Contents

• Introduction
• What Is the DRF Used For?
• DRF Structure
• Major Disasters Category
• DRF Base Category
• DRF Appropriations
• Historical Appropriations Levels
• Continuing Resolutions
• Obligations and Balances
• When the DRF Runs Low
• FY2017
• FY2023-FY2024
• The Projected DRF Shortfall in FY2025

Introduction

The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) is one of the most-tracked single accounts funded by Congress each year. It is the primary source of funding for the federal government's domestic general disaster relief programs.

The DRF frequently receives appropriations in excess of the annually requested level through annual and supplemental appropriations due to changing disaster needs. Even so, at the beginning of each fiscal year since 2023, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has projected that the available resources in the DRF would be inadequate to pay the year's major disaster costs.

This report summarizes

• what the DRF is used for, and how its structure reflects its use;
• how the DRF is typically funded (through annual and supplemental appropriations);
• the DRF's recent funding history; and
• why the DRF remains reliant on supplemental appropriations even when its budget request is met or exceeded, as has occurred each year since FY2023.

More detailed history of and policy discussion on the DRF can be found in CRS Report R45484, The Disaster Relief Fund: Overview and Issues.

What Is the DRF Used For?

The DRF funds disaster-related activity authorized pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (Stafford Act; 42 U.S.C. §§5121 et seq.). It pays for several key disaster response, recovery, and mitigation programs that provide assistance to communities impacted by presidentially-declared emergencies and major disasters.¹

The DRF does not fund all federal disaster assistance. Many federal agencies other than FEMA have specific authorities and resources to support certain disaster response and recovery efforts (such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Small Business Administration). However, the DRF does provide most of the federal government's support for immediate disaster response. This is done through FEMA's own capabilities, and through the mission assignment process, whereby FEMA reimburses agencies it calls into action that do not have independent authority or funding for disaster recovery operations.²

DRF Structure

Since 2012, the DRF essentially has been split into two categories of funds: "major disasters," and the DRF "base."

Major Disasters Category

The DRF "major disasters" category is for costs pursuant to individual presidentially-declared major disasters.

This category funds several different Stafford Act programs identified by FEMA as "Direct Disaster Programs":

• Individual Assistance (IA);³
• Public Assistance (PA);⁴ and
• Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP).⁵

Through the Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018,⁶ Congress also created a set-aside within the major disasters category for pre-disaster mitigation grants. FEMA used this set-aside funding for a new program, which they called the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grant program.⁷ On April 4, 2025, FEMA announced that it was "ending" the BRIC program.⁸

The major disasters category has represented more than 95% of DRF obligations (see Figure 1) since FY2014, and more than 98% since FY2020.

DRF Base Category

The smaller category, known as the DRF "base," covers most other Stafford Act-related costs including

• pre-disaster surge activities;
• activity pursuant to federal emergency declarations;
• Fire Management Assistance Grants; and
• Disaster Readiness and Support activities.⁹

Base funding for the DRF cannot be used for the costs of major disasters. Under appropriations law, providing a specific amount for an activity in statute means other resources not specifically designated for that activity cannot be applied to it without specific statutory direction.¹⁰

Figure 1. DRF Obligations FY2016-FY2025

Source: CRS analysis of DRF monthly reports.

DRF Appropriations

The DRF receives an annual appropriation under FEMA within the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act. The DRF appropriation is atypical in that its appropriations do not expire at the end of a given fiscal year, but are available for obligation until expended. Historically, Administrations and Congresses have generally operated on a nonpartisan basis to provide supplemental appropriations to ensure adequate DRF resources are available.

Until 2012, the DRF appropriation was generally a single undifferentiated account. Although there were periodically transfers out for disaster loan programs and oversight, FEMA could exercise a great deal of flexibility in how the appropriation was put to use within the scope of Stafford Act programs. Under the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA),¹¹ Congress made a special accommodation specifically for costs incurred pursuant to Stafford Act major disaster declarations, allowing a limited amount of such congressionally-designated appropriations to not count against discretionary spending limits.¹² Therefore, that spending had to be specifically identified, and the distinction between "major disasters" and the DRF "base" emerged.¹³

The FY2019 DRF appropriation illustrates how the split has been typically implemented:

For necessary expenses in carrying out the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), $12,558,000,000, to remain available until expended…

Provided, That of the amount provided under this heading, $12,000,000,000 shall be for major disasters declared pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) and is designated by the Congress as being for disaster relief pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(D) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985:…

For FY2019, of the $12.558 billion appropriation, $12 billion was specifically designated for the costs of major disasters. No language in the bill affirmatively defined $558 million as funding for the DRF base. Instead, the base is defined by the lack of that specific purpose: it is for necessary expenses under the Stafford Act except for those created by presidentially-declared major disasters.

