Contents

• Introduction
• Agency Overview
• EDA Mission and Origins
• Precursors to PWEDA and EDA Programs Since 1965
• EDA Structure
• EDA Regional Offices
• EDA Staff Levels
• Economic Development Districts (EDDs)
• Investment Priorities, FY2011-Present
• Economic Development Integration (EDI) Role
• Disaster Economic Recovery Role
• Office of Disaster Recovery and Resilience (ODRR)
• EDA Performance Metrics
• EDA Grant Programs
• How to Apply
• Select Grant Requirements
• Select Grant Requirements—Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance Programs
• Persistent Poverty and Distressed, Small, Rural and Underserved Areas—Funding and Technical Assistance
• Tribal Economic Development
• Office of Tribal Economic Development (OTED)
• Regional Innovation Programs
• EDA Appropriations, FY2011-FY2025
• Assistance to Energy Transition Communities
• FY2024 and FY2025 Appropriations
• Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, P.L. 118-42
• Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4)
• Supplemental Appropriations
• Disaster Economic Recovery Assistance, FY2011-FY2025
• COVID-19 Economic Recovery Assistance, FY2020-FY2021
• Other Supplemental Appropriations, FY2023
• FY2026 Funding Request
• Inspector General Oversight
• EDA Reauthorization
• Policy Considerations
• Preparing for Future Industries and EDA's Role in Federal Innovation Policy
• EDA's Workforce
• Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF)
• Concluding Remarks

Summary

The Economic Development Administration (EDA), a bureau of the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), is the only federal agency with economic development as its sole mission. The agency was established pursuant to the enactment of the Public Works and Economic Development Act (PWEDA) of 1965 (42 U.S.C. §§3121 et seq.) to assist state and local stakeholders with developing the conditions and amenities to grow businesses, create jobs, and expand investment in economically distressed areas. Changing industry dynamics, global competition, technological developments, and other events, conditions, and priorities have shifted EDA's programs and priorities over time. During the agency's first 30 years, its programs focused on industrial growth and emphasized public works, roads, and infrastructure. Since then, Congress has supported an expanded portfolio of EDA programs to also advance existing and emerging industry clusters, develop human capital, strengthen supply chains, expand access to capital, build new types of infrastructure, and implement regional innovation and technology strategies. Additionally, EDA has also taken on new roles in developing state and local capacity, resiliency, disaster and economic recovery, as well as economic development integration across federal agencies.

Today, EDA administers multiple programs that fund a range of construction and non-construction activities in both urban and rural areas—primarily through competitive processes that solicit community-directed proposals aligned with the agency's investment priorities. EDA administers both flexible and targeted programs focused on innovation, technical assistance, and support for long-term, regional economic development planning.

Congress approves annual appropriations for EDA programs as well as administration expenses, and occasionally approves supplemental appropriations for economic recovery purposes. Between FY2011 and FY2025, EDA's annual appropriations (not including supplemental appropriations) averaged approximately $326 million. Annual appropriations decreased each year between FY2011 and FY2013, and then increased each year between FY2014 and FY2023. In FY2024, the agency received $468 million in annual appropriations—a decrease of $30 million (or 6%) from the annual appropriations provided in FY2023 (excluding supplemental appropriations). However, in FY2025, Congress approved $1.98 billion (including supplemental appropriations) for the agency's programs and administration—an increase of $1.51 billion (or 323%) from the FY2024 funding levels. The Trump Administration proposed to eliminate the EDA in the FY2026 discretionary funding request.

In January 2025, the Economic Development Reauthorization Act (EDRA) of 2024 (P.L. 118-272) reauthorized the EDA. EDRA revised existing authorities, codified new and existing roles, expanded criteria for existing programs, and changed program and administrative requirements. Although EDRA implementation may not be complete as of the date of publication, EDA has initiated activities associated with several new programs authorized by the legislation. Prior to 2025, Congress last amended and extended EDA authorities in 2004.

Congress may wish to consider policies to change, expand, or focus the distribution of the agency's funding and related program requirements. Congress may also seek to adjust the overall role and authority of EDA and its programs in the context of changing economic conditions, specific industry trends, innovation, and disaster economic recovery and resiliency funding. Congress may consider the role of broad-based and/or targeted approaches to the allocation of economic development resources. For instance, Congress has approved appropriations to address coal-impacted and nuclear closure communities as well as demands for a STEM-capable workforce and innovation-ready regions. Congress may consider reviewing the implementation, interagency coordination, and outcomes of new programs as well as the staffing resources required for such programs. For instance, in FY2023 Congress authorized two new regional programs, which received over $600 million in their first round of appropriations (i.e., the Recompete Pilot and the Tech Hubs programs), and Congress may want to conduct oversight on how those programs are implemented. Congress may also seek to conduct oversight on the implementation of reauthorization legislation.

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Introduction

The Economic Development Administration (EDA), a bureau of the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), provides financial and technical assistance to support locally driven, regionally oriented economic development strategies. The definitions of economic development and the local scope of practice have changed in response to shifts in regional and global economies, advances in technology, and other conditions and circumstances. EDA's programs, roles, and investment priorities have also shifted since the agency was created over 60 years ago. EDA's programs continue to include support for infrastructure, public works, and distressed areas, but now also include strategies focused on entrepreneurship, innovation, disaster recovery, and facilitating state and local economic development capacity.² In addition to administering and monitoring grant programs, EDA's roles have expanded to include research, technical assistance, and economic development integration across agencies, among others.

Congress approves appropriations for EDA annually and directs the agency to allocate funding to most EDA programs. Congress occasionally approves supplemental funding as well (see Figure 6). Supplemental funding in recent years has supported select innovation and economic recovery assistance programs following selected natural disasters and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Supplemental appropriations are generally administered through one of the agency's most flexible programs, the Economic Adjustment Assistance (EAA) program.

In addition to providing appropriations, Congress performs oversight and conducts hearings on EDA programs and administration. Recent hearings regarding the EDA have addressed agency capacity, grant allocations, grant requirements, disaster recovery, and reauthorization of appropriations for programs established by the Public Works and Economic Development Act (PWEDA) of 1965 (42 U.S.C. §§3121 et seq.), among other matters (see Table C-2 for a list of hearings in the 117^th and 118^th Congresses).

This report provides a broad overview of the EDA with a focus on its programs and appropriations history since FY2011. Following an abbreviated history of the agency, the report discusses investment priorities, structure, and performance metrics, and outlines the programs that assist with state and local activities. The report includes an analysis of recent appropriations (see Figure 3), including disaster and economic recovery assistance (see Figure 6), and concludes with considerations for policymakers. For more information on the statutory history of the agency, see CRS Report R41241, Economic Development Administration: A Review of Elements of Its Statutory History, by Julie M. Lawhorn. The EDA's Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF) program is outside the scope of this report. For more information on TAAF, see CRS In Focus IF12430, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, by Kyla H. Kitamura.

Agency Overview

EDA programs support the development of capacity for communities to address the conditions, circumstances, and opportunities that are unique to their region. Some EDA programs (e.g., Public Works and EAA, among others) prioritize areas experiencing economic distress. The programs are generally flexible and support economic adjustment, economic resiliency, infrastructure, workforce, disaster economic recovery, innovation, planning, technical assistance, and related activities. In allocating most of its economic development assistance program funds, EDA solicits competitive proposals to align with the agency's program goals and its five investment priorities (see "Investment Priorities, FY2011-Present" below).

EDA Mission and Origins

The EDA's mission is to "lead the federal economic development agenda by promoting innovation and competitiveness, preparing American regions for growth and success in the worldwide economy."³ It is the only federal agency with economic development as its exclusive mission.⁴ The EDA was created by the Public Works and Economic Development Act (PWEDA) of 1965 (P.L. 89-136, 42 U.S.C. §§3121 et seq.) to support job creation, job retention, and investment in economically distressed areas.⁵ The findings section of PWEDA reflect the origins of the agency's approach to locally driven economic development:

while economic development is an inherently local process, the Federal Government should work in partnership with public and private State, regional, tribal, and local organizations to maximize the impact of existing resources and enable regions, communities, and citizens to participate more fully in the American dream and national prosperity.⁶

The agency continues to describe its approach as working "directly with local economic development officials to support their bottom-up, regionally owned economic development initiatives"⁷ and helping communities "build capacity for economic development based on local business conditions and needs."⁸ For instance, EDA programs generally do not require applicants to specialize in specific industries or strategies, and instead assist with locally developed projects to advance industries or strategies based on a region's particular assets and challenges.

Precursors to PWEDA and EDA Programs Since 1965

EDA programs focused on investments in infrastructure, public works, and basic services in the agency's first thirty years, along with support for planning and technical assistance.⁹ The following milestones highlight precursors to current EDA programs as well as program and investment directions since the 1960s:

• In 1961, prior to the enactment of PWEDA, Congress approved appropriations for a set of loans and public works grants through the Area Redevelopment Act (P.L. 87-27), which established the EDA's predecessor agency, the Area Redevelopment Administration (ARA).¹⁰ ARA programs were smaller in scope and scale compared to later EDA programs, and expired just prior to the enactment of PWEDA. Economic development assistance programs during this time focused on commercial and industrial growth (often through investment in infrastructure and public works, business loans, and planning grants) at the state and local levels.¹¹
• In August 1965, PWEDA (P.L. 89-136) was enacted. PWEDA authorized grant and loan programs that continued support for industrial and commercial growth in economically depressed areas. Prior to PWEDA amendments in the late 1960s, EDA programs focused assistance on rural areas experiencing economic distress. Eligibility criteria for economic distress were later changed by statutory and administrative changes through the 1970s.¹²
• In the 1970s, Congress authorized the EAA and Trade Adjustment Assistance programs.¹³ Congress also began providing appropriations for defense adjustment¹⁴ and disaster recovery through the EAA program.¹⁵
• In the 1980s and 1990s, EDA initiated—and later expanded—the University Center program. The agency also expanded its work on industry or regional clusters,¹⁶ Economic Development Districts (EDDs), and efforts to assist communities with regional economic development plans.¹⁷
• The EDA's disaster economic recovery roles and activities have expanded since the early 1990s when EDA began receiving supplemental appropriations for disaster economic recovery.¹⁸ Since FY2011, Congress has approved $3.4 billion in supplemental funding for economic recovery in response to natural disasters.¹⁹ EDA continues to facilitate economic resilience in advance of disasters, as well as to support communities during the long-term recovery and redevelopment phases, which can take years or decades. During this time, Congress also has supported multiple rounds of disaster recovery and COVID-19 economic recovery assistance. EDA also continues to lead select economic development integration efforts at federal, regional, and local levels and has done so since the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) identified this role for EDA in the mid-2000s.²⁰
• Since the 2000s, Congress has supported various types of policies to promote innovation and to prepare regions for expanded innovation- and technology-based development. Among other innovation-related policies, Congress has authorized programs to promote regional competitive advantages through innovation clusters and similar programs administered by the EDA and other agencies.

