Soil and Water Conservation Issues

Soil and Water Conservation Issues

Order Code IB96030
CRS Issue Brief for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Soil and Water Conservation Issues
Updated February 15, 2006
Jeffrey A. Zinn
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

CONTENTS
SUMMARY
MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Evolution of Federal Resource Conservation Issues
Current Major Conservation Activities
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
Wetlands and Agriculture
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)
Conservation Security Program (CSP)
Technical Assistance
Selected Other Conservation Activities
Watershed Programs
Conservation Compliance and Sodbuster
Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D)
Farmland Protection Program (FPP)
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)
Emergency Conservation Programs
Water Quality Programs and Initiatives
Private Grazing Lands Program
Grasslands Reserve Program
Air Quality Activities
Research and Technical Activities
Other Conservation Programs and Provisions in the 2002 Farm Bill
Implementing the 2002 Farm Bill Conservation Provisions
Conservation Funding
FY2007 Appropriations Request
FY2006 Appropriations (P.L. 109-97)
FY2006 Supplemental Appropriations, Rescissions, and Reconciliation
2007 Farm Bill
LEGISLATION
CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS, REPORTS, AND DOCUMENTS

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Soil and Water Conservation Issues
SUMMARY
Soil and water conservation continue to
Service (NRCS) provides technical assistance
be prominent farm policy topics in the 109th
and administers most programs, and the Farm
Congress as the Administration administers an
Service Agency (FSA) administers the most
array of current programs and starts to prepare
expensive program currently (the CRP) and an
for the next farm bill. The last farm bill,
emergency program.
enacted in 2002, increased spending and
expanded the scope of the conservation effort
Implementation controversies have arisen
by reauthorizing and amending many conser-
since 2002, especially when Members dis-
vation programs and enacting new ones.
agree with the Administration’s interpretation

of the law. One of these, how to fully fund
Examples of increased spending in the
technical assistance in support of the manda-
2002 farm bill include the Environmental
tory programs, was resolved with legislation
Quality Incentives Program (from $200 mil-
enacted in late 2004 (P.L. 108-498). The
lion annually before FY2002 to $1.3 billion in
second, implementing the CSP, continues as
FY2007) and the Farmland Protection Pro-
Congress has repeatedly limited funding, and
gram (from a total of $35 million to $125
NRCS has responded by limiting program
million annually starting in FY2004). Enroll-
eligibility to specified watersheds.
ment ceilings were raised for the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) (from 36.4 million
The House and Senate Agriculture Com-
acres to 39.2 million acres) and the Wetlands
mittee’s conservation subcommittees both
Reserve Program (from 1,075,000 acres to
held oversight hearings in 2004. In 2005, the
2,275,000 acres).
Senate subcommittee held hearings on endan-
gered species on July 26 and the Conservation
New programs efforts expanded the
Reserve Program on July 27. The House
scope of the conservation effort. The largest
Agriculture Committee is starting to hold field
of these, the Conservation Security Program
hearings to gather farm bill input.
(CSP), provides payments to producers who
address natural resource concerns on private
Appropriators continue to influence
lands in specified locations. Other new pro-
conservation topics through their actions. For
grams conserve grasslands, address surface
FY2006, they made cuts in several mandatory
and ground water conservation needs and
programs, while rejecting cuts to discretionary
conservation issues in certain regions, permit
programs proposed by the Administration.
approved third parties to provide conservation
They provided almost $500 million to the two
assistance, and provide grants to support
emergency conservation programs and created
innovative conservation technologies.
a new forestry program in response to numer-
ous hurricanes. Longer-term cuts were en-
Two Department of Agriculture agencies
acted in reconciliation legislation, but they do
implement most agriculture conservation
not reduce funding in FY2006. Reconciliation
programs, which attract voluntary participants
legislation also reduced funding for all discre-
by providing financial and technical incen-
tionary conservation programs by 1%.
tives. The Natural Resources Conservation
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
The Administration has submitted its FY2007 budget proposals. It is requesting many
reductions for discretionary programs that are similar to what it called for in FY2006 and
Congress rejected; not counting the emergency programs, the reductions would total just over
$200 million. For mandatory programs, it is calling for a mix of increases and decreases
from FY2006; in total, funding (not including the new emergency forestry program) would
increase by almost $330 million.

Impacts from hurricanes, especially Hurricane Katrina, led Congress to provide almost
500 million to the Emergency Conservation and Emergency Watershed Programs in Defense
Appropriations, enacted in late December. The same legislation provided more than $400
million to a new Emergency Forestry Conservation Reserve Program. Staff and program
resources have been shifted to assist in the cleanup.
Agencies at USDA continue to implement conservation programs. Recent
announcements include a January 2006 announcement that 60 watersheds would be eligible
for the next Conservation Security Program signup, being held between February 13 and
March 31; a January 2006 announcement about both starting to extend and reenroll contracts
that expire in 2007 in the Conservation Reserve Program and holding a general signup in the
spring; an April 2005 announcement soliciting input about future priorities for the
Environmental Quality Incentives Program; and a September 2005 announcement of a pilot
initiative for conservation planning in nine states.
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Evolution of Federal Resource Conservation Issues
Conservation of soil and water resources has been a public policy issue for more than
60 years, an issue repeatedly recast as new problems have emerged or old problems have
resurfaced. Two themes involving farmland productivity dominated debate on this issue
until 1985. One was to reduce the high levels of soil erosion, and the other was to provide
water to agriculture in quantities and quality that enhance farm production.
Congress responded repeatedly to these themes by creating or revising programs. These
programs were designed to reduce resource problems on the farm. They combined voluntary
participation with technical, educational, and financial assistance incentives. By the early
1980s, however, concern was growing, especially among environmentalists, that these
programs were not adequately dealing with environmental problems resulting from
agricultural activities (especially off the farm). Publicized instances of significant problems,
especially soil erosion rates said to rival the dust bowl era, increased awareness and
intensified the policy debate.
