Judicial Nominations by President Clinton During the 103rd-106th Congresses

Judicial Nominations by President Clinton During the 103rd-106th Congresses

Order Code 98-510 GOV
Judicial Nominations by President Clinton
During the 103rd-106th Congresses
Updated September 20, 2006
Denis Steven Rutkus
Specialist in American National Government
Government and Finance Division

Judicial Nominations by President Clinton
During the 103rd-106th Congresses
Summary
Under the Constitution of the United States, the President nominates and,
subject to confirmation by the Senate, appoints justices to the Supreme Court and
judges to nine other court systems.
Altogether, during the 103rd–106th Congresses, President Bill Clinton
transmitted to the Senate:
! two Supreme Court nominations, both of which were confirmed
during the 103rd Congress;
! 106 nominations to the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals, of which 65
were confirmed;
! 382 nominations to the U.S. District Courts (including the territorial
district courts), of which 307 were confirmed;
! six nominations to the U.S. Court of International Trade, five of
which were confirmed;
! the names of seven nominees to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims,
all of whom received Senate confirmation;
! the names of nine nominees to the U.S. Tax Court, all of whom were
confirmed;
! one nomination to the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims,
which was confirmed during the 105th Congress;
! the names of 24 nominees to the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia, 22 of whom were confirmed;
! five nominations to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, four
of which were confirmed;
! and two nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces, both of which were confirmed.
Most nominations that failed to be confirmed were returned to the President
after the Senate adjourned or recessed for more than 30 days. Most, though not all,
of the persons whose nominations were returned at the end of the 103rd, 104th, and
105th Congresses were later renominated and ultimately confirmed. One Clinton
judicial nomination was rejected by Senate vote. President Clinton also withdrew 11
judicial nominations (three to U.S. circuit court judgeships, eight to U.S. district
judgeships), which either encountered difficulties at the committee stage or faced the
likelihood of substantial opposition on the Senate floor. During the Clinton
presidency, there were 59 roll call votes involving judicial nominations.
Also, at the start of the 107th Congress, with less than three weeks remaining in
his presidency, President Clinton submitted ten judicial nominations—nine to the
Circuit Courts of Appeals and one to the Court of Federal Claims. Shortly after
President Clinton left office, his successor, George W. Bush, withdrew all ten
nominations but then renominated one of the nine circuit court nominees, who
subsequently, in July 2001, received Senate confirmation.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Nominations to the U.S. Courts of Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Nominations to the U.S. District Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Nominations to the U.S. Court of International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Nominations to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Nominations to the U.S. Tax Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Nominations to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Nominations to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
List of Tables
Table 1. Presidential Nominations to the Supreme Court of the
United States During the 103rd-106th Congresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 2. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Courts of Appeals
During the 103rd-107th Congresses, 1993-January 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 3. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. District Courts
During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 4. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of International Trade
During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 5. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims
During the 103rd-107th Congresses, 1993-January 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Table 6. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Tax Court
During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Table 7. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals
for Veterans Claims During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . 36
Table 8. Presidential Nominations to the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 9. Presidential Nominations to the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 10. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Armed Forces During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000 . . . . . . . . . . 40

Judicial Nominations by President Clinton
During the 103rd-106th Congresses
Introduction
Under the Constitution of the United States,1 the President nominates and,
subject to confirmation by the Senate, appoints justices to the Supreme Court and
judges to nine other court systems. Specifically, the Chief Executive makes judicial
appointments to the:
! Supreme Court of the United States;
! United States Courts of Appeal;
! United States District Courts (including the territorial courts);
! United States Court of International Trade;
! United States Court of Federal Claims;
! United States Tax Court;
! United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims;
! Superior Court of the District of Columbia;
! District of Columbia Court of Appeals; and
! United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.2
Judicial terms of office vary, depending upon the court. Justices on the
Supreme Court and judges on other courts established by Congress under Article III
of the Constitution “hold their Offices during good Behaviour”—i.e., they receive
lifetime appointments. In addition to the Supreme Court, the “Article III courts”
consist of the U.S. Courts of Appeals, the U.S. Court of International Trade, and the
U.S. District Courts in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
1 Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 provides that the President “shall nominate, and by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the Supreme Court and all
other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided
for, and which shall be established by Law....”
2 The President, it should be noted, does not nominate federal bankruptcy judges (who are
appointed by the United States Courts of Appeals), administrative law judges (appointed by
federal agencies), U.S. magistrates (appointed by the United States District Courts), or trial
and intermediate court judges in the Armed Forces (appointed by the Judge Advocate
General in each service); nor are these judges subject to Senate confirmation.

CRS-2
Appointment to other courts in the above list entail fixed terms of various
lengths. These are the so-called “legislative courts,” which are created by Congress
under divers constitutional authority not requiring lifetime (“good Behavior”) tenure.3
During his presidency, William Jefferson Clinton nominated persons to
judgeships on all of the above-listed courts.
In the following pages, 10 separate sections provide background and statistics
concerning President Clinton’s judicial nominations to each of the court categories
listed above.4 Each section begins by briefly discussing the composition and
jurisdiction of the court or court system in question. Various statistics are provided,
including: the number of nominations to the court which were received, confirmed,
or not confirmed by the Senate during the Clinton presidency; a breakdown of these
numbers for the 103rd, 104th, 105th and 106th Congresses; and the number of Clinton
appointees who were serving on the court at the end of his presidency. Also noted
is the committee to which nominations to the particular court were referred after
being received by the Senate.
The most common ways in which a judicial nomination fails to receive Senate
confirmation are these:
(1) The President withdraws the nomination (doing so, for example,
if the Senate committee to which the nomination has been referred either
has voted against reporting the nomination to the Senate or has made clear
3 Citing the power to do so in Article I of the Constitution, Congress, in separate statutes,
has created four courts of specialized subject matter jurisdiction—the U.S. Court of Federal
Claims, the U.S. Tax Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces—and has authorized 15-year judicial tenure in these
courts. With similar explicit reference to its powers under Article I, Congress has created
two courts of local jurisdiction for the District of Columbia, with judges to these courts
appointed to 15-year terms as well. The territorial courts in the U.S. Virgin Islands and in
Guam have been created pursuant to Congress’ power under the Constitution to “dispose of
and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property
belonging to the United States” (Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2); also, Congress has
established a territorial district court in the Northern Mariana Islands, which presently is
administered by the United States under a trusteeship agreement with the United Nations.
For judicial appointees to the territorial courts, Congress has authorized 10-year terms.
4 The focus of this report is appointments through the process of presidential nomination and
Senate confirmation. Historically, on rare occasions, appointments to these courts also have
been made without submitting a nomination to the Senate. This may occur when a President
exercises his constitutional power to make “recess appointments.” Specifically, Article II,
Section 2, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution empowers the President “to fill up all Vacancies
that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall
expire at the End of their next Session.” During his presidency, Clinton made three judicial
“recess appointments”—one to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, in
December 2000, and the two others to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. The last prior
President to make a judicial “recess appointment” was Ronald Reagan, who did so once
during his tenure in office. See: U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service,
President Reagan’s Judicial Nominations During the 100th Congress, by Denis Steven
Rutkus, CRS Report 89-50 GOV (Washington: Dec. 22, 1988), p. 3.

CRS-3
its intention not to act on the nomination, or if the nomination, even if
reported, is likely to face substantial opposition on the Senate floor, or if
the nominee has requested that the nomination be withdrawn);
(2) The full Senate votes against confirmation; or
(3) Without confirming or rejecting the nomination, the Senate
adjourns or recesses for more than 30 days, at which time it returns the
nomination to the President pursuant to Rule XXXI, paragraph 6, Standing
Rules of the Senate.5
During his tenure, President Clinton withdrew 11 judicial nominations.6 One Clinton
judicial nomination was rejected by Senate vote.7 All other judicial nominations
failing to be confirmed were returned upon a Senate adjournment or recess of more
than 30 days.
In a number of instances, when the Senate returned a judicial nomination
pursuant to Rule XXXI, President Clinton renominated the individual involved, after
which the Senate usually, though not always, confirmed the individual. Each court
section of this report notes, where applicable, the respective number of nominations
that were returned by the Senate, were resubmitted by the President, and ultimately
were confirmed or failed to be confirmed.8
At the end of each section is a table which lists President Clinton’s nominations
to the court during the 103rd, 104th, 105th and 106th Congresses, respectively, as well
as nine Court of Appeals nominations and one Court of Federal Claims nomination
submitted at the beginning of the 107th Congress, in the final days of the Clinton
presidency. Separate columns indicate, for each nomination, the dates of nomination,
5 Paragraph 6 of Senate Rule XXXI provides, in part, that, “if the Senate shall adjourn or
take a recess for more than thirty days, all nominations pending and not finally acted upon
at the time of taking such adjournment or recess shall be returned by the Secretary to the
President and shall not again be considered unless they shall again be made to the Senate
by the President.”
6 President Clinton withdrew one U.S. Court of Appeals nomination and three U.S. District
Court nominations during the 104th Congress. During the 105th Congress, he withdrew one
U.S. Court of Appeals nomination and four U.S. District Court nominations. During the
106th Congress, he withdrew one U.S. Court of Appeals nomination and one U.S. District
Court nomination. See Tables 2 and 3 in the following pages.
7 On October 5, 1999, the Senate, by 45 yeas to 54 nays, failed to confirm the nomination
of Ronnie L. White to be a District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.
8 Thus, the statistics in this report distinguish between the overall number of nominations
once failing to receive Senate confirmation and the smaller number of nominees who failed
ever to be confirmed. The former number covers all instances of nominations failing
confirmation when returned pursuant to Rule XXXI, regardless of whether the nominees
involved were later renominated and confirmed. The latter number accounts only for
individuals who failed ever to be confirmed because of unfavorable committee action,
Senate rejection, the withdrawal of the nomination, or the President’s disinclination to
renominate upon receiving from the Senate a returned nomination.

CRS-4
committee hearing, committee action, and confirmation or other final Senate action.
Nominations are listed in chronological order according to the nomination date. In
the confirmation column, a date by itself indicates that the Senate, on the date given,
confirmed the nominee by voice vote or unanimous consent. A confirmation date,
with a vote total underneath, indicates that Senate confirmation was by a roll call vote
or that a specifically identified procedural matter involving the nomination was
decided by a roll call vote.9 This column also indicates the final disposition of
nominations failing to receive Senate confirmation. An entry of “Returned,
11/14/94,” for example, indicates that the nomination was returned to the President
pursuant to Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6, due to the Senate’s taking a recess of
more than 30 days.
Nominations to the Supreme Court
of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States consists of a chief justice and eight
associate justices. As the highest appellate court in the federal judiciary, the Supreme
Court reviews decisions of lower federal courts, as well as rulings of state courts
where a federal question is involved. The Court also has original jurisdiction (that
is, it can act as a court of first resort) over cases affecting public ministers of foreign
states and in certain cases in which a state is a party.
Of the Court’s present members, two associate justices were nominated by
President Clinton, both during the 103rd Congress. Ruth Bader Ginsburg became a
member of the Court in 1993 and Stephen G. Breyer in 1994.
On June 22, 1993, President Clinton nominated Judge Ginsburg, then a judge
on the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, to fill a Supreme
Court vacancy created by the retirement of Associate Justice Byron R. White. As a
Supreme Court nominee, Judge Ginsburg testified before the Senate Judiciary
Committee on July 20, 21, and 22, 1993, followed by one more day of hearings, on
July 23, for witnesses testifying in support of or against the nomination.10 The
Judiciary Committee, on July 29, voted unanimously to report the Ginsburg
nomination favorably to the full Senate. The Senate proceeded to consideration of
the Ginsburg nomination on August 2, and confirmed the nominee on August 3 by
a roll call vote of 96-3.
9 During the Clinton presidency, there were 59 such roll call votes, two involving
nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States, 23 involving U.S. Court of Appeal
nominations, and 34 involving U.S. District Court nominations. Of the 59 roll call votes,
25 were cast during the 105th Congress and 28 during the 106th Congress. See Tables 1, 2,
and 3 on the following pages.
10 Also, on July 23, 1993, the nominee appeared in a routine closed-door session conducted
by the committee to consider any questions arising out of its confidential investigation into
the nominee’s background.