As noted in subsequent sections, EDA programs continue to support investments in infrastructure and public works and to assist communities experiencing economic distress.²¹ EDA's activities have shifted to also include programs that address changing industry dynamics, global competition, technological developments, and other events, conditions, and priorities. Programs are available to both urban and rural areas.²²

EDA Structure

EDA locations include a headquarters office in Washington, DC, and six regional offices. EDA's organizational structure includes offices that administer programs at the headquarters and regional levels as well as offices for finance management and external affairs and communications. In recent years, EDA's offices on national programs have included

• The Office of Performance, Research, and National Technical Assistance, which administers research, evaluation, and national technical assistance initiatives.²³
• The Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (OIE), which was established by the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358). OIE facilitates EDA's efforts to "empower communities so that entrepreneurs can launch companies, scale technologies and create the jobs of tomorrow." The OIE administers programs (e.g., the Build to Scale (B2S), STEM Talent Challenge, and other programs), and coordinates inter-agency activities related to innovation, commercialization, and entrepreneurship.²⁴ For instance, OIE leads the National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (NACIE), which was established in 2009 to "encourage the development and implementation of policies that cultivate technology commercialization." NACIE was established by Section 25(c) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, as amended (15 U.S.C. §3720(c)).²⁵
• The Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF), which administers the technical assistance grants that help trade-impacted U.S. firms to become more competitive, expand markets, and increase profitability in partnership with Trade Adjustment Assistance Centers (TAACs) and private consultants.²⁶
• The Office of Economic Development Integration (EDI) and Disaster Recovery, which promotes interagency coordination of resources and economic recovery assistance. EDA leads integration activities designed to enhance collaboration, increase access to resources, and reduce administrative burdens across federal economic development programs across agencies.²⁷ EDA is the lead federal agency for economic recovery support and also administers program funds for state and local entities to plan and implement disaster economic recovery efforts.²⁸

EDA Regional Offices

EDA's regional offices review and process grant applications for economic development assistance; monitor approved projects; and provide outreach and technical assistance services. Figure 1 illustrates the six regions and locations of the regional offices.

Figure 1. EDA Regional Offices

Source: CRS using information from EDA, "Overview," https://www.eda.gov/about.

EDA Staff Levels

EDA staff levels ranged from 160 to 314 on-board employees between 2011 and 2022, and increased to a high of 323 in 2023. In September 2024, EDA had approximately 244 on-board employees.²⁹ Figure 2 presents the number of on-board employees for 2011 to 2024. Table C-1 in the Appendix provides additional on-board employment data since 2011. EDA staffing levels for 2025 are unknown as of the date of publication.

EDA may continue to adjust staffing levels as it implements recent supplemental recovery appropriations and manage related oversight and technical assistance activities.

Supplemental appropriations to EDA in fiscal years 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2023, and 2025 provided a certain percentage (usually 2 or 3%) for the agency's salaries and expenses account. See Figure 4 and Figure 6.

Figure 2. EDA On-Board Employees, 2011-2024

Source: CRS, using data from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, FedScope database, Employment cubes, https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/employment.asp. Note: Each total provides the number of on-board employees as of September each year.

Economic Development Districts (EDDs)

EDDs are multi-jurisdictional entities designated by the EDA that engage with the agency and local partners across multiple EDA programs and activity areas. EDDs generally lead, coordinate, and convene partners for the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) process; assist with project development; and provide outreach, technical assistance, and grant support to applicants and grantees.³⁰ To be designated as an EDD, the entity must have a CEDS and cover "at least one geographical area within the designated service boundaries that meets EDA's regional distress criteria."³¹ According to the EDA, there are approximately 400 EDDs; some regions of the United States are not served by an EDA-designated EDD.³² Most EDD regions do not align with standard, federally defined regions, such as metropolitan statistical areas, and some EDDs cover regions that cross state borders.³³ EDDs may receive financial assistance through Partnership Planning and other programs, and may implement or manage projects. Through the Partnership Planning program, for instance, the median award to EDDs has been approximately $70,000.³⁴

Investment Priorities, FY2011-Present

EDA encourages grant applicants to align their proposals with its investment priorities.³⁵ In 2025, EDRA established EDA investment priorities in statute. In doing so, a Member of Congress remarked that, "Congress is giving EDA clear direction about our priorities."³⁶ Prior to EDRA, the sitting Administration established EDA's investment priorities.

Table 1 lists the investment priorities, as well as the EDA's priorities since FY2011.

Economic Development Integration (EDI) Role

Following a 2011 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on fragmentation and overlap of economic development programs, OMB selected the EDA's proposal for an economic development integration role.³⁹ EDA now leads integration activities across federal economic development programs in an effort to enhance collaboration, increase access to resources, and to reduce administrative burdens. The agency's EDI activities occur at various levels—federal, state, regional, and local—and through various types of partnership and coordination efforts. For instance

• EDA's regional offices work with EDDs to facilitate connections among local, state, and federal contacts and programs—often convening for planning purposes or post-disaster recovery initiatives.⁴⁰ Regional offices have staff identified as regional integrators as well.⁴¹
• EDA headquarters staff and operations support EDI goals through interagency planning and efforts to align administrative requirements.⁴²
• Eligible EDA grant recipients are allowed to combine funding from other agencies and nonfederal sources to facilitate economic development goals because state and local economic development practices are often implemented in connection with other programs.⁴³
• EDA partners with other federal agencies that administer economic development programs, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Department of Labor (DOL), and the Small Business Administration (SBA), among others.⁴⁴

In July 2021, GAO analyzed opportunities for further collaboration among EDA, HUD, and USDA. In its final report, GAO recommended that, in collaboration with HUD, EDA should (1) update its written interagency agreement with HUD on community and economic development planning and (2) monitor its progress toward outcomes of its interagency agreement. At the time of this report the EDA has already taken action to address the first recommendation and partially address the second recommendation. GAO also recommended that USDA review options to expand collaboration between EDA, HUD, and USDA, and this recommendation was considered fully addressed at the time of this report.⁴⁵ GAO noted existing interagency efforts to integrate federal economic development activities, include the Thriving Communities Network and the Rural Partners Network, among other federal interagency initiatives, in its update on the status of report recommendations.⁴⁶

Disaster Economic Recovery Role⁴⁷

EDA is the lead agency in the "Economic Recovery Support Function (ERSF)" under the National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF).⁴⁸ According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), "The NDRF identifies Recovery Support Functions that provide a structure to facilitate problem solving, improve access to resources, and foster coordination among state and federal agencies, tribes, territories, nongovernmental partners and stakeholders."⁴⁹ Within the NDRF, EDA's role is to "facilitate the delivery of federal economic development assistance to support long-term economic recovery planning and project implementation in communities across the nation."⁵⁰ As a convener, EDA may bring together federal, state, and local stakeholders for post-disaster regional resource exchange events. In some post-disaster scenarios, EDA supports or leads efforts to assess regional assets and challenges to facilitate long-term recovery.⁵¹ For instance

• Following Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, EDA's Austin Regional Office collaborated with EDDs, federal agencies (e.g., FEMA, SBA, USDA, Federal Reserve, Department of Transportation), and state and local stakeholders to develop a Recovery Support Strategy (RSS). EDA also led regional workshops in Texas and provided recovery grants to impacted communities.⁵²
• Through its ERSF, EDA deployed to Puerto Rico following Hurricanes Maria and Irma in September 2017 to provide support, coordination, and additional capacity to economic recovery efforts.⁵³
• EDA coordinated a "Federal Interagency Resource Exchange" following Hurricane Laura in August 2021.⁵⁴

As a grant-making agency, the EDA also administers program funds for state and local entities to plan and implement disaster economic recovery efforts through its EAA program.⁵⁵ For example, since 2017, EDA has invested over $111 million in 34 grants to Puerto Rico following hurricanes Maria and Irma.⁵⁶ After flooding in 2019, EDA provided a grant to the City of Moberly, MO, to improve water and wastewater infrastructure and prevent future damage to downtown businesses.⁵⁷

EDA administers recovery assistance grants through its regional offices.⁵⁸ EDA's Notices of Funding Opportunity (NOFOs) outline the review and selection processes for funding requests, which are competitively assessed. EDA's distribution and allocation strategy for supplemental appropriations may vary by each event or situation. In recent years, EDA evaluated several factors—including measures of impact and economic distress—to determine supplemental funding allocations for its six regional offices.⁵⁹

Office of Disaster Recovery and Resilience (ODRR)

EDRA established the Office of Disaster Recovery and Resilience (ODRR) in 2025 and authorized it to direct and implement the EDA's post-disaster economic recovery responsibilities.⁶⁰ EDRA also directed the EDA to continue its existing National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF) roles and establish a Disaster Team to be composed of ODRR and non-EDA staff.⁶¹ EDRA allowed EDA to hire temporary personnel for ODRR responsibilities and to convert them to EDA competitive service positions under certain circumstances. The expanded hiring authorities expire on September 30, 2029.

EDA Performance Metrics

EDA collects and measures performance according to two Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) goals. The first goal is connected to infrastructure investments and the second goal is connected to non-infrastructure investments.⁶² By example, Public Works is an infrastructure program, and B2S is generally classified as a non-infrastructure program. The agency's goals and associated metrics are detailed in Table 2.

