The Nineteenth Amendment and Women’s Suffrage Part 1: Introduction

The Nineteenth Amendment and Women’s Suffrage Part 1: Introduction

Legal Sidebari

The Nineteenth Amendment and Women’s
Suffrage Part 1: Introduction
January 13, 2023
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a six-part series that discusses the Nineteenth Amendment to the
Constitution, which recognized women’s voting rights. Shortly before Election Day 2022, a group of
people gathered in Rochester, NY, to honor the late social reformer and women’s rights activist, Susan B.
Anthony. About 150 years earlier, Anthony cast a ballot in the 1872 presidential election. She was arrested
and charged with illegally voting as a woman in violation of federal law. She unsuccessfully claimed that
the Fourteenth Amendment gave her the right to vote as a privilege of citizenship. A federal district court
imposed a fine of $100 on Anthony, but she never paid it. As the nation marks the 150th anniversary of
Anthony’s vote—and the 2020 centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification—Congress may be
interested in the history and impact of the women’s suffrage movement and the Nineteenth Amendment.
Additional information on this topic will be published in the Constitution Annotated: Analysis and
Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying or abridging a U.S.
citizen’s right to vote on the basis of sex, thereby recognizing women’s suffrage. Section 2 of the
Amendment grants Congress the power to enforce the prohibitions in Section 1 by enacting “appropriate
legislation.” The Supreme Court has not decided many cases interpreting the Nineteenth Amendment.
Nonetheless, the Amendment has had a significant impact throughout society by helping to increase
women’s participation in politics and other domains of public life.
As proposed and ratified by men in the late 1780s, the Constitution did not prohibit the states from
establishing gender-based restrictions on voting. From the Founding of the United States in 1776 to the
end of the Civil War in 1865, none of the states consistently recognized a woman’s right to vote in federal
or state elections. Nonetheless, in the decades prior to the Civil War, women gained significant experience
in organizing and leading political reform movements, including women’s suffrage campaigns.
After the Civil War, the states’ ratification of the Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, which
aimed to protect African Americans’ civil rights, brought new attention to issues of women’s rights and
suffrage. During the Reconstruction Era, the women’s suffrage movement unsuccessfully sought federal
recognition of women’s voting rights by petitioning Congress and pursuing litigation in federal court.
Despite slow progress at the federal level in the late nineteenth century, by 1916, state-level campaigns
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
LSB10896
CRS Legal Sidebar
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress

Congressional Research Service
2
succeeded in obtaining full women’s voting rights in eleven western states and partial voting rights in
many others.
By the late 1910s, as a result of women’s suffrage campaigns and shifting views of traditional gender
roles during World War I, the political environment became more favorable for the enactment of a
women’s suffrage amendment. Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment in June 1919, and the
states ratified it in August 1920.
Click here to continue to Part 2 of this Legal Sidebar six-part series.

Author Information

Brandon J. Murrill

Legislative Attorney

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

LSB10896 · VERSION 1 · NEW