Congress responded, in a watershed event, by enacting four major new conservation
programs in the conservation title of the 1985 Food Security Act. One of these programs,
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the Conservation Reserve (CRP), greatly increased the federal financial commitment to
conservation and targeted federal funds at some of the most severe problems by retiring land
under multi-year contracts. The other three, sodbuster, conservation compliance, and
swampbuster, created a new approach to conservation, by halting producer access to many
federal farm program benefits if they did not meet conservation program requirements for
highly erodible lands and wetlands.
Provisions enacted in the next farm bill, in 1990, reflected a rapid evolution of the
conservation agenda, including the growing influence of environmentalists and other non-
agricultural interests in the formulation of conservation policy, and a recognition that
agriculture was not treated like other business sectors in many environmental laws. Congress
expanded this agenda to address groundwater pollution, water quality, and sustainable
agriculture, and allowed for the use of easements, as well as amending existing programs.
Amendments to the CRP reflect these changes; its earlier focus on highly erodible land
shifted to give greater emphasis to environmental concerns.

After the congressional party control switched in 1994, conservation policy discussions
turned to identifying ways to make the conservation compliance and swampbuster programs
less intrusive on farmer activities. This switch also reduced the influence of environmental
interests in developing conservation policy. The 1996 farm bill included a wide ranging
conservation title drafted by the Senate Agriculture Committee staff. The enacted bill gave
considerable attention to wildlife. (For an overview of conservation provisions in the 1996
farm bill, see CRS Report 96-330, Conservation Provisions in the Farm Bill: A Summary.)
The nature of the conservation effort continued to evolve after 1996, as reflected in the
provisions of the 2002 farm bill. Conservation themes included (1) increasing overall
funding, (2) creating new programs and addressing new issues, (3) providing more
conservation on lands that are in production (called working lands), and (4) using funding
for conservation programs to meet world trade obligations. Major conservation activities are
discussed below, followed by other new programs, then implementation activities. (Other
activities that could be categorized as conservation are not discussed below, including those
that center on research, forestry, and energy.) For detailed information about the enacted
provisions in the farm bill’s conservation title, including how they compare with prior law,
see CRS Report RL31486, Conservation Title of the 2002 Farm Bill: A Comparison of New
Law with Bills Passed by the House and Senate, and Prior Law.
Current Major Conservation Activities
USDA’s conservation efforts have centered in recent years on implementing the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), wetland protection programs, the Environmental
Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), and the Conservation Security Program (CSP), and on
providing technical assistance. By FY2007, when many of the farm bill programs expire,
funding for the overall conservation effort will be much larger. The suite of programs will
place slightly less emphasis on land retirement and on land producing row crops, and slightly
more attention to conservation on other land and to livestock producers. Recognizing this
expanding effort, Congress, in the 2002 law, required the Secretary to submit a report to both
agriculture committees by December 31, 2005 (with implementing recommendations) about
how to better coordinate and consolidate conservation programs. Lead conservation agencies
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continue to be the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), which provides
technical assistance and administers most programs, and the Farm Service Agency (FSA),
which provides cost-sharing assistance and administers the most expensive program
currently, CRP. (For background information on the suite of current conservation programs,
see CRS Report RL32940, Agriculture Conservation Programs: A Scorecard.)
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
Under the CRP, producers can bid to enroll highly erodible or environmentally sensitive
lands into the reserve during signup periods, retiring it from production for at least 10 years.
Successful bidders receive annual rental payments and cost-sharing and technical assistance.
Enrollment is limited to 25% of the crop land in a county. Funding is mandatory spending.
Section 2101 of the 2002 farm bill reauthorized the CRP through FY2007 and raised the
enrollment cap from 36.4 million acres to 39.2 million acres. Also, only land that was
cropped in four of six years preceding enactment is eligible, thus making it more difficult to
cultivate land primarily to gain access to the program. It made the six-state pilot program
to retire small, isolated farmable wetlands into a national program, with an enrollment ceiling
of 1 million acres. Some economic uses of enrolled lands are permitted for the first time,
with a reduction in annual rental payments.
FSA issued an interim rule on May 8, 2003, that implemented these changes. FSA’s
summary of participation through January 2006 shows 35.9 million acres were enrolled, with
more than 4 million acres in Texas and almost 3.5 million acres in Montana. In August
2005, Secretary Johanns announced that USDA will offer opportunities to reenroll or extend
contracts involving more than 28 million acres of land where current contracts expire
between 2007 and 2010. Priority for reenrollment will be based on the relative ranking of
the land using the Environmental Benefits Index, with additional credit being given for land
located in any of five national priority areas or areas of significant adverse water quality or
habitat impacts. Contracts will be offered in five groups. Land in the highest ranked group
is being reenrolled for 10 years (with 15 years for restored wetlands) using updated market
rental rates to reflect changes in local market conditions. Land in the other four groups will
receive contract extensions at existing rental rates, with the second highest group receiving
five-year extensions and the lowest group receiving two-year extensions. FSA announced
on January 31, 2006, that it had started this process for contracts expiring to 2007 (and also
that it plans to hold a general signup in the spring). FSA plans to complete the entire
reenrollment/extension process by the end of calender year 2006.
USDA has estimated that the average erosion rate on enrolled acres has been reduced
from 21 to less than 2 tons per acre per year. Retiring these lands also expanded wildlife
habitat, enhanced water quality, and restored soil quality. The annual value of these benefits
has been estimated from less than $1 billion to more than $1.5 billion; in some regions where
there is heavy participation, estimated benefits exceed annual costs. However, the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) and others have criticized the potentially
ephemeral nature of these benefits, because the landowner is under no obligation to retain
them after contracts expire, although they must follow a conservation plan on any previously
enrolled highly erodible land to retain eligibility for many types of farm program payments.