EDA Grant Programs

EDA grant programs, which are generally flexible, locally based, and regionally oriented, are designed to increase the capacity for state and local economic development.⁶³ According to EDA, between FY2012 and FY2021, the agency invested over $5.3 billion in 7,921 projects.⁶⁴ The agency's grant programs and investment priorities broadly support local initiatives that "leverage economic assets in facilitating regional economic prosperity and resiliency as well as conditions for business success."⁶⁵ Activities funded by EDA grant programs include infrastructure, planning, workforce development, disaster economic recovery, and funding for business assistance programs such as revolving loan funds, business technical assistance, innovation, entrepreneurship, and business incubator programs,⁶⁶ among others. Grant programs may also support regional economic development goals by facilitating existing and emerging industry clusters, developing human capital, strengthening supply chains, expanding access to capital, and building innovation and technology strategies.⁶⁷ With the exception of the Recomplete Pilot and Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Tech Hubs) programs, no minimum or maximum project amount is specified in law.⁶⁸

In January 2025, EDRA reauthorized the EDA. EDRA also authorized several new EDA grant programs, including programs for renewable energy on brownfields sites (42 U.S.C. §3154d), workforce training (42 U.S.C. §3154e), high-speed broadband deployment (42 U.S.C. §3154g), and critical supply chain site development (42 U.S.C. §3154h). As of the date of publication, EDA has not published guidance for the new programs. Table 3 provides a summary of EDA grant programs prior to the enactment of EDRA. For detailed program information, see Appendix A.⁶⁹

How to Apply

Application guidance for EDA's competitive grant programs is outlined in the agency's NOFOs, which are explanations of available grant funding and procedures.⁷⁰ Applicants may also contact EDDs or EDA state and regional representatives for assistance. EDA maintains an online directory, organized by state, of EDDs and other resources and agency contacts.⁷¹

Select Grant Requirements

In order to receive EDA grant assistance, applicants must meet program criteria related to types of eligible applicants, cost sharing, and other requirements.⁷² Requirements vary by program, authorizing statute, and agency regulations.⁷³

Eligible Recipients

For an entity to be eligible for EDA assistance for programs authorized by PWEDA (42 U.S.C. §§3121 et seq.), the recipient must be

• an EDD;
• an Indian tribe or a consortium of Indian tribes and for-profit entities that is wholly owned by and established for the benefit of a tribe;⁷⁴
• a state;⁷⁵
• a city or other political subdivision of a state, including a special purpose unit of a state or local government, engaged in economic or infrastructure development activities, or a consortium of political subdivisions;
• an institution of higher education or a consortium of institutions of higher education;
• a public or private nonprofit organization or association acting in cooperation with officials of a political subdivision of a state;⁷⁶
• an economic development organization; or
• a public-private partnership for public infrastructure.⁷⁷

Businesses are not eligible for most grants authorized by PWEDA, but may be eligible for Training, Research, and Technical Assistance grants and Tech Hubs grants.⁷⁸

The types of applicants eligible for the B2S and STEM Talent Challenge programs, which are authorized by the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 as amended (15 U.S.C. §§3722 and 3723) rather than PWEDA, include

• a state;
• an Indian tribe;
• a city or other political subdivision of a state;
• an entity that is—
• a nonprofit organization,
• an institution of higher education,
• a public-private partnership,
• a science or research park,
• a federal laboratory, or
• an economic development organization or similar; and
• a consortium of any of the immediately aforementioned entities.

Additionally, a venture development organization may be an eligible applicant for the B2S program. According to the EDA, select entities may be required to demonstrate that the application is supported by a state or a political subdivision of a state for the B2S and STEM Talent Challenge programs.⁷⁹

For the Tech Hubs program, which is authorized by the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. §3722a), EDA awards grants to eligible consortia. In addition to other entities, an eligible consortium must include one or more representatives from

• institutions of higher education;
• state, territorial, local, or tribal governments or other political subdivisions of a state;
• industry groups or firms in relevant technology, innovation, or manufacturing sectors;
• economic development organizations or similar entities; and
• labor or workforce training organizations.

The Tech Hubs NOFO encourages the participation of at least two private firms in an eligible consortium, and notes that other entities may be part of the consortium. One of the consortium members will be the lead applicant.⁸⁰

For the Recompete Pilot program, which is also authorized by the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. §3722b), eligible applicants include

• political subdivisions of a state;
• tribal governments;
• U.S. territories;
• the District of Columbia;
• nonprofit organizations working in cooperation with a political subdivision of a state;
• EDDs; and
• a coalition of any of the entities listed above.⁸¹

For the TAAF program, which is authorized by the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. §§2341 et seq.), the following types of entities can apply to operate a TAAC:

• universities or affiliated organizations;
• state or local governments; and
• nonprofit organizations.⁸²

Cost Sharing Requirements

Cost sharing is required for most EDA grant programs although some exceptions may apply.⁸³ Generally, EDA investment funds 60% of total project costs. Requirements may vary based on the program, a determination of special need, type of applicant, and other factors. The Secretary may increase the federal share for a grant to Indian tribes; when certain applicants have exhausted their effective taxing and borrowing capacity or for other circumstances; or for a grant to small communities, provided that they meet other eligibility criteria.⁸⁴ The Secretary may also increase the federal share up to 100% for RNTA and Planning grants. Agency regulations describe the conditions in which "projects subject to a Special Need" may receive a higher investment rate. This includes, but is not limited to, post-disaster economic recovery projects and, as noted, projects by Indian tribes, among other circumstances and conditions.⁸⁵

Select Grant Requirements—Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance Programs

The following select grant program requirements apply to two of the EDA's economic development assistance programs, the Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance (PWEAA) programs.⁸⁶

Economic Distress Criteria

For a project to be eligible for assistance under the PWEAA programs,

The project shall be located in an area that, on the date of submission of the application, meets one or more of the following criteria:

• Per capita income that is, for the most recent period for which data are available, 80% or less of the national average per capita income;
• An unemployment rate that is, for the most recent 24-month period for which data are available, at least one percentage point greater than the national average unemployment rate;
• Median household income that is 80% or less of the national average;
• A workforce participation rate that is 90% or less of the national average or a prime age employment gap of five% or more;
• Expected economic dislocation and distress from energy industry transitions; or
• A special need arising from unemployment, underemployment, or economic adjustment problems.⁸⁷

These criteria are also used for the EDD designation. An EDD must "contain at least one geographic area that fulfills the economic distress criteria" among other requirements.⁸⁸ For additional information about area eligibility and measures of economic distress in PWEDA, see CRS In Focus IF12074, Areas of Economic Distress for EDA Activities and Programs, by Julie M. Lawhorn.

Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies (CEDS)

The CEDS is a locally developed, long-term regional economic development plan. Projects must serve an area that has a CEDS or equivalent strategy in order to be eligible for PWEAA funding.⁸⁹ However, the CEDS requirement may be waived in some instances.⁹⁰ The EDA provides funding to EDDs to carry out and implement the CEDS under its Partnership Planning program.⁹¹

CEDS involves both a planning process and the development of a regional framework for selecting and prioritizing economic development strategies—generally developed with an asset-based approach. To complete the CEDS, regional stakeholders engage local leaders, private sector firms, individuals, organizations, institutions of learning, and other participants. An organization must have a CEDS in order to receive EDA's EDD designation.⁹² The EDA requires a CEDS update every five years.⁹³ EDA regulations require that CEDS include elements outlined in Table 4. According to the EDA, CEDS must also incorporate the concept of economic resilience.⁹⁴

Persistent Poverty and Distressed, Small, Rural and Underserved Areas—Funding and Technical Assistance

Each year, in reports accompanying the FY2020 through FY2024 appropriations bills, Congress has signaled an interest in prioritizing EDA funding for persistent poverty counties and in understanding the level of funding and technical assistance provided to distressed, small, rural, and underserved areas.⁹⁵

In terms of persistent poverty counties, Congress has directed a portion of EDA assistance to areas that have experienced high unemployment or high poverty levels for a certain period of time through the "10-20-30" provision in recent appropriations bills.⁹⁶ The provision directs 10% of federal funds for specific programs to counties with 20% poverty rates or more for the past 30 years.⁹⁷ EDA applies the 10-20-30 provision to the Public Works and B2S programs.⁹⁸

In regards to distressed, small, rural, and underserved areas, Congress requires EDA to report on activities related to program outcomes, and has directed the agency to provide technical assistance to these areas. Congress and EDA have indicated their interests in these areas in the following ways:

• PWEDA requires EDA to include information in its annual report about private sector leveraging goals set for investments awarded to rural and urban economically distressed areas and to highly distressed areas.⁹⁹
• In FY2021, Congress directed EDA to support technical assistance for distressed small, rural, and underserved communities for "pre-development activities associated with accessing EDA programs and services."¹⁰⁰
• In FY2021, EDA made a Research and National Technical Assistance (RNTA) award for the "Advancing Economic Development in Persistently Poor Communities" project. According to EDA, the project "will identify and analyze areas of persistent poverty in the United States, develop a typology of persistently poor places based on their needs to better inform future policy approaches, and assess how effective past EDA investments have been in alleviating deprivation in areas suffering from persistent poverty."¹⁰¹
• In FY2023, as in prior years, Congress directed EDA "to consider geographic equity in making all award decisions and to ensure that rural projects are adequately represented among those selected for funding."¹⁰²
• In FY2025, EDRA allowed EDA to waive cost share requirements for certain small communities (e.g., economically distressed areas with a population under 10,000).¹⁰³ EDRA directed EDA to consider the benefit to rural and/or tribal communities in evaluating projects for the Public Works program and for the new supply chain site development program.¹⁰⁴ EDRA also directed EDA to expand or maintain dedicated staff for economic development roles and/or outreach activities with rural and energy transition communities by directing EDA to provide new Technical Assistance Liaisons to assist eligible recipients that are in under-resourced communities,¹⁰⁵ and directing EDA to promote access to its programs through Economic Development Representatives (EDRs), particularly with coal communities.¹⁰⁶

