Current Foreign-Born Population by State and Congressional District

May 8, 2026 (R48940)
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Summary

The United States in 2024 was home to an estimated 50.2 million foreign-born individuals, who lived in every state and congressional district. This report provides a snapshot of recent U.S. Census Bureau estimates for the foreign-born population (i.e., people now living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth) in each state, as well as estimates for the foreign-born population in each congressional district. It also discusses alternative and additional sources of data on the foreign-born population.

Introduction

Many people now living in the United States were born in foreign countries. As of 2024, an estimated 50.2 million foreign-born residents1 accounted for roughly 14.8% of the national population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS), a large-scale survey of American households.2

This report provides a snapshot of recent ACS estimates for the foreign-born population in each state, as well as estimates for the foreign-born population in the 435 congressional districts as configured in the 119th Congress (2025-2026). The foreign-born population in the United States includes naturalized U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents (i.e., green card holders), temporary-visa holders such as foreign students, and people illegally present in the United States. The Census Bureau does not collect or publish information about whether an immigrant is authorized to be in the United States.3

The Census Bureau provides access to additional ACS data tables related to the foreign-born population via its data.census.gov website, including:

  • Table B05001, "Nativity and Citizenship Status in the United States," which tabulates the number of U.S. citizens by naturalization and the number of U.S. residents who are not citizens; and
  • Table B05006, "Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States," which provides a country-level breakdown for place of birth.4

The "Statistics for Unauthorized Immigrants" section below discusses available estimates of the number of people living in the United States without authorization. The "Additional Sources" section discusses other sources of statistics about the foreign-born population.

State-Level Estimates

The Census Bureau publishes state-level estimates for the foreign-born population. Table 1, which includes the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico as well as the 50 states,5 contains one-year ACS estimates for 2024 that come with margins of error as indicated in the table. A Microsoft Excel workbook file containing the same data can be downloaded from CRS.gov.

Table 1. Foreign-Born Population by State in 2024

State

Foreign-Born Population

Margin of Error (+/-)

Foreign-Born as % of Total Population

Margin of Error (+/-)

Alabama

230,850

10,664

4.5%

0.2

Alaska

56,836

4,878

7.7%

0.7

Arizona

1,017,951

21,246

13.4%

0.3

Arkansas

180,109

9,006

5.8%

0.3

California

10,902,022

63,747

27.6%

0.2

Colorado

628,683

19,658

10.6%

0.3

Connecticut

584,170

14,124

15.9%

0.4

Delaware

121,583

7,857

11.6%

0.7

District of Columbia

108,542

6,954

15.5%

1.0

Florida

5,392,412

54,062

23.1%

0.2

Georgia

1,333,177

25,980

11.9%

0.2

Hawaii

268,845

10,945

18.6%

0.8

Idaho

126,009

7,062

6.3%

0.4

Illinois

1,957,482

28,940

15.4%

0.2

Indiana

487,371

18,162

7.0%

0.3

Iowa

203,549

10,346

6.3%

0.3

Kansas

232,485

8,492

7.8%

0.3

Kentucky

238,231

13,361

5.2%

0.3

Louisiana

239,225

9,625

5.2%

0.2

Maine

65,815

4,793

4.7%

0.3

Maryland

1,070,852

22,466

17.1%

0.4

Massachusetts

1,337,811

21,991

18.7%

0.3

Michigan

778,787

16,657

7.7%

0.2

Minnesota

523,549

12,206

9.0%

0.2

Mississippi

79,645

5,433

2.7%

0.2

Missouri

308,514

12,572

4.9%

0.2

Montana

24,386

3,062

2.1%

0.3

Nebraska

180,857

8,281

9.0%

0.4

Nevada

649,711

16,499

19.9%

0.5

New Hampshire

83,815

5,293

5.9%

0.4

New Jersey

2,376,424

26,296

25.0%

0.3

New Mexico

212,830

11,226

10.0%

0.5

New York

4,621,382

41,824

23.3%

0.2

North Carolina

1,093,166

23,266

9.9%

0.2

North Dakota

41,910

5,180

5.3%

0.7

Ohio

654,793

17,594

5.5%

0.1

Oklahoma

271,938

9,115

6.6%

0.2

Oregon

429,125

11,907

10.0%

0.3

Pennsylvania

1,090,675

31,467

8.3%

0.2

Puerto Rico

86,836

8,019

2.7%

0.3

Rhode Island

174,869

11,625

15.7%

1.0

South Carolina

351,009

15,685

6.4%

0.3

South Dakota

38,359

3,969

4.1%

0.4

Tennessee

472,751

16,938

6.5%

0.2

Texas

5,762,477

58,185

18.4%

0.2

Utah

341,716

13,262

9.8%

0.4

Vermont

2,9028

2,662

4.5%

0.4

Virginia

1,193,581

24,467

13.5%

0.3

Washington

1,280,809

24,190

16.1%

0.3

West Virginia

37,253

3,897

2.1%

0.2

Wisconsin

327,033

10,756

5.5%

0.2

Wyoming

20,456

3,432

3.5%

0.6

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS).

Notes: One-year ACS estimates for 2024. Figures taken from Table DP02, "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States," and Table DP02PR, "Selected Social Characteristics in Puerto Rico." This table includes estimates for the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. ACS statistics are not available for American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. The margin of error is a measure of the estimate's uncertainty: the greater the margin of error, the less certain the estimate. It is based on the 90-percent confidence interval (the span from the estimate minus the margin of error to the estimate plus the margin of error). If the survey could be readministered to every possible sample of households, most of the samples would produce slightly different estimates. However, the confidence intervals around 90 percent of those estimates would contain the true value (barring any systematic bias in the survey).