CRS-5
The second occasion for President Clinton to make a Supreme Court
appointment arose on April 6, 1994, when Associate Justice Harry A. Blackmun
announced his retirement effective at the close of the Court’s term then in progress.
To fill the prospective Court vacancy, President Clinton, on May 17, nominated
Judge Stephen G. Breyer of the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
The nominee testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on July 12, 13, and 14,
followed by one more day of hearings, on July 15, for witnesses testifying in support
of or against the nomination.11 The Judiciary Committee, on July 19, voted
unanimously to report the Breyer nomination favorably to the full Senate. The
Senate proceeded to consider the nomination on July 29, and the same day confirmed
the nominee by a roll call vote of 87-9.
Subsequent to Justice Breyer’s confirmation in 1994, no vacancies occurred on
the Court during the remainder of the Clinton presidency.
Table 1. Presidential Nominations to the Supreme Court of the
United States During the 103rd-106th Congresses
Nominee
To Replace
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
103rd Congress
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Byron R. White
06/22/93
07/20-23/93 07/29/93 08/03/93
of New York
96-3 vote
Stephen G. Breyer
Harry A. Blackmun
05/17/94
07/12-15/94
07/19/94 07/29/94
of Massachusetts
87-9 vote
(There were no nominations to this court during the 104th,, 105th or 106th Congress.)
Nominations to the U.S. Courts of Appeals
The U.S. Courts of Appeals review appeals from decisions of the federal trial
courts and are empowered to review the orders of many administrative agencies.
Cases are generally presented to the courts sitting in panels consisting of three judges.
Often called circuit courts, the U.S. Courts of Appeals are divided
geographically into 12 circuits (including one for the District of Columbia), each
having from six to 28 judges. There is also a Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
(consisting of 12 judges), which has nationwide jurisdiction and which reviews,
among other things, lower court rulings in patent, trademark, and copyright cases.12
11 On July 14, 1994, the nominee also appeared in a routine closed-door session conducted
by the committee to consider any questions arising out of its confidential investigation into
the nominee’s background.
12 Besides lower court rulings in patent, trademark, and copyright cases, this court reviews
certain appeals from U.S. district and territorial courts in contract, internal revenue, and
other cases; decisions of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims and the U.S. Court of
International Trade; and administrative rulings by the Patent and Trademark Office, the U.S.
International Trade Commission, the Secretary of Commerce, agency boards of contract
(continued...)

CRS-6
Altogether, 179 permanent circuit judgeships are authorized by law. During the
103rd through the 106th Congresses, 65 of President Clinton’s 106 nominations to the
circuit courts received Senate confirmation, and all but two of the 65 appointees were
serving as active circuit judges when President Clinton left office on January 20,
2001.13
At the beginning of the 107th Congress, with less than three weeks left in his
presidency, Mr. Clinton re-submitted nine circuit court nominations which had been
submitted, but not confirmed, in the previous 106th Congress. On March 19, 2001,
President George W. Bush, Mr. Clinton’s successor, withdrew the nine nominations
but then, on May 9, 2001, renominated one of the Clinton nominees, Roger L.
Gregory of Virginia. Mr. Gregory’s re-submitted nomination to a Fourth Circuit
judgeship was confirmed by the Senate on July 20, 2001.14
Upon being transmitted by the President to the Senate, circuit court nominations
are referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

During the 103rd Congress, 19 of President Clinton’s 22 nominees to the Courts
of Appeals received Senate confirmation. Three other nominations failed to be
confirmed and were returned to the President at the sine die adjournment of the
second session of Congress, pursuant to Rule XXXI of the Standing Rules of the
Senate. Subsequently, during the 104th Congress, the names of these three nominees
were resubmitted by President Clinton and received Senate confirmation.15

During the 104th Congress, the Senate received 20 Courts of Appeals
nominations from the President. Eleven of these nominations were confirmed, one
was withdrawn by the President (at the nominee’s request),16 and eight were returned
to the President at the sine die adjournment of Congress, pursuant to Senate Rule
12 (...continued)
appeals, and the Merit System Protection Board.
13 One Clinton appointee nominated and confirmed in 1994, Judge H. Lee Sarokin of the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, retired in 1996. See Neil MacFarquhar,
“Federal Judge to Resign, Citing Political Attacks on Judiciary,” New York Times, June 5,
1996, pp. B1, B4. Another Clinton appointee, John D. Kelly of North Dakota, received
Senate confirmation to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on July 31, 1998 but
died on October 21, 1998, shortly after taking office.
14 Earlier, on December 27, 2000 (between the final adjournment of the 106th Congress and
the convening of the 107th Congress), Mr. Gregory had received a recess appointment from
President Clinton to the Fourth Circuit judgeship—the only one recess appointed among the
nine individuals renominated to circuit judgeships at the beginning of the 107th Congress.
15 While two of the three nominations were confirmed routinely during the 104th Congress,
the third was confirmed only after narrowly surviving a Senate floor vote on a motion to
recommit to the Judiciary Committee. See January 31, 1995 nomination of James L. Dennis
of Louisiana, in Table 2.
16 See in Table 2 the October 27, 1995 nomination of Charles R. Stack of Florida. For
background on circumstances surrounding the withdrawal of this nomination, see Joan
Biskupic, “Appeals Court Nominee Says No Thanks,” Washington Post, May 10, 1996, p.
A17.

CRS-7
XXXI. Of the eight returned nominations, four had been reported favorably by the
Senate Judiciary Committee, but failed to be considered by the full Senate; one had
received a committee hearing, but was not reported, and three had failed to receive
committee hearings. Subsequently, during the 105th Congress, the names of six of
these eight nominees were resubmitted by President Clinton, with four of the six then
receiving Senate confirmation.
During the 105th Congress, President Clinton submitted 30 appeals court
nominations to the Senate (including the six re-submissions noted above). Of the 30
nominations, 20 were confirmed, one was withdrawn by the President,17 and nine
were returned to the President at the end of the 105th Congress, pursuant to Senate
Rule XXXI.. Of the nine returned nominations, two had been reported favorably by
the Judiciary Committee but failed to be considered by the full Senate, one had
received a committee hearing but was not reported, and six had failed to receive
committee hearings. Two of the returned nominations were re-submissions from the
104th Congress. Subsequently, during the 106th Congress, the names of six of the
returned nominees were resubmitted by President Clinton, with four of the six then
receiving Senate confirmation.
During the 106th Congress, President Clinton submitted 34 appeals court
nominations to the Senate (including the six re-submissions noted above). Of the 34
nominations, 15 were confirmed, one was withdrawn by the President, and 18 were
returned to the President (17 at the sine die adjournment of Congress). Sixteen of the
returned nominations failed to receive committee hearings.
During the entire Clinton presidency, there were 23 Senate roll call votes on
appeals court nominations (three during the 103rd Congress, one during the 104th
Congress, seven during the 105th Congress, and 12 during the 106th Congress ).18
As of February 5, 2001, two weeks after President Clinton left office, there were
29 vacant U.S. circuit judgeships.
Most of the nominations listed below were made to fill judicial vacancies
created by the death, retirement, or resignation of the previous officeholder. Some
of the nominations, however, were to judgeships which had been vacant since their
17 See in Table 2 the June 27, 1997 nomination of James S. Ware of California. For
background on circumstances surrounding the withdrawal of this nomination, see Victoria
Slind-Flor, “Ware’s Replacement? Hunting for a Sub,” National Law Journal, vol. 20, Nov.
24, 1997, p. A4.
18 The closest roll call votes were on the following nominations: a 61-37 vote on April 14,
1994, confirming Rosemary Barkett of Florida; a 63-35 vote on October 4, 1994, confirming
H. Lee Sarokin of New Jersey; a 46-54 vote on September 28, 1995, defeating a motion to
recommit the nomination of James L. Dennis of Louisiana; a 68-28 vote on October 2, 1998,
confirming Sonia Sotomayor of New York; a 57-41 vote on October 8, 1998, confirming
William A. Fletcher of California; votes on September 21, 1999 of 45-54 and 45-53
respectively on motions to proceed to the nominations of Marsha L. Berzon and Richard A.
Paez, both of California; and votes on March 9, 2000 of 64-34 and 59-39 confirming Berzon
and Paez respectively and of 31-67 on a motion to postpone indefinitely the Paez
nomination.

CRS-8
creation by the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (104 Stat. 5089, 28 U.S.C. 44);
each of these judgeships is identified below by the phrase “new position.”
Table 2. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Courts of Appeals
During the 103rd-107th Congresses, 1993-January 20, 2001
Nominee
Circuit
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
103rd Congress
Pierre N. Leval
Second
08/06/93
10/07/93
10/14/93
10/18/93
of New York

M. Blane Michael
Fourth
08/06/93
09/23/93
09/30/93
09/30/93
of West Virginia
Martha Craig Daughtrey
Sixth
08/06/93
10/20/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
of Tennessee
(New position)
Rosemary Barkett
Eleventh
09/24/93
02/03/94
03/17/94
04/14/94
of Florida
61-37 vote
Judith W. Rogers
D.C.
11/17/93
01/27/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
of the District of Columbia
Fortunato P. Benavides
Fifth
01/27/94
03/25/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
of Texas
Robert M. Parker
Fifth
01/27/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
of Texas
Carl E. Stewart
Fifth
01/27/94
04/21/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
of Louisiana
(New position)
Diana Gribbon Motz
Fourth
01/27/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
of Maryland
(New position)
Guido Calabresi
Second
02/09/94
06/29/94
07/14/94
07/18/94
of Connecticut
Robert Harlan Henry
Tenth
02/09/94
04/29/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
of Oklahoma
Theodore Alexander McKee
Third
03/22/94
05/12/94
05/25/94
06/08/94
of Pennsylvania
H. Lee Sarokin
Third
05/05/94
08/03/94
08/11/94
10/04/94
of New Jersey
(New position)
83-12 vote
for cloture;
63-35 vote
to confirm
Jose A. Cabranes
Second
05/24/94
07/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
of Connecticut
James L. Dennis
Fifth
06/08/94
09/14/94
—
Returned
of Louisiana
11/14/94
David S. Tatel
D.C.
06/20/94
09/21/94
09/28/94
10/07/94
of Maryland
William C. Bryson
Federal
06/22/94
08/17/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
of Maryland
Michael D. Hawkins
Ninth
07/13/94
08/11/94
08/25/94
09/14/94
of Arizona
Diana E. Murphy
Eighth
07/28/94
10/04/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
of Minnesota