Tribal Economic Development

In recent years, EDA has assisted tribal and indigenous communities in several ways.¹⁰⁷ In addition to being eligible recipients of EDA grant assistance (see "Eligible Recipients" above), grants may be up to 100% of the cost of the project for tribes and consortiums of tribes.¹⁰⁸ As noted previously, in October 2021, EDA implemented a rule to allow for-profit tribal entities that are wholly owned by and established for the benefit of the tribe to be eligible for EDA assistance.¹⁰⁹

Additionally, in FY2021, EDA allocated $100 million in ARP Act funding to the EDA's Indigenous Communities program. Tribes, consortiums of tribes, and other entities that serve indigenous communities were eligible recipients.¹¹⁰ The Indigenous Communities program was EDA's first program developed specifically for Indigenous communities.¹¹¹ In FY2024, Congress directed EDA to allocate $5 million of annual appropriations to Assistance to Indigenous Communities.¹¹² As noted below, the Biden Administration's FY2025 budget request included $5 million for a program that would focus on economic development needs faced by tribal governments and indigenous communities.¹¹³

Office of Tribal Economic Development (OTED)

In 2025, EDRA (P.L. 118-272) authorized a new Office of Tribal Economic Development (OTED) and directed EDA to coordinate and expand the agency's existing activities with tribal entities. EDRA directed OTED to assist tribal communities with accessing economic development assistance, maintain an active role in coordination with other federal agencies, and participate in rulemaking and consultations that may impact tribal communities. EDRA also required EDA to publish a comprehensive online directory of economic development programs for tribal communities and maintain sufficient staff to carry out OTED outreach activities. EDA is to complete a strategic plan for tribal economic development, to be informed by a tribal consultation process, by January 4, 2026 (and every three years thereafter).

Regional Innovation Programs¹¹⁴

In recent years, Congress has authorized EDA to administer place-based programs that fund regional efforts to expand economic growth by developing the entrepreneurial and innovation ecosystem in a specified region. Certain programs are designed to enhance national competitiveness as well. The Tech Hubs program, for instance, was designed to build regional innovation capacity. However, the program is also part of a broader set of initiatives authorized by the CHIPS and Science Act (P.L. 117-167) that focus on bolstering the U.S. global technology and economic competitiveness position, particularly in relation to China.¹¹⁵

Since 2015, EDA has administered the B2S program, which was established in Section 603 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358).¹¹⁶ In July 2021, the EDA allocated $1 billion of supplemental ARP Act funding for economic recovery activities to the Build Back Better Regional Challenge (BBBRC), a new grant initiative to support new or existing regional industry clusters.¹¹⁷ In FY2023, the CHIPS and Science Act (P.L. 117-167 §10621) authorized two new programs: (1) the Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Hub) program¹¹⁸ and (2) the Recompete Pilot program.

• The Tech Hubs program. The focus of the Tech Hubs program is to support technology development, job creation, and expanding U.S. innovation capacity. The program also seeks to develop hubs in areas that are not "leading technology centers."¹¹⁹ The Tech Hubs program is one of several programs authorized by P.L. 117-167 designed to improve the development and commercialization of certain technology areas. Through the Tech Hubs program, however, EDA makes place-based economic development grants to help regions address barriers to entrepreneurship and expand their capacity to become globally competitive in critical technologies and industries. Only eligible consortia may apply for the program, and each consortium has certain required and optional entity types.¹²⁰ In FY2024, the initial implementation awards ranged from $19 million to $51 million per award.¹²¹ P.L. 117-167 authorized $10 billion over five years (FY2023 through FY2027) to be appropriated for the program.¹²²
• The Recompete Pilot program. The Recompete Pilot program does not explicitly require economic development activities to focus on technology or innovation, but instead provides long-term, place-based assistance in amounts that are larger than most existing EDA program awards. The minimum grant award amount is $20 million.¹²³ In FY2024, the initial implementation awards ranged from $20 million to $40 million per award.¹²⁴ P.L. 117-167 authorized $1 billion over five years (FY2022 through FY2026) to be appropriated for the Recompete Pilot program.¹²⁵

EDA Appropriations, FY2011-FY2025

For the FY2011-FY2025 period, annual appropriations for EDA programs and administration expenses averaged $326 million (not adjusted for inflation) excluding disaster, COVID-19, and other supplemental appropriations.¹²⁶

Figure 3 provides the amounts allocated to major EDA programs between FY2011 and FY2024, excluding disaster, COVID-19, and other supplemental appropriations. Congress generally directs EDA to allocate the largest share of its annual appropriations to the Public Works program. Each fiscal year between 2011 and 2020, the second largest share of annual appropriations was directed to the EAA program. However, beginning in FY2021, the allocation for the B2S program exceeded the allocation for the EAA program. Congress has increased the amount provided to other programs in recent years as well. For instance, in each fiscal year between 2022 and 2024, Congress directed EDA to allocate a larger amount of funding to the Assistance to Coal Communities (ACC) initiative than to the base EAA program. Congress directed EDA to set aside funding for coal-impacted communities beginning in FY2014 (i.e., through the ACC initiative and its precursors). In FY2024, the amount of funding that Congress directed EDA to provide to the Public Works program decreased from its prior year's level for the first time since FY2013—see Figure 3.

Figure 3. Annual Funding Amounts for EDA Programs, FY2011-FY2024 (in millions of nominal dollars; amounts do not include disaster, COVID-19, and other supplemental appropriations)

Source: CRS using information from the reports accompanying annual appropriations bills. For a breakdown of funding amounts by program, by fiscal year, see Table B-2. Notes: The asterisk (*) indicates that the FY2013 levels are the post-sequestration amounts. EDA renamed the Regional Innovation Strategies program in FY2020. Amounts exclude funding provided for salaries and expenses. Amounts exclude disaster, COVID-19, and other supplemental appropriations.

Figure 4. Supplemental and Annual Appropriations for Programs and Salaries and Expenses, FY2011-FY2025

Source: CRS, using information from annual appropriations bills. For a breakdown of funding amounts, by fiscal year, see Table B-2. Notes: Supplemental appropriations were provided to EDA in fiscal years 2012, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2023, and 2025. In fiscal years 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2023, and 2025, a portion of the supplemental funding was set aside for salaries and expenses to support the implementation of the supplemental EDA funding. In fiscal years 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023, and 2025, a portion of the supplemental funding was set aside for the Office of Inspector General account for carrying out investigations and audits related to the supplemental EDA funding; funding for the Office of the Inspector General is not displayed in this figure.

Assistance to Energy Transition Communities

Congress has signaled an interest in using the EDA to provide financial and technical assistance to communities impacted by changes in the coal economy since FY2014, and to communities impacted by nuclear plant closures since FY2015. The following milestones highlight Congress's interest in providing assistance to energy transition communities since FY2014:

• In FY2014, Congress encouraged EDA to assist communities impacted by the "economic dislocation in the coal and timber industries," and directed EDA to allocate no less than $3 million "to enhance regional business development in areas negatively impacted by the downturn in the coal industry."¹²⁷
• In FY2015, a Senate appropriations committee report noted the negative, regional economic impact of nuclear plant closures and encouraged EDA to "identify and develop best practices" to assist communities.¹²⁸
• Between FY2015 and FY2017, Congress continued to direct EDA to provide additional funding through the EAA program to coal-impacted communities as a part of the multi-agency Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization (POWER) Initiative.¹²⁹
• Each year in FY2018 through FY2023, Congress directed EDA to provide additional funding through the EAA program to coal-impacted communities as a part of the Assistance to Coal Communities (ACC) initiative.¹³⁰
• Each year in FY2020 through FY2023, Congress directed EDA to provide additional funding through the EAA program to the Assistance to Nuclear Closure Communities (NCC) initiative.¹³¹
• Each year from FY2022 through FY2024 Congress directed EDA to provide funding ($4.5 million) through the EAA program to biomass power plant closure communities (BCC).¹³²

Figure 5 charts the amounts of annual appropriations that EDA has allocated to the EAA, ACC, BCC, and NCC programs between FY2011 and FY2024.¹³³ In FY2024, the funding for the EAA, ACC, and BCC, programs together accounted for approximately 28% of total EDA program appropriations.¹³⁴ In FY2021, EDA allocated $300 million of the $3 billion appropriation from the ARP Act to coal-impacted communities through the Coal Communities Commitment (CCC); CCC funding is not included in Figure 5.¹³⁵

Figure 5. EAA, ACC, NCC, and BCC Funding History: FY2011-FY2024 (in millions of nominal dollars)

Source: CRS using information from reports accompanying annual appropriations bills. Notes: Does not include supplemental appropriations for disaster or COVID-19 economic recovery assistance The asterisk (*) indicates that the FY2013 level is the post-sequestration amount. Since FY2014, Congress has directed EDA to administer additional funding through the EAA program for coal communities. Each year in FY2020-FY2023, Congress directed EDA to administer additional funding through the EAA program for nuclear closure communities. Starting in FY2022, Congress further directed EDA to administer funding through the EAA program for biomass power plant closure communities (BCC).

In 2025, EDRA (P.L. 118-272) codified EDA assistance to coal and nuclear host community initiatives under the existing EAA program and set aside an authorized funding level for economic development activities in these areas.¹³⁶

FY2024 and FY2025 Appropriations

On March 5, 2024, Congress approved, and the President signed into law, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42) providing appropriations for a number of federal agencies and departments, including EDA's programs and activities. On March 15, 2025, Congress approved, and the President signed into law, the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4) providing continuing appropriations for a number of federal agencies and departments, including EDA's programs and activities. For EDA, P.L. 119-4 generally provided appropriations for FY2025 at the level of appropriations that were provided by P.L. 118-42 for FY2024.