Most public discussion about "the DRF running out of money" is not about the whole DRF: it is discussion about depletion of the unobligated balance of the major disasters category of funding within the DRF—not including the BRIC set-aside. While it is possible for the DRF base to be depleted as well, this tends to draw less public attention.

Historical Appropriations Levels

Often, the annual appropriations request for the DRF covers only a portion of what is actually needed. The DRF budget justification notes, and has noted for many years, that in the event of a disaster resulting in more than $500 million in spending from the DRF (termed by FEMA as a "catastrophic disaster"), supplemental appropriations would be needed to fund response and recovery. The costs of new events of that scale are not otherwise included in FEMA's formula for developing the annual budget request.¹⁴

As Figure 2 indicates, while the DRF may be consistently funded through annual appropriations, the majority of its resources have flowed through the supplemental appropriations process.

Figure 2. DRF Appropriations, FY1985-FY2025

Source: CRS analysis of appropriations legislation. Does not show the impacts of rescissions, transfers, or reprogrammings.

As noted above, the BCA created a limited adjustment to discretionary spending limits specifically to accommodate the costs of major disasters. This "allowable adjustment" for disaster relief was first used for FY2012 supplemental appropriations, and first was implemented in the annual appropriations process for FY2013. That implementation allowed annual appropriations to cover a much larger proportion of actual DRF spending than before.¹⁵ While a handful of other disaster-related appropriations have periodically used the disaster-related flexibility, the DRF has exercised more than 95% of the available disaster relief adjustment since its inception.¹⁶

Continuing Resolutions

If annual appropriations for the coming fiscal year are not enacted prior to the end of the current fiscal year, Congress typically passes an interim continuing resolution (CR) to provide temporary budget authority so that federal government agencies can continue to operate until annual appropriations are finalized. This temporary funding is provided at a rate for operations, which is usually based on the prior year annual appropriation (with some adjustments or exceptions), and is usually provided for a limited period of time. In most cases, when an interim CR is in place for an agency, budget authority is gradually apportioned to it, as the final level of annual appropriations has not yet been set. Spending too large a proportion of an as-yet determined annual budget early on may create challenges later in the fiscal year. This is because the temporary budget authority of the interim CR will ultimately be replaced by the budget authority provided through the completion of the annual appropriations process, and sometimes supplemental appropriations.¹⁷

Since FY2018, every interim continuing resolution that has funded the Department of Homeland Security has included a provision that allows the temporary budget authority for the DRF to "be apportioned at a rate for operations necessary to carry out response and recovery activities under the Stafford Act."¹⁸ This anomaly ensures that budget authority would be available as needed, rather than being slowly apportioned like typical interim continuing appropriations.

For FY2026, appropriations have lapsed twice. During the initial lapse, FEMA obligated $879 million from the DRF. After a CR was passed, $4.39 billion in obligations were made from the end of the first lapse in mid-November until the end of January 2026.¹⁹ The former obligations counted against the carryover balances in the DRF, while the latter counted against the resources provided under the CR. This helped preserve an available balance in the DRF of $9.29 billion as of the end of January 2026.²⁰

Obligations and Balances

Below, Figure 3 shows the year-ending level of obligations and unobligated balance in the major disasters portion of the DRF. Yellow bars indicate obligations for COVID-19 disaster declarations, blue bars indicate obligations for all other disasters. The orange line represents the unobligated balance in the major disasters portion of the DRF. All data is based on the end of the fiscal year.