District-Level Estimates

The Census Bureau also publishes estimates for the foreign-born population in each congressional district. The figures that appear in Table 2 are one-year ACS estimates for 2024 and reflect U.S. House district boundaries in effect during the 119th Congress (2025-2026). These figures come with margins of error as indicated in the table. A Microsoft Excel workbook file containing the same data can be downloaded from CRS.gov.

Table 2. Foreign-Born Population by Congressional District in 2024

Congressional District

Foreign-Born Population

Margin of Error (+/-)

Foreign-Born Population as % of Total

Margin of Error (+/-)

Alabama, District 1

30,368

4,133

4.0%

0.5

Alabama, District 2

31,434

3,955

4.5%

0.6

Alabama, District 3

30,055

3,247

4.1%

0.4

Alabama, District 4

31,601

4,131

4.3%

0.6

Alabama, District 5

39,803

4,007

5.1%

0.5

Alabama, District 6

30,594

3,990

4.2%

0.5

Alabama, District 7

36,995

5,083

5.1%

0.7

Alaska, At-Large District

56,836

4,878

7.7%

0.7

Arizona, District 1

95,038

7,122

11.6%

0.8

Arizona, District 2

48,423

4,313

5.7%

0.5

Arizona, District 3

215,895

12,640

25.9%

1.4

Arizona, District 4

112,680

10,368

14.2%

1.3

Arizona, District 5

86,576

7,811

9.6%

0.8

Arizona, District 6

85,193

6,714

10.2%

0.8

Arizona, District 7

164,806

10,562

20.3%

1.3

Arizona, District 8

111,202

9,842

13.6%

1.2

Arizona, District 9

98,138

7,146

10.7%

0.8

Arkansas, District 1

20,122

3,128

2.7%

0.4

Arkansas, District 2

41,160

5,478

5.3%

0.7

Arkansas, District 3

95,453

5,333

11.7%

0.7

Arkansas, District 4

23,374

2,869

3.1%

0.4

California, District 1

88,211

6,618

11.6%

0.9

California, District 2

105,931

6,175

14.1%

0.8

California, District 3

105,565

7,270

13.1%

0.9

California, District 4

134,472

7,420

17.7%

1.0

California, District 5

99,034

7,386

12.8%

0.8

California, District 6

170,231

10,487

22.3%

1.2

California, District 7

199,795

9,736

26.1%

1.2

California, District 8

218,338

9,397

29.2%

1.1

California, District 9

206,004

10,039

26.3%

1.3

California, District 10

204,147

8,765

26.4%

1.0

California, District 11

235,276

10,080

32.2%

1.3

California, District 12

209,019

9,778

27.6%

1.2

California, District 13

220,677

10,539

27.9%

1.2

California, District 14

297,422

9,426

40.8%

1.2

California, District 15

287,642

10,038

39.8%

1.3

California, District 16

270,205

9,399

35.9%

1.2

California, District 17

388,239

12,244

50.9%

1.3

California, District 18

260,217

12,450

34.0%

1.3

California, District 19

174,283

8,797

23.5%

1.1

California, District 20

108,996

8,039

13.4%

0.9

California, District 21

176,918

8,903

22.8%

1.0

California, District 22

212,470

8,996

27.6%

1.0

California, District 23

120,603

9,445

15.9%

1.2

California, District 24

135,607

8,252

17.9%

1.1

California, District 25

211,279

8,887

26.7%

1.1

California, District 26

185,661

10,191

24.7%

1.3

California, District 27

190,185

11,413

25.4%

1.5

California, District 28

272,703

8,746

36.3%

1.2

California, District 29

307,306

11,994

42.4%

1.3

California, District 30

275,252

10,626

37.1%

1.3

California, District 31

265,618

10,501

36.7%

1.4

California, District 32

236,518

12,697

31.0%

1.4

California, District 33

184,795

8,766

23.6%

1.0

California, District 34

316,643

14,300

42.0%

1.3

California, District 35

225,171

8,667

29.4%

1.1

California, District 36

176,469

9,786

23.4%

1.1

California, District 37

261,462

13,818

35.1%

1.5

California, District 38

237,994

9,687

32.9%

1.2

California, District 39

194,450

11,088

24.9%

1.4

California, District 40

192,559

9,534

25.9%

1.2

California, District 41

151,283

9,550

18.4%

1.2

California, District 42

232,076

10,584

32.1%

1.2

California, District 43

242,866

9,354

33.7%

1.2

California, District 44

238,407

11,458

32.1%

1.3

California, District 45

286,582

9,292

38.6%

1.2

California, District 46

293,690

10,446

38.5%

1.4

California, District 47

219,452

10,676

29.0%

1.4

California, District 48

135,508

9,118

17.6%

1.1

California, District 49

131,589

9,048

17.6%

1.2

California, District 50

167,333

11,682

22.0%

1.3

California, District 51

184,715

11,515

24.1%

1.4

California, District 52

255,154

9,746

33.7%

1.1

Colorado, District 1

118,499

8,409

16.1%

1.1