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, P.L. 118-42

On March 9, 2024, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42) into law. Division C of P.L. 118-42—the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024—included appropriations for EDA for FY2024. P.L. 118-42 provided $468 million to the EDA ($400 million for programs and $68 million for salaries and expenses). The total FY2024 appropriations for EDA programs and administration represents a decrease of $30 million (or 6%) from the FY2023 annual appropriations level of $498 million (excluding any supplementary appropriations).¹³⁷

Congress directed EDA to provide funding for new programs and decreased the amount of funding allocated to certain long-standing programs. P.L. 118-42 directed EDA to provide $25 million and $5 million, respectively, for the second round of the Good Jobs Challenge and the new Assistance to Indigenous Communities initiative.¹³⁸ In the explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 118-42, Congress directed EDA to allocate funding to other program areas in amounts that were at the same level or decreases from FY2023 funding levels.¹³⁹ For instance, Congress directed EDA to decrease the amount allocated to Public Works, EAA, and Partnership Planning programs, and did not direct EDA to allocate funding to the Recompete program. In addition, P.L. 118-42, included a provision rescinding $35 million in unobligated balances from prior-year appropriations for economic development assistance programs.¹⁴⁰

Report language accompanying the FY2024 appropriations bill provided additional direction to EDA regarding certain programs and the allocation and distribution of B2S, Tech Hubs, and ACC funding. The report language directed the EDA to support economic development involving specific activities or sectors such as working waterfronts; university based, high-tech business incubators; and the development of regional innovation clusters that focus on advanced wood products, among others. The report language also directed the EDA to "treat as acceptable, any funding provided by other Federal programs that are explicitly authorized to be used for any required non-Federal share of the cost of a project so that funding from both agencies may be used if necessary and to the extent permitted by law."¹⁴¹

P.L. 118-42 designated $30 million of the appropriations provided for EDA as an emergency requirement under Section 251(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (BBEDCA), effectively exempting these amounts from enforcement of statutory discretionary spending limits in effect for FY2024.¹⁴²

Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4)

P.L. 119-4 provided continuing appropriations for EDA for FY2025 at the same level of funding that was provided in FY2024 through the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024 (Division C of P.L. 118-42). P.L. 119-4 included a provision rescinding $30 million in unobligated balances from prior-year appropriations for economic development assistance programs.¹⁴³

Additionally, as noted in CRS Report R48134, Overview of FY2025 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS), by Nathan James

Per Section 1110 of the CR [Continuing Resolution], funds provided for FY2025 in the CR that were designated by Congress as an emergency requirement in covered appropriations acts for FY2024 will retain such designations under the CR. Furthermore, Section 1110(b) of the CR establishes that "each amount" provided by the CR and designated by Congress as an emergency requirement will only become available for obligation if "the President subsequently so designates all such amounts and transmits such designations to the Congress." The inclusion of such language, or similar language, in appropriations acts making the availability of all emergency-designated funds in the measure contingent on the President subsequently designating all such amounts as an emergency requirement has been common in recent decades. On March 24, 2025, OMB submitted a memorandum to Congress designating as an emergency requirement only certain amounts provided by the CR, including only $1.441 billion of the $2.000 billion in FY2025 funding for CJS accounts that Congress had designated as an emergency requirement.

Supplemental Appropriations

Supplemental appropriations for EDA programs have supported recovery efforts following economic injury caused by natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic. Disaster funding provides for expenses related to flood mitigation, disaster relief, long-term recovery, and the restoration of infrastructure for specific areas.¹⁴⁴ COVID-19 economic recovery funding supported economic recovery planning and technical assistance strategies to address economic dislocations caused by the coronavirus pandemic; entrepreneurial support programs to diversify economies; and related efforts.¹⁴⁵ EDA's distribution and allocation strategy for supplemental appropriations varies by each event or situation.¹⁴⁶

Disaster Economic Recovery Assistance, FY2011-FY2025

Since FY2011, Congress has approved $3.4 billion in supplemental funding for economic recovery in response to natural disasters (see Figure 6), including the following appropriations:

• In FY2012, Congress approved $200 million in P.L. 112-55 for assistance to areas that received a major disaster designation in 2011 pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act, 42 U.S.C. §§5121 et seq.). This amount was designated by Congress as being for disaster relief under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.¹⁴⁷
• In FY2018 and FY2019, supplemental appropriations provided $1.2 billion for assistance to communities affected by disasters that occurred in calendar years 2017-2019.
• The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123) provided EDA with $600 million in additional EAA funds for disaster relief and in response to economic distress or harm resulting from Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, wildfires, and other federally declared natural disasters occurring in calendar year 2017. This amount was designated by Congress as an emergency requirement under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. P.L. 115-123 provided that, of the amount appropriated, 2% of funds may be transferred to the ''Salaries and Expenses'' account for administration and oversight activities and $1 million was to be transferred to the Office of Inspector General (OIG).
• The Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act, 2019 (P.L. 116-20) provided EDA with $600 million in additional EAA funds for areas that received a major disaster designation under the Stafford Act as a result of Hurricanes Florence, Michael, and Lane, Typhoons Yutu and Mangkhut, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other natural disasters occurring in calendar year 2018, as well as for areas affected by tornadoes and floods occurring in calendar year 2019.¹⁴⁸ This amount was designated by Congress as an emergency requirement under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. P.L. 116-20 provided that, of the amount appropriated, 2% of funds may be transferred to the ''Salaries and Expenses'' account for administration and oversight activities, and $1 million was to be transferred to the OIG.
• The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) provided EDA with $500 million in additional EAA funds for areas that received a major disaster designation under the Stafford Act as a result of Hurricanes Ian and Fiona, wildfires, flooding, and other natural disasters occurring in calendar years 2021 and 2022.¹⁴⁹ P.L. 117-328 provided that, of the amount appropriated, 3% of funds may be transferred to the ''Salaries and Expenses'' account for administration and oversight activities, and $2 million was to be transferred to the OIG.
• In FY2025, the American Relief Act, 2025 (P.L. 118-158) provided $1.51 billion to EDA for disaster economic recovery, with $10 million of that amount to be transferred to the Delta Regional Authority (DRA). This amount was designated by Congress as an emergency requirement under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. P.L. 118-158 stated that the funding is "for economic adjustment assistance related to flood mitigation, disaster relief, long-term recovery, and restoration of infrastructure in areas that received a major disaster designation as a result of hurricanes, wildfires, severe storms and flooding, tornadoes, and other natural disasters occurring in calendar years 2023 and 2024 under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.)." DRA and other federal regional commissions and authorities (FRCAs) have supported disaster economic recovery projects. However, in recent years, DRA and other FRCAs generally have not received supplemental funding for disaster economic recovery activities and have not received transferred funding provided through EDA. P.L. 118-158 provided that, of the amount appropriated, 3% of funds may be transferred to the ''Salaries and Expenses'' account for administration and oversight activities, and $7 million was to be transferred to the OIG. P.L. 118-158.

COVID-19 Economic Recovery Assistance, FY2020-FY2021

EDA received $1.5 billion of supplemental appropriations through the CARES Act in FY2020, and $3 billion of supplemental appropriations through the ARP Act in FY2021.¹⁵⁰ As noted previously, the supplemental CARES Act funding was nearly five times the amount of EDA's FY2020 annual appropriation, and the ARP Act funding was over eight times the amount of EDA's FY2021 annual appropriation—see Figure 6.

CARES Act, P.L. 116-136

The types of projects supported through CARES Act recovery assistance included

• economic recovery planning and preparing technical assistance strategies to address economic dislocations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic;
• preparing or updating resiliency plans to respond to future pandemics;
• implementing entrepreneurial support programs to diversify economies;
• constructing public works and facilities that will support economic recovery, and including the deployment of broadband to support telehealth and remote learning for job skills.

All geographic areas were eligible to apply for assistance under the "Special Need" criteria of the EAA program because of the widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.¹⁵¹ EDA used both competitive and non-competitive processes to distribute CARES Act funding. Activities that received funding through non-competitive processes included EDDs and tribal planning grantees; University Centers; and Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) programs.¹⁵² P.L. 116-136 provided that, of the amount appropriated, 2% of funds may be transferred to the ''Salaries and Expenses'' account for administration and oversight activities to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the pandemic and $3 million was to be transferred to the OIG. The funding for salaries and expenses provided by the CARES Act expired on September 30, 2022. Additionally, Congress provided temporary special hiring authority to EDA through the CARES Act.¹⁵³

American Rescue Plan (ARP) Act, P.L. 117-2

The ARP Act provided $3 billion to assist communities with COVID-19 recovery and resiliency strategies. These funds are available for economic adjustment assistance, to prevent, prepare for, and respond to COVID-19 conditions and for necessary expenses for responding to economic injury as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. P.L. 117-2 provided that of the amount appropriated, up to 2% shall be used for "temporary Federal personnel as may be necessary" to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the pandemic. The funding for temporary federal personnel is to remain available until September 30, 2027. Of the amount appropriated, 25% was for states and communities that have been affected by the decline in the "travel, tourism, or outdoor recreation sectors." EDA administered ARP Act recovery assistance through the following six new grant programs, each with different investment criteria and priorities:¹⁵⁴

• the Build Back Better Regional Challenge;¹⁵⁵
• the Good Jobs Challenge;
• the EAA Program;
• the Indigenous Communities Challenge;
• the Travel, Tourism, and Outdoor Recreation Program; and
• the Statewide Planning, Research, and Networks Program.

Other Supplemental Appropriations, FY2023

As noted above, the CHIPS and Science Act (P.L. 117-167 §10621) authorized two new programs to be administered by EDA: (1) the Tech Hubs program and (2) the Recompete Pilot program. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) appropriated $500 million for the Tech Hubs Program ($41 million in regular appropriations in Division B, and $459 million in supplemental appropriations in Division N). P.L. 117-328 also appropriated $200 million for the Recompete Pilot Program ($41 million in regular appropriations in Division B, and $159 million in supplemental appropriations in Division N of P.L. 117-328).¹⁵⁶

Figure 6. Annual and Supplemental and Disaster Recovery Appropriations, FY2011-FY2025 (in millions of nominal dollars)

Source: CRS using information from the reports accompanying appropriations bills. Notes: Annual appropriations include funding for programs and salaries and expenses. In FY2012, annual appropriations for programs and disaster recovery assistance were approved in one bill, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-55). In FY2018 through FY2021, supplemental appropriations for disaster recovery assistance and COVID-19 pandemic economic recovery assistance were approved in bills separate from annual appropriations bills. In FY2023, supplemental appropriations in P.L. 117-328 included (1) $500 million for disaster recovery, (2) $159 million for the Recompete Pilot program, and (3) $459 million for the Tech Hubs program (see Division N). The asterisk (*) indicates that the FY2013 level is the post-sequestration amount. Chart does not include funding provided by spectrum auction proceeds, which were authorized by the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) of FY2025 (P.L. 118-159, Division E, Title LIV).