In addition to general signups, FSA has enrolled more than 3.2 million acres under
several more targeted options. These acres can be enrolled continuously because they
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provide large environmental benefits. The newer options include enrolling up to 500,000
acres of floodplains to be planted in hardwood trees, with allotments specified for states;
enrolling up to 250,000 acres of field boarders for northern bobwhite quail habitat; and
creating up to 250,000 acres of wetlands in non-floodplain areas. The three largest and
oldest options are:
! Enrolling portions of fields with especially high environmental values.
Through January 2006, almost 2.5 million acres had been enrolled, with
almost 440,000 acres in Iowa. The most common conservation practice is
buffer strips along water bodies.
! A state-initiated enhancement program (Conservation Reserve Enhancement
Program, or CREP) under which states contribute funds so that higher rents
can be offered to potential participants in smaller specified areas where
benefits will be greater. For example, Maryland, the first state to implement
a program, is enrolling stream buffers, restored wetlands, and highly
erodible lands along streams in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
Currently, 27 states have one or more approved enhancement programs, and
requests are pending from 6 additional states. FSA data show that almost
775,000 acres had been enrolled through January 2006.
! A program to enroll up to 1 million acres of small, isolated farmable
wetlands. USDA offers signup bonuses to attract participation. More than
141,000 acres had been enrolled through January 2006, with almost half
those acres in Iowa.
NRCS provides technical assistance in support of CRP, but the 1996 farm bill placed
a cap on funding from the CCC that can be used to reimburse agencies for services provided
to deliver CCC programs. These funds have been insufficient to pay all related technical
assistance costs in recent years, and in FY1999, NRCS briefly suspended CRP-related
activities. NRCS now has a line item in its budget for this purpose and received $76.4
million for FY2006. Recent congressional efforts to provide adequate technical assistance
funding are discussed in the subsection titled Technical Assistance, below. (For more
information on CRP, see CRS Report RS21613, Conservation Reserve Program: Status and
Current Issues.)
Wetlands and Agriculture
Swampbuster and the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) have been the main
agricultural wetland protection programs. (A small, isolated farmable wetlands program,
added to the CRP in the 2002 farm bill, is discussed above.) Under swampbuster, farmers
who convert wetlands to produce crops lose many federal farm program benefits until the
wetland is restored. Swampbuster includes four major exemptions. It allows a partial
penalty once a decade.
Swampbuster has been controversial since it was first enacted. Some from the farm
community view wetland protection efforts on agricultural lands as too extensive or
overzealous. They observe that it protects some sites that appear to provide few of the values
attributed to wetlands. A portion of this group also view these efforts as an unacceptable
intrusion of government into the rights of private property owners, or “takings.”
Environmental and other groups counter that the swampbuster program has been enforced
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weakly and inconsistently, with few violators losing farm program benefits. Controversies
also arise over inconsistencies, such as when adjoining states use different interpretations of
rules that lead to different determinations. The only provision in the 2002 farm bill
amending swampbuster addresses a concern expressed by the farm community by prohibiting
USDA from delegating the authority to make wetland determinations to other parties.
Some concerns raised by the agricultural community about the potential roles of other
federal agencies were thought to have been addressed when a Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA) making NRCS responsible for all federal wetland determinations on agricultural
lands under swampbuster (and the Clean Water Act’s §404 Program) was signed by NRCS,
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1994. But these agencies have been unable to
revise the MOA to reflect changes in the 1996 farm bill.
An additional issue for agriculture was raised in January 2001 when the Supreme Court
determined, in Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, that §404 (of the Clean Water Act) wetland permit program should not apply
to certain “isolated waters.” One result is that an estimated 8 million acres of agricultural
wetlands that had been subject to the §404 program will now be subject only to
swampbuster. Some of these wetlands (up to 1 million acres) may be enrolled in the new
farmable wetland component of the CRP. For more information on this decision, see CRS
Report RL30849, The Supreme Court Addresses Corps of Engineers Jurisdiction Over
“Isolated Waters”: The SWANCC Decision.) The Supreme Court will consider two cases
soon that could result in further adjustments to the reach of the §404 program.

The second wetlands program, the WRP, was established in the 1990 farm bill. It uses
permanent and temporary easements and long-term agreements to protect farmed wetlands.
Enrollment reached almost 1.75 million acres in by September 30, 2005. Permanent
easements account for more than 80% of the total, and have been perfected on 1.37 million
acres. The Secretary may delegate the administration of easements to other federal or state
agencies with the necessary expertise. Section 2201 of the 2002 farm bill reauthorizes the
WRP through FY2007 and increases the enrollment cap to 2,275,000 acres, while limiting
enrollment to 250,000 acres per year. The Office of Inspector General released an audit
report earlier in the year which found that “unwarranted payments” had been made because
of lax controls and poor appraisals.
On June 29, 2004, USDA announced a partnership initiative in Nebraska, modeled after
the CREP component of the CRP, to enroll almost 19,000 acres. This may be a prototype
for future initiatives. Another wetland protection program is created in Section 2101 to retire
1 million acres of small isolated agricultural wetlands as part of the CRP, and a more recent
initiative taken administratively will be used to create 250,000 acres of wetlands (see the
CRP discussion, above). (For more information about wetlands, see CRS Issue Brief
IB97014, Wetland Issues, updated regularly.)
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)
EQIP provides financial incentives to induce farmers to participate in conservation
efforts. It pays a portion of the cost of installing or constructing approved conservation
practices. EQIP is a mandatory spending program which supports structural, vegetative, and
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land management practices. Under provisions in the 2002 farm bill, annual funding is
authorized to increase from $200 million in FY2002 to $1.3 billion in FY2007, with 60% of
these funds each year to be used to address the needs of livestock producers. The Deficit
Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171) extended the authorization through 2010, and funded
it at a lower level until it reaches $1.3 billion in the final year to create savings. A plan is
required to participate. The total of all EQIP payments a single entity can receive, combined,
is $450,000 during any six-year period. Contracts can be 1 to 10 years in length. Producers
with comprehensive nutrient management plans are eligible for incentive payments, and
producers receiving funding for animal waste manure systems must have these plans. Cost
share assistance can be higher for beginning and limited resource producers. The
implementing regulations list four national priorities that guide decisions about which
producers receive assistance and help optimize environmental benefits from this program.