Figure 3. DRF (Major Disasters) Unobligated Balances and Obligations, Showing COVID-19 Obligations, FY2013-FY2026 (part year) (nominal budget authority, as recorded at the end of the fiscal year)

Source: CRS analysis of FEMA monthly DRF reports. Full-year data available in Table A-1. Notes: As "obligated" is not an end-state for budget authority, obligated funding levels rise and fall for a variety of reasons. This figure depicts snapshots in time of how things stood after closeout of the financial records for each fiscal year, as reflected in Appendix A of FEMA's monthly reports on DRF activity. FY20 includes roughly $42 billion in obligations from the DRF for the Lost Wages Initiative, which provided grants to states from the DRF to support additional unemployment assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Starting in FY2020, the high levels of total obligations relative to unobligated balances in five of six years suggested that DRF appropriations were struggling to keep pace with the costs incurred by current disaster activity. These costs include disaster response, long-term recovery, and mitigation programs.

The year-end unobligated balances remaining in the DRF after FY2017, FY2023, and FY2024 were the result of FEMA restricting obligations for long-term recovery and mitigation projects to preserve resources for immediate response needs, as explained in "immediate needs funding" (INF) guidance.²¹ Maintaining regular operations of existing programs while ensuring adequate resources are available for responses to unexpected events would have required a higher level of appropriations in those years.

While FEMA reported delays in obligations due to project reviews, and noted at the end of FY2025 that it had shifted more than $10 billion in obligations into FY2026, it did not announce the implementation of INF restrictions at any point during FY2025. On February 22, 2026, DHS announced that it would implement restrictions on Stafford Act activities to preserve unobligated DRF balances during the ongoing lapse in annual appropriations.²² The publicly-reported unobligated balance available in the DRF for major disasters at the beginning of February was roughly $9.3 billion: significantly higher than the level at which INF restrictions had been put in place in the past.²³ This amount also exceeded the unobligated balance available for the costs of major disasters in the DRF when the initial FY2026 lapse in appropriations began in October.²⁴ During the initial 42-day funding gap in the fall and the ensuing two-day funding gap at the beginning of February, FEMA did not announce the implementation of immediate needs funding or any other restriction on DRF-funded activities.

When the DRF Runs Low

Stafford Act programs have been somewhat protected from the effects of lapses in appropriations because carryover balances in the DRF have been available to fund continued operations. However, this is not always the case, and at several points in recent years the unobligated balance in the DRF has fallen to levels that risked impacting disaster response operations. When this occurs, FEMA implements "Immediate Needs Funding" (INF) restrictions, which allow FEMA to limit obligation of funds from the DRF to "life-safety and life sustaining efforts," prioritizing them over long-term recovery and mitigation efforts.

In 2023 and 2024, FEMA indicated that under INF, it would pause new Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation obligations that are not essential for lifesaving and life-sustaining activities. It further indicated that it would continue

Individual Assistance payments directly to survivors for critical needs and housing;

Public Assistance for states, tribes and territories essential for lifesaving and life-sustaining activities;

State management costs;

Mission assignments of federal partners for critical response activities;

Fire Management Assistance grants; and

Essential ongoing disaster operations, including salaries of FEMA field staff (Stafford Act employees).²⁵

In the first decade of the 21^st century, implementations of INF restrictions were frequent: INF restrictions were put in place each year from 2003 through 2006, as well as each year from 2009 through 2011.²⁶ After FY2011, when the DRF came close to depletion, FEMA changed the internal processes of DRF obligations in order to maintain unobligated balances longer over the course of regular operations.²⁷

FY2017

Immediate Needs Funding restrictions were put in place again in August 2017, when Hurricane Harvey hit Texas, and Hurricane Irma was anticipated to strike U.S. interests. FEMA initiated these restrictions on August 28, 2017, as the unobligated balance in the DRF fell below $2.8 billion in the middle of responses to multiple major disasters. FEMA later lifted the INF restrictions on October 2, 2017, when the DRF was replenished by the release of additional temporary budget authority pursuant to a continuing resolution²⁸ and a $7.4 billion supplemental appropriation²⁹ enacted in a consolidated measure on September 8, 2017.

FY2023-FY2024

On August 29, 2023, FEMA announced the implementation of INF restrictions, noting that while FEMA "had intended to provide ten full days [sic] notice, the current disaster environment with a major fire and multiple hurricanes make it necessary to implement INF immediately."³⁰ The unobligated balance in the DRF was $3.4 billion that morning.