FY2026 Funding Request

The Trump Administration proposed to eliminate the EDA in the FY2026 discretionary funding request.¹⁵⁷

Inspector General Oversight

The mission of the DOC Office of Inspector General (OIG) is to improve the DOC's programs and operations through independent and objective oversight. The OIG's methods of oversight include audits, evaluations, investigations, and related activities.¹⁵⁸ In recent years, DOC OIG testimonies and reports have analyzed the Public Works program, the Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) program (administered through the EAA program), and disaster recovery awards (also administered through the EAA program), with the OIG making recommendations for changes to grant application review, compliance, and related practices to prevent fraud, waste, and abuse.¹⁵⁹ A report focused on the EDA by the OIG's Office of Audit and Evaluation (OAE) was issued in November 2023 and discussed EDA's administration of disaster recovery funding.¹⁶⁰ The report found that while EDA generally monitored grants, it did not always follow up on late submissions as required.¹⁶¹ In February 2025, the OIG's OAE announced that it plans to audit the EDA's FY2019 disaster relief grant costs.¹⁶²

In recent years, the OIG also examined other aspects of EDA. In January 2021, an OIG report reviewed findings from an examination of EDA's administration of CARES Act funding.¹⁶³ The report found that (1) EDA was proactive in implementing the requirements of the CARES Act; (2) EDA mitigated challenges during implementation of the CARES Act; and (3) EDA exceeded obligation milestones and completed required certifications. The report reiterated a recommendation from a prior DOC OIG report for EDA to complete a comprehensive workforce plan for ongoing and future emergency and disaster relief efforts due to insufficient staffing and related concerns.¹⁶⁴ In April 2025, the DOC OIG published a report with findings from an examination of EDA's CARES Act RLF program. The report noted that EDA did not ensure RLF funds were loaned in accordance with federal regulations and RLF plans.¹⁶⁵

EDA Reauthorization

Prior to 2025, Congress last amended and extended EDA authorities in 2004 through the Economic Development Administration Reauthorization Act (EDARA; P.L. 108-373). In hearings during the 117^th and 118^th Congresses, Members of Congress discussed issues related to EDA's grant requirements, grant allocations, disaster recovery, and capacity, and the reauthorization of appropriations for programs established by PWEDA among other matters.¹⁶⁶ Congressional debate centered on modernizing EDA's programs and authorities to meet changing technology and industries versus keeping broad-based programs that may be adapted to a range of challenges and opportunities. In deliberations preceding EDA's reauthorization, Members of Congress also expressed varying perspectives on the preferred level of federal participation in state and local economic development and raised questions about the extent of EDA and other federal agency collaboration versus the potential duplication of programs and services.¹⁶⁷

In January 2025, the Economic Development Reauthorization Act (EDRA) of 2024 (P.L. 118-272) reauthorized the EDA. EDRA revised existing authorities, codified new and existing roles, expanded criteria for existing programs, and changed program and administrative requirements. In general, EDRA made significant changes to EDA because the legislation

• statutorily established EDA investment priorities;
• amended cost-sharing and other program requirements;
• prioritized small, rural, under-resourced, and tribal communities for certain EDA programs and activities;
• expanded and codified EDA's role in disaster economic recovery and tribal economic development;
• authorized new programs, amended program authorities to modernize or refine the scope of existing programs, and codified EDA's authority to support certain types of projects and activities (e.g., broadband, workforce training, project predevelopment);
• expanded and codified EDA's coordination and partnership activities; and
• authorized a total funding level of $3.2 billion through FY2029, among other changes.

EDRA's reauthorization of EDA signaled continued congressional interest in promoting job creation and private investment in distressed communities through flexible, core economic development grant programs. EDRA also indicated congressional interest in allowing EDA to provide new forms of assistance and expand program access to certain communities and for certain development activities. For instance, EDRA's changes to core EDA program criteria appear to be designed to specifically address economic development needs of rural, small, and tribal communities and the needs of areas experiencing economic distress resulting from changes in energy and manufacturing industries. EDRA authorized assistance for regional economies that may be preparing for and responding to natural disasters, plant closures, broadband challenges, trade dynamics, and other problems and opportunities as well.

For additional information about EDRA, see CRS Report R48516, Economic Development Reauthorization Act (EDRA) of 2024, by Julie M. Lawhorn.

Policy Considerations

The following policy considerations center on the extent of innovation and technology-led economic development activities in EDA's investment portfolio; EDA's workforce; and the TAAF program in light of current trade and economic dynamics and ongoing trade negotiations.

Preparing for Future Industries and EDA's Role in Federal Innovation Policy¹⁶⁸

In deliberations leading up to the reauthorization of EDRA, Members of Congress noted that one of the reasons for reauthorizing EDA was to address "changes in industries, technology, and trade patterns" that have occurred since prior reauthorization legislation was enacted.¹⁶⁹ Such changes provided both challenges and opportunities for regional economies to modernize their infrastructure, enhance workforce capabilities, and make technology-based economic development investments. EDA defines "technology-based economic development" as

economic development planning or implementation projects that foster regional knowledge ecosystems that support entrepreneurs and startups, including the commercialization of new technologies, that are creating technology-driven businesses and high-skilled, well-paying jobs of the future. ¹⁷⁰

One of EDA's investment priorities is "innovation and entrepreneurship," which is generally associated with technology-based economic development. Congress recently authorized new EDA programs to further prepare regions and workers for innovation- and technology-based economic development, and for "future industries."¹⁷¹ Innovation- and technology-led economic development strategies are based on the premise that technological breakthroughs and innovation drive economic growth. Some researchers observe that by identifying and promoting innovation, federal support may facilitate economic growth and competition.¹⁷²

Congress has supported various policies to promote innovation and to prepare regions for expanded technology-based economic development through workforce development programs as well as a subset of federal innovation policies often referred to as "regional innovation" or "innovation cluster" programs.¹⁷³ Congress may seek to continue support for EDA's existing innovation-oriented programs (e.g., B2S, Regional Technology and Innovation Hub), similar programs, or new programs.¹⁷⁴ Alternatively, Congress may pursue a more limited federal role in the facilitation of innovation clusters, advance policies that favor stronger state and local roles in technology-led economic development, or advance policies that favor investment in public goods or other development strategies.¹⁷⁵

Congress may also seek to review the overall distribution and coordination of existing innovation policies as well as the EDA's role in the landscape of federal innovation programs. The House Subcommittee on Research and Technology reviewed these matters in a hearing in June 2021. The hearing addressed the following questions, many of which pertain to the broader discussion on EDA and its role in future industries and regional economic development, including

• What are the critical elements and who are the necessary partners in developing a successful strategy for local and regional innovation economies?
• What is the role of the federal government, and in particular the EDA, in supporting the development of local and regional innovation economies?
• How can research universities strengthen their role in helping to anchor local and regional innovation economies?
• How can efforts to build regional innovation economies include shared prosperity as a priority?¹⁷⁶

EDA's Workforce

As Congress considers provisions in recent bills designed to reauthorize, alter, update, or expand EDA's programs, it may seek to review the scale and scope of financial resources, workforce capacity, and authorities that may be needed to meet future needs and roles of the EDA. For instance, in its FY2025 budget request, EDA noted that "Since 2018, EDA has seen its active grant portfolio grow by more than 8 times, going from 1,670 grants valued at $694 million at the end of 2017 to over 3,000 grants valued at over $6 billion in 2024."¹⁷⁷ (See Figure 4 for a visualization of EDA's funding for programs and salaries and expenses since FY2011.) Congress may seek to review EDA's workforce plan, permanent and temporary staffing levels, and hiring authorities to ensure that the agency is equipped to implement and oversee new programs and authorities.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF)

Congress may review the TAAF program in light of current trade and economic dynamics and ongoing trade negotiations. TAAF policy discussions involve the program's reauthorization, and broadening criteria so that more firms may qualify for assistance. The program's focus, funding level, and options to streamline its operations, among other matters, are outlined as "Issues for Congress" in CRS In Focus IF12430, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, by Kyla H. Kitamura.

Concluding Remarks

Throughout the agency's history, a central feature of EDA's role has been to provide matching federal funds to assist state, local, and regional entities to advance projects in support of growth, or to address geographic disparities for distressed areas. In 2025, EDRA expanded EDA's authorities, structure, and requirements, which may enable the agency to serve more communities, achieve different outcomes, or coordinate across federal and state departments and agencies in different ways. In light of recent changes provided in EDRA, Congress may be interested in tracking the implementation of new programs, roles, and coordination activities and their impact on communities.

Legislation enacted in recent Congresses indicates interest in expanding the EDA's role in place-based, regionally oriented, and community-led approaches to technology-based economic development. As EDA and other federal agencies implement new regional innovation programs, Congress may evaluate aspects of such programs for consideration in other place-based initiatives. Conversely, Congress may evaluate options to decrease federal involvement in state and local economic development.

Policies that propose to change the agency's roles or programs may reflect different interpretations of what constitutes economic development and differing views on whether federal policies should provide broad-based assistance, targeted assistance, or some combination thereof. For some, broad-based economic development programs with economic distress criteria allow assistance to be accessible for a range of communities' needs and opportunities (e.g., the Public Works and EAA programs). For others, targeted economic development programs allow assistance to reach a particular type of community or circumstance (e.g., programs for energy- and resource-based industries). For others still, policies may involve a mixture of approaches and overlap in definitions, agencies, roles, and strategies of practice. In considering policy changes, Congress may also wish to maintain current program roles and authorities—many of which are broad and flexible (e.g., the EAA program)—and targeted appropriations, directed as needed to address new challenges and opportunities (e.g., in the manner of setting aside EAA funding for coal-impacted and nuclear closure communities in the Assistance to Coal Communities (ACC) and Assistance to Nuclear Host Communities (ANHC initiatives).¹⁷⁸ Congress may also review the allocation of assistance based on preferred economic development goals—to further economic growth, to advance national competitiveness, to foster job creation, to prepare regions for development, to develop human capital, to recover from and prepare for economic shocks, and/or other outcomes. While EDRA addressed some economic development challenges related to technology, trade, extreme weather trends, and industry changes, these matters may continue to impact regional economies and may warrant further congressional deliberation and/or response.