NRCS has called for public comments about whether these priorities should be altered, and
held a national listening session on May 5, 2005 (and state listening sessions) to gather input.
Three new subprograms are authorized under EQIP in 2002. First, a portion of EQIP
funds in FY2003 through FY2006 can be used to make grants for innovative efforts, such as
fostering markets for nutrient trading. In FY2004, it awarded $14.5 million to 41 entities,
and in FY2005, it awarded about $19 million to 103 entities. Second, additional funds,
starting at $25 million in FY2002 and growing to $60 million annually between FY2004 and
FY2007 are provided for a new ground and surface water conservation program within EQIP.
The first year that funds were available, $53 million was provided to 17 western states to
implement water conservation practices in response to drought conditions; a total of 32 states
have received assistance. Third, an additional $50 million is earmarked for the Klamath
River basin in Oregon and California, and is to be provided as soon as possible; through
FY2004, about $47 million had been made available to complete irrigation management
plans on more than 37,000 acres and apply conservation practices on almost 85,000 acres.
Interest in participating in EQIP continues to far exceed available funds. For FY2005,
for example, NRCS reports that it received almost 100,000 applications, but was only able
to sign almost 50,000 contracts. The cost of funding the remaining applications would be
more than $875 million. (For further information on EQIP, see CRS Report RS22040,
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP): Status and Issues.)
Conservation Security Program (CSP)
Section 2001 of the 2002 farm bill authorizes the new Conservation Security Program
(CSP) to provide payments to producers on all agricultural land that was cropped in four of
six years before 2002. Payments are based on which of three levels of conservation is
planned for and practiced. The lowest level allows contracts of five years and annual
payments up to $20,000; the middle level allows contracts of 5 to 10 years and annual
payments up to $35,000; the top level allows contracts of 5 to 10 years and annual payments
up to $45,000. The lowest level requires a plan that addresses at least one resource concern
on part of a farm; the middle level requires a plan that addresses at least one resource concern
on the entire operation, and the top level requires a plan to address all resource concerns on
the entire operation.
Implementation has proven controversial, as the authorizing legislation created this
program as a true entitlement, but appropriators prohibited funding in FY2003, then limited
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available funding subsequently. It has been growing, but much more slowly than proponents
would like. Requested funding in FY2007 is $342 million, an increase of $83 million from
FY2006. NRCS issued an interim final rule on June 21, 2004. This rule requires interested
producers to complete a self-assessment to determine their eligibility, the first time it has
required this amount of work from interested producers. NRCS designed the program so that
it could expand or contract it each year, based on funding levels, by limiting signups to
producers in designated watersheds. Based on this rule, it enrolled nearly 2,200 producers
in 18 eligible “priority watersheds” in 2004, and more than 12,500 producers in 220
watersheds in 2005.
Congress has repeatedly capped CSP funding, most recently in the reconciliation
legislation enacted February 8, 2006 (P.L.109-171). In this law, funding was capped at
$1.954 billion from FY2006 through FY2010, and at $5.65 billion from FY2006 through
FY2015. These actions have generated complaints from program supporters. On August
25, NRCS had announced that land in 110 watersheds in portions of all 50 states would be
eligible to enroll in FY2006, then reduced the number of watersheds to 60 because of
funding limits when it announced the dates of the enrollment period, February 13 to March
31, 2006. (For more information, see CRS Report RS21739, The Conservation Security
Program in the 2002 Farm Bill; and CRS Report RS21740, Implementing the Conservation
Security Program.)
Technical Assistance
NRCS provides technical assistance (TA) at the request of the landowner to conserve
and improve natural resources. TA includes professional advice on how to design, install,
and maintain land management, vegetative, and structural practices that provide conservation
benefits. NRCS combines that advice with knowledge of local conditions. TA is a
component of most conservation programs, and NRCS estimates that the cost of providing
it in FY2005 amounted to about $1.45 billion. Almost $1.0 billion of this total came from
discretionary accounts.
A subsection of §2701 of the 2002 farm bill provided that technical assistance in
support of each mandatory program come from the funding provided by the CCC for that
program. However, the Office of Management and Budget, supported by the Department of
Justice, issued an opinion in late 2002 that technical assistance funding for mandatory
programs remains limited under a cap that has been placed in §11 of the CCC charter under
prior law. Many in Congress had thought that the language in the 2002 farm bill had
resolved this issue, and they were supported in this conclusion by a GAO opinion.
The Administration proposed in the FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005 budget requests to
address this limit by creating a new farm bill technical assistance account, to be funded
through annual appropriations. Congress rejected these proposals. In FY2003 and FY2004,
Congress prohibited using any of the discretionary funds from Conservation Operations for
technical assistance to implement any mandatory programs. This prohibition, combined with
a retention of the cap on CCC funds that can be spent on administrative expenses, meant that
some of the mandatory programs donated funding for technical assistance to other programs,
thereby leaving less money available to implement “donor program” activities. In P.L. 108-
498 (S. 2856), enacted December 23, 2004, Congress amended the 1985 farm bill to require
that technical assistance for each mandatory program be paid from funds provided for that
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program annually, and that funding for technical assistance cannot be transferred among the
mandatory funded programs, starting in FY2005.
Other actions related to technical assistance may also attract congressional interest.
First, GAO released a report in November 2004 titled USDA Should Improve Its Methods for
Estimating Technical Assistance Costs (GAO-05-58). This assessment may contribute to
discussions about the cost of providing technical assistance, which critics state is too high
and reduces the amount of money available for program participants. Second, in February
2005, NRCS announced new policy guidance for technical assistance that will establish
national priorities. For FY2006, these priorities center on helping producers comply more
easily with environmental regulatory requirements. Third, in September 2005, NRCS
announced that it would initiate a new pilot program for conservation planning in 9 states,
using a land-owner self assessment process. This assessment process appears to follow the
process developed for producers who are interested in and eligible to participate in the CSP.