On October 2, 2023, after enactment of a continuing resolution³¹ that provided up to $19.95 billion in temporary budget authority for the DRF through November 17, 2023, and a $16 billion supplemental appropriation ($15.50 billion for the costs of major disasters, and $500 million for the DRF base),³² FEMA announced the lifting of the INF restriction.³³ The INF restrictions pushed roughly $8 billion in obligations for long-term recovery and mitigation projects from FY2023 into FY2024.³⁴

Once the annual level of FY2024 DRF appropriations was set in March 2024, FEMA reported a projected shortfall of nearly $7.4 billion for the DRF major disasters subaccount, with the subaccount being depleted in August 2024.³⁵ On August 7, 2024, FEMA again announced the implementation of INF restrictions.³⁶ With the enactment of a continuing resolution (CR) on September 26, 2024, $20.261 billion in temporary budget authority became available on October 1, and the restrictions were lifted.³⁷ Implementation of INF restrictions for that 55-day period had delayed roughly $9.5 billion in obligations, allowing FEMA to meet the immediate needs stemming from major disasters through the end of the fiscal year, and carry over $2.03 billion into FY2025.³⁸

The Projected DRF Shortfall in FY2025

As a result, on October 1, 2024, the major disaster portion of the DRF had $22.25 billion in unobligated balances available for the costs of major disasters. However, these resources dwindled to $3.61 billion by the end of November 2025.³⁹ When the August INF restrictions were lifted, the delayed recovery and mitigation projects proceeded with their obligations. Hurricanes Helene (which had struck in late September) and Milton (early October) were also drawing on the DRF for response and recovery resources. FEMA projected in early November that unless additional resources were provided, or INF restrictions reimplemented, the major disasters portion of the DRF would be exhausted in January.⁴⁰ This potential shortfall anticipated more than $57 billion in obligations over the course of the fiscal year.

On November 18, 2024, the Biden Administration requested $40 billion in supplemental appropriations for the DRF, as part of a nearly $100 billion supplemental appropriations request for a variety of unmet needs.⁴¹ As a part of a consolidated appropriations measure responding to this request and an extension of the existing CR through March 14, 2025 (The American Relief Act, 2025; P.L. 118-158), a supplemental appropriation of $29 billion was provided for the DRF, with $28 billion being specifically for the costs of major disasters.⁴²

As a result of this additional funding, FEMA projected in January 2025 that the exhaustion of the major disasters portion of the DRF would be delayed until early July 2025.⁴³

P.L. 119-4, the year-long CR that resolved the annual discretionary appropriations for the federal government for FY2025, contained $22.51 billion for the DRF, $118 million more than had been requested in annual appropriations by the Biden Administration. This replaced the $20.6 billion in interim budget authority provided by the CR in P.L. 118-83, and was a $2.25 billion increase from the original CR baseline. FEMA had released its latest projections for DRF spend-down the week the bill was under consideration by Congress: even with the additional resources added to FEMA's projections, the major disasters portion of the DRF was expected to be depleted in June 2025, unless INF restrictions were again put in place.⁴⁴

Over the course of the remainder of FY2025, two factors prevented this expectation from becoming reality: delays in obligations into the next fiscal year, and higher than projected deobligations of prior-year funds.

Delays in Obligations

The original projection for DRF obligations for the costs of major disasters in FY2025—once cost estimates were available for hurricanes Helene and Milton were available—was $65.76 billion.⁴⁵ This rose to $70.31 billion at the end of February 2025, once estimates were provided for wildfires in California.⁴⁶ However, the last report of FY2025 indicated $51.94 billion in obligations had been made over the course of the year.⁴⁷ More than half of the net reduction resulted from $10.90 billion in COVID-19 pandemic relief obligations being "shifted to fiscal year 2026." Of the 31 other open catastrophic disasters at the end of FY2026, the descriptions of 22 indicated that obligations or projects had been similarly shifted, and 16 indicated reductions in obligations during FY2025 due to "review delays."⁴⁸