The EDA—through its program investments, partnerships, and integration roles—represents one of many channels of federal and nonfederal policies designed to address economic matters at the subnational level. In practice, economic development involves multiple stakeholders, and the associated outcomes and processes will likely be impacted by multiple macroeconomic factors and community-level circumstances, conditions, and histories. Policy considerations related to EDA are likely to involve a strategic and contextual evaluation of adjacent policies, related agencies, supporting actors, and awareness of the many, dynamic factors impacting global, national, and regional economies.

As debates about federal economic development policy and how to assist economically distressed areas continue, Congress may continue to explore legislative and other strategies to assist state and local entities with specific challenges and opportunities and/or to help them also build resilient, diversified economies that may weather these and other unforeseen events.

Appendix A. Grant Programs

This appendix provides summaries of EDA's current grant programs and selected requirements.

In January 2025, the Economic Development Reauthorization Act (EDRA) of 2024 (P.L. 118-272) reauthorized the EDA. EDRA also authorized several new EDA grant programs, including programs for renewable energy on brownfields sites (42 U.S.C. §3154d), workforce training (42 U.S.C. §3154e), high-speed broadband deployment (42 U.S.C. §3154g), and critical supply chain site development (42 U.S.C. §3154h). As of the date of publication, EDA has not published guidance for the new programs and Congress has not directed EDA to allocate funding to the programs.

Build to Scale (B2S)

The B2S program (formerly called Regional Innovation Strategies) supports entrepreneurship, innovation, technology commercialization, access to capital, and related efforts to expand startups, company growth, and increased access to risk capital across regional economies. B2S is composed of the Venture Challenge (formerly the "i6 Challenge") and the Capital Challenge (formerly the "Seed Fund Support").¹⁷⁹ The Venture Challenge funds entrepreneurship support programs and other models to accelerate high-growth entrepreneurship activities. The Capital Challenge supports efforts to expand access to risk capital. The B2S program primarily funds intermediary organizations and does not provide funding to start-ups.

Statutory Authority: 15 U.S.C. §3722

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 312

Economic distress criteria: No minimum economic distress level requirements.¹⁸⁰

Level of matching funds requirement: In FY2024, the minimum matching share was 50%.¹⁸¹

Economic Adjustment Assistance (EAA) Program

EDA refers to the EAA program as its most flexible economic development tool.¹⁸² The EAA program is designed to assist areas experiencing long-term economic distress or sudden and substantial economic dislocation. Under EAA, EDA administers its Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) program, which allows local loan administrators to provide gap financing to small businesses and entrepreneurs. EAA funds are competitively awarded to qualified applicants to assist them in developing and implementing a five-year CEDS or for implementation grants that support the activities and strategies identified in a CEDS. EAA activities may include physical infrastructure projects, including water and sewer facilities, industrial parks, and business incubators; strategic planning; market or industry research and analysis; technical assistance, including feasibility studies; public services; and training.¹⁸³

EDA administers funding for ACC, ANHC, and some forms of supplemental appropriations through EAA.¹⁸⁴ The EDA supports disaster recovery efforts primarily through the EAA program to support disaster recovery strategies, disaster recovery coordinators, construction activities, capitalizing RLFs, entrepreneurship development, technical assistance, and other recovery projects.¹⁸⁵

EDA administered the following economic recovery assistance through the EAA program in recent years:

• Good Jobs Challenge. EDA administers the Good Jobs Challenge through the EAA program.¹⁸⁶ The program is designed to support regional workforce training programs.
• Economic Recovery Corps. In FY2022, EDA administered the new Economic Recovery Corps program through the EAA program with funding provided by the CARES Act. The Economic Recovery Corps program was designed to expand staff capacity in local organizations focused on improving economic resilience and competitiveness in distressed regions. The Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) indicated that EDA would select a Network Operator (an organization or coalition) to build, launch, and operate the Economic Recovery Corps program, which will embed Fellows in local economic development organizations.¹⁸⁷
• Equity Impact Investments. In FY2022, EDA administered the new Equity Impact Investments program through the EAA program with funding provided by the CARES Act. The program was designed to provide technical assistance to enable organizations serving underserved populations and communities to participate in economic development planning and projects.¹⁸⁸

Statutory Authority: 42 U.S.C. §3149

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 307

Economic distress criteria: The project area must meet one (or more) of the economic distress criteria, which includes projects that meet a "special need."

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: Funded projects must be part of an EDA-certified CEDS or equivalent EDA-accepted regional economic development strategy, unless the project is for a Strategy Grant (as defined in 13 C.F.R. §307.3)¹⁸⁹ or serves a Special Impact area (as defined in 13 C.F.R. Part 310).¹⁹⁰

Level of matching funds requirement: Generally, 60% of project costs, but may vary. Projects may receive an additional amount, not to exceed 30%, based on the relative needs of the region in which the project will be located, as determined by EDA. In the case of certain applicants that have exhausted their effective borrowing capacity, a state or political subdivision of a state that has exhausted its effective taxing and borrowing capacity, or small communities (provided that they meet other eligibility criteria), EDA may award grants totaling 100% of a project's cost. Credit may be given toward the nonfederal share for in-kind contributions, including contributions of space, equipment, and services.

Local Technical Assistance Program

The Local Technical Assistance (Local TA) program provides grants for management and technical services, including feasibility studies, impact analyses, disaster resiliency plans, and project planning. Analysis from the impact and feasibility studies may help leaders in economic development decisionmaking. For instance, an eligible entity could apply for a Local TA grant to prepare for a business development project such as an incubator, shared-use processing facility, or an entrepreneurship center. Local TA could help a city or county prepare a feasibility study regarding the reuse of an abandoned manufacturing facility to advance local economic development. EDA notes that, in recent years, the median amount of Local Technical Assistance grants has been approximately $100,000, and EDA typically has awarded 30-50 Local Technical Assistance projects each year.¹⁹¹

Statutory Authority: 42 U.S.C. §3147

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 306, Subpart A

Economic distress criteria: EDA's regulations (13 C.F.R. §301.3) note that there are no minimum economic distress level requirements for Local TA projects.

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: EDA regulations (13 C.F.R. §306.2) note that projects will be evaluated based on the extent that they are "consistent with an EDA-approved CEDS, as applicable, for the region in which the project is located."

Level of matching funds requirement: Generally, 50% of project costs, but may vary. See 13 C.F.R. §301.4.

Planning Partnership Program

Planning grants are used for direct and indirect administrative expenses of Economic Development Districts (EDDs) as well as local organizations (Indian tribes and other eligible recipients) charged with long-term strategic economic development planning efforts such as a CEDS in EDA-designated distressed areas. In 2025, EDRA (P.L. 118-272) allowed administrative expenses to include expenses related to

carrying out certain planning activities;

project predevelopment;

updating economic development plans to align with other planning efforts;

hiring professional staff to assist communities in project predevelopment, identifying and using other economic development programs and funding;

preparing economic recovery plans in response to disasters; and

carrying out economic development and predevelopment activities that align with professional economic development best practices.

Planning grants may also support short-term planning investments to states, sub-state planning regions and urban areas and may help communities undertake focused, project-specific planning activities. Eligible activities under this program include developing, maintaining, and implementing a CEDS and related short-term planning activities.¹⁹²

Statutory Authority: 42 U.S.C. §3143

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 303

Economic distress criteria: No minimum economic distress level requirements.¹⁹³

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: Generally, the long-term partnership planning investments support the development of CEDS.

Level of matching funds requirement: Generally, 50% of project costs, but may be provided up to 100% of project costs (see 42 U.S.C. §3144(c)(3)).

Public Works Program

The Public Works program is designed to promote long-term economic development and assist with the construction of physical infrastructure projects in distressed areas. Grants may support the acquisition or development of land and improvements for use for a public works, public service, or development facility; and the acquisition, design and engineering, construction, rehabilitation, alteration, expansion, or improvement of such a facility, including related machinery and equipment. Examples of Public Works activities may include water and sewer systems improvements, industrial parks, business incubator facilities, telecommunications infrastructure, skill-training facilities, brownfields redevelopment, and the expansion of port and harbor facilities. Similar assistance is also available under the agency's EAA program.

Statutory Authority: 42 U.S.C. §3141

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 305

Economic distress criteria: The project area must meet one (or more) of the economic distress criteria, which includes projects that meet a "special need."

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: Funded projects must be part of an EDA-certified CEDS or equivalent EDA-accepted regional economic development strategy.

Level of matching funds requirement: Generally, 60% of project costs, but may vary. Projects may receive an additional amount, not to exceed 30%, based on the relative needs of the region in which the project will be located, as determined by EDA. In the case of certain applicants that have exhausted their effective borrowing capacity—such as a state or political subdivision of a state that has exhausted its effective taxing and borrowing capacity, or small communities (provided that they meet other eligibility criteria)—EDA may award grants totaling 100% of a project's cost. Credit may be given toward the nonfederal share for in-kind contributions, including contributions of space, equipment, and services.

Recompete Pilot Program (Distressed Area Recompete Pilot Program)

The Recompete Pilot program is a new program authorized by the CHIPS and Science Act (P.L. 117-167 §10621) that provides grants and cooperative agreements to persistently distressed areas. EDA administers two types of Recompete awards: (1) strategy development grants and (2) strategy implementation grants.

In the inaugural Recompete competition, EDA administered the two types of funding awards through two award phases for the program.

