. It includes background information on the region and on a variety of issues for which Congress may want to consider legislation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120405_R41153_9b93952e43c6bb7a8cb67d300aa6fa3cd3eda26e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120405_R41153_9b93952e43c6bb7a8cb67d300aa6fa3cd3eda26e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and mineral resources", "name": "Mines and mineral resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc83942/", "id": "R41153_2012Feb27", "date": "2012-02-27", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The Arctic has increasingly become a subject of discussion among political leaders of the nations in the region. In varying degrees, the Arctic coastal states have indicated a willingness to establish and maintain a military presence in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120227_R41153_1f86c0ca96bddc925b0489aa038bc747c6e98164.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120227_R41153_1f86c0ca96bddc925b0489aa038bc747c6e98164.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species - Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and mineral resources", "name": "Mines and mineral resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations - Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations - Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87154/", "id": "R41153_2012Feb07", "date": "2012-02-07", "retrieved": "2012-07-03T07:51:21", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report gives an overview of the situation in the Arctic region. The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The Arctic has increasingly become a subject of discussion among political leaders of the nations in the region. In varying degrees, the Arctic coastal states have indicated a willingness to establish and maintain a military presence in the high north. U.S. military forces, particularly the Navy and Coast Guard, have begun to pay more attention to the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120207_R41153_39b6ca3c59a409aba48de507248644d8c03dcbd5.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120207_R41153_39b6ca3c59a409aba48de507248644d8c03dcbd5.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species - Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and mineral resources", "name": "Mines and mineral resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations - Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations - Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc83941/", "id": "R41153_2011Dec23", "date": "2011-12-23", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20111223_R41153_32269be3505e4ea894435d77310954e91e0ff761.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20111223_R41153_32269be3505e4ea894435d77310954e91e0ff761.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "animals", "name": "animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "natural resources", "name": "natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species - Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "energy", "name": "energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "petroleum", "name": "petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "natural gas", "name": "natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations - Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations - Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc817925/", "id": "R41153_2011Sep02", "date": "2011-09-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110902_R41153_e1e7895eeeec0814e5864128dd6cb1c69e86bf0c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110902_R41153_e1e7895eeeec0814e5864128dd6cb1c69e86bf0c.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93833/", "id": "R41153_2011Aug08", "date": "2011-08-08", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110808_R41153_0b6a0f869bc219aa53438c16fabd9200dee1a9e0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110808_R41153_0b6a0f869bc219aa53438c16fabd9200dee1a9e0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93834/", "id": "R41153_2011Jul07", "date": "2011-07-07", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110707_R41153_e0f6f972643c4885587378f41f8bd12060c5149d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110707_R41153_e0f6f972643c4885587378f41f8bd12060c5149d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93835/", "id": "R41153_2011Jun07", "date": "2011-06-07", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110607_R41153_35ba22a8a9aafe02d067b71ad54f0d4961b7cd8f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110607_R41153_35ba22a8a9aafe02d067b71ad54f0d4961b7cd8f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93832/", "id": "R41153_2011Apr07", "date": "2011-04-07", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110407_R41153_72ff0e400c252902bf7018c5e805f7b8305a5a5c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110407_R41153_72ff0e400c252902bf7018c5e805f7b8305a5a5c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103088/", "id": "R41153_2011Jan21", "date": "2011-01-21", "retrieved": "2012-09-19T20:16:14", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110121_R41153_556aee3a9840fed735d959ba16776e1a24084883.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110121_R41153_556aee3a9840fed735d959ba16776e1a24084883.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29585/", "id": "R41153_2010Oct15", "date": "2010-10-15", "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened concerns about the region's future. Issues such as Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, competition, or conflict. This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20101015_R41153_4fce5d1e572c0667036ecae8af7db913d9f7ce9f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20101015_R41153_4fce5d1e572c0667036ecae8af7db913d9f7ce9f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species - Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and mineral resources", "name": "Mines and mineral resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations - Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations - Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31354/", "id": "R41153_2010Oct08", "date": "2010-10-08", "retrieved": "2011-03-09T09:26:47", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened concerns about the region's future. Issues such as Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, competition, or conflict. This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20101008_R41153_372b1729607a7ed78adfa46c63ab92e4e25e01a0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20101008_R41153_372b1729607a7ed78adfa46c63ab92e4e25e01a0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Air pollution", "name": "Air pollution" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Global climate change", "name": "Global climate change" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Climatic changes - Arctic regions", "name": "Climatic changes - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental law and legislation", "name": "Environmental law and legislation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species - Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Minerals", "name": "Minerals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mines and natural resources", "name": "Mines and natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations - Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations - Arctic regions" }, { "source": "KWD", "id": "Arctic Ocean", "name": "Arctic Ocean" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93831/", "id": "R41153_2010Jul21", "date": "2010-07-21", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues. Congressional readers with questions about an issue discussed in this report should contact the author or authors of the section discussing that issue. The authors are identified by footnote at the start of each section.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100721_R41153_bf327e71e0e0d313a59c01ad0307992094da3718.pdf" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Animals", "name": "Animals" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions", "name": "Endangered species -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum", "name": "Petroleum" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural gas", "name": "Natural gas" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463454/", "id": "R41153_2010Mar30", "date": "2010-03-30", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100330_R41153_37a722a0fe8cf6961e9e8c7060d34a440452ac02.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100330_R41153_37a722a0fe8cf6961e9e8c7060d34a440452ac02.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions", "name": "Sovereignty -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Natural resources", "name": "Natural resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military operations -- Arctic regions", "name": "Military operations -- Arctic regions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International law", "name": "International law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Environmental protection", "name": "Environmental protection" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Economic Policy", "Energy Policy", "Environmental Policy", "European Affairs", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense", "Transportation Policy" ] }