CRS-9
Nominee
Circuit
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Fred L. Parker
Second
08/25/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
of Vermont
Karen Nelson Moore
Sixth
09/14/94
—
—
Returned
of Ohio
11/14/94
Sandra L. Lynch
First
09/14/94
—
—
Returned
of Massachusetts
11/14/94
104th Congress
Sandra L. Lynch
First 01/11/95
02/08/95
02/23/95
03/17/95
a
of Massachusetts
Karen Nelson Moore
Sixth
01/24/95
02/27/95
03/16/95
03/24/95
a
of Ohio
b
James L. Dennis
Fifth
01/31/95
07/20/95
09/28/95
a
of Louisiana
46-54 vote
on motion to
recommit;
voice vote to
confirm
Mary Beck Briscoe
Tenth
03/14/95
05/04/95
05/18/95
05/25/95
of Kansas
Carlos F. Lucero
Tenth
03/23/95
06/06/95
06/22/95
06/30/95
of Colorado
(New position)
Diane P. Wood
Seventh
03/31/95
06/27/95
06/29/95
06/30/95
of Illinois
A. Wallace Tashima
Ninth
04/06/95
07/18/95
07/27/95
01/02/96
of California
Terence T. Evans
Seventh
04/25/95
08/03/95
08/04/95
08/11/95
of Wisconsin
William A. Fletcher
Ninth
04/25/95
12/19/95
05/16/96
Returned
of California
10/04/96
R. Guy Cole, Jr.
Sixth
06/29/95
09/28/95
10/26/95
12/22/95
of Ohio
Sidney R. Thomas
Ninth
07/19/95
10/24/95
11/09/95
01/02/96
of Montana
Michael R. Murphy
Tenth
07/25/95
08/03/95
08/04/95
08/11/95
of Utah
Merrick B. Garland
D.C.
09/05/95
11/30/95
12/14/95
Returned
of Maryland
10/04/96
Charles R. Stack
Eleventh
10/27/95
—
—
Withdrawn
of Florida
05/13/96
James A. Beaty, Jr.
Fourth
12/22/95
—
—
Returned
of North Carolina
10/04/96
J. Rich Leonard
Fourth
12/22/95
—
—
Returned
of North Carolina
(New position)
10/04/96
Richard A. Paez
Ninth
01/25/96
07/31/96
—
Returned
of California
10/04/96
Eric L. Clay
Sixth
03/06/96
03/27/96
04/25/96
Returned
of Michigan
10/04/96
M. Margaret McKeown
Ninth
03/29/96
—
—
Returned
of Washington
10/04/96

CRS-10
Nominee
Circuit
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Arthur Gajarsa
Federal
04/18/96
06/25/96
06/27/96
Returned
of Maryland
10/04/96
105th Congress
d
Merrick B. Garland
D.C.
01/07/97
03/06/97
03/19/97
c
of Maryland
76-23 vote
William A. Fletcher
Ninth
01/07/97
04/29/98
05/21/98
10/08/98
c
of California
57-41 vote
Richard A. Paez
Ninth
01/07/97
02/25/98
03/19/98
Returned
c
of California
10/21/98
M. Margaret McKeown
Ninth
01/07/97
02/04/98
02/26/98
03/27/98
c
of Washington
80-11 vote
Arthur Gajarsa
Federal
01/07/09
05/07/97
05/22/97
07/31/97
c
of Maryland
James A. Beaty, Jr.
Fourth
01/07/97
—
—
Returned
c
of North Carolina
10/21/98
Marjorie O. Rendell
Third
01/07/97
09/05/97
09/18/97
09/26/97
of Pennsylvania
Helene N. White
Sixth
01/07/97
—
— Returned
of Michigan
10/21/98
Frank M. Hull
Eleventh
01/18/97
07/22/97
07/31/97
09/04/97
of Georgia
96-0 vote
Eric L. Clay
Sixth
05/07/97
05/07/97
05/22/97
07/31/97
c
of Michigan
Sonia Sotomayor
Second
06/25/97
09/30/97
03/05/98
10/02/98
of New York
68-28 vote
James S. Ware
Ninth
06/27/97
10/09/97
—
Withdrawn
of California
11/07/97
Ronald Lee Gilman
Sixth
07/16/97
09/30/97
10/09/97
11/06/97
of Tennessee
98-1 vote
Jorge C. Rangel
Fifth
07/24/97
—
—
Returned
of Texas
10/21/98
Susan Graber
Ninth
07/30/97
02/25/98
03/05/98
03/17/98
of Oregon
98-0 vote
Stanley Marcus
Eleventh
09/25/97
10/28/97
11/06/97
11/07/97
of Florida
Kermit Lipez
First
10/20/97
03/18/98
03/26/98
04/02/98
of Maine
Rosemary S. Pooler
Second
11/06/97
05/14/98
05/21/98
06/02/98
of New York
Robert D. Sack
Second
11/06/97
05/14/98
05/21/98
06/15/98
of New York
Ronald M. Gould
Ninth
11/08/97
—
—
Returned
of Washington
10/21/98
Barry G. Silverman
Ninth
11/08/97
11/12/97
11/13/97
01/28/98
of Arizona
John D. Kelly
Eighth
01/27/98
06/18/98
06/25/98
07/31/98
of North Dakota

CRS-11
Nominee
Circuit
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Marsha L. Berzon
Ninth
01/27/98
07/30/98
—
Returned
of California
10/21/98
Kim McLean Wardlaw
Ninth
01/27/98
06/18/98
07/16/98
07/31/98
of California
Chester J. Straub
Second
02/11/98
04/29/98
05/07/98
06/01/98
of New York
Timothy B. Dyk
Federal
04/01/98
07/16/98
09/10/98
Returned
of the District of Columbia
10/21/98
Robert S. Raymar
Third
06/05/98
—
—
Returned
of New Jersey
10/21/98
Barry P. Goode
Ninth
06/24/98
—
—
Returned
of California
10/21/98
Robert Bruce King
Fourth
06/24/98
09/09/98
09/17/98
10/08/98
of West Virginia
William B. Traxler, Jr.
Fourth
07/10/98
09/09/98
09/17/98
09/28/98
of South Carolina
106th Congress
Barbara Durham
Ninth
01/26/99
Returned
of Washington
08/05/99
Marsha L. Berzon
Ninth
01/26/99
06/16/99
07/01/99
09/21/99
e
of California
45-54 vote
on motion to
proceed;
03/08/00
86-13 vote
for cloture;
03/09/00
64-34 vote
to confirm
f
Timothy B. Dyk
DC
01/26/99
10/21/99
05/24/00
e
of the District of Columbia
74-25 vote
Barry P. Goode
Ninth
01/26/99
Returned
e
of California
12/15/00
Ronald M. Gould
Ninth
01/26/99
09/14/99
10/07/99
11/17/99
e
of Washington
g
Richard A. Paez
Ninth
01/26/99

07/29/99
09/21/99
e
of California
45-53 vote
on motion to
proceed;
03/08/00
85-14 vote
for cloture;
03/09/00
59-39 vote
to confirm;
31-67 vote
on motion to
postpone
indefinitely
Helene N. White
Sixth
01/26/99
Returned
e
of Michigan
12/15/00
Julio M. Fuentes
Third
03/08/99
02/22/00
03/02/00
03/07/00
of New Jersey
93-0 vote

CRS-12
Nominee
Circuit
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Robert A. Katzman
Second
03/08/99
06/16/99
07/01/99
07/14/99
of New York
Raymond C. Fisher
Ninth
03/15/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
10/05/99h
of California
69-29 vote
H. Alston Johnson, III
Fifth
04/22/99
Returned
of Louisiana
12/15/00
Kermit Bye
Eighth
04/22/99
11/10/99
11/17/99
02/24/00
of North Dakota
98-0 vote
Charles R. Wilson
Eleventh
05/27/99
07/13/99
07/22/99
07/30/99
of Florida
Maryanne Trump Barry
Third
06/17/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
09/13/99
of New Jersey
James E. Duffy, Jr.
Ninth
06/17/99
Returned
of Hawaii
12/15/00
Elena Kagan
DC
06/17/99
Returned
of the District of Columbia
12/15/00
Ann Claire Williams
Seventh
08/05/99
10/26/99
11/04/99
11/10/99
of Illinois
James A. Wynn, Jr.
Fourth
08/05/99
Returned
of North Carolina
12/15/00
Kathleen McCree Lewis
Sixth
09/16/99
Returned
of Michigan
12/15/00
Enrique Moreno
Fifth
09/16/99
Returned
of Texas
12/15/00
James M. Lyons
Tenth
09/22/99
Withdrawn
of Colorado
06/06/00
Allen R. Snyder
DC
09/22/99
05/10/00
Returned
of Maryland
12/15/00
Richard Linn
Federal
09/28/99
10/07/99
10/21/99
11/19/99
of Virginia
Thomas L. Ambro
Third
09/28/99
11/10/99
11/17/99
02/10/99
of Delaware
79-19 vote
on motion to
proceed;
02/10/99
96-2 vote to
confirm
Richard C. Tallman
Ninth
10/20/99
03/23/00
04/12/00
05/24/00
of Washington
Robert J. Cindrich
Third
02/09/00
Returned
of Pennsylvania
12/15/00
Kent R. Markus
Sixth
02/09/00
Returned
of Ohio
12/15/00
Johnnie B. Rawlinson
Ninth
02/22/00
06/16/00
07/20/00
07/21/00
of Nevada
Bonnie J. Campbell
Eighth
03/02/00
05/25/00
Returned
of Iowa
12/15/00
Stephen M. Orlofsky
Third
05/25/00
Returned
of New Jersey
12/15/00

CRS-13
Nominee
Circuit
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Roger L. Gregory
Fourth
06/30/00
Returned
of Virginia
(New position)
12/15/00
Christine M. Arguello
Tenth
07/27/00
Returned
of Colorado
12/15/00
Andre M. Davis
Fourth
10/06/00
Returned
of Maryland
12/15/00
S. Elizabeth Gibson
Fourth
10/26/00
Returned
of North Carolina
12/15/00
107th Congress
Bonnie J. Campbell
Eighth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of Iowa
03/19/01
James E. Duffy, Jr.
Ninth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of Hawaii
03/19/01
Barry P. Goode
Ninth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of California
03/19/01
Roger L. Gregory
Fourth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i j
k
of Virginia
(New position)
03/19/01
Kathleen McCree Lewis
Sixth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of Michigan
03/19/01
Enrique Moreno
Fifth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of Texas
03/19/01
Helene N. White
Sixth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of Michigan
03/19/01
James A. Wynn, Jr.
Fourth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of North Carolina
03/19/01
H. Alston Johnson, III
Fifth
01/03/01
Withdrawn
i
of Louisiana
03/19/01
a Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 103rd Congress.
b Hearing held on 09/14/94, on earlier nomination in 103rd Congress.
c Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 104th Congress.
d Hearing held 11/30/95, on earlier nomination in 104th Congress.
e Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 105th Congress.
f Hearing held on 07/16/98, on earlier nomination in 105th Congress.
g Hearing held 02/25/98, on earlier nomination in 105th Congress.
h
hPrior to Senate confirmation vote on 10/05/99, the Fisher nomination was considered by the Senate on 10/04/99.
i Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 106th Congress.
j On 12/27/00, after the end of the 106th Congress and before the start of the 107th Congress, the nominee was
appointed to the court by presidential “recess appointment,” an appointment which would expire at the
end of the 1st session of the 107th Congress.
k After the nomination was withdrawn by President George W. Bush on 03/19/01, Mr. Gregory was renominated
by President Bush on 05/09/01 and confirmed by the Senate on 07/20/01 by a 93-1 roll call vote.

