{
  "id": "98-299",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "98-299",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
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      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 105102,
      "date": "1998-12-14",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:48:28.458941",
      "title": "Russian Missile Technology and Nuclear Reactor Transfers to Iran",
      "summary": "Many in Congress and the Clinton Administration charge that Russian entities are assisting Iran\nin\ndeveloping ballistic missiles. Russia is also building a nuclear power station in, and is furnishing\nother nuclear services to, Iran. Congress has passed legislation requiring the President to impose\nsanctions for missile technology transfers, arms sales, nuclear technology transfers, and large-scale\ninvestments in Iran.  H.R. 2709 , which includes the \"Iran Missile Proliferation\nSanctions Act of 1997,\" is one of several bills designed to tighten existing sanctions law. It was\namended and passed by the Senate on May 22, 1998 and by the House on June 9 by very large\nbipartisan majorities. Nevertheless, President Clinton vetoed the bill on June 23 and said he would\nwork to sustain the veto. The Administration opposes congressionally mandated sanctions because\nit believes they limit Administration flexibility and could harm U.S.-Russian relations and Russia's\npost-Soviet transition. A veto-override attempt was postponed following President Clinton's July\n15 announcement of sanctions on Russian entities suspected of missile technology transfers. \nAlthough Iran tested a new medium-range ballistic missile on July 22, no veto override vote was\nattempted before the session ended. The Administration says it gives Russian missile technology\nand nuclear reactor transfers high priority, but many in the 106th Congress are likely to cite the\nmissile test as evidence of lack of progress on the issue and might seek passage of similar legislation\nin the new Congress.\n  Moscow has indirectly acknowledged that there have been missile technology transfers to Iran\nby Russian entities, but the Russian Government denies its own involvement and says it is upholding\nits commitments under the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). Russian assistance\nappears to have significantly accelerated Iran's missile program, which reportedly is developing\nmedium-range ballistic missiles that could threaten U.S. forces and allies throughout the region,\nincluding Israel. This threat is compounded by Iran's reported pursuit of nuclear, biological, and\nchemical weapons.\n  Russia's 1995 decision to construct a large nuclear power station in Iran and to provide related\nnuclear facilities and services has also drawn sharp criticism from the Administration and the\nCongress, which fear that these projects might benefit an Iranian nuclear weapons program. Moscow\nis going ahead with these projects despite the threat of U.S. economic sanctions. U.S.-Russian\ncommercial relations might also be threatened by sanctions, and they are far more important to\nRussia than its commercial relations with Iran. U.S. assistance to Russia would also be threatened. \nThe reactor project could provide Russia with billions of dollars of hard currency earnings, far more\nthan the amount of direct U.S. aid threatened by sanctions. But indirect U.S. assistance to Russia,\nthrough such institutions as the IMF, is vitally needed by Moscow and far exceeds the earnings from\nits nuclear projects in Iran.",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815713/",
      "id": "98-299_1998Jul29",
      "date": "1998-07-29",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Russian Missile Technology and Nuclear Reactor Transfers to Iran",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Energy Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Middle Eastern Affairs",
    "National Defense",
    "Russian, Central Asian, and Eurasian Affairs"
  ]
}