Presidential Transitions: A New Administration’s Potential Impact on Pending Supreme Court Cases

Presidential Transitions: A New Administration’s Potential Impact on Pending Supreme Court Cases

CRS Legal Sidebar Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

Legal Sidebari

Presidential Transitions: A New Administration’s Potential Impact on Pending Supreme Court Cases

November 18, 2024

As a presidential administration changes, so too may the litigating positions taken by the United States in cases before the Supreme Court. Put differently, a “change in [executive] personnel may bring a change in [the executive’s] jurisprudential commitments.” These observations were provided by Michael Dreeben, a former Deputy Solicitor General of the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), which is a component of the Department of Justice that is responsible for “conduct[ing] all litigation on behalf of the United States and its agencies in the Supreme Court of the United States.” As Dreeben indicates, if a new presidential administration takes office while a case is pending before the Supreme Court, the new administration’s OSG may, but need not, adhere to the prior administration’s positions in that case.

This Sidebar examines shifts in OSG positions following the inauguration of a new President. It first offers examples of such changes from the past three presidential administrations—reflecting past practice and demonstrating the potential that a new presidential administration may assume a different course in a pending Supreme Court case. It then presents two tables, one identifying the universe of accepted cases in which the United States, represented by the OSG, is involved, and the other listing petitions in which the Supreme Court has invited OSG involvement. These tables thus capture the cases in which a new Solicitor General could announce a change in position that could then have a downstream effect on cases before the Court. The Sidebar concludes with considerations for Congress.

OSG Litigation Position Changes: Past Examples and Practical Impact

Changes in position by a new OSG are not uncommon and may have a meaningful impact on pending Supreme Court cases. To illustrate, the OSG has shifted at least some positions in each of the last three changes in presidential administrations. For example, a Solicitor General appointed by President Obama wrote in Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle that the arguments advanced by prior administrations regarding the dual sovereignty of Puerto Rico and the United States for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause “do not reflect the considered view of the [current] Executive Branch”; a Solicitor General appointed by President Trump disclosed in Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, that “the government reconsidered” the First Amendment question regarding public employees’

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov

LSB11249

Congressional Research Service 2

payment of mandatory union fees before the Court and arrived at an “opposite conclusion” compared to earlier administrations; the OSG under President Biden “notif[ied] the Court that the United States no longer adheres to the conclusions in the previously filed brief” in a case, California v. Texas, concerning whether a provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was unconstitutional. In light of this recent past practice, there is reason to suggest that a Solicitor General appointed by President Trump and confirmed by the Senate may likewise change positions in cases before the Court.

A change in OSG litigating position may matter in several respects. First, the OSG determines whether the United States will seek Supreme Court review of an adverse ruling to the Supreme Court. The OSG of a new administration may decide to not press a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court. For example, in EPA v. New Jersey, the OSG withdrew a petition for review because the new administration intended to comply with, rather than challenge, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards regulation that was at issue in the case. Second, if a party asks the Supreme Court to hear a case in which the United States prevailed before a lower court, the OSG may file, or be invited by the Court to file, a “brief in opposition” in which the OSG may argue that the case is not appropriate for Supreme Court review. If the OSG no longer opposes the petitioner’s argument, it may impact the Supreme Court’s treatment of the petition. For example, if the OSG no longer objects to certiorari, the Supreme Court may grant certiorari, vacate a lower court’s judgment, and send the case back to the lower court, such as when the Solicitor General in Tapia-Acuna v. INS changed course and agreed with the petitioner’s contention that he was entitled to immigration relief. Third, the Solicitor General, though not a primary party before the Court, may decide to file, or be invited by the Supreme Court to file, an amicus brief expressing the views of the United States on a pending petition or on a case that the Court has accepted. Such an amicus filing occurred, for example, in the Equal Protection case of Charter Day School v. Peltier, when the Court ordered the OSG to file an amicus brief and the OSG responded by contending that the petition should be denied. Fourth, the OSG may alter its views at the merits stage of the Supreme Court proceedings. In California v. Texas referenced above, the OSG informed the Court of its change of position after the petition had been accepted and oral arguments had been heard.

The extent to which the OSG is involved in the Supreme Court docket, and thus the number of cases in which changes in OSG positions could have an impact, is significant. According to U.S. Circuit Judge Patricia A. Millett, who was formerly an Assistant to the Solicitor General, the office “appear[s] in approximately seventy to eighty percent of the Supreme Court’s cases every Term.”

Pending Supreme Court Cases Involving the OSG

Table 1 contains the case name, Supreme Court docket number, the involvement of the United States (i.e., petitioner, respondent, amicus curiae), and the status of the case. The hyperlinks provided proceed to the question(s) presented. The cases are categorized by status as of this writing.

The provided list should not be construed to suggest or imply that the OSG will adopt a different position in any or all of these cases. It only enumerates those cases and petitions in which such a change theoretically could take place. In addition, as Paul Clement, a former Solicitor General, pointed out, the OSG will continue its existing work and corresponding positions until the inauguration. “Then on January 20th at noon,” he added, “another President comes in from a different party with presumably different views.” As such, a new Solicitor General could litigate differently the cases and petitions flagged herein only after the new President and new Solicitor General assume their respective roles. Moreover, some of the identified cases could be decided prior to January 20, thus obviating the opportunity for the new OSG to depart from a previous position.