Colorado, District 2

62,566

5,943

8.6%

0.8

Colorado, District 3

40,578

4,757

5.5%

0.6

Colorado, District 4

66,006

5,594

8.4%

0.7

Colorado, District 5

61,252

6,990

8.2%

0.9

Colorado, District 6

131,188

9,738

18.0%

1.3

Colorado, District 7

47,528

4,788

6.5%

0.6

Colorado, District 8

101,066

7,372

13.3%

1.0

Connecticut, District 1

123,622

7,543

16.8%

1.0

Connecticut, District 2

56,519

4,291

7.7%

0.6

Connecticut, District 3

111,816

8,623

15.1%

1.1

Connecticut, District 4

181,369

9,018

24.5%

1.2

Connecticut, District 5

110,844

7,438

15.2%

1.0

Delaware, At-Large District

121,583

7,857

11.6%

0.7

Florida, District 1

59,582

5,704

7.3%

0.7

Florida, District 2

56,723

4,752

6.9%

0.6

Florida, District 3

75,855

6,834

9.0%

0.8

Florida, District 4

72,847

9,176

8.6%

1.1

Florida, District 5

129,573

10,701

15.2%

1.1

Florida, District 6

78,662

8,142

9.4%

0.9

Florida, District 7

105,155

7,767

12.9%

1.0

Florida, District 8

86,730

6,170

10.4%

0.7

Florida, District 9

269,859

21,934

29.7%

2.2

Florida, District 10

206,148

14,439

25.7%

1.6

Florida, District 11

147,347

14,842

16.5%

1.5

Florida, District 12

85,651

8,558

9.8%

0.9

Florida, District 13

100,914

6,665

13.2%

0.9

Florida, District 14

175,951

11,408

21.3%

1.1

Florida, District 15

147,533

11,207

17.7%

1.2

Florida, District 16

146,011

11,815

16.5%

1.2

Florida, District 17

139,694

9,347

15.9%

1.0

Florida, District 18

140,668

13,374

16.1%

1.4

Florida, District 19

152,521

11,383

18.4%

1.3

Florida, District 20

313,881

17,476

38.4%

1.6

Florida, District 21

163,705

10,871

19.1%

1.2

Florida, District 22

258,741

13,067

32.2%

1.4

Florida, District 23

235,798

14,434

29.4%

1.5

Florida, District 24

396,361

15,626

47.8%

1.5

Florida, District 25

333,369

15,624

41.3%

1.8

Florida, District 26

477,713

10,673

56.1%

1.1

Florida, District 27

427,952

14,265

54.3%

1.4

Florida, District 28

407,468

13,989

51.5%

1.5

Georgia, District 1

55,947

5,235

6.9%

0.6

Georgia, District 2

30,479

3,483

4.0%

0.5

Georgia, District 3

49,605

4,403

6.2%

0.5

Georgia, District 4

205,495

10,649

27.0%

1.2

Georgia, District 5

90,450

7,188

11.7%

0.9

Georgia, District 6

107,742

9,927

13.4%

1.2

Georgia, District 7

172,393

8,505

21.1%

1.0

Georgia, District 8

39,312

4,199

5.0%

0.5

Georgia, District 9

138,055

10,491

16.7%

1.1

Georgia, District 10

67,939

5,441

8.1%

0.6

Georgia, District 11

99,782

7,479

12.3%

0.9

Georgia, District 12

39,173

5,965

5.0%

0.8

Georgia, District 13

165,025

11,410

20.1%

1.3

Georgia, District 14

71,780

5,887

9.0%

0.7

Hawaii, District 1

175,150

8,696

24.4%

1.2

Hawaii, District 2

93,695

7,020

12.9%

0.9

Idaho, District 1

56,939

5,250

5.5%

0.5

Idaho, District 2

69,070

4,866

7.1%

0.5

Illinois, District 1

59,640

7,664

8.1%

0.9

Illinois, District 2

61,715

6,087

8.4%

0.8

Illinois, District 3

208,760

12,673

28.5%

1.4

Illinois, District 4

236,151

11,934

33.2%

1.5

Illinois, District 5

152,921

10,034

19.8%

1.2

Illinois, District 6

133,290

8,944

17.4%

1.1

Illinois, District 7

140,450

11,709

18.5%

1.4

Illinois, District 8

211,926

8,956

28.2%

1.2

Illinois, District 9

199,846

13,035

27.0%

1.5

Illinois, District 10

149,922

7,518

20.0%

1.0

Illinois, District 11

122,934

7,008

16.0%

0.9

Illinois, District 12

15,133

1,766

2.0%

0.2

Illinois, District 13

45,887

4,173

6.2%

0.6

Illinois, District 14

110,268

5,809

14.4%

0.8

Illinois, District 15

15,825

2,270

2.1%

0.3

Illinois, District 16

34,143

2,829

4.5%

0.4

Illinois, District 17

58,671

5,753

7.9%

0.8

Indiana, District 1

51,437

4,971

6.8%

0.7

Indiana, District 2

49,713

4,393

6.6%

0.6

Indiana, District 3

42,328

3,640

5.5%

0.5

Indiana, District 4

65,454

4,978

8.3%

0.6

Indiana, District 5

53,892

5,886

6.8%

0.7

Indiana, District 6

66,647

6,161

8.6%

0.8

Indiana, District 7

110,160

10,288

14.5%

1.4

Indiana, District 8

20,264

2,617

2.7%

0.3

Indiana, District 9

27,476

3,137

3.6%

0.4

Iowa, District 1

40,328

4,830

5.0%

0.6

Iowa, District 2

37,457

4,038

4.7%

0.5

Iowa, District 3

71,846

5,721

8.6%

0.7

Iowa, District 4

53,918

3,400

6.7%

0.4

Kansas, District 1

58,085

4,395

7.9%

0.6

Kansas, District 2

46,833

4,603

6.3%

0.6

Kansas, District 3

68,532

4,646

9.1%

0.6