Selected Other Conservation Activities
Federal conservation efforts include many additional activities and programs. The list
below includes only selected conservation activities in USDA that are administered by NRCS
and FSA. Other USDA agencies who make significant contributions to the conservation
effort include the Agricultural Research Service, the Economic Research Service, and the
Forest Service. Also, none of the many conservation programs that have been authorized but
are not being implemented are included.
Watershed Programs. NRCS has worked with local sponsors under several
authorities for more than 50 years to construct more than 10,500 structures to prevent floods,
protect watersheds, control erosion and sediments, and other purposes. A rehabilitation
program for aging small watershed structures was enacted in the Small Watershed
Rehabilitation Amendments of 2000 (§313 of P.L. 106-472). Section 2505 of the 2002 farm
bill authorized both mandatory funding for the rehabilitation program, rising from $45
million in FY2003 to $65 million in FY2007, and additional appropriations, rising from $45
million in FY2003 $85 million in FY2007. The law permits federal funds to pay for 65%
of rehabilitation projects, with the remainder coming from local sponsors.
Conservation Compliance and Sodbuster. Under conservation compliance and
sodbuster provisions, established in the 1985 farm bill, producers who cultivate highly
erodible land (HEL) are ineligible for most major farm program benefits, including price
supports and related payments. These benefits are lost for all the land the farmer operates.
A smaller penalty can be imposed on producers once every five years if circumstances
warrant. Producers who cultivate highly erodible land using an approved conservation plan
are not subject to conservation compliance. Section 2002 of the 2002 farm bill prohibits
USDA from delegating authority to other parties to make highly erodible land
determinations. Any person who had HEL enrolled in the CRP has two years after a contract
expires to be fully in compliance.
According to 1997 data compiled by NRCS, producers were actively applying plans on
more than 97% of the tracts of land that were reviewed. NRCS estimates that soil erosion
on these acres is being reduced from an average of 17 tons per year to 6 tons per year.
Critics, primarily from the environmental community, have contended that USDA staff has
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not vigorously enforced these requirements. GAO issued a report critical of the
implementation effort in April 2003 titled USDA Needs to Better Ensure Protection of
Highly Erodible Cropland and Wetlands (GAO-03-418). Others, primarily from the
agriculture community, have countered that the department has been too vigorous at times.
Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D). RC&D provides a
framework for local interests to work together to improve the economy, environment, and
living standard in multi-county areas through RC&D Councils. USDA provides technical
and financial assistance to councils, and helps them secure funding and services from other
sources. NRCS states that 375 areas encompassing more than 85% of the counties in the
country have been designated. This total includes 7 that were accepted from 28 applications
during the summer of 2003. Section 2504 of the 2002 farm bill permanently reauthorized
the program, and makes numerous technical amendments.
Farmland Protection Program (FPP). (USDA calls it the Farm and Ranch Lands
Protection Program.) The 1996 farm bill authorized USDA to assist state and local
governments to acquire easements to limit conversion of agricultural lands to nonagricultural
uses. Section 2503 of the 2002 farm bill greatly increased mandatory funding from $50
million in FY2002 to a high of $125 million in FY2004 and FY2005. The definition of
eligible land was expanded to include rangeland, pastureland, grassland, certain forest land,
and land containing historic or archeological resources. The program is subject to
conservation compliance. Certain private nonprofit organizations can compete for these
funds. Eligible lands must be subject to a pending offer. Through FY2005, more than $370
million had been obligated to acquire 1,217 easements on almost 260,000 acres in 41 states.
An additional 1,073 easements are pending on more than 192,000 acres in every state. States
where the most funds have been obligated include Maryland ($26.1million), Pennsylvania
($22.5 million), and New Jersey ($21.8 million).
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP). WHIP was authorized in 1996 to
use a total of $50 million in mandatory funds allocated to the CRP to provide cost sharing
and technical assistance for conservation practices that primarily benefit wildlife. This
money was allocated in FY1998 and FY1999. Congress provided additional conservation
funding for FY2001, and the Department allocated $12.5 million to WHIP. Section 2502 of
the 2002 farm bill provided $15 million in FY2002, growing to $85 million annually from
FY2005 through FY2007. It provided that up to 15% of the funding each year can be used
for higher cost sharing payments to producers who protect and restore essential plant and
animal habitat under agreements of at least five years. Through FY2005, more than 3.3
million acres have been enrolled under more than 21,500 agreements.

Emergency Conservation Programs. The Emergency Watershed Program (EWP)
is administered by the NRCS and the Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) is
administered by the FSA. The EWP provides technical and cost sharing assistance for
projects that restore land after flooding and protect it from future damage. The ECP provides
cost-sharing and technical assistance to rehabilitate farmland damaged by natural disasters,
and to carry out emergency water conservation measures during severe drought. Emergency
programs are implemented most years in response to natural disasters that have occurred. In
the wake of a very busy hurricane season, and especially Hurricane Katrina, Congress
provided $300 million to the Emergency Watershed Program, and $199.8 million to the
Emergency Conservation Program in Division B, Title I of FY2006 Defense Appropriations
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(P.L. 109-148, enacted December 30, 2005). It also created a new emergency Forestry
Conservation Reserve Program, modeled after the CRP and likely to be administered within
it, and appropriated $404 million to this effort. Emergency funding was exempted from the
1% recision.
