For many people looking to experience the country's federal lands and waters, their trip begins with a visit to Recreation.gov. Recreation.gov is a cloud-based website that offers federal recreation information, trip planning services, and reservation booking to the public for roughly 4,000 federal recreation sites and more than 120,000 campsites located at national parks, forests, wildlife refuges, waterways, and other locations. Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (BAH), the current contractor, operates the website and reservation system in partnership with federal agencies.
Background and History
Public reservation systems for federal lands and waters have been in place since at least the early 1970s as a means to manage visitation and facilitate recreational use of these lands. Until the 1990s, federal agencies offering reservation services generally did so independently, with little coordination. In 1995, the U.S. Forest Service (FS) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) led the first interagency reservation initiative, known as the National Recreation Reservation Service (NRRS). In 1997, Park.net Inc. (later renamed ReserveAmerica Inc.) was awarded the contract to develop and operate the NRRS. In 1999, Park.net launched ReserveUSA.com—the first website offering online reservations and ticket sales for federal lands and waters.
Further efforts to consolidate and streamline federal recreation data and user experience began under the George W. Bush Administration and continue today. In 2002, the Recreation One Stop (R1S) program was established as part of President Bush's E-Government initiative. R1S refers to a multipronged, interagency program that oversees federal recreation reservation and trip planning services. It includes online booking services (i.e., Recreation.gov), administration of a joint federal recreation database (known as the Recreation Information Database [RIDB]), and a Technology Innovation Fund to allow for responsiveness to rapidly evolving technologies. As part of the R1S program, additional federal agencies joined the FS and USACE contract and consolidated their reservation and booking systems into one centralized online system. By 2007, this booking system had been rebranded as Recreation.gov.
Current Structure and Administration
In 2016, FS awarded a multiyear contract for management of Recreation.gov to BAH, following a competitive selection process. Pursuant to the contract, BAH is responsible for hosting, operating, and maintaining the Recreation.gov system in partnership with the participating agencies. This includes the aggregation, storage, and maintenance of transaction data, as well as customer and technical support responsibilities. The federal government owns and is responsible for providing recreation data from the RIDB, including facility types, mapping coordinates, and maximum occupancy details. The RIDB contains data from 14 participating government agencies (see Table 1).
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Agencies Offering Reservations |
Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, National Archives and Records Administration, National Park Service, Naval District Washington, Presidio Trust, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service |
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Agencies Sharing Data |
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Federal Highway Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Smithsonian Institution, Tennessee Valley Authority |
Source: CRS, Recreation.gov, "About Us," https://www.recreation.gov/about-us, February 20, 2025.
The FS administers the contract for Recreation.gov. Pursuant to a 2018 memorandum of understanding, the participating agencies fund the operational costs associated with the R1S program. Each participating agency covers agency-specific operational support costs. Joint costs associated with program staff salaries, supplies, travel expenses, and preparation of contracts and agreements are determined by an annual budget review and are split equally between FS, the National Park Service (NPS), and USACE, the three agencies with the largest shares of facilities and services managed through Recreation.gov.
Revenues from Recreation.gov—which include entrance, special use, recreation, and reservation fees charged to the customer—flow to the contractor (BAH), the participating federal agencies, and others in accordance with applicable underlying authorities, contracts, and agreements. Revenues are deposited into a U.S. Treasury account managed by FS through the R1S finance operations center. Disbursements are made on a monthly basis to participating agencies, concessioners, and BAH. Agencies may elect to have funds withheld from their monthly distributions to cover certain operational costs for the R1S program. Alternatively, agencies may transfer funds to FS to cover costs.
Usage and Revenue
Visitation to and use of Recreation.gov has generally increased in recent years. Based on RIDB data, roughly 9 million reservations were processed through Recreation.gov in FY2023, up from 3.5 million in FY2019 and 2.6 million in FY2013 (see Figure 2). FS has reported slightly higher (10 million) FY2023 figures, which includes non-reservation transactions for digital site passes and items purchased through point-of-sale devices. According to BAH, from October 1, 2018, to December 31, 2023, Recreation.gov received more than 1.2 billion visits in total.
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Figure 1. Recreation.gov Reservations: FY2014-FY2023 |
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Source: CRS, using "RIDB/Recreation.gov Historical Reservation Data," at https://ridb.recreation.gov/download. Notes: Figures are based on unique "HistoricalReservationID" attribute counts for each year. Figures for FY2019-FY2023 were reported by BAH. Figures for FY2014-FY2018 were reported by the previous contractor and may reflect different data methods. |
Public information on revenue generated through Recreation.gov is limited. Figure 2 shows gross revenue from Recreation.gov across five of the participating agencies (Bureau of Land Management [BLM], Bureau of Reclamation [BOR], U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [FWS], FS, and NPS) from FY2015 to FY2023. Gross revenue includes fees remitted to the Recreation.gov contractor and net revenue taken in by the five agencies.
Issues for Congress
As concerns regarding overcrowding of federal recreation sites have increased, some land managers have turned to Recreation.gov to help alleviate and manage crowd sizes. For example, federal land managers may opt to impose timed-entry, advance ticket, or lottery systems for access to certain lands and waters as a means to limit crowds and protect resources at risk for degradation. In such scenarios, consumers may be required to acquire a ticket or permit through Recreation.gov in advance of their visit to ensure access. Some stakeholders contend that the reservation and lottery systems implemented through the website are key to protecting the resources and improving the visitor experience. Others have raised concerns that the website can make accessing public lands and waters difficult, as certain popular destinations can be booked months in advance or within moments of being posted on Recreation.gov. In 2024, a new notification system that allows users to receive alerts about certain campground, tour, or hiking permits became available. The degree to which this feature may address these issues is not yet clear.
Some Members and stakeholders have raised concerns regarding third-party service fees associated with Recreation.gov. The contract between FS and BAH specifies that BAH is paid a fixed line-item fee for its services on a per-reservation basis. According to FS, these fees are remitted monthly to BAH on behalf of each participating agency and in accordance with agency-specific laws and regulations. Questions have arisen regarding how agencies assess and charge such fees to the public. In March 2022, a District Court in Nevada found that a $2 processing fee charged to access Red Rock Canyon was improperly assessed and violated the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (FLREA; 16 U.S.C. §§6801-6814). Specifically, the ruling found that the processing fee constituted a recreation fee under FLREA and therefore was subject to that law's public participation requirements (Kotab v. Bureau of Land Management, 595 F. Supp. 3d 947 D. Nev. 2022). In response to the ruling, BLM went through a public comment period and established a revised fee structure. Some Members of Congress continue to seek clarification as to how processing fees are set and whether—or in what manner—existing law allows for such fees to be assessed.
Concerns regarding limited availability of Recreation.gov permits and tickets, combined with the assessment of processing and other fees, also have led some lawmakers to question whether Recreation.gov adequately meets user needs. In particular, some lawmakers have raised questions as to whether Recreation.gov increases gaps in access to federal lands and waters among racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. In the 118th Congress, the Review and Evaluation of Strategies for Equal Reservations for Visitor Experiences (RESERVE) Federal Land Act (S. 4451) passed the Senate and would have directed the National Academy of Sciences to study reservation systems across federal lands—in particular, Recreation.gov. The proposed study covered reservation system design, system user demographics, and data availability and accessibility.