Kansas, District 4

59,035

3,613

7.9%

0.5

Kentucky, District 1

16,163

2,064

2.1%

0.3

Kentucky, District 2

38,636

4,603

5.0%

0.6

Kentucky, District 3

87,855

9,236

11.5%

1.2

Kentucky, District 4

31,326

3,825

4.0%

0.5

Kentucky, District 5

7,441

1,437

1.0%

0.2

Kentucky, District 6

56,810

5,323

7.3%

0.7

Louisiana, District 1

63,402

6,353

7.9%

0.8

Louisiana, District 2

59,394

5,847

8.1%

0.8

Louisiana, District 3

33,664

3,623

4.3%

0.5

Louisiana, District 4

24,545

2,787

3.2%

0.4

Louisiana, District 5

23,964

4,168

3.1%

0.5

Louisiana, District 6

34,256

4,537

4.5%

0.6

Maine, District 1

38,949

3,885

5.5%

0.5

Maine, District 2

26,866

2,581

3.9%

0.4

Maryland, District 1

49,035

4,397

6.2%

0.5

Maryland, District 2

94,435

8,062

12.1%

0.9

Maryland, District 3

125,838

7,791

16.1%

1.0

Maryland, District 4

228,425

12,060

29.9%

1.5

Maryland, District 5

75,797

7,347

9.4%

0.9

Maryland, District 6

168,269

10,592

20.5%

1.1

Maryland, District 7

86,257

9,087

11.6%

1.2

Maryland, District 8

242,796

12,000

31.4%

1.3

Massachusetts, District 1

64,703

6,442

8.3%

0.8

Massachusetts, District 2

135,963

8,384

17.0%

1.0

Massachusetts, District 3

181,191

10,326

22.9%

1.3

Massachusetts, District 4

128,621

7,747

16.0%

0.9

Massachusetts, District 5

216,516

8,331

27.4%

1.0

Massachusetts, District 6

126,519

9,161

15.9%

1.1

Massachusetts, District 7

253,373

10,599

32.1%

1.3

Massachusetts, District 8

162,524

8,010

20.7%

1.0

Massachusetts, District 9

68,401

6,461

8.6%

0.8

Michigan, District 1

13,515

1,678

1.7%

0.2

Michigan, District 2

15,665

2,448

2.0%

0.3

Michigan, District 3

60,442

4,273

7.6%

0.5

Michigan, District 4

45,102

4,633

5.7%

0.6

Michigan, District 5

22,944

2,255

3.0%

0.3

Michigan, District 6

115,685

6,866

15.0%

0.9

Michigan, District 7

50,546

5,051

6.4%

0.6

Michigan, District 8

20,909

3,163

2.7%

0.4

Michigan, District 9

37,427

4,448

4.8%

0.6

Michigan, District 10

112,546

8,448

14.5%

1.1

Michigan, District 11

117,911

7,457

15.0%

0.9

Michigan, District 12

84,549

6,660

11.2%

0.9

Michigan, District 13

81,546

7,575

10.4%

1.0

Minnesota, District 1

44,789

3,715

6.2%

0.5

Minnesota, District 2

86,898

4,475

11.6%

0.6

Minnesota, District 3

96,254

6,651

13.5%

0.9

Minnesota, District 4

98,140

5,896

13.9%

0.8

Minnesota, District 5

101,111

8,607

14.3%

1.2

Minnesota, District 6

54,752

4,556

7.3%

0.6

Minnesota, District 7

26,935

2,787

3.7%

0.4

Minnesota, District 8

14,670

1,599

2.0%

0.2

Mississippi, District 1

19,028

2,827

2.5%

0.4

Mississippi, District 2

11,497

2,481

1.7%

0.4

Mississippi, District 3

20,149

2,754

2.7%

0.4

Mississippi, District 4

28,971

2,654

3.8%

0.4

Missouri, District 1

53,382

5,774

7.2%

0.8

Missouri, District 2

65,681

5,417

8.5%

0.7

Missouri, District 3

32,666

3,620

4.1%

0.4

Missouri, District 4

23,642

3,134

3.0%

0.4

Missouri, District 5

64,404

7,230

8.3%

0.9

Missouri, District 6

23,832

3,277

3.0%

0.4

Missouri, District 7

30,642

3,111

3.8%

0.4

Missouri, District 8

14,265

2,478

1.8%

0.3

Montana, District 1

15,150

2,288

2.6%

0.4

Montana, District 2

9,236

1,983

1.7%

0.4

Nebraska, District 1

64,440

6,035

9.6%

0.9

Nebraska, District 2

74,273

5,525

10.9%

0.8

Nebraska, District 3

42,144

3,405

6.5%

0.5

Nevada, District 1

190,810

11,527

24.1%

1.2

Nevada, District 2

107,067

6,460

13.3%

0.8

Nevada, District 3

210,417

13,282

25.1%

1.3

Nevada, District 4

141,417

8,391

17.0%

0.9

New Hampshire, District 1

41,128

4,256

5.8%

0.6

New Hampshire, District 2

42,687

3,680

6.1%

0.5

New Jersey, District 1

80,729

7,227

10.3%

0.9

New Jersey, District 2

83,961

6,030

10.6%

0.7

New Jersey, District 3

127,957

7,281

16.1%

0.9

New Jersey, District 4

70,776

6,182

8.9%

0.8

New Jersey, District 5

225,644

8,989

28.4%

1.1

New Jersey, District 6

240,267

9,326

30.5%

1.3

New Jersey, District 7

133,484

7,452

16.9%

0.9

New Jersey, District 8

371,988

10,543

47.7%

1.3

New Jersey, District 9

303,662

10,647

39.3%

1.3

New Jersey, District 10

283,848

13,388

35.5%

1.5

New Jersey, District 11

175,382

7,903

21.9%

1.0

New Jersey, District 12

278,726

9,495

34.5%

1.2

New Mexico, District 1

63,039

6,597

8.9%

0.9

New Mexico, District 2

88,932

7,771

12.5%

1.1

