Overview of the 2018 Farm Bill Energy Title Programs

Overview of the 2018 Farm Bill Energy Title Programs

Overview of the 2018 Farm Bill Energy Title Programs

Updated December 8, 2025 (IF10288)

Congress has long encouraged the production of renewable energy and other products derived from agriculture-based feedstock in pursuit of various policy goals. These goals include U.S. energy security, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, and increased demand for U.S. farm products. Since the late 1970s, Congress has employed a wide range of policy mechanisms and incentives—including the farm bill—to expand the production and use of agriculture-based renewable energy (e.g., tax incentives to blend biofuels with gasoline; loan guarantees to construct production facilities).

The bioenergy programs authorized and funded under the energy title of the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334, Title IX) build upon programs established in the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171)—the first farm bill to contain an energy title (7 U.S.C. §§8101 et seq.). Since 2002, the energy title in succeeding farm bills has in most cases reauthorized—and in some cases modified—the programs. With a few exceptions, Title IX of the 2018 farm bill reauthorized the major bioenergy programs from the 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79), while providing several of them with mandatory funding (i.e., funding not dependent on discretionary appropriations) for the five-year period from FY2019 to FY2023. Congress has extended the 2018 farm bill three times. Mandatory funding for the energy title programs in the 2018 farm bill is less than what was provided in the 2014 farm bill. Because the farm bill provided mandatory funding and authorization of discretionary appropriations for many of the energy title programs, there is typically an annual discussion about how much discretionary funding should be appropriated. The 2018 farm bill also established a new program for carbon utilization and biogas education, and it repealed two authorities—the Repowering Assistance Program and the Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative.

A description of the farm bill energy title programs follows. Table 1 identifies the implementing agency by program, most recent farm bill authorizations, and FY2026 appropriated funding levels.

Biobased Markets Program. Referred to as the BioPreferred Program. Promotes biobased products through two initiatives: (1) mandatory purchasing by federal agencies and their contractors and (2) a voluntary labeling initiative for biobased products. Products that meet the minimum biobased content criteria may display the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Certified Biobased Product label.

Biorefinery, Renewable Chemical, and Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program. Seeks to facilitate the development of new and emerging technologies for advanced biofuels, renewable chemicals, and biobased product manufacturing by providing loan guarantees for the development, construction, or retrofitting of commercial-scale biorefineries.

Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels. Referred to as the Advanced Biofuel Payment Program. Provides payments to fuel producers to support and expand production of advanced biofuels (i.e., not derived from corn starch). One payment type is for the actual quantity produced, and a second is for production increases. No more than 5% of available funds provided each year may be used for facilities that exceed an annual refining capacity of 150 million gallons.

Biodiesel Fuel Education Program. Provides grants to nonprofit organizations and institutions of higher education that educate government and private vehicle fleet operators, the public, and others about the benefits of biodiesel.

Rural Energy for America Program (REAP). Provides eligible entities (e.g., state, tribal, or local governments; land-grant colleges and universities; rural electric cooperatives; and public power entities) with grants for energy audits and renewable energy development assistance. REAP also provides loan guarantees and grants for energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy systems (RESs). RESs include biofuels and power generation from wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean, and some hydropower sources. RESs exclude retail energy dispensers (e.g., blender pumps).

Rural Energy Savings Program (RESP). Provides loans to rural families and small businesses to achieve cost savings to implement durable cost-effective energy efficiency measures to include on- or off-grid renewable energy or energy storage systems.

Biomass Research and Development (BR&D). Supports cooperation and coordination between the USDA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for biomass research and development. The BR&D Initiative offers competitive funding through grants, contracts, and financial assistance for research, development, and demonstration for biofuels and biobased products. Eligibility is limited to institutions of higher learning, national laboratories, federal or state research agencies, and private and nonprofit entities.

Feedstock Flexibility Program (FFP). Designed to help stabilize sugar prices to avoid forfeitures under the sugar loan program. Under FFP, USDA's Commodity Credit Corporation may purchase sugar from processors for resale to fuel ethanol producers.

Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP). Provides financial assistance to owners and operators of agricultural land and nonindustrial private forest land to establish, produce, and deliver biomass feedstock to eligible processing plants.

