{
  "id": "98-485",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "98-485",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 105148,
      "date": "2003-10-06",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-08T14:36:53.375544",
      "title": "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers Under U.S. Satellite Export Policy -- Actions and Chronology",
      "summary": "Congress has been concerned about whether U.S. firms, in activities connected with exporting\nsatellites, provided expertise to China for use in its ballistic missile and space programs and whether\nU.S. policy has facilitated transfers of military-related technology to China. This CRS Report\ndiscusses security concerns, policy changes, congressional action, and a chronology of major\ndevelopments since 1988 under President Reagan. It is updated as warranted.\n  Some critics opposed satellite exports to China, while others were concerned that the Clinton\nAdministration relaxed export controls and monitoring of commercial satellites in moving the\nlicensing authority from the State Department to the Commerce Department in 1996. A range of\nconcerns were prompted by  New York Times  reports in April 1998 that the Justice\nDepartment began\na criminal investigation into whether Loral Space and Communications Ltd. and Hughes Electronics\nCorp. violated export control laws. The firms allegedly shared their findings with China on the cause\nof a rocket's explosion while launching a U.S.-origin satellite in February 1996. The companies\nreportedly provided expertise that China could use to improve the accuracy and reliability of its\nfuture ballistic missiles, including their guidance systems. At least three classified studies reportedly\nfound that U.S. national security was harmed. Congress and the Executive Branch also investigated\nHughes' review of China's launch failure of January 1995. After failed satellite launches in 1992,\n1995, and 1996, China has reported 28 consecutive, successful commercial and government/military\nspace launches. In 2000, the State Department and Lockheed Martin agreed to a settlement with a\nfine of $13 million. In 2002, Loral announced a civil settlement with a fine of $20 million. In early\n2003, Hughes and Boeing agreed to a civil penalty of $32 million.\n  In 1998, Congress passed the FY1999 National Defense Authorization Act ( P.L. 105-261 ) that\ntransferred licensing authority over satellites back to the State Department (effective March 15,\n1999). On December 30, 1998, the Cox Committee unanimously approved a classified report said\nto conclude that China's technology acquisitions over the past 20 years, not only that associated with\nsatellite launches, harmed U.S. national security. The Senate Intelligence Committee released its\nunclassified report on May 7, and the Cox Committee issued a declassified report on May 25, 1999\n(see  CRS Report RL30220(pdf) ). Congress has debated whether to shift satellite export controls back to\nCommerce. Congress also oversees the Bush Administration's actions, including any new\nPresidential waivers of post-Tiananmen sanctions (after the last waiver in 1998 for Loral's\nChinasat-8); export licenses; reviews of policy toward China on satellite exports or space\ncooperation; and weapons proliferation sanctions that have banned satellite exports to China since\nSeptember 2001, with new sanctions imposed on September 19, 2003 (see  CRS Report RL31555 ). \nChina has had no commercial satellite launches since 2000. Legislation for State Department\nappropriations for FY2004 ( H.R. 2799  and  S. 1585 ) would\ncontinue to require State to notify the\nCommittees on Appropriations at least 15 days in advance of obligating or expending funds for\nprocessing licenses to export U.S.-origin satellites to China.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/98-485",
          "sha1": "61f0c35be823b3f6fb1a2a08e8b6d7aa2d9f7cf6",
          "filename": "files/20031006_98-485_61f0c35be823b3f6fb1a2a08e8b6d7aa2d9f7cf6.html",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/98-485",
          "sha1": "da6014009a3511321a51c2ee3b73f061906f7bf5",
          "filename": "files/20031006_98-485_da6014009a3511321a51c2ee3b73f061906f7bf5.pdf",
          "images": null
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811675/",
      "id": "98-485_2003Mar27",
      "date": "2003-03-27",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers Under U.S. Satellite Export Policy \u2014 Actions and Chronology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20030327_98-485_ee468327e241c908e7fe19dc62e4d7f02279db65.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20030327_98-485_ee468327e241c908e7fe19dc62e4d7f02279db65.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808445/",
      "id": "98-485_2002Jan11",
      "date": "2002-01-11",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy \u2013 Actions and Chronology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20020111_98-485_6fa5662dd0d3a9ce8ad48bfc7b3b2ecf07c00783.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20020111_98-485_6fa5662dd0d3a9ce8ad48bfc7b3b2ecf07c00783.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808851/",
      "id": "98-485_2001Sep05",
      "date": "2001-09-05",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy \u2013 Actions and Chronology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20010905_98-485_9f8dd3b8977530bff533440ed14d6f8fe358262c.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20010905_98-485_9f8dd3b8977530bff533440ed14d6f8fe358262c.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811734/",
      "id": "98-485_1998Aug13",
      "date": "1998-08-13",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy - Background and Chronology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/19980813_98-485_e7cf0f509de870d8e74490ae9a58cfb95a001443.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/19980813_98-485_e7cf0f509de870d8e74490ae9a58cfb95a001443.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Appropriations",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}