CRS-14
Nominations to the U.S. District Courts
The U.S. District Courts are the trial courts of general federal jurisdiction. Each
state has at least one district court, while some have as many as four. There are 665
judgeships authorized by law, including those for the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of Guam, the Northern Marianas,
and the Virgin Islands.19

During his presidency, 307 of Mr. Clinton’s 382 nominations to the district
courts received Senate confirmation. All but seven of the individuals confirmed
continued to hold office as district judges when President Clinton left on January 20,
2001.20
During the 103rd Congress, 108 of President Clinton’s 119 nominations to the
district courts were confirmed. Eleven of his nominations to the district courts,
having failed to receive Senate confirmation by the end of the 103rd Congress, were
returned to the President, pursuant to Rule XXXI of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
Of the 11 nominees not confirmed during the 103rd Congress, four eventually were
confirmed after being renominated in the 104th Congress. (Of the seven other
nominees not confirmed during the 103rd Congress, one was renominated during the
104th Congress, but the resubmitted nomination was later withdrawn by President
Clinton. The President declined to renominate the six other individuals.)
During the 104th Congress, President Clinton submitted to the Senate 85 district
court nominations. Of the 85 nominations; 62 were confirmed; three were withdrawn
by the President; and 20 were returned to the President at the sine die adjournment
of the second session of the Congress, pursuant to Senate Rule XXXI. Of the 20
returned nominations, three had been favorably reported by the Senate Judiciary
19 The 665 total consists of 655 permanently authorized judgeships and 10 “temporary”
judgeships (which pursuant to statute temporarily increase the number of judgeships for
specified judicial districts, with these districts reverting back to the permanently authorized
number of judgeships at a future point in time fixed by the statute—typically, when, after
a specified number of years a judgeship in the district is vacated). Nine of the judgeships
were created on November 19, 1999, upon enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations
Act for FY2000, Public Law 106-113. Ten more of the judgeships were created on
December 21, 2000, upon enactment of Public Law 106-553.
All of the 665 judgeships, except for the four district judgeships in the territorial
district courts, entail lifetime appointments. See discussion on pages 1 and 2 concerning
lifetime appointments of judges on “Article III courts” and the fixed-term appointments of
judges on “legislative courts.”
20 During his presidency, the overall number of President Clinton’s appointees holding
district judgeships was reduced by seven due to the death on January 8, 1996, of Judge Okla
Jones, II, of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana and the elevation
of District Judges Frank M. Hull to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit on
September 4, 1997, Marjorie O. Rendell to the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on
September 26, 1997, Rosemary S. Pooler to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on
June 2, 1998, Kim McLean Wardlaw to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on July
31, 1998, Richard Paez to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on March 9, 2000, and
Johnnie B. Rawlinson to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on July 21, 2000.

CRS-15
Committee; five others had received committee hearings, and 12 failed to receive
hearings. (Subsequently, during the 105th Congress, the names of 16 of these 20
nominees were resubmitted, with 12 of the 16 receiving Senate confirmation.)
During the 105th Congress, President Clinton submitted 95 district court
nominations, of which 80 were confirmed, four were withdrawn by the President, and
11 were returned at the end of the 105th Congress pursuant to Senate Rule XXXI. Of
the 11 returned, two had been reported favorably by the Judiciary Committee, three
had received a committee hearing but had not been reported, and six had failed to
reach the committee hearing stage. Two of the returned nominations were re-
submissions from the 104th Congress. (Subsequently, during the 106th Congress, the
names of seven of these 11 nominees were resubmitted, with three of the seven
receiving Senate confirmation.)
During the 106th Congress, President Clinton submitted 83 district court
nominations, including the seven re-submissions noted above. Of the 83 nominations,
57 were confirmed, one was withdrawn, 24 were returned to the President at the sine
die adjournment of the Congress, and one was rejected by a Senate roll call vote.21
Of the 24 returned nominations, only two received a hearing; six of the 24
nominations, however, had been transmitted to the Senate relatively late during the
Congress, after the August recess of the second session.
During the entire Clinton presidency, there were 34 Senate roll call votes on
district court nominations, 18 cast during the 105th Congress and 16 during the 106th
Congress.22
As of February 5, 2000, two weeks after President Clinton left office, there were
62 vacant U.S. district judgeships.
In the table below, the phrase “New position” occasionally appears in the
“District” column. The phrase refers to a vacant judgeship created either by the
Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (104 Stat. 5089, 28 U.S.C. 133) or by a provision
21 By 45 yeas to 54 nays, the Senate on October 5, 1999 failed to confirm the nomination of
Ronnie L. White to be a District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri. This was the
first time in 12 years that a nomination to a federal judgeship had been rejected by a Senate
vote. The most recent previous Senate vote rejecting a judicial nomination occurred on
October 23, 1987, when the Senate, by 42 yeas to 58 nays, failed to confirm the Supreme
Court nomination of Robert H. Bork.
22 The closest roll call votes on district court nominations were the 45-54 vote on October
5, 1999, rejecting the nomination of Ronnie L. White to the U.S. District Court for the
Eastern District of Missouri; the 55-44 vote on September 21, 1999, failing to close debate
on the nomination of Brian Theadore Stewart to the U.S. District Court of Utah; the 56-34
vote on June 22, 1998, confirming Susan Oki Mollway to the U.S. District Court for the
District of Hawaii; the 63-36 vote on May 24, 2000, confirming Gerard E. Lynch to the U.S.
District Court for the Southern District of New York; the 67-30 vote on January 28, 1998,
confirming Ann L. Aiken to the U.S. District Court of Oregon; and the 67-28 vote on
February 11, 1998, confirming Margaret M. Morrow to the U.S. District Court for the
Central District of California.

CRS-16
in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2000.23 A “New position” vacancy is
to be distinguished from a vacancy created when a district judge died, retired, or
resigned from office. Unless designated “New position,” the nominations listed
below were to judgeships which a predecessor held until he or she vacated the office.
Table 3. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. District Courts
During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
103rd Congress
William Roy Wilson, Jr.
East. AR
08/06/93
09/23/93
09/30/93
09/30/93
Jennifer B. Coffman
East. & West.
08/06/93
09/23/93
09/30/93
09/30/93
KY
Deborah K. Chasanow
MD
08/06/93
10/07/93
10/14/93
10/18/93
Peter J. Messitte
MD
08/06/93
10/07/93
10/14/93
10/18/93
Alexander Williams, Jr.
MD
08/06/93
06/30/94
08/11/94
08/17/94
Thomas M. Shanahan
NE
08/06/93
10/20/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
(New position)
Martha A. Vasquez
NM
08/06/93
09/23/93
09/30/93
09/30/93
David G. Trager
East. NY
08/06/93
11/09/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
(New position)
Lawrence L. Piersol
SD
08/06/93
10/20/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Leonie M. Brinkema
East. VA
08/06/93
10/07/93
10/14/93
10/18/93
Raymond A. Jackson
East. VA
09/24/93
11/09/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Joanna Seybert
East. NY
09/24/93
11/09/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
(New position)
David W. Hagen
NV
10/07/93
11/09/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Claudia Wilken
North. CA
10/07/93
11/09/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
(New position)
Gary L. Lancaster
West. PA
10/25/93
11/16/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Donetta W. Ambrose
West. PA
10/25/93
11/16/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Wilkie D. Ferguson, Jr.
South. FL
10/25/93
11/16/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Charles A. Shaw
East. MO
10/25/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
(New position)
Harry F. Barnes
West. AR
10/27/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Nancy Gertner
MA
10/27/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
02/10/94
Reginald C. Lindsay
MA
10/27/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Patti B. Saris
MA
10/27/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
23 Public Law 106-113, approved November 29, 1999.

CRS-17
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Allen G. Schwartz
South. NY
10/27/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Richard G. Stearns
MA
10/27/93
11/18/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Henry Lee Adams, Jr.
Mid. FL
10/29/93
11/16/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Susan C. Bucklew
Mid. FL
10/29/93
11/16/93
11/18/93
11/20/93
Theodore Klein
South. FL
10/29/93
11/16/93
—
Returned
11/14/94
Daniel T.K. Hurley
South. FL
11/10/93
03/03/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
Thomas I. Vanaskie
Mid. PA
11/17/93
01/27/94
02/09/94
02/10/94
(New position)
Helen G. Berrigan
East. LA
11/18/93
01/27/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
Tucker L. Melancon
West. LA
11/18/93
01/17/94
02/09/94
02/10/94
Michael A. Ponsor
MA
11/19/93 01/27/94
02/09/94
02/10/94
Michael J. Davis
MN
11/19/93
03/03/94
03/23/94
03/25/94
Lesley Brooks Wells
North. OH
11/19/93
01/27/94
02/09/94
02/10/94
Ancer L. Haggerty
OR
11/19/93
03/03/94
03/23/94
03/25/94
Marjorie O. Rendell
East. PA
11/19/93
01/27/94
02/09/94
02/10/94
Samuel Frederick Biery, Jr.
West. TX
11/19/93
02/24/94
03/09/94 03/10/94
(New position)
W. Royal Furgeson, Jr.
West. TX
11/19/93
02/24/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
(New position)
Orlando L. Garcia
West. TX
11/19/93
02/24/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
John H. Hannah, Jr.
East. TX
11/19/93
02/24/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
(New position)
Janis Graham Jack
South . TX
11/19/93
02/24/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
(New position)
Franklin D. Burgess
West. WA
11/19/93
03/03/94
03/23/94
03/25/94
Deborah A. Batts
South. NY
01/27/94
04/29/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
James G. Carr
North OH
01/27/94
04/21/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Ruben Castillo
North. IL
01/27/94
03/25/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Audrey B. Collins
Cent. CA
01/27/94
03/25/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Cameron M. Currie
SC
01/27/94
03/03/94
03/09/94
03/10/94
Mary M. Lisi
RI
01/27/94
04/21/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Frank M. Hull
North. GA
02/09/94
04/21/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
W. Louis Sands
Mid. GA
02/09/94
04/21/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
(New position)
Billy Michael Burrage
North., East. &
03/09/94
05/12/94
05/25/94
06/08/94
West. OK

CRS-18
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Clarence Cooper
North. GA
03/09/94
04/21/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Denise Page Hood
East. MI
03/09/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
Terry C. Kern
North. OK
03/09/94
05/12/94
05/25/94
06/08/94
(New position)
Solomon Oliver, Jr.
North OH
03/09/94
04/29/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Richard A. Paez
Cent. CA
03/09/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
(New position)
Raymond L. Finch
VI
03/22/94
04/29/94
05/05/94
05/06/94
Paul L. Friedman
DC
03/22/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
Vanessa D. Gilmore
South. TX
03/22/94
05/12/94
05/25/94
06/08/94
Gladys Kessler
DC
03/22/94
05/12/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
Emmet G. Sullivan
DC
03/22/94
05/12/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
Ricardo M. Urbina
DC
03/22/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
Paul D. Borman
East. MI
03/24/94
06/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
Denny Chin
South. NY
03/24/94
07/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
(New position)
R. Samuel Paz
Cent. CA
03/24/94
08/25/94
—
Returned
(New position)
11/14/94
Harold Baer, Jr.
South. NY
04/26/94
07/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
Denise Cote
South. NY
04/26/94
06/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
John G. Koeltl
South. NY
04/26/94
06/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
John Corbett O’Meara
East. MI
04/26/94
08/11/94
08/25/94
09/14/94
Barrington D. Parker, Jr.
South. NY
04/26/94
08/11/94
08/25/94
09/14/94
Rosemary S. Pooler
North. NY
04/26/94
06/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
Robert J. Timlin
Cent. CA
04/26/94
08/11/94
08/25/94
09/14/94
(New position)
William F. Downes
WY
05/05/94
05/25/94
06/14/94
06/15/94
(New position)
Lewis A. Kaplan
South. NY
05/05/94
06/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
Blanche M. Manning
North. IL
05/05/94
07/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
David F. Hamilton
South. IN
06/08/94
09/21/94
09/28/94
10/07/94
Napoleon A. Jones
South. CA
06/08/94
08/11/94
08/25/94
09/14/94
Sarah S. Vance
East. LA
06/08/94
08/17/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Mark W. Bennett
North. IA
06/21/94
07/21/94
08/04/94
08/09/94
Salvador E. Casellas
PR
06/21/94
08/17/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Daniel R. Dominguez
PR
06/21/94
08/17/94
09/22/94
09/28/94