Recovery/Deobligation of Prior Year Funds

It is not unusual for a certain amount of funds obligated from the DRF to be "recovered," or deobligated, prior to being disbursed. Estimates of these recoveries are calculated into the appropriations request each fiscal year. Recovered resources are returned to their original subaccount of the DRF—either the major disasters portion or the base—and remain available for use. FEMA's original projection for DRF recoveries from obligations for the costs of major disasters in FY2025 was $4.00 billion.⁴⁹ This rose to $5.00 billion at the end of February 2025, once estimates were provided for wildfires in California.⁵⁰ However, the last report of FY2025 indicated $8.17 billion in deobligations had been made over the course of the year.⁵¹

Appendix. Data Tables

This table provides the data behind Figure 3.

Footnotes

1.	For more details on disaster declarations, see CRS Report R41981, Congressional Primer on Responding to and Recovering from Major Disasters and Emergencies, by Elizabeth M. Webster and Bruce R. Lindsay.
2.	For details on how this process, known as "mission assignments," works, see https://www.fema.gov/partnerships/mission-assignments.
3.	For more detail, see CRS In Focus IF11298, A Brief Overview of FEMA's Individual Assistance Program, by Elizabeth M. Webster.
4.	For more detail, see CRS In Focus IF11529, A Brief Overview of FEMA's Public Assistance Program, by Erica A. Lee.
5.	For more detail, see CRS Insight IN12609, FEMA's Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC): Recent Developments, by Diane P. Horn; and CRS Insight IN12642, Funding for FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance in 2025, by Diane P. Horn.
6.	Section 1234 of the Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-254, Division D).
7.	While the funding is "set aside" for the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grant program, it remains available for broader use for other activities within the major disasters category in the event the DRF runs low on budget authority. For more information on the BRIC program, see CRS Insight IN11515, FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation: The Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) Program, by Diane P. Horn.
8.	FEMA, "FEMA Ends Wasteful, Politicized Grant Program, Returning Agency to Core Mission of Helping Americans Recovering from Natural Disasters," press release HQ-25-40, April 4, 2025. For additional information on the status of the program, see CRS Insight IN12609, FEMA's Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC): Recent Developments, by Diane P. Horn.
9.	Disaster Readiness and Support is a fund within the base that "allows FEMA to provide timely disaster response, responsive customer service, and cost-effective program oversight and delivery," according to budget justification documents. It includes salaries for Stafford Act program staff when not deployed to a specific disaster, their training and equipment, support contracts, facilities and stockpiling and maintaining prepositioned disaster assets and commodities. (FEMA, Fiscal Year 2025 Congressional Justification, p. FEMA-DRF-28)
10.	See "Augmentation of Appropriations," in Government Accountability Office, Principles of Appropriations Law (aka the "Red Book"), Third Edition, Volume II, pp. 6-162 et seq., https://www.gao.gov/legal/appropriations-law/red-book.
11.	P.L. 112-25.
12.	For more detail, see CRS Report R45778, Exceptions to the Budget Control Act's Discretionary Spending Limits, by Megan S. Lynch; and CRS In Focus IF10720, Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment, by William L. Painter.
13.	Previously, disaster appropriations were exempted from spending limits by a broader exception for emergency needs. This was usually applied to supplemental appropriations.
14.	See, for example, FEMA, "Disaster Relief Fund: Fiscal Year 2019 Funding Requirements," Fiscal Year 2018 Report to Congress, p. 4, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/disaster-relief-funding-requirements_fy-2019.pdf.
15.	For the underlying analysis, see CRS Report R45484, The Disaster Relief Fund: Overview and Issues, by William L. Painter.
16.	See CRS In Focus IF10720, Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment, by William L. Painter.
17.	Such completion may take the form of an enacted annual appropriations bill, or a continuing resolution stretching through the end of the fiscal year.
18.	Most recently, P.L. 118-15, Division A, Section 128.
19.	For details of the FY2026 appropriations process for DHS, see CRS Report R48874, Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2026 State of Play, by William L. Painter .
20.	This other available funding comprised $8.264 billion in carryover balances and $1.949 billion in deobligated prior-year funds. Carryover balances do not include $5.08 billion in DRF predisaster mitigation funds. FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of January 31, 2026, February 20, 2026, p. 4.