New Mexico, District 3

60,859

5,048

8.6%

0.7

New York, District 1

111,461

8,589

14.3%

1.0

New York, District 2

159,253

9,003

20.5%

1.2

New York, District 3

228,355

11,685

29.4%

1.3

New York, District 4

203,357

9,659

26.2%

1.3

New York, District 5

334,900

12,563

43.7%

1.3

New York, District 6

402,414

13,839

55.4%

1.3

New York, District 7

251,574

14,137

32.3%

1.6

New York, District 8

283,065

13,484

38.3%

1.7

New York, District 9

282,009

13,650

39.6%

1.7

New York, District 10

207,947

10,631

27.5%

1.3

New York, District 11

260,918

12,242

34.3%

1.4

New York, District 12

188,970

11,626

25.1%

1.4

New York, District 13

250,597

14,852

33.5%

1.9

New York, District 14

284,017

13,651

38.5%

1.5

New York, District 15

258,134

11,693

34.2%

1.4

New York, District 16

234,286

10,256

30.3%

1.3

New York, District 17

163,543

8,535

20.9%

1.1

New York, District 18

101,593

6,572

12.8%

0.8

New York, District 19

57,068

4,087

7.4%

0.5

New York, District 20

74,409

5,047

9.4%

0.6

New York, District 21

24,855

2,602

3.2%

0.3

New York, District 22

67,185

6,152

8.8%

0.8

New York, District 23

23,605

2,688

3.1%

0.3

New York, District 24

25,861

2,759

3.3%

0.4

New York, District 25

64,865

4,399

8.4%

0.6

New York, District 26

77,141

5,534

10.1%

0.7

North Carolina, District 1

42,651

4,212

5.7%

0.6

North Carolina, District 2

122,150

9,547

15.4%

1.2

North Carolina, District 3

42,931

3,871

5.5%

0.5

North Carolina, District 4

148,700

9,572

18.5%

1.1

North Carolina, District 5

52,676

5,494

7.0%

0.7

North Carolina, District 6

80,457

6,729

10.1%

0.8

North Carolina, District 7

45,506

4,644

5.6%

0.6

North Carolina, District 8

81,403

6,450

10.3%

0.8

North Carolina, District 9

65,417

5,384

8.3%

0.7

North Carolina, District 10

65,087

6,498

8.3%

0.8

North Carolina, District 11

43,456

5,022

5.6%

0.7

North Carolina, District 12

151,048

10,192

18.8%

1.2

North Carolina, District 13

67,968

6,110

8.1%

0.7

North Carolina, District 14

83,716

6,870

10.6%

0.9

North Dakota, At-Large District

41,910

5,180

5.3%

0.7

Ohio, District 1

61,895

5,275

7.6%

0.7

Ohio, District 2

11,306

2,298

1.4%

0.3

Ohio, District 3

106,502

9,677

13.5%

1.1

Ohio, District 4

36,116

3,155

4.5%

0.4

Ohio, District 5

19,239

2,821

2.4%

0.4

Ohio, District 6

13,284

2,008

1.7%

0.3

Ohio, District 7

61,243

7,092

7.8%

0.9

Ohio, District 8

55,988

6,170

7.1%

0.8

Ohio, District 9

27,826

3,019

3.6%

0.4

Ohio, District 10

42,918

4,894

5.4%

0.6

Ohio, District 11

47,855

5,353

6.3%

0.7

Ohio, District 12

24,130

2,723

3.0%

0.3

Ohio, District 13

43,610

4,692

5.6%

0.6

Ohio, District 14

26,950

3,493

3.4%

0.4

Ohio, District 15

75,931

8,887

9.2%

1.0

Oklahoma, District 1

79,118

4,195

9.6%

0.5

Oklahoma, District 2

18,461

1,624

2.3%

0.2

Oklahoma, District 3

68,422

5,415

8.6%

0.6

Oklahoma, District 4

45,298

3,543

5.5%

0.4

Oklahoma, District 5

60,639

5,623

7.3%

0.6

Oregon, District 1

114,225

6,235

15.9%

0.8

Oregon, District 2

40,161

4,406

5.7%

0.6

Oregon, District 3

101,390

6,986

14.5%

1.0

Oregon, District 4

37,910

3,342

5.3%

0.5

Oregon, District 5

45,568

4,961

6.4%

0.7

Oregon, District 6

89,871

6,109

12.5%

0.8

Pennsylvania, District 1

83,536

5,991

10.9%

0.8

Pennsylvania, District 2

161,909

15,514

21.9%

1.9

Pennsylvania, District 3

75,426

8,081

9.8%

1.0

Pennsylvania, District 4

81,006

6,210

10.3%

0.8

Pennsylvania, District 5

98,583

7,376

12.8%

0.9

Pennsylvania, District 6

106,012

7,808

13.3%

1.0

Pennsylvania, District 7

94,877

6,878

12.0%

0.9

Pennsylvania, District 8

78,354

6,514

10.1%

0.8

Pennsylvania, District 9

28,343

4,315

3.7%

0.6

Pennsylvania, District 10

68,285

6,547

8.6%

0.8

Pennsylvania, District 11

45,008

4,629

5.8%

0.6

Pennsylvania, District 12

52,817

5,180

7.0%

0.7

Pennsylvania, District 13

18,393

1,999

2.4%

0.3

Pennsylvania, District 14

13,252

2,232

1.8%

0.3

Pennsylvania, District 15

23,071

2,655

3.0%

0.4

Pennsylvania, District 16

23,139

2,183

3.0%

0.3

Pennsylvania, District 17

38,664

4,549

5.1%

0.6

Rhode Island, District 1

105,720

9,558

19.0%

1.7

Rhode Island, District 2

69,149

8,029

12.4%

1.4

South Carolina, District 1

55,320

5,197

6.9%

0.7

South Carolina, District 2

52,341

7,107

6.8%