Water Quality Programs and Initiatives. Groundwater and nonpoint pollution
have emerged as major issues for conservation policy as more instances of contamination in
which agricultural sources play major roles have been identified. Specific occurrences that
drive public interest and concern range from a very large hog farm waste spill in North
Carolina to the Pfiesteria outbreak and fish kills in portions of the Chesapeake Bay and
hypoxic conditions creating a large “dead zone” in the central Gulf of Mexico and other
coastal sites. Questions are being raised about the extent of the problems, the severity of the
potential threat to human health, the adequacy of government programs, and the contribution
of agriculture. In some cases, producers may have contributed to contamination even though
they followed accepted agricultural practices, and did not commit illegal acts. Current
agricultural conservation programs that address water quality concerns center on EQIP, plus
both the Enhancement Program (CREP) and the continuous enrollment option under CRP.
EPA and USDA announced a final revised rule for managing nutrient wastes from
animal feeding operations, as required under court order, on December 12, 2002. Large
operators will be required to develop comprehensive nutrient management plans while
smaller operators will be encouraged to develop them. It was published in the February 12,
2003, Federal Register, effective April 14, 2003. Farm interests were generally pleased
because it will affect fewer producers and cost less when compared with earlier proposals.
On February 27, 2004, NRCS released its National Animal Agriculture Conservation
Framework, which it describes as a blueprint for assisting livestock and poultry producers
with their voluntary efforts to deal with environmental issues. (For more information on this
rule, see CRS Report RL31851, Animal Waste and the Environment: EPA Regulation of
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).)
Limiting total maximum daily loadings (TMDLs) is another approach to cleaning
polluted waterways authorized under the Clean Water Act. Congress included a rider in H.R.
4425, the FY2001 Military Construction and FY2000 Urgent Supplemental Appropriations
bill, prohibiting EPA from using FY2000 or FY2001 funds to implement the TMDL proposal
the Clinton Administration had announced in August, 1999. It responded to the rider by
issuing a revised rule delaying the effective date of the program until October 31, 2001. (For
more information, see CRS Report RL30437, Water Quality Initiatives and Agriculture.)
Water quality problems are likely to be addressed not only through the programs
discussed above, including the CSP and the Ground and Surface Water Conservation
Program under EQIP, but also through farm bill programs enacted in 2002, including:
! the Small Watershed Rehabilitation Program amendments enacted in §2505;
! the Agricultural Management Assistance Program, reauthorized in §2501,
to provide $20 million annually between FY2003 and FY2007 and $10
million annually thereafter to 15 specified states that have been chronically
underserved by risk management programs (subsequent amendments limit
conservation funding to $14 million annually);
! a new program for the Great Lakes Basin states enacted in §2502;
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! a new Grassroots Source Water Protection Program, enacted in §2502; and
! a new program for the Delmarva Peninsula enacted in §2601-2604.

In addition, USDA released a draft framework for addressing animal agriculture
conservation on September 9, 2003. The framework discusses how USDA can help
producers meet environmental regulatory requirements and promote new opportunities while
sharing knowledge and increasing accountability.
The 108th Congress did enact legislation (P.L. 108-328) authorizing funding for the New
York City Watershed Protection Program through FY2010. This program, funded primarily
by New York City, intensively installs conservation practices on farms in watersheds that
provide drinking water to New York City to maintain a level of water quality that precludes
the need to build a very expensive new water treatment plant.
Private Grazing Lands Program. A voluntary coordinated technical and
educational assistance program was enacted in the 1996 farm bill to maintain and improve
resource conditions on private grazing lands. Section 2502 of the 2002 farm bill
reauthorized the program through FY2007 with appropriations of $60 million annually.
Appropriators continue to earmark a portion of NRCS’s Conservation Operations funds for
this effort annually, providing $23.3 million for FY2005 and $27.2 million in FY2006.
Grasslands Reserve Program. Section 2401 of the 2002 farm bill authorized a
new Grasslands Reserve Program to retire 2 million acres under arrangements ranging from
10-year agreements to permanent easements. The law permits the delegation of easements
to certain private organizations and state agencies, and provides up to $254 million in
mandatory funding. In FY2005, 1,219 applications to enroll almost 385,000 acres were
approved; this was 16% of the applications received. All the authorized funding will have
been spent by the end of FY2005.
Air Quality Activities. The 1996 farm bill created an interagency air quality task
force in USDA. The task force represented USDA on scientific topics such as EPA’s
proposals to revise National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ground-level ozone and two
sizes of particulates in 1997. USDA and EPA cooperate under a Memorandum of
Agreement signed in January 1998. More recently, federal agencies have been discussing
how agricultural practices and programs affect global warming, especially by sequestering
carbon. On March 23, 2005, USDA announced that NRCS and the National Forest Service
would start to track the amount of carbon that farmers would be sequestering. The 2002
farm bill did not amend air quality provisions. (For more information, see CRS Report 97-
670, Agriculture and EPA’s Proposed Air Quality Standards for Ozone and Particulates.)
Research and Technical Activities. Many agencies in USDA conduct research
and provide technical support. NRCS, for example, provides basic data about resource
conditions and characteristics through the soil and snow surveys and the National Resources
Inventory. It also does applied research through the plant material and technical centers.
Other Conservation Programs and Provisions in the 2002 Farm Bill. In
addition to the farm bill programs described above, the conservation title contains several
other programs. It:
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! authorized Partnerships and Cooperation in §2003, using up to 5% of
conservation funding, for both stewardship agreements with other entities
and special projects designated by state conservationists to enhance
technical and financial assistance to address resource conservation issues.
! amended administrative requirements in §2004, to provide incentives to
beginning and limited resource producers and Indian tribes, and to protect
the privacy of personal information related to natural resource conservation
programs and information about National Resources Inventory data points.
! reauthorized the Agricultural Management Assistance Program through
FY2007 in §2501, and provided an additional $10 million (for a total of $20
million) in mandatory funding annually.
! authorized a Grassroots Source Water Protection Program in §2501 and
annual appropriations of $5 million through FY2007.
! authorized a Great Lakes Program for Erosion and Sediment Control in
§2501 and annual appropriations of $5 million through FY2007.
