{ "id": "97-746", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "97-746", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 414656, "date": "2010-10-28", "retrieved": "2016-04-07T01:24:37.650323", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry.\nFew will dispute that U.S. universities and industry have chosen foreign talent to fill many positions. Foreign scientists and engineers serve the needs of industry at the doctorate level and also have been found to serve in major roles at the masters level. However, there are charges that U.S. workers are adversely affected by the entry of foreign scientists and engineers, who reportedly accept lower wages than U.S. citizens would accept in order to enter or remain in the United States.\nNSF data reveal that in 2006, the foreign student population earned approximately 36.2% of the doctorate degrees in the sciences and approximately 63.6% of the doctorate degrees in engineering. In 2006, foreign students on temporary resident visas earned 32.0% of the doctorates in the sciences, and 58.6% of the doctorates in engineering. The participation rates in 2005 were 30.8% and 58.4%, respectively. In 2006, permanent resident status students earned 4.2% of the doctorates in both the sciences and in engineering, a slight change from the 2005 levels of 3.8% in the sciences and 4.4% in engineering. \nMany in the scientific community maintain that in order to compete with countries that are rapidly expanding their scientific and technological capabilities, the country needs to bring to the United States those whose skills will benefit society and will enable us to compete in the new-technology based global economy. The academic community is concerned that the more stringent visa requirements for foreign students may have a continued impact on enrollments in colleges and universities. There are those who believe that the underlying problem of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs is not necessarily that there are too many foreign-born students, but that there are not enough native-born students pursuing scientific and technical disciplines.\nLegislation has been introduced in the 111th Congress to attract foreign students in the scientific and technical disciplines and to maintain the interests of American scientists. H.R. 4321, Comprehensive Immigration Reform for America\u2019s Security and Prosperity Act, would, among other things, amend H-1B visa employer application requirements by lengthening U.S. worker protection and prohibiting employer position announcements that specify positions solely to, or give priority to, H-1B visa holders. H.R. 1791, Stopping Trained in America Ph.D.s from Leaving the Economy Act (STAPLE), would place numerical limitations on immigrants who have been awarded a doctorate degree in the scientific disciplines from a U.S. institution and who have an offer of employment from a U.S. employer in a degree-related field.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/97-746", "sha1": "c7ecfed68e224656f414eb1c06d79afee34f692b", "filename": "files/20101028_97-746_c7ecfed68e224656f414eb1c06d79afee34f692b.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/97-746", "sha1": "4ca82bf84490105d3510db1be50795db2e2c635a", "filename": "files/20101028_97-746_4ca82bf84490105d3510db1be50795db2e2c635a.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29516/", "id": "97-746_2010Mar23", "date": "2010-03-23", "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report explains this issue in detail, as well as probable causes of said incongruity.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100323_97-746_f484e8fa2c10e093182d13928677bb502a04db5f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100323_97-746_f484e8fa2c10e093182d13928677bb502a04db5f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students - U.S.", "name": "Foreign students - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Alien labor", "name": "Alien labor" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29515/", "id": "97-746_2010Jan25", "date": "2010-01-25", "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report explains this issue in detail, as well as probable causes of said incongruity.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100125_97-746_7a6518fd5783a24d14af0daf00de4226257499f2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100125_97-746_7a6518fd5783a24d14af0daf00de4226257499f2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students - U.S.", "name": "Foreign students - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Alien labor", "name": "Alien labor" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26122/", "id": "97-746_2008Jul23", "date": "2008-07-23", "retrieved": "2010-07-07T17:39:19", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. Many in the scientific community maintain that in order to compete with countries that are rapidly expanding their scientific and technological capabilities, the country needs to bring to the United States those whose skills will benefit society and will enable us to compete in the new-technology based global economy. This report analyzes this issue in detail and includes discussion of related legislation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080723_97-746_787ac417c82a48b0c12bc62190ffd17f38724ac5.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080723_97-746_787ac417c82a48b0c12bc62190ffd17f38724ac5.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Alien labor", "name": "Alien labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students - U.S.", "name": "Foreign students - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822487/", "id": "97-746_2007Jun21", "date": "2007-06-21", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "This report discusses the increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce that has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. Many in the scientific community maintain that in order to compete with countries that are rapidly expanding their scientific and technological capabilities, the country needs to bring to the United States those whose skills will benefit society and will enable us to compete in the new-technology based global economy. This report analyzes this issue in detail and includes discussion of related legislation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070621_97-746_8089bb93dda6d30017322532cef199df79425dd6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070621_97-746_8089bb93dda6d30017322532cef199df79425dd6.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students - U.S.", "name": "Foreign students - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10169/", "id": "97-746_2007Jan12", "date": "2007-01-12", "retrieved": "2007-06-20T14:37:37", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The scientific community has been divided over proposals to impose stricter\r\nimmigration limits on people with scientific and technical skills. Attempts to settle\r\nupon the balance between the needs for a highly skilled scientific and technical\r\nworkforce, and the need to protect and ensure job opportunities, salaries, and working\r\nconditions of U.S. scientific personnel, will continue to be debated. This report\r\naddresses these issues and their implications.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070112_97-746_fdd21a6919be19ac1745274ecd97576a00bd3d7f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070112_97-746_fdd21a6919be19ac1745274ecd97576a00bd3d7f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Alien labor", "name": "Alien labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students - U.S.", "name": "Foreign students - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9545/", "id": "97-746_2006Sep14", "date": "2006-09-14", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T11:57:53", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report examines these issues and discusses their policy implications.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060914_97-746_8b7429ba968677be688edf2efd31881d16ed4883.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060914_97-746_8b7429ba968677be688edf2efd31881d16ed4883.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Labor", "name": "Labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Scientists", "name": "Scientists" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Engineering", "name": "Engineering" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students", "name": "Foreign students" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Alien labor", "name": "Alien labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Labor supply", "name": "Labor supply" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Infrastructure", "name": "Infrastructure" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8352/", "id": "97-746_2006Jan03", "date": "2006-01-03", "retrieved": "2006-02-28T08:41:21", "title": "Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force", "summary": "The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report examines these issues and discusses their policy implications.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060103_97-746_d5900e08d3286ff2548b455502857c1f969a6de2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060103_97-746_d5900e08d3286ff2548b455502857c1f969a6de2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Higher education", "name": "Higher education" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Alien labor", "name": "Alien labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign students - U.S.", "name": "Foreign students - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Scientific education - U.S.", "name": "Scientific education - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Immigration", "name": "Immigration" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Economic Policy", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "Science and Technology Policy" ] }