0.9

South Carolina, District 3

30,050

3,633

3.9%

0.5

South Carolina, District 4

80,058

8,075

9.9%

1.0

South Carolina, District 5

45,320

5,147

5.8%

0.6

South Carolina, District 6

47,626

5,009

6.2%

0.7

South Carolina, District 7

40,294

5,471

5.1%

0.7

South Dakota, At-Large District

38,359

3,969

4.1%

0.4

Tennessee, District 1

32,798

3,119

4.1%

0.4

Tennessee, District 2

44,769

3,947

5.5%

0.5

Tennessee, District 3

44,486

4,934

5.5%

0.6

Tennessee, District 4

56,478

4,311

6.8%

0.5

Tennessee, District 5

112,401

10,262

13.5%

1.2

Tennessee, District 6

42,537

6,841

5.3%

0.8

Tennessee, District 7

48,756

6,897

6.0%

0.8

Tennessee, District 8

31,979

4,206

4.1%

0.5

Tennessee, District 9

58,547

5,701

7.8%

0.8

Texas, District 1

55,502

4,126

7.0%

0.5

Texas, District 2

149,876

12,306

17.0%

1.3

Texas, District 3

189,927

11,900

20.6%

1.2

Texas, District 4

157,196

10,129

18.0%

1.1

Texas, District 5

133,826

8,855

15.6%

1.0

Texas, District 6

150,413

10,816

17.7%

1.1

Texas, District 7

294,627

15,927

38.3%

1.7

Texas, District 8

207,356

14,358

21.9%

1.2

Texas, District 9

249,110

16,027

30.3%

1.5

Texas, District 10

120,861

8,978

14.5%

1.0

Texas, District 11

87,421

8,215

10.9%

1.0

Texas, District 12

98,034

8,824

11.5%

1.0

Texas, District 13

84,361

6,784

10.5%

0.8

Texas, District 14

78,071

6,821

9.9%

0.9

Texas, District 15

178,890

8,729

22.0%

1.1

Texas, District 16

169,488

8,178

21.6%

1.0

Texas, District 17

86,864

8,005

10.9%

1.0

Texas, District 18

222,748

14,845

27.0%

1.6

Texas, District 19

61,019

6,146

7.8%

0.8

Texas, District 20

128,339

13,735

16.7%

1.7

Texas, District 21

82,161

9,203

9.7%

1.0

Texas, District 22

228,033

12,805

25.5%

1.2

Texas, District 23

130,410

7,546

16.2%

0.9

Texas, District 24

118,940

9,338

15.4%

1.2

Texas, District 25

90,988

9,731

11.0%

1.1

Texas, District 26

160,628

7,759

18.2%

0.9

Texas, District 27

71,952

6,861

9.1%

0.9

Texas, District 28

139,371

10,164

16.9%

1.1

Texas, District 29

265,908

14,761

35.2%

1.5

Texas, District 30

135,493

10,802

17.2%

1.3

Texas, District 31

116,732

9,350

12.9%

1.0

Texas, District 32

213,488

16,286

27.9%

1.7

Texas, District 33

285,867

19,036

36.2%

1.9

Texas, District 34

179,507

8,937

22.5%

1.1

Texas, District 35

167,988

14,799

19.2%

1.6

Texas, District 36

118,628

10,737

14.5%

1.2

Texas, District 37

153,494

10,089

19.8%

1.3

Texas, District 38

198,960

13,665

24.5%

1.4

Utah, District 1

61,778

5,154

7.1%

0.6

Utah, District 2

104,697

9,079

11.9%

1.0

Utah, District 3

73,020

4,873

8.8%

0.6

Utah, District 4

102,221

7,426

11.1%

0.8

Vermont, At-Large District

29,028

2,662

4.5%

0.4

Virginia, District 1

76,839

6,629

9.3%

0.8

Virginia, District 2

70,135

4,915

8.9%

0.6

Virginia, District 3

49,997

4,323

6.4%

0.6

Virginia, District 4

67,467

6,954

8.3%

0.8

Virginia, District 5

40,417

3,060

5.0%

0.4

Virginia, District 6

56,348

5,039

7.1%

0.6

Virginia, District 7

137,479

8,785

16.7%

1.0

Virginia, District 8

216,070

10,837

27.4%

1.2

Virginia, District 9

24,087

2,747

3.1%

0.4

Virginia, District 10

205,621

8,989

25.0%

1.0

Virginia, District 11

249,121

11,831

31.4%

1.3

Washington, District 1

224,098

11,677

27.6%

1.3

Washington, District 2

108,723

7,285

13.8%

0.9

Washington, District 3

70,149

5,815

8.7%

0.7

Washington, District 4

130,640

7,796

16.4%

1.0

Washington, District 5

45,881

4,649

5.7%

0.6

Washington, District 6

61,994

5,569

7.8%

0.7

Washington, District 7

155,260

8,409

19.1%

1.0

Washington, District 8

134,834

9,678

17%

1.2

Washington, District 9

259,480

12,338

33.5%

1.5

Washington, District 10

89,750

5,926

11.6%

0.8

West Virginia, District 1

11,952

2,664

1.4%

0.3

West Virginia, District 2

25,301

3,026

2.8%

0.3

Wisconsin, District 1

44,786

4,119

6.1%

0.6

Wisconsin, District 2

62,424

4,721

8.2%

0.6

Wisconsin, District 3

20,505

2,337

2.8%

0.3

Wisconsin, District 4

80,965

5,908

11.2%

0.8

Wisconsin, District 5

36,144

3,408

4.8%

0.5

Wisconsin, District 6

31,291

3,644

4.2%

0.5

Wisconsin, District 7

18,023

1,895

2.4%

0.3

Wisconsin, District 8

32,895

3,447

4.4%

0.5

Wyoming, At-Large District

20,456

3,432

3.5%

0.6

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS).