CRS-19
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
William T. Moore, Jr.
South. GA
07/13/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
Stanwood R. Duvall, Jr.
East. LA
07/15/94
08/25/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Catherine D. Perry
East. MO
07/15/94
09/21/94
09/28/94
10/07/94
Frederic Block
East. NY
07/22/94
09/14/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
John Gleeson
East. NY
07/22/94
08/25/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Allyne R. Ross
East. NY
07/22/94
09/14/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Shira A. Scheindlin
South. NY
07/28/94
09/14/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Dominic J. Squatrito
CT
07/28/94
09/14/94
09/22/94
10/07/94
(New position)
Robert N. Chatigny
CT
08/05/94
09/14/94
09/22/94
09/28/94
Judith D. McConnell
South. CA
08/05/94
—
—
Returned
(New position)
11/14/94
Robert J. Cindrich
West. PA
08/12/94
09/21/94
09/28/94
10/07/94
David A. Katz
North. OH
08/12/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
Sean J. McLaughlin
West. PA
08/12/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
Elaine F. Bucklo
North. IL
08/16/94
10/04/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
David H. Coar
North. IL
08/16/94
09/21/94
09/28/94
10/07/94
Robert W. Gettleman
North. IL
08/16/94
10/04/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
Paul E. Riley
South. IL
08/16/94
09/21/94
09/28/94
10/07/94
(New position)
James A. Beaty, Jr.
Mid. NC
08/25/94
10/06/94
10/06/94
10/07/94
David Briones
West. TX
08/25/94
10/06/94
10/06/94
10/07/94
Helen W. Gillmor
HI
08/25/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
(New position)
Okla Jones, II
East. LA
08/25/94
10/06/94
10/06/94
10/07/94
G. Thomas Porteous, Jr.
East. LA
08/25/94
10/06/94
10/06/94
10/07/94
John R. Tait
ID
08/25/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Maxine M. Chesney
North. CA
09/14/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Roslyn Moore-Silver
AZ
09/14/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
James Robertson
MD
09/14/94
10/06/04
10/06/94
10/07/94
Thomas B. Russell
West. KY
09/14/94
10/06/94
10/06/94
10/07/94
Sidney H. Stein
South. NY
09/14/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Alvin W. Thompson
CT
09/14/94
09/28/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
William H. Walls
NJ
09/14/94
10/04/94
10/05/94 10/07/94

CRS-20
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Kathleen M. O’Malley
North. OH
09/20/94
10/06/94
10/06/94
10/07/94
Sven E. Holmes
North. OK
09/22/94
10/04/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
Vicki Miles-LaGrange
West. OK
09/22/94
10/04/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
John D. Snodgrass
North. AL
09/22/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Patrick J. Toole, Jr.
Mid. PA
09/23/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
David Folsom
East. TX
10/05/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Thad Heartfield
East. TX
10/05/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Lacy H. Thornburg
West. NC
10/05/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
104th Congress
a
Lacy H. Thornburg
West. NC
01/11/95
02/08/95
02/23/95
03/17/95
a
John D. Snodgrass
North. AL
01/11/95
—
—
Withdrawn
09/05/95
a
Sidney H. Stein
South. NY
01/11/95
02/08/95
02/23/95
03/17/95
a
Thadd Heartfield
East. TX
01/11/95
02/08/95
02/23/95
03/17/95
a
David Folsom
East. TX
01/11/95
02/08/95
02/23/95
03/17/95
Janet Bond Arterton
CT
01/23/95
02/27/95
03/16/95
03/24/95
Willis B. Hunt, Jr.
North. GA
01/23/95
02/27/95
03/16/95
03/24/95
Susan Y. Illston
North. CA
01/23/95
03/28/95
05/18/95
05/25/95
Charles B. Kornmann
SD
01/23/95
02/27/95
03/16/95
03/24/95
a
Maxine M. Chesney
North. CA
01/24/95
03/28/95
04/05/95 05/08/95
Eldon E. Fallon
East. LA
02/03/95
03/28/95
04/05/95 05/08/95
Curtis L. Collier
East. TN
02/13/95
03/28/95
04/05/95
05/08/95
(New position)
Peter C. Economus
North. OH
02/28/95
05/04/95
06/22/95
06/30/95
Joseph Robert Goodwin
South. WV
02/28/95
03/28/95
04/05/95
05/08/95
Wenona Y. Whitfield
South. IL
03/23/95
07/31/96
—
Returned
10/04/96
Wiley Y. Daniel
CO
03/31/95
06/06/95
06/22/95
06/30/95
Nancy Friedman Atlas
South. TX
04/04/95
06/06/95
06/22/95
06/30/95
John Garvan Murtha
VT
04/04/95
05/04/95
05/18/95
05/25/95
George A. O’Toole, Jr.
MA
04/04/95
05/04/95
05/18/95
05/25/95
Leland M. Shurin
West. MO
04/04/95
—
—
Withdrawn
09/05/95

CRS-21
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
George H. King
Cent. CA
04/27/95
06/27/95
06/29/95
06/30/95
(New position)
Donald C. Nugent
North. OH
04/27/95
06/06/95
06/22/95
06/30/95
Andre M. Davis
MD
05/04/95
07/18/95
07/27/95
08/11/95
Catherine C. Blake
MD
05/04/95
07/18/95
07/27/95
08/11/95
Joseph H. McKinley
West. KY
05/24/95
07/18/95
08/03/95
08/11/95
Robert H. Whaley
East. WA
05/24/95
06/27/95
06/29/95
06/30/95
B. Lynn Winmill
ID
05/24/95
07/18/95
07/27/95
08/11/95
Tena Campbell
UT
06/22/95
06/27/95
06/29/95
06/30/95
Todd J. Campbell
Mid. TN
06/27/95
10/24/95
11/09/95
12/22/95
James M. Moody
AK
06/27/95
08/03/95
08/04/95
08/11/95
Barry Ted Moskowitz
South. CA
06/30/95
09/28/95
10/26/95
12/22/95
(New position)
Stephen M. Orlofsky
NJ
06/30/95
09/28/95
10/26/95
12/22/95
William K. Sessions, III
VT
06/30/95
08/03/95
08/04/95
08/11/95
Ortrie D. Smith
West. MO
06/30/95
08/03/95
08/04/95
08/11/95
John R. Tunheim
MN
07/10/95
09/28/95
10/26/95
12/22/95
John H. Bingler, Jr.
West. PA
07/21/95
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Bruce W. Greer
South. FL
08/01/95
—
—
Withdrawn
05/13/96
Bruce D. Black
NM
08/10/95
11/30/95
12/07/95
12/22/95
Susan J. Dlott
South. OH
08/10/95
09/28/95
10/26/95
12/22/95
Hugh Lawson
Mid. GA
08/10/95
11/30/95
12/07/95
12/22/95
Hilda G. Tagle
South. TX
08/10/95
—
—
Returned
(New position)
10/04/96
Kim McLane Wardlaw
Cent. CA
08/10/95
10/24/95
11/09/95
12/22/95
E. Richard Webber
East. MO
08/10/95
10/24/95
11/09/95
12/22/95
Patricia A. Gaughan
North. OH
09/29/95
11/30/95
12/07/95
12/22/95
Joan A. Lenard
South. FL
09/29/95
12/19/95
12/21/95
12/22/95
Clarence J. Sundram
North. NY
09/29/95
07/31/96
—
Returned
10/04/96
P. Michael Duffy
SC
10/11/95
10/24/95
11/09/95
12/22/95
Sue E. Myerscough
Cent. IL
10/11/95
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Jed S. Rakoff
South. NY
10/11/95
12/19/95
12/21/95
12/29/95
Nina Gershon
East. NY
10/18/95
05/02/96
05/09/96
07/30/96

CRS-22
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Barbara S. Jones
South. NY
10/18/95
12/19/95
12/21/95
12/22/95
John Thomas Marten
KS
10/18/95
11/30/95
12/07/95
01/02/96
Nanette K. Laughrey
East. & West.
10/20/95
03/27/96
04/25/96
07/24/96
MO
Ann L. Aiken
OR
11/27/95
09/24/96
—
Returned
10/04/96
Joseph A. Greenaway
NJ
11/27/95
02/28/96
03/13/96
07/16/96
Faith S. Hochberg
NJ
11/27/95
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Ann D. Montgomery
MN
11/27/95
02/28/96
03/13/96
08/02/96
Charles N. Clevert, Jr.
East. WI
12/07/95
03/27/96
04/25/96
07/17/96
Bernice B. Donald
West. TN
12/07/95
12/19/95
12/21/95
12/22/95
C. Lynwood Smith
North. AL
12/08/95
12/19/95
12/21/95
12/22/95
James P. Jones
West. VA
12/12/95
02/28/96
03/13/96
07/18/96
Cheryl B. Wattley
North. TX
12/12/95
—
—
Returned
Gary A. Fenner
West. MO
12/13/95
02/28/96
03/13/96
07/10/96
Mary Ann Vial Lemmon
East. LA
12/19/95
05/02/96
05/09/96
07/10/96
Michael D. Schattman
North. TX
12/19/95
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Donald W. Molloy
MT
12/21/95
03/27/96
04/25/96
07/18/96
Susan Oki Mollway
HI
12/21/95
03/27/96
04/25/96
Returned
10/04/96
Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.
South. OH
12/22/95
05/02/96
05/09/96
07/22/96
Anabelle Rodriguez-
PR
01/26/96
—
—
Returned
Rodriguez
10/04/96
Dean D. Pregerson
Cent. CA
01/26/96
05/02/96
05/09/96
07/24/96
W. Craig Broadwater
WV
01/26/96
05/02/96
05/09/96
07/12/96
Joseph F. Bataillon
NE
03/06/96
07/31/96
—
Returned
10/04/96
Colleen Kollar-Kotelly
DC
03/29/96
07/31/96
09/19/96
Returned
10/04/96
Joan B. Gottschall
North. IL
03/29/96
06/25/96
06/27/96
07/25/96
Frank R. Zapata
AZ
03/29/96
06/25/96
06/27/96
07/31/96
Lawrence E. Kahn
North. NY
04/18/96
06/25/96
06/27/96
07/16/96
Walker D. Miller
CO
04/18/96
05/02/96
05/09/96
07/11/96
Richard A. Lazzara
Mid. FL
05/09/96
—
—
Returned
10/04/96

CRS-23
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Margaret M. Morrow
Cent. CA
05/09/96
06/25/96
06/27/96
Returned
10/04/96
Christina A. Snyder
Cent. CA
05/15/96
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Thomas W. Thrash, Jr.
North. GA
05/16/96
07/31/96
—
Returned
10/04/96
Robert L. Hinkle
North. FL
06/06/96
06/25/96
06/27/96
07/25/96
Jeffrey T. Miller
South. CA
07/19/96
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Robert W. Pratt
South. IA
08/02/96
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
Donald M. Middlebrooks
South. FL
09/05/96
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
105th Congress
b
Jeffrey T. Miller
South. CA
01/07/97
03/18/97 04/17/97
05/23/97
b
Ann L. Aiken
OR
01/07/97 10/28/97
11/06/97 01/28/98
67-30 vote
b
Thomas W. Thrash, Jr.
North. GA
01/07/97
05/07/97
05/22/97
07/31/97
b
Clarence J. Sundram
North. NY
01/07/97
06/25/97
—
Returned
10/21/98
b
Christina A. Snyder
Cent. CA
01/07/97
07/22/97
09/18/97
11/07/97
93-6 vote
b
Robert W. Pratt
IA
01/07/97
03/18/97
04/17/97
05/23/97
b
Susan Oki Mollway
HI
01/07/97
02/04/98
04/30/98
06/22/98
56-34 vote
b
Donald M. Middlebrooks
South. FL.
01/07/97
03/18/97 04/17/97 05/23/97
b
Richard A. Lazzara
Mid. FL
01/07/97
09/05/97 09/18/97
09/26/97
b
c
Colleen Kollar-Kotelly
DC
01/07/97
05/06/97
05/20/97
b
Joseph F. Bataillon
NE
01/07/97
07/22/97
07/31/97
09/11/97
100-0 vote
b
Margaret M. Morrow
Cent. CA
01/07/97
03/18/97
06/12/97
02/11/98
67-28 vote
Lynne R. Lasry
South. CA
02/12/97
—
—
Withdrawn
02/12/98
Ivan L.R. Lemelle
East. LA
02/12/97
03/24/98
04/02/98
04/03/98
Anthony W. Ishii
East. CA
02/12/97
06/25/97
07/10/97
10/09/97
Alan S. Gold
South. FL
02/12/97
05/07/97
05/22/97
06/27/97
b
Michael D. Schattman
North. TX
03/21/97
—
—
Withdrawn
07/31/98
b
Hilda G. Tagle
South. TX
03/21/97
02/25/98
03/05/98
03/11/98