! authorized Desert Terminal Lakes provisions in §2507 to require the
Secretary to transfer $200 million in mandatory funds to the Bureau of
Reclamation to pay for providing water to at-risk natural desert terminal
lakes; the Bureau may not use these funds to purchase or lease water rights.
! authorized matching funds through FY2007 in §2601-2604 to demonstrate
local conservation and economic development through a Conservation
Corridor Demonstration Program on the Delmarva Peninsula.
Implementing the 2002 Farm Bill Conservation Provisions
Selected official actions, including announcements in the Federal Register (FR), taken
to implement conservation programs authorized or significantly amended by the 2002 farm
bill are listed below.
Agricultural Management Assistance Program. August 28, 2002 FR contains
proposed rule, and April 9, 2003 FR contains a final rule. The FY2004 appropriations
legislation amended the 2002 farm bill by allocating these funds among three purposes.
Conservation Innovation Grants. An interim final rule was published in the
March 29, 2004 FR, and a final rule was published in the January 11, 2005 FR.
Conservation Partnership Initiative. Calls for proposals have been issued
annually, starting for FY2004 in the July 24, 2004 FR.
Conservation of Private Grazing Lands Program. June 29, 2002 FR contains
proposed rule. November 12, 2003 FR contains final rule.
Conservation Reserve Program. A general signup, held between May 5 and June
13, 2003, was administered under an interim final rule, published in the May 8, 2003 FR.
The final rule was published in the May 14, 2004 FR. FSA announced three new initiatives
and called for responses to 10 questions about the future of CRP in the August 4, 2004 FR.
Conservation Security Program. February 18, 2003 FR contains advance notice
of proposed rule making, with request for comments by March 20, 2003. January 2, 2004
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FR contains a proposed rule. The May 4 FR contains a notice describing the criteria used to
select eligible watersheds. An interim final rule was published in the June 21, 2004 FR to
guide the FY2004 sign up, and an amended version was published in the March 25, 2005 FR.
Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP). February 10, 2003 FR
contains notice of proposed rules and requests comments by March 12, 2003. May 30, 2003
FR contains final rule.
Farmland Protection Program (FPP). October 28, 2002 FR contains proposed
rule. May 16, 2003 FR contains final rule. (Note: NRCS is now calling this the Farm and
Ranch Land Protection Program.)
Grasslands Reserve Program. The May 11, 2004 FR contains an interim final
rule.
Resource Conservation and Development Program. Some action under
discretionary authority but no additional rule making.
Small Watershed Rehabilitation Program. Some action under discretionary
authority but no additional rule making.
Technical Assistance Service Providers. On November 7, 2002, USDA hosted
a “summit” in Washington to receive public input. November 21, 2002 FR contains interim
final rule. An interim final rule establishing payment rates for technical service providers
and USDA policy for subcontracting published in the March 24, 2003 FR. NRCS announced
payment rates for providers, by state, on August 6, 2003, and revised rates on October 27,
2004. A final rule was published in the November 11, 2004 FR.
Wetland Reserve Program. June 7, 2002 FR contains final notice of amendment
to existing rule.
Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program. July 24, 2002 FR contains final rule
providing additional cost share assistance for agreements that exceed 15 years.
Conservation Funding
Conservation spending combines discretionary spending in six accounts (all
administered by NRCS) and mandatory funding for a dozen programs through the
Commodity Credit Corporation. Funding for emergency conservation programs, discussed
in an earlier subsection, is not included in the data for FY2006 or comparisons of the
FY2007 request to FY2006 funding levels in this section, unless noted, because these
programs are almost never funded in annual appropriations legislation. If one chooses to add
the emergency funding to the FY2006 funding totals discussed below, they include $300
million for the Emergency Watershed Program and $200 million for the Emergency
Conservation Program in discretionary funding, and $404 million in mandatory funding for
the new emergency forestry reserve program, which CBO assumes will be administered as
part of the CRP, with spending in FY2007 of $110 million.
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FY2007 Appropriations Request. The Administration request for conservation
funding in FY2007 includes numerous reductions from FY2006 for discretionary programs,
and changes to FY2006 levels or authorized FY2007 levels for most mandatory programs.
Many of the proposed changes were also in last year’s FY2006 budget request. Not
including emergency programs, discretionary spending would decline $208 million to $789
million in FY2006. Mandatory funding would rise $329 million to $4.20 billion.
More specifically, for discretionary programs, $634 million is requested for
Conservation Operations, which is a reduction of $61 million from FY2006. Savings
identified by the Administration include not funding FY2006 earmarks, a savings of $72
million, and not funding the Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative, which received $27.2
million in FY2006. Two other discretionary programs, Watershed and Flood Prevention
Operations ($74.3 million in FY2006) and the Watersheds Surveys and Planning ($6.0
million in FY2006) would receive no funds. The Healthy Forests Reserve Program would
be level funded at $2.5 million. Substantial reductions include decreasing the Watershed
Rehabilitation Program by $15.9 million (to $15.3 million) and decreasing the Resource
Conservation and Development Program (RC&D) by $24.9 million (to $25.9 million). The
latter reduction is based on a proposal to reduce the NRCS staff assigned to this program
from 375 to about 150 and adjust their responsibilities and duties.
Mandatory programs administered by NRCS would increase by a total of $149 million
from FY2006, to $2.0 billion in FY2007. The mandatory program administered by FSA, the
CRP, would increase by $180 million to $2.2 billion. Increases also are proposed for the
Conservation Security Program (up $83 million to $342 million), the Wetlands Reserve
Program (up $152 million to $403 million to enroll 250,000 acres), and the Wildlife Habitat
Incentives Program (up $12 million to $55 million). The proposed reductions include the
Grasslands Reserve Program (from $54 million to $0, after allocating the entire $254 million
that had been authorized), the Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program (from $74 million
to $50 million), the Agricultural Management Assistance Program (from $5 million to $0),
and the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (by $19 million to $1.06 billion).