Notes: One-year ACS estimates for 2024. Congressional districts as configured in the 119th Congress (2025-2026). Figures taken from ACS Table DP02, "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States." This table does not include at-large districts in the District of Columbia or U.S. territories. The District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are included in Table 1. ACS statistics are not available for American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. The margin of error is a measure of the estimate's uncertainty: the greater the margin of error, the less certain the estimate. It is based on the 90-percent confidence interval (the span from the estimate minus the margin of error to the estimate plus the margin of error). If the survey could be readministered to every possible sample of households, most of the samples would produce slightly different estimates. However, the confidence intervals around 90 percent of those estimates would contain the true value (barring any systematic bias in the survey).

Statistics for Unauthorized Immigrants

Unauthorized immigrants can generally be defined as noncitizens who reside in the United States and are not legal residents,6 many of whom entered without inspection or overstayed temporary periods of authorized admission.7 For more information, see CRS Report R47218, Unauthorized Immigrants: Frequently Asked Questions, by Abigail F. Kolker and Holly Straut-Eppsteiner.

The federal government does not publish official counts for the unauthorized immigrant population. However, both the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and nongovernmental organizations have published estimates that rely on federal administrative records and/or survey data.

DHS produces estimates8 by subtracting the legal-resident population (derived from DHS and other federal records) from the total foreign-born population (derived from ACS data). The Center for Immigration Studies, Center for Migration Studies of New York, Migration Policy Institute, and Pew Research Center are nongovernmental and academic organizations that produce estimates using similar methodologies.9 Some of these sources publish state-level estimates in addition to national figures.

Table 3. Selected Recent Estimates for Unauthorized Immigrants Living in the United States

Source

Estimate

Year

Underlying Data Source(s)

Center for Immigration Studies

14.2 million

2025

Current Population Survey (CPS)

Migration Policy Institute

13.7 million

2023

DHS and other administrative records; American Community Survey (ACS); Survey of Income and Program Participation

Pew Research Center

14.0 million

2023

DHS administrative records; ACS; CPS

Center for Migration Studies of New York

12.2 million

2023

ACS

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

11.0 million

2022

DHS and other administrative records; ACS

Notes: Most recent available national-level estimate from each source. Estimates are rounded to one decimal place and arranged in reverse chronological order by publication date. Some estimates may be preliminary.

Sources: Steven A. Camarota and Karen Zeigler, "Overall Foreign-Born Population Down 2.2 Million January to July," Center for Immigration Studies, August 2025, https://cis.org/Report/Overall-ForeignBorn-Population-Down-22-Million-January-July; Julia Gelatt et al., "Changing Origins, Rising Numbers: Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States," Migration Policy Institute, October 2025, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/unauthorized-immigrants-us-2025-fact-sheet; Jeffrey S. Passel and Jens Manuel Krogstad, "U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population Reached a Record 14 Million in 2023," Pew Research Center, August 2025, https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2025/08/21/u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population-reached-a-record-14-million-in-2023; Robert Warren, "The Undocumented Population in the United States Increased to 12.2 Million in 2023," Center for Migration Studies of New York, May 2025, https://cmsny.org/publications/the-undocumented-population-in-the-united-states-increased-to-12-million-in-2023; Bryan Baker and Robert Warren, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2018–January 2022, Department of Homeland Security, April 2024, https://ohss.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/2024_0418_ohss_estimates-of-the-unauthorized-immigrant-population-residing-in-the-united-states-january-2018%25E2%2580%2593january-2022.pdf.

Additional Sources

This section contains a selection of additional data sources dealing with the foreign-born population in the United States.10

Bureau of Justice Statistics

The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects and publishes data for the number of non-U.S. citizens in federal and state prisons as part of its National Prisoner Statistics program.11

  • "Table 22. Citizenship Status of Prisoners in the Custody of Publicly or Privately Operated State or Federal Prisons, Excluding Jails, by Sex and Jurisdiction, December 31, 2023," in Prisoners in 2023—Statistical Tables, September 202512

Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes data about the foreign-born workforce based on the Current Population Survey (CPS),13 including monthly employment statistics14 and an annual Labor Force Characteristics of Foreign-Born Workers report.15

Census Bureau

In addition to the ACS estimates discussed above, the Census Bureau publishes data for the foreign-born population based on the CPS.16 These tables include national-level demographic and socioeconomic breakdowns as well as headcounts by generation: a first generation of people who were born abroad, a second generation of U.S.-born individuals with at least one foreign-born parent, and a third-and-higher generation of U.S.-born individuals with two U.S.-born parents.

The Census Bureau also produces estimates for net international migration—the total combined movement of people in and out of the United States—as part of its Population Estimates Program. Net international migration is one component of change in the national population, along with natural change via births and deaths.17

Congressional Budget Office

The Congressional Budget Office has produced several recent estimates related to the foreign-born population and the unauthorized population:

Department of Homeland Security

DHS's Office of Homeland Security Statistics publishes a variety of data23:

  • The Yearbook of Immigration Statistics24 compiles annual data on immigration flows in a given fiscal year—that is, foreign nationals who came to the United States under various legal categories or were naturalized. Categories include lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, naturalizations, and nonimmigrant admissions. Some tables contain state-level data.
  • The "State Immigration Statistics" page25 provides noncitizen population figures by state. Data can be downloaded and viewed as raw or per capita ranks, and includes state ranks. A visualization tool is also available.
  • Annual Flow Reports26 describe the number and characteristics of individuals moving into different immigration statuses over a given fiscal year. Categories include lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, naturalizations, and nonimmigrant admissions.

International Organization for Migration

The International Organization for Migration is a United Nations agency based in Switzerland that publishes data on migration across national borders.