Community Wood Energy and Wood Innovation Program. Provides matching grants to install community wood energy systems or build innovative wood product facilities. Grants are generally capped at 35% of the capital cost, or up to 50% for special circumstances.

Sun Grant Program. Provides grants to regional centers for multi-institutional and integrated, multistate research, extension, and education programs on technology development and technology implementation that address bioenergy, biomass, or bioproducts research priorities.

Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program. Provides competitive grants to eligible entities to educate the public about the economic and emissions benefits of permanent carbon sequestration or utilization, and to educate agricultural producers and other stakeholders about the collection of organic waste from multiple sources to be used in a single biogas system.

Table 1. 2018 Farm Bill Energy Title Programs (P.L. 115-334, Title IX): FY2026 Funding (P.L. 119-37)

Title IX Energy Program Name

Implementing Agency

U.S. Code Citation

FY2023 Mandatory Funding (M) and Authorization of Discretionary Appropriations (D)
(millions of dollars)

FY2026 Mandatory Funding and Discretionary Appropriations (millions of dollars)

Biobased Markets Program (i.e., BioPreferred Program)

USDA RD

7 U.S.C. §8102

M – 3
D – 3

M – 0a
D – 0

Biorefinery, Renewable Chemical, and Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program

USDA RD

7 U.S.C. §8103

M – 0
D – 75

M – 0a
D – 0

Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels
(i.e., Advanced Biofuel Payment Program)

USDA RD

7 U.S.C. §8105

M – 7
D – 20

M – 7b
D – 0

Biodiesel Fuel Education Program

USDA NIFA and USDA OEPNU

7 U.S.C. §8106

M – 0
D – 2

M – 0
D – 0

Rural Energy for America Program

USDA RD

7 U.S.C. §8107

M – 50
D – 20

M – 50
D – 0c

Rural Energy Savings Program

USDA RD

7 U.S.C. §8107a

M – 0
D – 75

M – 0
D – 4.2

Biomass Research and Development

USDA NIFA and DOE

7 U.S.C. §8108

M – 0
D – 20

M – 0
D – 0

Feedstock Flexibility Program

USDA FSA

7 U.S.C. §8110

M – SSAN
D – 0

M – SSANd
D – 0

Biomass Crop Assistance Program

USDA FSA

7 U.S.C. §8111

M – 0
D – 25

M – 0
D – 0

Community Wood Energy and Wood Innovation Program

USDA FS

7 U.S.C. §8113

M – 0
D – 25

M – 0
D – TBDe

Sun Grant Program

USDA NIFA

7 U.S.C. §8114

M – 0
D – 75

M – 0
D – 3

Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program

USDA and DOE

7 U.S.C. §8115

M – 0
D – 2

M – 0
D – 0

Sources: P.L. 115-334, P.L. 119-21, P.L. 119-37, explanatory statements, Appropriation Committee reports, and CRS publications.

Notes: FS = Forest Service; FSA = Farm Service Agency; NIFA = National Institute of Food and Agriculture; OEPNU = Office of Energy Policy and New Uses; RD = Rural Development; SSAN = such sums as necessary. The mandatory funding is subject to sequestration, which is unspecified in the table. The 2018 farm bill expired on Sept. 30, 2023. Congress extended the farm bill for most farm bill programs through Sept. 30, 2026 (P.L. 119-37, §5002). For more on energy title funding, see CRS In Focus IF10639, Farm Bill Primer: Energy Title, by Kelsi Bracmort.

a. P.L. 119-37 does not provide mandatory funding for FY2026 for this program. The law explicitly mentions 7 U.S.C. §8102 and §8103.

b. P.L. 119-21 extended mandatory funding of $7 million for each of the fiscal years for the program through 2031.

c. Provides $100 million for the principal amount of loan guarantees (i.e., loan authority).

d. USDA reported that it did not expect to purchase and sell sugar under the program for crop year 2024, which ran from Oct. 1, 2024, to Sept. 30, 2025. USDA also reported that the next quarterly estimate regarding the Feedstock Flexibility Program would occur on or before Jan. 1, 2026. USDA, USDA Announces Fiscal Year 2026 Sugar Loan Rates and No Actions Under Feedstock Flexibility Program, Sept. 26, 2025.

e. FY2026 appropriations for the Forest Service are provided in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill, which is under consideration.