The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program

The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program

The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program

Updated April 24, 2025 (IF10691)

The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) program is a Department of Justice (DOJ) formula grant program. The JAG program allocates funds to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, America Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands (collectively referred to as "states" hereinafter) for a variety of state and local criminal justice initiatives. The program is administered by the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA).

Calculating Allocations

Under the JAG formula, each state's allocation is based on its population and the number of reported violent crimes in the state. Specifically, half of a state's allocation is based on the state's respective share of the U.S. population, using the most recent population figures published by the Census Bureau. The other half is based on the state's respective share of the average number of violent crimes reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the three most recent years for which data are available. Under current law, each state is guaranteed to receive no less than 0.25% of the amount appropriated for the JAG program in a given fiscal year (i.e., the minimum allocation). Therefore, after each state's initial allocation is calculated using the JAG formula, states that would have received less than 0.25% of the total amount appropriated for the JAG program are funded at the minimum allocation. Non-minimum allocation states receive the minimum allocation plus a share of the funds remaining after all states receive the minimum allocation. The remaining funds are allocated among the non-minimum allocation states using the JAG formula, except that both population and violent crime data for the states that received the minimum allocation as their award are excluded when allocating the remaining funds.

After each state's allocation is determined, 40% of it is directly awarded to units of local government in the state (this does not occur in the District of Columbia or the territories). Awards to units of local government, which includes Indian tribes that have law enforcement responsibilities, are based on the jurisdiction's proportion of the three-year average number of violent crimes committed in its respective state. Only units of local government that would receive $10,000 or more are eligible for a direct allocation. The balance of funds not awarded directly to units of local government is administered by the state and must be distributed to the state police department or to units of local government that were not eligible to receive a direct award from BJA. Also, each state is required to "pass through" to units of local government a certain percentage of the funds directly awarded to the state. The pass-through percentage is calculated using data on criminal justice expenditures collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. A state is allowed to retain a portion of its funding equal to the ratio of the total amount of state expenditures on criminal justice to the total amount of expenditures on criminal justice by both the state and all units of local government.

Disparate Allocation
In some instances, a unit of local government or multiple units of local government are required to collaborate on a single joint award with the county. This happens when BJA certifies that there is a "disparate allocation," meaning that one city qualifies for an amount that is one-and-a-half times more than the amount for the county with concurrent jurisdiction, or when the total amount for which cities in a single county qualify is four times more than the amount for the county. The unit or units of local government and county representatives must sign and submit a memorandum of understanding stating that they all agree on how the joint award, which is the sum of all of the individual awards, will be allocated and used.

Program Purpose Areas

Grant recipients can use their JAG funds for state and local initiatives, technical assistance, training, personnel, equipment, supplies, contractual support, and criminal justice information systems for

law enforcement;

prosecution and courts;

prevention and education;

corrections and community corrections;

drug treatment;

planning, evaluation, and technology improvement;

crime victim and witness assistance (other than compensation);

mental health and related law enforcement and corrections programs, including behavioral programs and crisis intervention teams; and

state crisis intervention court proceedings and related programs or initiatives, including mental health, drug, and veterans courts, and extreme risk protection order programs.

JAG's nine program purpose areas are intended to give states and local units of government flexibility in creating programs to address local needs.

Appropriations

There are two numbers to consider when evaluating changes in appropriations for the JAG program: the total (or top-line) appropriation, and the amount available to be allocated through the JAG program after set-asides. Traditionally, Congress has dedicated some of the annual JAG appropriation for other purposes, as specified in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Appropriations Act. In many fiscal years, as a part of its annual budget submission, the Administration has also requested that Congress set aside a portion of the annual JAG funding for specific purposes.

Table 1 provides information on JAG appropriations for the past 15 fiscal years. Top-line funding for JAG since FY2011 has averaged $509 million per fiscal year. The post set-aside appropriation for JAG has averaged $360 million over the past 15 fiscal years.

Table 1. Appropriations for the JAG Program, FY2011-FY2025

Appropriations in millions of dollars

Fiscal
Year

Top-Line
Appropriation

Appropriation after
Set-Asides

Percent
Set Aside

2011

430

423

2%

2012

470

352

25%

2013

365

345

5%

2014

376

345

8%

2015

376

333

12%

2016

476

347

27%

2017

403

335

17%

2018

416

340

18%

2019

424

330

22%

2020

547

349

36%

2021

484

360

26%

2022

675

382

43%

2023

771

412

47%

2024

924

346

63%

2025

499

396

21%

Source: Appropriations were taken from the conference report or explanatory statement to accompany the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Appropriations Act for each fiscal year, with the exception of FY2013 and FY2025. The FY2013 appropriation was provided by DOJ. FY2025 appropriations are based on a CRS analysis of the text of the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4).

Notes: Amounts shown in the table are in nominal, not inflation-adjusted, dollars. The FY2013 appropriation is post-sequestration as implemented per the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25).

The top-line appropriation for JAG decreased from $430 million in FY2011 to $365 million in FY2013, but it has mostly increased since then. In comparison, the appropriation after set-asides also decreased from $423 million in FY2011 to $345 million in FY2013, but since then it has generally been in the range of $330 million to $350 million (though it was somewhat higher in FY2021, FY2022, FY2023, and FY2025). Congress has increased the top-line figure for JAG as more funding has been set aside for non-JAG programs. In FY2011, two programs were funded through set-asides from JAG. In FY2016, five programs were funded through set-asides from JAG and $100 million was dedicated for reimbursing cities that hosted presidential nominating conventions for security-related costs they incurred. Since FY2017, Congress has funded several DOJ grant programs (e.g., Project Safe Neighborhoods, the John R. Justice program, programs authorized under the Prison Rape Elimination Act, and the Capital Litigation Improvement and Wrongful Conviction Review program), which had traditionally received their own line item appropriation in the annual CJS appropriations act, through set-asides from JAG. In addition, since FY2017 Congress started funding an increasing number of programs that did not traditionally have their own line-item appropriation but rather exist solely as a set-aside from the JAG program. This includes funding for Byrne Discretionary Community Project grants (i.e., congressionally directed spending), which were first included in FY2022. In FY2024, there were 17 programs funded through set-asides from JAG and $125 million dedicated for security at presidential nominating conventions. For FY2025, under the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (CR; P.L. 119-4), most of the set-asides for JAG were the same as they were in FY2024, though the CR zeroed out funding for Byrne Discretionary Community Project grants and reimbursing cities for security at the presidential nominating conventions. The CR reduced top-line funding for JAG to reflect that these two programs were not funded through set-asides, hence the decrease in top-line JAG funding for FY2025.