{
  "id": "98-353",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "98-353",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 105115,
      "date": "1998-04-20",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:54:58.921941",
      "title": "International Science and Technology Issues: Summary of a Report to the Committee on Science",
      "summary": "The 1990s have been a time of great vitality and change for U.S. science and technology\n(S&T)\npolicy and research and development (R&D) programs. As a result, many Members of\nCongress\nhave asked what might be done to set national S&T priorities more efficiently, establish\npolicies, and\nfund or otherwise support R&D programs that best enhance U.S. resources?\n  \n  The answers may be found, in part, by understanding other nations' S&T policies and\n R&D\nprograms within the context of U.S. policy and programs. For many, U.S. S&T policy (and the\nR&D\nprograms supported by the policy) is perhaps the most successful in the world, often admired and\nsometimes copied. But U.S. science and technology does not exist in a vacuum. The United States\nis constantly interacting with other nations that seek to cooperate and/or compete in science and\ntechnology. A better understanding of other nations policies and programs may better inform\ndomestic U.S. S&T policy and R&D programs; other U.S. policies, such as trade or\nnational security;\nand U.S. interactions with other nations in S&T issues, such as when countries engage in\ninternational agreements. \n  The Science, Technology, and Medicine Division of the Congressional Research Service\nprepared a comparative study of international science and technology at the request of the Committee\non Science of the House of Representatives. This report is a summary of the larger two-part study\ncompleted October 1997 and February 1998.\n  The data in this two-part study shows a great variety of how nations support R&D. For\nexample, governments in Russia, Brazil, India, and Mexico fund over half of the national R&D,\nwhile in countries such as Japan, Korea, Germany, and Canada, less than one-third of all national\nfunding comes from government sources. In the United States, the R&D funding trend in recent\nyears has been for less government support for total R&D and more industry support. In\nS&T policy,\na wide range of national perspectives are documented as well. The European Union has a\ntransnational S&T policymaking process known as the Framework program, unique in both its\nsize\nand scope. The United Kingdom utilizes a technology foresight program as part of its national\nS&T\npolicymaking. In Israel, a national S&T policy is directly linked to economic development and\nindustrial growth. Yet other nations, such as Brazil, struggle with incorporating a coherent national\nS&T policy as a way to address national goals and objectives.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Energy Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Internet and Telecommunications Policy",
    "Science and Technology Policy"
  ]
}