FY2006 Appropriations (P.L. 109-97). This legislation provided more funds for
discretionary programs ($996.1 million, after including the 1% across-the-board rescission)
than either the Senate bill ($964.0 million) or the House bill ($939.8 million), and was
substantially above the Administration’s request ($814.4 million). Congress rejected many
of the Administration’s proposed reductions for discretionary programs. This law also
reduced funding for selected mandatory conservation programs from authorized levels, and
with these reductions, total mandatory funding increased slightly from $3.654 billion in
FY2005 to $3.867 billion in FY2006.
Discretionary Programs. For Conservation Operations, the law provided $839.5
million, which was higher than the Senate bill ($819.6 million) or the House bill ($773.6
million), and much more than the Administration request ($767.8 million). Congress
rejected the Administration proposal to not fund earmarks, which would have saved an
estimated $114.3 million, and again identified numerous earmarks. The Secretary is to report
to the appropriations committees by July 1, 2006, on any earmarks for which funds have not
been obligated. Among the other discretionary programs, the law provided: $75 million for
Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations and $6.1 million for Watershed Surveys and
Planning (the Administration had requested no funding for either program); $31.6 million
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for the Watershed Rehabilitation Program (the Administration had requested $15.1 million);
and $51.3 million for the Resource Conservation and Development Program (RC&D)
(double the Administration request of $25.6 million). The Administration based this
proposed reduction on a new policy to phase out federal support to RC&D councils that had
received federal funds for 20 years. Of the 375 participating councils, 189 (50%) would have
lost funding under this proposal.
Mandatory Programs. The law placed no funding or enrollment limits on the largest
of these programs, the CRP, so program spending was estimated to increase by $169 million
to $2.017 billion in FY2006. All the mandatory programs have authorized dollar or acreage
limits either annually or for the life of the authorization, so changes in funding should be
compared with these limits, which can change from year to year. One large reduction from
FY2005, for the Grasslands Reserve Program from $128 million to $0 in FY2006, reflected
the expectation that the entire $254 million authorized in the 2002 farm bill would be spent
by the end of FY2005. The largest reductions were EQIP, authorized at $1.2 billion but
limited to $1.017 billion in FY2006, and the WRP, authorized to enroll 250,000 acres but
limited to 150,000 acres. The largest increase from FY2005, after the CRP, was the CSP (up
$57 million) to $259 million. While the CSP would have increased under the request, CBO
estimated in its January 2005 baseline that it would grow by $254 million in FY2006, rather
than this smaller amount, so program supporters viewed this increase as a significant
reduction from the higher estimated level. The law also provided $2.5 million to initiate a
new 2 million acre land retirement program authorized in forestry legislation, the Healthy
Forest Reserve, to be administered by NRCS. (For more information on authorized funding
levels annually for the mandatory conservation programs and reductions, see CRS Report
RS22243, Mandatory Funding for Agriculture Conservation Programs. For a more detailed
review of FY2006 appropriations, see CRS Report RL32904, Agriculture and Related
Agencies: FY2006 Appropriations.)
FY2006 Supplemental Appropriations, Rescissions, and Reconciliation.
Congress provided additional funds to emergency programs to respond to hurricane damage
which occurred during calendar year 2005 in Division B of P.L. 109-148, the FY2006
Department of Defense appropriations, signed into law on December 30, 2005. In title I of
Division B, Congress provided $199.8 million to the Emergency Conservation Program and
$300 million to the Emergency Watershed Program. Congress did not comment on how
these funds should be allocated among eligible states, and exempted them from the across-
the-board 1% rescission. Congress also created a new Emergency Forestry Conservation
Program for the same locations, and funded it at $404.1 million. This program would retire
land under 10-year contracts to reduce erosion and reestablish timber stands, although that
should occur soon as regulations are to be issued within 90 days of enactment.
In Title III of Division B, Congress partially offset disaster authorizations with recisions,
which included $10 million from unobligated balances in the Conservation Operations
account.
The FY2006 reconciliation legislation, enacted February 8, 2006 (P.L. 109-171),
reduced gross agriculture spending by$532 million in FY2007 and $3.7 billion overall, and
net spending by a total of $99 million in FY2006 and $2.7 billion overall. Conservation
programs will contribute $934 million (25% of the gross amount and 34% of the net
amount). More specifically, this law reduced the cap on CSP funding in future years (a
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savings of $649 million) while reauthorizing it through FY2011, limited EQIP to $1.275
billion annually from FY2007 through FY2009 (a savings of $75 million) while
reauthorizing it through FY2010, and cancelled prior year funding for the Watershed
Rehabilitation Program that has not been spent (a savings of $210 million). For more
information on the reconciliation, see CRS Report RS22086, Agriculture and FY2006
Budget Reconciliation, by Ralph Chite.
2007 Farm Bill
Many interests are starting to discuss what provisions might be considered for a farm
bill in 2007. Coalitions are forming and groups are developing their priorities and positions.
Farm bill considerations are in the formative stages in Congress, however, and there is little
specific on which to usefully comment at this time. As a possible prelude to farm bill
discussions, the Senate Agriculture Committee’s Subcommittee on Forestry, Conservation,
and Rural Revitalization held hearings on endangered species and on the CRP on July 26 and
27, respectively. The House Agriculture Committee has started to hold field hearings to
gather farm bill input.
LEGISLATION
Bills will be listed in this section only after the 109th Congress takes some action beyond
introduction.
CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS, REPORTS, AND DOCUMENTS
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture. Conservation. Hearings. 107th
Congress, 2nd session. February 28 and March 1, 2002. 250p. S. Hrg. 107-225.
——. Conservation on Working Lands for the New Federal Farm Bill. Hearings. 107th
Congress, 1st session. July 31, 2001. 86p. S. Hrg. 107-828.
——. Oversight of Conservation Programs of the 2002 Farm Bill. Hearings. 108th
Congress, 2nd session. May 11, 2004. 155p. S. Hrg. 108-564.
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