CRS-24
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
b
Anabelle Rodriguez
PR
03/21/97 10/01/98
—
Returned
10/21/98
Henry Harold Kennedy, Jr.
DC
05/15/97
06/25/97
07/10/97
09/04/97
60-0 vote
Rodney W. Sippel
East. &
05/15/97
10/28/97
11/06/97
11/08/97
West. MD
Christopher Droney
CT
06/05/97
06/25/97
07/31/97
09/11/97
100-0 vote
Janet C. Hall
CT
06/05/97
06/22/97
07/31/97
09/11/97
98-1 vote
Robert Charles Chambers
South. WV
06/05/97
07/22/97
07/31/97
09/05/97
Katharine S. Hayden
NJ
06/25/97
06/25/97
07/10/97
09/25/97
97-0 vote
Jerome B. Friedman
East. VA
06/26/97
10/28/97
11/06/97
11/07/97
Ronnie L. White
East. MO
06/26/97 05/14/98
05/21/98
Returned
10/21/98
Carlos R. Moreno
Cent. CA
07/03/97
11/12/97
11/13/97
02/03/98
96-0 vote
Charles J. Siragusa
West. NY
07/15/97
09/30/97
10/09/97
10/30/97
98-0 vote
Richard L. Young
South. IN
07/15/97
02/04/98
02/12/98
03/02/98
81-0 vote
Richard Conway Casey
South. NY
07/16/97
09/30/97
10/09/97
10/21/97
Martin J. Jenkins
North. CA
07/24/97
10/29/97
11/06/97
11/09/97
Charles R. Breyer
North. CA
07/24/97
10/29/97
11/06/97
11/08/97
Frank C. Damrell, Jr.
East. CA
07/24/97
10/29/97
11/06/97
11/09/97
Bruce C. Kauffman
East. PA
07/31/97
09/05/97
11/06/97
11/08/97
Algenon L. Marbley
South. OH
07/31/97
09/30/97
10/09/97
10/27/97
91-0 vote
Dan A. Polster
North. OH
07/31/97
06/18/98
06/25/98
07/31/98
Rebecca R. Pallmeyer
North. IL
07/31/97
07/16/98
07/30/98
10/21/98
Jeffrey D. Colman
North. IL
07/31/97
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
b
John H. Bingler, Jr
West. PA
07/31/97
—
—
Withdrawn
02/12/98
Frederica A. Massiah-
East. PA
07/31/97
10/29/97,
11/06/97 Withdrawn
Jackson
03/11/98
03/16/98d
Victoria A. Roberts
East. MI
07/31/97
05/14/98
05/21/98
06/25/98
85-0 vote
Michael P. McCuskey
Cent. IL
07/31/97
10/29/97
11/06/97
04/02/98

CRS-25
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
G. Patrick Murphy
South. IL
07/31/97
10/29/97
11/06/97
04/02/98
98-1 vote
A. Richard Caputo
Mid. PA
07/31/97
09/05/97
11/06/97
11/09/97
James S. Gwin
North. OH
07/31/97
09/30/97
10/09/97
11/05/97
100-0 vote
Edward F. Shea
East. WA
09/04/97
02/04/98
02/12/98
03/27/98
Dale A. Kimball
UT
09/04/97
09/30/97
10/09/97
10/21/97
Jeremy D. Fogel
North. CA
09/08/97
02/04/98
02/12/98
03/16/98
90-0 vote
Lynn S. Adelman
East. WI
09/08/97
10/29/97
11/06/97
11/13/97
Richard W. Story
North. GA
09/15/97
11/12/97
11/13/97
01/28/98
Arthur J. Tarnow
East. MI
09/24/97 03/24/98
04/02/98
05/13/98
George Caram Steeh, III
East. MI
09/24/97 03/24/98
04/02/98
05/13/98
Garr M. King
OR
10/08/97
03/18/98
03/26/98
04/27/98
Norman K. Moon
West. VA
10/08/97
10/28/97
11/06/97
11/07/97
A. Howard Matz
Cent. CA
10/20/97
03/24/98
04/02/98
06/26/98
85-0 vote
Robert T. Dawson
West. AR
11/07/97 03/18/98
03/26/98
04/02/98
Sam A. Lindsay
North. TX
11/08/97 02/25/98
03/05/98
03/11/98
Gregory Moneta Sleet
DE
01/27/98 03/18/98
03/26/98
04/27/98
William P. Dimitrouleas
South. FL
01/27/98 04/29/98
05/07/98
05/14/98
Robert G. James
West. LA
01/27/98 06/18/98
06/25/98
07/31/98
James W. Klein
DC
01/27/98
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
Stephan P. Mickle
North. FL
01/27/98 04/29/98
05/07/98
05/14/98
Johnnie B. Rawlinson
NV
01/27/98 03/18/98
03/26/98
04/02/98
Richard W. Roberts
DC
01/27/98 05/14/98
05/21/98
06/05/98
Nora M. Manella
Cent. CA
03/31/98
07/16/98
07/30/98
10/21/98
Ralph E. Tyson
Mid. LA
04/02/98
06/18/98
06/25/98
07/31/98
Jeanne E. Scott
Cent. IL
04/02/98
07/16/98
07/30/98
10/21/98
Robert A. Freedberg
East. PA
04/23/98
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
David R. Herndon
South. IL
04/23/98
07/16/98
07/30/98
10/21/98
Lynette Norton
West. PA
04/29/98
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
Raner C. Collins
AZ
05/11/98
06/18/98
06/25/98
07/31/98
Robert S. Lasnik
West. WA
05/11/98
10/01/98
10/08/98
10/21/98

CRS-26
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Virginia A. Phillips
Cent. CA
05/11/98
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
Alvin K. Hellerstein
South. NY
05/15/98
07/30/98
09/17/98
10/21/98
Carl J. Barbier
East. LA
05/19/98
07/16/98
07/30/98
09/28/98
William H. Pauley, III
South. NY
05/21/98
07/30/98
09/17/98
10/21/98
Colleen McMahon
South. NY
05/21/98
07/30/98
09/17/98
10/21/98
Donovan W. Frank
MN
05/21/98
07/30/98
09/17/98
10/21/98
Richard M. Berman
South. NY
05/21/98
07/30/98
09/17/98
10/21/98
Patricia A. Seitz
South. FL
05/22/98
07/16/98
07/30/98
09/28/98
Gerald Bruce Lee
East. VA
05/22/98
07/16/98
07/30/98
09/28/98
Yvette Kane
Mid. PA
06/04/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
James M. Munley
Mid. PA
06/04/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Thomas J. Whelan
South. CA
06/04/98
09/09/98
09/17/98
10/21/98
David O. Carter
Cent. CA
06/25/98
10/01/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Legrome D. Davis
East. PA
07/30/98
–
–
Returned
10/21/98
H. Dean Buttram, Jr.
North. AL
08/31/98
09/09/98
09/17/98
10/08/98
Inge Prytz Johnson
North. AL
08/31/98
09/09/98
09/17/98
10/08/98
Margaret B. Seymour
SC
09/09/98
10/01/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
William J. Hibbler
North. IL
09/16/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
Returned
10/21/98
Matthew F. Kennelly
North. IL
09/16/98
10/06/98
–
Returned
10/21/98
Aleta A. Trauger
Mid. TN
09/22/98
10/01/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Alex R. Munson
North. MIe
09/28/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Norman A. Mordue
North. NY
10/05/98
10/07/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
106th Congress
f
Legrome D. Davis
East. PA
01/26/99
Returned
12/15/00
Keith P. Ellison
South. TX
01/26/99
06/16/99
06/24/99
06/30/99
94-4 vote
Gary Allen Feess
Cent. CA
01/26/99
06/16/99
06/24/99
06/30/99
94-4 vote
g
William J. Hibblerf
North IL
01/26/99
03/25/99
04/15/99
g
Matthew F. Kennellyf
North. IL
01/26/99
03/25/99
04/15/99
Lynette Nortonf
West. PA
01/26/99
Returned
12/15/00

CRS-27
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Virginia A. Phillipsf
Cent. CA
01/26/99
10/26/99
11/04/99
11/10/99
Stefan R. Underhill
CT
01/26/99
06/16/99
06/24/99
06/30/99
94-4 vote
T. John Ward
East. TX
01/26/99
06/16/99
07/01/99
07/13/99
f
h
Ronnie L. White
East. MO
01/26/99
07/22/99
Rejected
10/05/99i
45-54 vote
David N. Hurd
North. NY
02/12/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
09/13/99
Naomi Reice Buchwald
South. NY
02/12/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
09/13/99
M. James Lorenz
South. CA
03/08/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
10/01/99
W. Allen Pepper, Jr.
North. MS
03/08/99
06/16/99
06/24/99
06/30/99
94-4 vote
Karen E. Schreier
SD
03/08/99
06/16/99
06/24/99
06/30/99
94-4 vote
Adalberto Jose Jordan
South. FL
03/15/99
07/13/99
07/22/99
09/08/99
93-1 vote
William Haskell Alsup
North. CA
03/24/99
07/13/99
07/22/99
07/30/99
J. Rich Leonard
East. NC
03/24/99
Returned
12/15/00
Carlos Murguia
KS
03/24/99
07/13/99
07/22/99
09/08/99
Marsha J. Pechman
West. WA
03/24/99
07/13/99
07/22/99
09/08/99
93-1 vote
f
James W. Klein
DC
03/25/99
Returned
12/15/00
Ellen Segal Huvelle
DC
03/25/99
09/14/99
10/07/99
10/15/99
Barbara M. Lynn
North. TX
03/25/99
10/07/99
10/14/99
11/17/99
Anna J. Brown
OR
04/22/99
09/14/99
10/07/99
10/15/99
Faith S. Hochberg
NJ
04/22/99
10/26/99
11/04/99
11/10/99
Frank H. McCarthy
North. OK
04/30/99
10/26/99
Returned
12/15/00
Patricia A. Coan
CO
05/27/99
Returned
12/15/00
Dolly M. Gee
Cent. CA
05/27/99
Returned
12/15/00
William Joseph Haynes, Jr.
Mid. TN
05/27/99
10/07/99
10/14/99
11/10/99
Victor Marrero
South. NY
05/27/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
10/01/99
Frederic D. Woocher
Cent. CA
05/27/99
11/10/99
Returned
12/15/00
James J. Brady
Mid. LA
07/14/99
05/10/00
05/18/00
05/24/00
83-16 vote