Congressional Research Service 3

Table 1. Pending Cases Accepted by the Supreme Court and Involving the OSG

Case Name Case Number OSG Role Status

Garland v. VanDerStok No. 23-852 Petitioner Argued

Lackey v. Stinnie No. 23-621 Amicus curiae Argued

Bouarfa v. Mayorkas No. 23-583 Respondent Argued

City and County of San Francisco v. EPA No. 23-753 Respondent Argued

Bufkin v. McDonough No. 23-713 Respondent Argued

Wisconsin Bell, Inc. v. United States, ex rel. Todd Heath

No. 23-1127 Amicus curiae Argued

Advocate Christ Medical Center v. Becerra No. 23-715 Respondent Argued

E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera No. 23-217 Amicus curiae Argued

Velazquez v. Garland No. 23-929 Respondent Argued

Delligatti v. U.S. No. 23-825 Respondent Argued

NVIDIA Corp. v. E. Ohman J:or Fonder AB No. 23-970 Amicus curiae Argued

FDA v. Wages and White Lion Investments, LLC No. 23-1038 Petitioner Argument Scheduled

U.S. v. Miller No. 23-824 Petitioner Argument Scheduled

Republic of Hungary v. Simon No. 23-867 Amicus curiae Argument Scheduled

U.S. v. Skrmetti No. 23-477 Petitioner Argument Scheduled

Kousisis v. U.S. No. 23-909 Respondent Argument Scheduled

Feliciano v. Department of Transportation No. 23-861 Respondent Argument Scheduled

Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County, Colorado

No. 23-975 Respondent Argument Scheduled

Dewberry Group, Inc. v. Dewberry Engineers Inc. No. 23-900 Amicus curiae Argument Scheduled

Hewitt v. U.S. No. 23-1002 Respondent Argument Scheduled

Stanley v. City of Sanford, Florida No. 23-997 Amicus curiae Argument Scheduled

Thompson v. U.S. No. 23-1095 Respondent Argument Scheduled

Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton No. 23-1122 Amicus curiae Argument Scheduled

FDA v. R.J. Reynolds Vapor Co. No. 23-1187 Petitioner Argument Scheduled

Esteras v. U.S. No. 23-7483 Respondent Argument Scheduled

NRC v. Texas No. 23-1300 Petitioner Argument Scheduled

Oklahoma v. EPA No. 23-1067 Respondent Argument Not Scheduled

EPA v. Calumet Shreveport Refining, LLC No. 23-1229 Petitioner Argument Not Scheduled

Riley v. Garland No. 23-1270 Respondent Argument Not Scheduled

Source: Compiled by CRS. Note: The information in this table is current as of the date of this product.

Table 2 contains the case name, Supreme Court docket number, as well as the involvement of the United States (i.e., petitioner, amicus curiae). The hyperlinks provided proceed to the question(s) presented. In each case below, the petition is pending a Supreme Court decision whether to hear the case. Because of the volume of petitions filed by parties against the United States (the Court received more than 4,000 petitions in the 2022 term), this list includes only those petitions filed by the OSG in the current October 2024 term and in which the Court has called for the views of the Solicitor General (CVSG).

Table 2. Select Pending Petitions Before the Supreme Court and Involving the OSG

Case Name Case Number OSG Role Status

FDA v. SWT Global Supply, Inc. No. 24-474 Petitioner Pending

Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Jennifer Zuch No. 24-416 Petitioner Pending

Department of Education v. Career Colleges and Schools of Texas

No. 24-413 Petitioner Pending

Mulready v. Pharmaceutical Care Management Association

No. 23-1213 CVSG Pending

M & K Employee Solutions, LLC v. Trustees of the IAM Pension Fund

No. 23-1209 CVSG Pending

Landor v. Louisiana Department of Corrections and Public Safety

No. 23-1197 CVSG Pending

Walen v. Burgum No. 23-969 CVSG Pending

Congressional Research Service 4

Case Name Case Number OSG Role Status

Shell PLC v. City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii No. 23-952 CVSG Pending

Sunoco LP v. City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii No. 23-947 CVSG Pending

Zilka v. City of Philadelphia Tax Review Board No. 23-914 CVSG Pending

Cox Communications, Inc., v. Sony Music Entertainment

No. 24-171 CVSG Pending

Sony Music Entertainment v. Cox Communications No. 24-181 CVSG Pending

Source: Compiled by CRS. Note: The information in this table is current as of the date of this product.

In addition, the Supreme Court has called for the views of the Solicitor General in a case in which several states are seeking to invoke the original jurisdiction of the Court: Alabama v. California, No. 22O158 (amicus curiae).

Table Methodology

CRS compiled Table 1 and Table 2 using the parameters and limitations outlined here. Different research methodologies may yield different results. The entries were compiled through reviews of several sources, primarily the orders, calendars, and dockets from the website of the Supreme Court of the United States, as well as the list of cases, petitions, and articles and lists on SCOTUSblog.com.

Considerations for Congress

Congress may monitor these cases and petitions for any shifts in position from the new administration. To the extent that Congress may agree or disagree with an existing or eventual position taken by the Executive, Members of Congress may consider filing an amicus brief in the relevant case to offer their perspective and aid in the decisional process of the Supreme Court, assuming that such a brief may be submitted in accordance with any applicable deadline. Congress also may monitor the opinions released by the Court in these and other cases, and may consider whether to address the rulings by way of legislation or hearings.

Author Information

Dave S. Sidhu Legislative Attorney

Disclaimer

This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,

Congressional Research Service 5

LSB11249 · VERSION 1 · NEW

as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.