21.	For more information on how the process has worked in the past, see "When the DRF Runs Low," below.
22.	The restrictions announced exceeded previously implemented INF restrictions. Department of Homeland Security, "1 Week into Democrats' Shutdown, DHS Implements Emergency Measures to Conserve Resources and Manpower Impacting Travelers and FEMA Responses to Non-Disaster Areas," press release, February 22, 2026.
23.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of January 31, 2026, February 20, 2026, p. 4.
24.	$8.4 billion, per FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of October 31, 2026, November 23, 2026, p. 4.
25.	FEMA, "Immediate Needs Funding Fact Sheet," Office of External Affairs email attachment, August 29, 2023. According to FEMA, "The implementation of INF does not impact or change the delivery of IA [Individual Assistance] programs authorized by the Stafford Act. Assistance authorized under the Individuals and Households Program, Disaster Case Management Program, Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program, Disaster Unemployment Assistance, and Disaster Legal Services will remain available" (email from FEMA Congressional Affairs Division to CRS, September 1, 2023).
26.	FEMA, "Immediate Needs Funding Fact Sheet," Office of External Affairs email attachment, August 29, 2023.
27.	This reformed approach, known as Strategic Funds Management, obligates certain recovery projects costing more than $1 million on a rolling basis. For details, see FEMA, "Recovery Standard Operating Procedure 9570.24: Strategic Funds Management—Implementation Procedures for the Public Assistance Program," December 21, 2012, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_9570.24_startegic-funds-mgmt_SOP_12-21-2012.pdf.
28.	P.L. 115-56, Division D, §129.
29.	P.L. 115-56, Division B.
30.	FEMA, "FEMA Advisory: FEMA Announces Implementation of Immediate Needs Funding," Office of External Affairs email, August 29, 2003.
31.	P.L. 118-15.
32.	P.L. 118-15, §129.
33.	FEMA, "Continuing Resolution Allows FEMA to Lift Restrictions on Disaster Relief Funding," October 3, 2023, press release (FEMA Release Number HQ-23-205), https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20231003/continuing-resolution-allows-fema-lift-restrictions-disaster-relief-funding.
34.	CRS analysis of FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of September 30, 2023, October 10, 2023, Appendix F.
35.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of March 31, 2024, April 9, 2024, p. 4.
36.	FEMA, "FEMA Announces Implementation of Immediate Needs Funding," FEMA Advisory, August 7, 2024, https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/USDHSFEMA/2023/08/29/file_attachments/2597953/FEMA%20Advisory%20FEMA%20Announces%20Implementation%20of%20Immediate%20Needs%20Funding%2020230829.pdf.
37.	The Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (CR; P.L. 118-83) and the associated temporary budget authority will expire on December 20, 2024. For more details on the CR and its provisions, see CRS Report R48214, Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2025 (Division A of P.L. 118-83), by Drew C. Aherne.
38.	CRS analysis of DRF monthly reports, and FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund Monthly Report as of November 30, 2024, p. 4.
39.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of October 31, 2024, November 15, 2024, p. 4; FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of November 30, 2024, December 9, 2024, p. 4.
40.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of October 31, 2024, November 15, 2024, p. 15.
41.	Letter from President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. to The Honorable Michael Johnson, Speaker of the House, November 18, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Letter-regarding-critical-disaster-funding-needs.pdf.
42.	P.L. 118-158, Division B, Title IV. $4 million of that amount is to be transferred to the DHS Office of Inspector General for oversight.
43.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of December 31, 2024, January 10, 2025, p. 15.
44.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of February 28, 2025, March 12, 2025, p. 15. The additional funds provided in the new CR did not exceed the $3.69 billion shortfall anticipated for June 2025.
45.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of November 30, 2024, December 9, 2024, p. 4.
46.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of October 31, 2024, November 15, 2024, p. 4.
47.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of September 31, 2025, October 22, 2025, p. 4.
48.	Ibid., pp. 16-19.
49.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of November 30, 2024, December 9, 2024, p. 4.
50.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of October 31, 2024, November 15, 2024, p. 4.
51.	FEMA, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of September 31, 2025, October 22, 2025, p. 4.