CRS-28
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Charles A. Pannell, Jr.
North. GA
07/14/99
09/14/99
10/07/99
10/15/99
Florence-Marie Cooper
Cent. CA
07/14/99
09/14/99
10/07/99
11/10/99
Brian Theadore Stewart
UT
07/27/99
07/29/99
07/29/99
09/21/99
55-44 vote on
cloture
motion;
10/05/99
93-5 vote toi
confirm
Petrese B. Tucker
East. PA
07/27/99
05/10/00
05/18/00
05/24/00
Gail S. Tusan
North. GA
08/03/99
Withdrawn
03/27/00
Marianne O. Battani
East. MI
08/05/99
03/23/00
04/12/00
05/24/00
Steven D. Bell
North. OH
08/05/99
Returned
12/15/00
Ronald A. Guzman
North. IL
08/05/99
10/07/99
10/14/99
11/10/99
David M. Lawson
East. MI
08/05/99
03/23/00
04/12/00
05/24/00
George B. Daniels
South. NY
08/05/99
11/10/99
11/17/99
02/24/00
98-0 vote
Joel A. Pisano
NJ
09/22/99
11/10/99
11/17/99
02/10/00
95-2 vote
James D. Whittemore
Mid. FL
10/20/99
02/22/00
03/02/00
05/24/00
Rhonda C. Fields
DC
11/17/99
Returned
12/15/00
John Antoon II
Mid. FL
02/09/00
03/23/00
04/12/00
05/24/00
Phyllis J. Hamilton
North. CA
02/09/00
04/27/00
05/11/00
05/24/00
Nicholas G. Garaufis
East. NY
02/28/00
04/27/00
05/11/00
05/24/00
Gerard E. Lynch
South. NY
02/28/00
04/27/00
05/11/00
05/24/00
63-36 vote
S. David Fineman
East. PA
03/09/00
Returned
12/15/00
Mary A. McLaughlin
East. PA
03/09/00
05/10/00
05/18/00
05/24/00
86-14 vote
Beverly B. Martin
North. GA
03/27/00
05/25/00
06/15/00
06/16/00
Roger L. Hunt
NV
03/27/00
04/27/00
05/11/00
05/24/00
Jay A. Garcia-Gregory
PR
04/05/00
05/25/00
06/15/00
06/16/00
Kent J. Dawson
NV
04/06/00
04/27/00
05/11/00
05/24/00
Berle M. Schiller
East. PA
04/11/00
05/10/00
05/18/00
05/24/00
Richard Barclay Surrick
East. PA
04/11/00
05/10/00
05/18/00
05/24/00
Linda B. Riegle
NV
04/25/00
Returned
12/15/00

CRS-29
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Laura Taylor Swain
South. NY
04/25/00
05/25/00
06/15/00
06/16/00
Dennis M. Cavanaugh
NJ
05/03/00
07/12/00
07/20/00
07/21/00
Paul C. Huck
South. FL
05/09/00
06/16/00
06/27/00
06/30/00
John W. Darrah
North. IL
05/11/00
06/16/00
06/27/00
06/30/00
Joan Humphrey Lefkow
North. IL
05/11/00
06/16/00
06/27/00
06/30/00
Ricardo Morado
South. TX
05/11/00
Returned
12/15/00
Michael J. Reagan
South. IL
05/11/00
07/25/00
07/27/00
10/03/00
( A d d i t i o n a l
position)j
George Z. Singal
ME
05/11/00
06/16/00
06/27/00
06/30/00
K. Gary Sebelius
KS
06/06/00
Returned
12/15/00
Kenneth O. Simon
North. AL
06/06/00
Returned
12/15/00
John E. Steele
Mid. FL
06/06/00
07/12/00
07/20/00
7/21/00
John S. W. Lim
HI
06/08/00
Returned
12/15/00
Gregory A. Presnell
Mid. FL
06/08/00
07/12/00
07/20/00
07/21/00
(New position)
James S. Moody, Jr.
Mid. FL
06/08/00
07/12/00
07/20/00
07/21/00
(New position)
Susan Ritchie Bolton
AZ
07/21/00
07/25/00
07/27/00
10/03/00
Mary H. Murguia
AZ
07/21/00
07/25/00
07/27/00
10/03/00
(New position)
James A. Teilborg
AZ
07/21/00
07/25/00
07/27/00
10/03/00
(New position)
95-0 vote
David Stewart Cercone
West. PA
07/27/00
Returned
12/15/00
Harry Peter Litman
West. PA
07/27/00
Returned
12/15/00
Valerie K. Couch
West. OK
09/07/00
Returned
12/15/00
Marian McClure Johnston
East. CA
09/07/00
Returned
12/15/00
Steven E. Achelpohl
NE
09/12/00
Returned
12/15/00
Richard W. Anderson
MT
09/13/00
Returned
12/15/00
Stephen B. Lieberman
East. PA
O9/14/00
Returned
12/15/00

CRS-30
Nominee
District
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Melvin C. Hall
West. OK
10/03/00
Returned
12/15/00
a Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 103rd Congress.
b Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 104th Congress.
c Hearing held 07/31/96, on earlier nomination in 104th Congress.
d Prior to being withdrawn by President Clinton on 03/16/98, the Massiah-Jackson nomination was considered
by the Senate on 02/10 and 11/98.
e Northern Mariana Islands.
f Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 105th Congress.
g Hearing held on 10/06/98, on earlier nomination in 105th Congress.
h Hearing held on 05/14/98, on earlier nomination in 105th Congress.
i Prior to Senate vote on 10/05/99, nomination was considered by the Senate on 10/04/99.
j Nomination was made by the President pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 372, which provides for the appointment of an
“additional judge” when the majority of the members of the Judicial Council of a district judge’s circuit
sign and present to the President a certificate of the judge’s disability and the President in turn finds that
the judge is unable to discharge efficiently all of the duties of his office due to permanent disability.
Section 372 provides that when an “additional judge” is appointed, the vacancy subsequently caused by
the death, resignation or retirement of the disabled judge shall not be filled.

CRS-31
Nominations to the U.S. Court of
International Trade
The U.S. Court of International Trade has original and exclusive jurisdiction
over civil actions against the United States, its agencies and officers, and certain civil
actions brought by the United States arising out of import transactions and federal
statutes affecting international trade. The court is composed of nine judges, no more
than five of whom may belong to any one political party.
As of mid-February 2001, there were no vacant judgeships on the court.24
During his presidency, Mr. Clinton nominated six persons to the Court of
International Trade, of whom five received Senate confirmation and were sitting on
the court when Mr. Clinton left office. The nomination of the sixth person was
returned to the President at the end of the 105th Congress, pursuant to Senate Rule
XXXI, after having been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee and failing to
receive committee action.
Table 4. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of
International Trade During the 103rd-106th Congresses,
1993-2000
Nominee
Residence
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
(There were no nominations to this court during the 103rd Congress.)
104th Congress
Evan J. Wallach
NV
06/27/95
07/18/95
08/03/95
08/11/95
Donald C. Pogue
CT
06/30/95
08/03/95
08/04/95
08/11/95
105th Congress
Judith M. Barzilay
NJ
01/27/98
02/25/98
03/05/98
03/11/98
Delissa A. Ridgway
DC
01/27/98
02/25/98
03/05/98
03/11/98
Jeffrey G. Stark
NY
04/29/98
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
106th Congress
Richard K. Eaton
DC
08/03/99
09/14/99
10/07/99
10/22/99
24 The next vacancy of the Court of International Trade was set to occur on April 2, 2001,
upon the scheduled retirement of Judge Richard Goldberg.

CRS-32
Nominations to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims
The U.S. Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction to render money judgments
upon any claim against the United States founded upon either the Constitution or any
act of Congress. It also renders money judgments founded upon any regulation of an
executive department or any express or implied contract with the United States. The
court is composed of 16 judges appointed to15-year terms.25 As of mid-February
2001, there were no vacant judgeships on the court.
During his tenure in office, President Clinton nominated eight persons to this
court—seven during the 105th Congress, and one at the beginning of the 107th
Congress, less than three weeks before the end of his presidency. All seven persons
nominated during the 105th Congress were confirmed. After being nominated at the
start of the 107th Congress, Sarah L. Wilson received from President Clinton a recess
appointment to serve on the court until the end of the second session of the 107th
Congress. President Clinton made the recess appointment on January 19, 2001, his
last full day in office, during an intra-session recess of the Senate. When President
Clinton left office the next day, all eight of his appointees (including his recess
appointee, Ms. Wilson) were sitting on the court, with the Wilson nomination
pending. On March 19, 2001, the Wilson nomination was withdrawn by Mr.
Clinton’s successor, President George W. Bush.
Two of the persons confirmed had been nominated twice. One of them had been
nominated during the 104th Congress, and had his nomination returned to the
President at the end of that Congress (after the nomination had been referred to, but
not acted on, by the Judiciary Committee). The nomination was re-submitted at the
beginning of the 105th Congress, received a Judiciary Committee hearing and then
committee approval near the end of the Congress’ second session, and was confirmed
when the Senate adjourned sine die, on October 21, 1998.
Another person was nominated twice as well, but in her case both nominations
were submitted during the 105th Congress. In the period between her first and second
nomination she also was appointed to the court by recess appointment. The person
receiving the appointment, Christine O. C. Miller, was, at the time, a judge on the
court, having already been nominated to serve a second term. The recess
appointment was made on December 10, 1997, immediately upon the expiration of
the judge’s first term, with the nomination for the second term pending in the Senate.
Shortly after the recess appointment, the judge’s nomination was confirmed by the
Senate.26
25 Until shortly before President Clinton entered office, the court was called the U.S. Claims
Court. The change to the court’s present name was put into effect in October 1992, when
Congress passed, and President George Bush signed, the Federal Courts Administration Act
of 1992, 106 Stat. 4506 (1992).
26 President Clinton submitted to the Senate a second nomination of Judge Miller early in
the second session of the 105th Congress, subsequent to the recess appointment, but prior to
the Senate’s February 3, 1998 confirmation of his first nomination of Judge Miller. After
Judge Miller’s confirmation, the President neglected to withdraw the second nomination.
Ultimately this nomination was returned to the President when Congress adjourned sine die
(continued...)

CRS-33
Table 5. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of
Federal Claims During the 103rd-107th Congresses,
1993-January 20, 2001
Nominee
Residence
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
(There were no nominations to this court during the 103rd Congress.)
104th Congress
Lawrence Baskir
MD
03/29/96
—
—
Returned
10/04/96
105th Congress
Lawrence Baskir
MD
01/07/97
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Christine O.C. Miller
DC
11/06/97
11/12/97
11/13/97
02/03/98a
(Reappointment)
96-0 vote
Christine O.C. Miller
DC
01/29/98
—
—
Returned
10/21/98
Lynn Jeanne Bush
DC
06/22/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Francis M. Allegra
VA
07/30/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Edward J. Damich
VA
09/28/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Nancy B. Firestone
VA
09/28/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
Emily Clark Hewitt
MA
09/28/98
10/06/98
10/08/98
10/21/98
(There were no nominations to this court during the 106th Congress.)
107th Congress
b
Sarah L. Wilson
MD
01/03/01
Withdrawn
03/19/01
a On 12/10/97, during the last prior recess of the Senate, the nominee had been appointed to the court by
presidential “recess appointment.”
b On 01/19/01, during an intra-session recess of the Senate, President Clinton also appointed the nominee to the
court by recess appointment.
26 (...continued)
on October 21, 1998.