Its Migration Data Portal27 includes estimates for the number of international migrants in the United States, value of remittances, victims of human trafficking, and other metrics.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics publishes data on foreign-born college graduates living in the United States based on the biennial National Survey of College Graduates.28

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nongovernmental and academic organizations that produce widely cited reports on the foreign-born population in the United States include the Center for Immigration Studies,30 Center for Migration Studies of New York,31 Institute for Immigration Research,32 Migration Policy Institute,33 Pew Research Center,34 and Urban Institute.35

Related CRS Products


Footnotes

1.

In this report, the term foreign-born means any person now living in the United States who was not a U.S. citizen at birth. This is broader than the definition of immigrant used by the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Office of Homeland Security Statistics (OHSS): "Any person lawfully in the United States who is not a U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or person admitted under a nonimmigrant category as defined by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) section 101(a)(15)." For more details on the citizenship and immigration status of the foreign-born population in the United States, see CRS In Focus IF11806, Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population, by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner.

2.

These statistics come from American Community Survey (ACS), Table DP02, "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States," https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2024.DP02?q=DP02&g=010XX00US&y=2024&d=ACS+1-Year+Estimates+Data+Profiles. For more information about the ACS, see CRS Insight IN12303, The American Community Survey, by Taylor R. Knoedl.
3.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "The ACS questionnaires do not ask about immigration status. The population surveyed includes all people who indicated that the United States was their usual place of residence on the survey date." See Census Bureau, American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey: 2024 Subject Definitions, p. 63, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf.

4.

ACS Table B05006 excludes people born at sea and does not break down estimates for all countries.
5.

Other U.S. territories—American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands—are not included in ACS data collection. For more information, see CRS Report R48522, Federal Statistical Data for U.S. Territories: Issues and Resources, by Taylor R. Knoedl and Ben Leubsdorf.
6.

OHSS defines the unauthorized alien population as "all foreign-born aliens who are not legal residents, including naturalized citizens, persons granted lawful permanent residence, persons granted asylum, persons admitted as refugees, and persons admitted as resident nonimmigrants (i.e., students and temporary workers, as opposed to tourists) who have unexpired authorized periods of admission. Most unauthorized aliens either entered the United States without inspection or were admitted temporarily and remained past the date they were required to depart." See OHSS, "Glossary," https://ohss.dhs.gov/glossary.
7.

For more information, see CRS Report R47848, Nonimmigrant Overstays: Overview and Policy Issues, coordinated by Jill H. Wilson.
8.

See the most recent report, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2018-January 2022, at https://ohss.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/2024_0418_ohss_estimates-of-the-unauthorized-immigrant-population-residing-in-the-united-states-january-2018%25E2%2580%2593january-2022.pdf. The full series is available at https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/illegal/population-estimates.
9.

This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all agencies, organizations, and individuals that have produced historical and/or current estimates for this population. For example, the Social Security Administration in 2025 published annual estimates for the 2006-2016 period; see Robert V. Gesumaria et al., "A New Way to Estimate the Number of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States," Social Security Bulletin, vol. 85, no. 2 (June 2025), pp. 17-23, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v85n2/v85n2p17.html.
10.

These sources are provided for informational purposes, and their inclusion does not represent an endorsement by CRS.
11.

Bureau of Justice Statistics, "National Prisoner Statistics (NPS)," https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/national-prisoner-statistics-nps.

12.

Derek Mueller and Rich Kluckow, Prisoners in 2023—Statistical Tables, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2025, https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2023-statistical-tables.

13.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey: Foreign-Born Workers," https://www.bls.gov/cps/demographics/foreign-born-workers.htm. The CPS is a survey of U.S. households used to produce the monthly unemployment rate, among other statistics. It has a much smaller sample size than does the ACS, and the Census Bureau does not publish CPS-derived estimates for congressional districts and other relatively small geographical areas.
14.

BLS, "Table A-7. Employment Status of the Civilian Population by Nativity and Sex, Not Seasonally Adjusted," https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t07.htm.

15.

BLS, "Labor Force Characteristics of Foreign-Born Workers," https://www.bls.gov/news.release/forbrn.toc.htm.

16.

Census Bureau, "Foreign-Born CPS Data Tables," https://www.census.gov/topics/population/foreign-born/data/tables/cps-tables.html.
17.

Census Bureau, "Population and Housing Unit Estimates Tables," https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html.

18.

CBO, Effects of the Surge in Immigration on State and Local Budgets in 2023, June 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61256.

19.

CBO, Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy, July 2024, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/60165.

20.

CBO, The Foreign-Born Population, the U.S. Economy, and the Federal Budget, April 2023, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58939.

21.

Julia Heinzel et al., Estimating the Legal Status of Foreign-Born People, CBO, March 2021, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57022.

22.

CBO, The Employment of Foreign-Born People, June 2020, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56357.

23.

OHSS, "Data and Reports by Topic," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics.
24.

OHSS, "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook.

25.

OHSS, "State Immigration Statistics," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/state-immigration-data/state-immigration-statistics.
26.

OHSS, "Immigration," https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration. See the Immigration, Lawful Permanent Residents, Refugees, Asylees, Naturalizations, and Nonimmigrant Admissions (Temporary Visitors) topics.

27.

International Organization for Migration, "Migration Data Portal," https://www.migrationdataportal.org.

28.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), "National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG)," https://ncses.nsf.gov/surveys/national-survey-college-graduates.

29.

NCSES, "Table 5-5. Employed Foreign-Born College Graduates, by Broad Degree Field, Place of Birth, and Broad Occupation: 2023," https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf25322/table/5-5.

30.

Center for Immigration Studies, https://cis.org.

31.

Center for Migration Studies, https://cmsny.org.

32.

George Mason University, Institute for Immigration Research, https://iir.gmu.edu.

33.

Migration Policy Institute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org.

34.

Pew Research Center, "Immigration and Migration," https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/immigration-migration.

35.

Urban Institute, "Immigration," https://www.urban.org/expertise/immigration.