CRS-34
Nominations to the U.S. Tax Court
The U.S. Tax Court tries controversies involving the existence of deficiencies
or overpayments in income, estate, and gift taxes, and personal holding company
surtaxes where deficiencies have been determined by the commissioner of internal
revenue. The court is composed of 19 judges appointed by the President for 15-year
terms, with the Senate’s consent. A chief judge is elected biennially by the court’s
members.
During his presidency, Mr. Clinton nominated nine persons to be judges on the
U.S. Tax Court, with all nine receiving Senate confirmation. On January 20, 2001,
when President Clinton left office, all nine of his appointees were serving as active
judges on the court. Two of the individuals confirmed during the 104th Congress had
been nominated once before, during the 103rd Congress. When the earlier
nominations failed to receive Senate action by the end of that Congress, they were
returned to the President, pursuant to Rule XXXI, paragraph 6, Standing Rules of the
Senate. (Hence, during the Clinton presidency, the Senate received eleven
nominations to this court, nine of which were confirmed.) Three of President
Clinton’s nominations were reappointments of persons appointed to the court by
earlier Presidents.
Upon being transmitted by the President to the Senate, nominations to this court
are referred to the Committee on Finance.
As of mid-February 2001, two judgeships on the court were vacant.

CRS-35
Table 6. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Tax Court
During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000
Nominee
Residence
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
103rd Congress
Herbert L. Chabot
MD 09/07/93
09/29/93
09/30/93
10/07/93
(Reappointment)
Maurice B. Foley
CA
09/15/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
Juan F. Vasquez
TX
09/15/94
—
—
Returned
11/14/94
104th Congress
a
Maurice B. Foley
CA
01/05/95
02/16/95
03/08/95
03/17/95
a
Juan F. Vasquez
TX
01/05/95
02/16/95
03/08/95
03/17/95
Joseph H. Gale
VA
10/10/95
11/30/95
11/30/95
12/22/95
105th Congress
Mary Ann Cohen
CA
09/19/97
10/29/97
10/29/97
10/30/97
Michael B. Thornton
VA
10/08/97
01/28/98
02/10/98
02/12/98
L. Paige Marvel
MD
10/24/97
01/28/98
02/10/98
02/12/98
106th Congress
Joel Gerber
VA
09/12/00
10/11/00
Discharged
10/24/00
b
(Reappointment)
10/24/00
Stephen J. Swift
VA
09/12/00
10/11/00
Discharged
10/24/00
b
(Reappointment)
10/24/00
a Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 103rd Congress.
b The Senate discharged the Senate Committee on Finance from further consideration of the nomination by
unanimous consent.

CRS-36
Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals
for Veterans Claims
The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims27 has exclusive jurisdiction to
review decisions of the Board of Veterans Appeals. Decisions of the court may be
appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

This court consists of a chief judge and at least two, but not more than six,
associate judges, who are appointed for 15-year terms.28 As of mid-February 2001,
with six judges sitting on the court, there was one judicial position vacant.
Upon being transmitted by the President to the Senate, nominations to this court
are referred to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
During President Clinton’s tenure in office, only one judicial vacancy occurred
on this court, in May 1996. The President’s nominee to fill that vacancy was
confirmed by the Senate at the end of the first session of the 105th Congress and was
serving on the court when President Clinton left office.
Table 7. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals
for Veterans Claims During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-
2000
Nominee
Residence
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
(There were no nominations to this court during the 103rd or 104th Congress.)
105th Congress
William P. Greene, Jr.
WV
05/19/97
10/30/97
11/04/97
11/05/97
(There were no nominations to this court during the 106th Congress.)
27 Formerly named the U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals, the court effective March 1, 1999
was renamed the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, pursuant to enactment on
November 11, 1998 of Public Law 105-368 (Sec. 511), Veterans Programs Enhancement
Act of 1998, 112 Stat. 3341.
28 The court was statutorily established on November 18, 1988, upon President Ronald
Reagan’s signing of the Veterans’ Administration Adjudication Procedure and Judicial
Review Act (102 Stat. 4105, 38 U.S.C. 4051). The mandating act, at 102 Stat. 4114,
provides that, “Not more than the number equal to the next whole number greater than one-
half of the number of judges of the court may be members of the same political party.”
Hence, on a seven-or six-member court, no more than four judges may be of the same
political party; on a five-or four-member court, no more than three judges may be of the
same political party. During the 101st Congress (1989-1990), President George Bush
nominated seven persons to the court, all of whom received Senate confirmation.

CRS-37
Nominations to the Superior Court
of the District of Columbia
The Superior Court of the District of Columbia is the trial court of local civil
and criminal jurisdiction in the District of Columbia. The court consists of a chief
judge and 58 associate judges. The President selects nominees to the court from a
list compiled by the District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission. Each
judge is appointed for a term of 15 years, subject to mandatory retirement at age 74.
(The chief judge is designated by the Judicial Nomination Commission.)
During his tenure in office, President Clinton nominated 24 individuals to the
Superior Court. Twenty-two of them received Senate confirmation, while the
nominations of the other two persons were returned to the President at the sine die
adjournment of the 106th Congress. All but one of the 22 confirmed Clinton
appointees continued to serve on the court when President Clinton left office on
January 20, 2001.29
Two of the 24 individuals selected by the President to be Superior Court judges
were nominated twice—initially during the 104th Congress (at the end of which their
nominations were returned to the President), and again at the beginning of the 105th
Congress. The Senate confirmed one of the two nominees during the first session
of the 105th Congress and confirmed the other at the end of the 105th Congress’
second session.
Besides those nominated by the President, 17 Superior Court associate judges,
whose terms had expired during the Clinton presidency, were subsequently
reappointed by the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and
Tenure.30
As of mid-February 2001, there were two Superior Court vacancies.
Upon being transmitted by the President to the Senate, nominations to this court
are referred to the Committee on Governmental Affairs.
29 Judge Eric T. Washington, one of the 22 Clinton appointees, vacated his position on the
Superior Court upon being confirmed by the Senate to the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals on May 26, 1999.
30 Those reappointments occurred pursuant to a federal statute, which provides that a judge
on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or on the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals who, not less than three months prior to the expiration of his or her term of office,
files a “declaration of candidacy for reappointment,” will automatically be reappointed for
another term if the commission determines that the judge is either “exceptionally well
qualified or well qualified” for reappointment. 87 Stat. 796 (1973), 11 App. D.C. Code
Section 433 (Supp. 1995).

CRS-38
Table 8. Presidential Nominations to the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia During the 103rd-106th Congresses,
1993-2000
Nominee
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
Russell F. Canan
03/04/93
08/03/93
08/05/89
08/06/93
Rafael Diaz
10/18/93
02/23/94
03/23/94
03/25/94
Judith Bartnoff
01/28/94
06/29/94
07/14/94
07/15/94
Zoe Bush
04/11/94
06/29/94
07/14/94
07/15/94
Rhonda Reid Winston
04/11/94
06/29/94
07/14/94
07/15/94
104th Congress
Ronna Lee Beck
01/04/95
05/22/95
05/25/95
05/25/95
Linda Kay Davis
01/04/95
05/22/95
05/25/95
05/25/95
Eric T. Washington
01/04/95
05/22/95
05/25/95
05/25/95
Robert E. Morin
12/18/95
03/25/96
04/18/96
07/26/96
Mary Ann Gooden Terrell
06/06/96
10/03/96
—
Returned
10/04/96
Patricia A. Broderick
09/30/96
Returned
10/04/96
105th Congress
b
Mary Ann Gooden
02/11/97
05/22/97
07/31/97
a
Terrell
a
Patricia A. Broderick
02/11/97
09/03/98
09/24/98
10/21/98
John M. Campbell
09/02/97
10/30/97
11/05/97
11/07/97
Anita M. Josey
09/02/97
10/30/97
11/05/97
11/05/97
Melvin R. Wright
02/24/98
04/01/98
04/01/98
04/02/98
Natalia Combs Greene
05/01/98
09/03/98
09/24/98
10/21/98
Neal E. Kravitz
05/01/98
09/03/98
09/24/98
10/21/98
106th Congress
Hiram E. Puig-Lugo
01/06/99
04/20/99
05/20/99
05/26/99
Anna Blackburne-Rigsby
10/26/99
05/10/00
06/14/00
06/27/00
Thomas J. Motley
10/26/99
05/10/00
06/14/00
06/27/00
John McAdam Mott
03/20/00
05/10/00
06/14/00
06/27/00
John Ramsey Johnson
05/01/00
09/13/00
09/27/00
10/26/00
Tamar Meekins
06/26/00
Returned
12/15/00
Gerald Fisher
06/26/00
09/13/00
09/27/00
10/26/00
Andrew Fois
07/20/00
Returned
12/15/00
a Re-submission; see earlier nomination in 104th Congress.
b Hearing held 10/03/96, on earlier nomination in 104th Congress.

CRS-39
Nominations to the District of Columbia
Court of Appeals
The District of Columbia Court of Appeals reviews cases filed on appeal of
decisions of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. It consists of a chief
judge and eight associate judges. The President selects nominees to the court from
a list compiled by the District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission. Each
judge is appointed for a term of 15 years, subject to mandatory retirement at age 74.
Nominations to this court are referred to the Committee on Governmental
Affairs.
During his tenure in office, President Clinton submitted five Court of Appeals
nominations to the Senate—one each during the 103rd, 104th, and 105th Congresses
and two during the 106th Congress. Four of the five nominees were confirmed and
were sitting on the court when President Clinton left office on January 20, 2001. The
one nomination failing to be confirmed was returned to the President at the sine die
adjournment of the second session of the 105th Congress, after failing to receive
committee action.
Besides those nominated by the President, two District of Columbia Court of
Appeals judge, whose term expired during the Clinton presidency, subsequently were
reappointed by the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and
Tenure.31
As of mid-February 2001, there were no vacant judgeships on this court.
Table 9. Presidential Nominations to the District of Columbia
Court of Appeals During the 103rd-106th Congresses, 1993-2000
Nominee
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
103rd Congress
Vanessa Ruiz
07/12/94
10/04/94
10/05/94
10/07/94
104th Congress
Inez Smith Reid
02/22/95
05/22/95
05/25/95
05/25/95
105th Congress
Emilio W. Cividanes
01/27/98
—
Returned
10/21/98
106th Congress
Stephen H. Glickman
01/06/99
04/20/99
05/20/99
05/26/99
Eric T. Washington
01/06/99
04/20/99
05/20/99
05/26/99
31 See preceding footnote for explanation of, and statutory basis for, the process by which
judges on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or on the District of Columbia
Court of Appeals are reappointed upon the expiration of their terms.

CRS-40
Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Armed Forces
Subject only to certiorari review by the Supreme Court of the United States, the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces serves as the final appellate tribunal to
review court martial convictions in all the armed services.32 It is exclusively an
appellate criminal court, consisting of five civilian judges, appointed to 15-year
terms. No more than three of the judges may be affiliated with the same political
party.
As of mid-February 2001, there were no vacancies on the court.
During his tenure in office, President Clinton nominated two persons to sit on
the court. The first nomination was confirmed by the Senate during the second
session of the 104th Congress, after being referred to and then reported favorably by
the Committee on Armed Services. The second nomination was confirmed during
the second session of the 106th Congress. Both of his appointees were sitting on the
court when President Clinton left office on January 20, 2001.
Table 10. Presidential Nominations to the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Armed Forces During the 103rd-106th Congresses,
1993-2000
Nominee
Residence
Nominated
Hearings
Reported
Confirmed
(There were no nominations to this court during the 103rd Congress.)
104th Congress
Andrew S. Effron
VA
06/21/96
07/09/96
07/10/96
07/12/96
(There were no nominations to this court during the 105th Congress.)
106th Congress
James Edgar Baker
VA
05/02/00
07/26/00
07/27/00
09/08/01

32 Until near the end of the 103rd Congress, the court had been called the U.S. Court of
Military Appeals. The change to the court’s present name was put into effect in October
1994 by Section 924(a)(1) of Public Law 103-337, the National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 1995.