• For Phase 1, EDA instructed applicants to choose either a strategy development grant, approval of a Recompete Plan, or both. Strategy development grants were designed to help applicants strengthen regional coordination and support planning and pre-development activities, including hiring a coordinator or the formulation of a Recompete Plan. A strategy development grant conveys funding. A Recompete Plan is a comprehensive economic development plan that includes the proposed multiyear activities to be implemented, projected costs, partner roles, and other information. EDA also approved Recompete Plans in Phase 1, but approval of a Recompete Plan did not convey funding. According to EDA, applicants were required to have their Recompete Plan approved in order to be invited to apply for implementation funds under Phase 2.
• In Phase 2, EDA funded implementation awards to support a range of economic development activities based on regional priorities. The implementation funds may be used for activities that are consistent with an applicant's approved Recompete plan in order to support workforce development; business and entrepreneur development; infrastructure (or other site development programs); and planning and technical assistance activities. Implementation award recipients were not required to have previously received a strategy development award.

Eligible applicants include

• political subdivisions of a state;
• tribal governments;
• U.S. territories;
• the District of Columbia;
• nonprofit organizations working in cooperation with a political subdivision of a state;
• EDDs; and
• a coalition of any of the entities listed above.

Statutory Authority: 15 U.S.C. §3722b

Agency Regulations: The program is governed by the terms of the NOFO.¹⁹⁴

Economic distress criteria: The program targets areas where prime-age (25-54 years) employment falls below the national rate. The prime age employment gap (PAEG) is the difference (expressed as a percentage) between (1) the national five-year average prime-age employment rate and (2) the five-year average prime-age employment rate of the eligible area.

Among other requirements, projects must be located in one of two eligible geographic areas and meet certain PAEG requirements. The two eligible geographic areas are

• Local Labor Markets (LLMs)—a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μMSA), a commuting zone, or tribal lands. LLMs with a PAEG of at least 2.5% are eligible. Tribal lands and Pacific Ocean territories are considered eligible LLMs.
• Local Communities (LCs)—an area served by a general-purpose unit of local government (e.g., county government) that is located within, but does not fully cover, an ineligible LLM. In addition, one of these conditions must apply:
• The entire area served by the unit of local government on average has a PAEG of at least 5% and a median annual household income of no more than $75,000; or
• A subset of the area served by the unit of local government has five or more contiguous Census tracts that each individually have a PAEG of at least 5% and median annual household income of no more than $75,000. In this instance, the applicant's service area must be contained within the identified Census tracts.

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: The CEDS requirement is not referenced in 15 U.S.C. §3722b.

Level of matching funds requirement: There is no match requirement for Phase 1 or Phase 2 awards in the FY2023 NOFO; matching was a competitive factor in Phase 2.

Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Tech Hubs) Program¹⁹⁵

P.L. 117-167 (the CHIPS and Science Act), enacted August 8, 2022, established a new Regional Technology and Innovation Hub (Tech Hubs) Program at the Department of Commerce.¹⁹⁶ The focus of the program is to support technology development, job creation, and expanding U.S. innovation capacity. The program also seeks to develop hubs in areas that are not "leading technology centers."

Program applicants will determine their technology focus area and hub activities based on their regional assets and other factors. P.L. 117-167 does not include a list of specific industry or technology focus areas for the hubs. However, it does outline "considerations for the designation and award of implementation grants." One of the considerations indicates that, among other factors, the Secretary shall consider "the potential of the eligible consortium to advance the research, development, deployment, and domestic manufacturing of technologies in a key technology focus area, as described in Section 10387 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act or other technology or innovation sector critical to national security and economic competitiveness." The initial list of ten key technology focus areas in Section 10387 (Division B, Title III—National Science Foundation for the Future, Subtitle G) includes biotechnology, quantum information sciences, advanced materials science, and advanced energy and industrial efficiency technologies, among others.

The NOFO further noted that the grants will be made using a competitive, merit-review process, and that awards will be made in a manner that ensures geographic diversity and representation from communities of differing populations, among other considerations. EDA administers two Tech Hubs funding awards:

• Strategy development awards—to help a consortium prepare to apply for an implementation award and/or Tech Hub designation by supporting planning, coordination, and pre-development activities; and
• Strategy implementation awards—to support economic development activities such as workforce development, business and entrepreneur development, technology maturation, and infrastructure.

In the inaugural competition, EDA administered the program in two phases. In Phase 1, an applicant could apply for a strategy development award, a Tech Hub designation, or both. Only entities that were already designated as Tech Hubs in Phase 1 were permitted to apply for implementation awards under the Phase 2 NOFO. Designated Tech Hubs, however, were not required to receive a strategy development award to apply for an implementation award. EDA is statutorily required to designate at least 20 Tech Hubs and indicated that designation is a strong signal of a region's potential. There is no funding associated with the designation.

Tech Hubs grants are awarded to eligible consortia. In addition to other entities, an eligible consortium must include one or more representatives from

• Institutions of higher education;
• State, territorial, local, or tribal governments or other political subdivisions of a state;
• Industry groups or firms in relevant technology, innovation, or manufacturing sectors;
• Economic development organizations or similar entities; and
• Labor or workforce training organizations.

The NOFO encourages the participation of at least two private firms in an eligible consortium, and notes that other entities may be part of the consortium. One of the consortium members will be the lead applicant.¹⁹⁷

Statutory Authority: 15 U.S.C. §3722a¹⁹⁸

Agency Regulations: The program is governed by the terms of the NOFO.¹⁹⁹

Economic distress criteria: No minimum economic distress level requirements. In FY2023, the NOFO highlighted the potential for tech hubs' engagement with underserved communities and other stakeholders in its description of its "equity and diversity" criteria.²⁰⁰

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: The CEDS requirement is not referenced in 15 U.S.C. §3722a.

Level of matching funds requirement: Strategy development award recipients will generally contribute at least a 20% cost share, except the cost share is lowered to 10% if the eligible consortium represents all or part of a small and rural or other underserved community. For implementation awards, the total amount of initial funds awarded shall not exceed 90% of the total operating costs of the hub—except in the case of an eligible consortium that represents all or part of a small and rural or other underserved community or is led by a tribal government.

Research and National Technical Assistance Program (RNTA)

According to the EDA, the RNTA program funds research, evaluation, and national technical assistance projects that promote competitiveness and innovation. The EDA administers RNTA funding through a single NOFO for two separate programs: the Research and Evaluation (R&E) Program and the National Technical Assistance (NTA) Program.²⁰¹ Through the National Technical Assistance program, EDA may provide technical assistance that is national in scope on a specific type of economic development challenge, opportunity, event, or condition, or for "outreach, training, and information dissemination." For instance

• EDA partnered with two national organizations (the National Association of Development Organizations (NADO) Research Foundation and the National Association of Counties (NACo)) to disseminate promising strategies among coal-impacted communities.
• EDA directs a portion of Assistance to Nuclear Closure Communities (NCC) funds to a national technical assistance provider that disseminates promising strategies and creates a 'community of practice' for applicants and grantees.²⁰²

Statutory Authority: 42 U.S.C. §3147

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 306

Economic distress criteria: EDA's regulations (13 C.F.R. §301.3) note that there are no minimum economic distress level requirements for RNTA projects.

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: EDA regulations (13 C.F.R. §306.2) note that projects will be evaluated based on the extent that they are "consistent with an EDA-approved CEDS, as applicable, for the region in which the project is located."

Level of matching funds requirement: Generally, 50% of project costs, but may vary. PWEDA notes that the Secretary may also increase the federal share up to 100% for RNTA grants (42 U.S.C. §3147). See 13 C.F.R. §301.4.

STEM Talent Challenge²⁰³

The STEM Talent Challenge program (or "STEM Apprenticeship Pilot" program) funds proposals to expand career pathways and meet employers' needs for a STEM-capable workforce. The program was authorized in the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017 (P.L. 114-329) and is administered by the EDA's Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (OIE). According to EDA, the STEM initiative aligns with the goals of the agency's B2S program, which is also administered by OIE and designed to develop talent, capital, and entrepreneurial support systems. The STEM Talent Challenge seeks to address the need for the "talent" component by building a skilled workforce for regional innovation economies. Funded projects may address training gaps in order to facilitate the growth of high-growth, high-wage entrepreneurial ventures, innovation-driven businesses, and industries that leverage emerging technologies.

Statutory Authority: 15 U.S.C. §3723²⁰⁴

Agency Regulations: The program is governed by the terms of the NOFO.²⁰⁵

Economic distress criteria: No minimum economic distress level requirements.

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: See the terms of the program's NOFO.

Level of matching funds requirement: Applicants must provide a matching nonfederal cost-share of at least 50% of the total project cost.

Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF)²⁰⁶

The TAAF program funds a national network of Trade Adjustment Centers (TAACs) that provide assistance to American companies that have "lost domestic sales and employment because of increased imports of similar goods and services." According to the EDA, "a national network of 11 TAACs help strengthen the competitiveness of American companies that have lost domestic sales and employment because of increased imports of similar goods and services." The following entities may apply for assistance to operate a TAAC: universities or affiliated organizations; states or local governments; or nonprofit organizations.²⁰⁷ EDA generally funds a TAAC for a three-year period composed of three separate funding periods of 12 months each.²⁰⁸

Beginning July 1, 2022, TAAF termination provisions took effect. EDA reported that it will no longer accept new petitions from firms for certification of eligibility for trade adjustment assistance ("petitions") through the TAAF program.²⁰⁹

Statutory Authority: Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. §§2341 et seq.)

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Part 315

Economic distress criteria: No minimum economic distress level requirements.²¹⁰

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: The CEDS requirement is not referenced in 19 U.S.C. §§2341 et seq. or agency regulations.

Level of matching funds requirement: There are no matching share requirements for adjustment assistance provided by the TAACs to firms for certification or for administrative expenses of the TAACs.²¹¹ Certified firms that receive assistance from TAACs must pay a percentage of expenses associated with services.²¹²

University Center Program²¹³

EDA administers the University Center activities as a component of the Research and National Technical Assistance (RNTA) program.²¹⁴ The University Center program connects economic development practitioners with expertise and resources from colleges and universities. University Centers provide technical assistance in support of regional economic development strategies.<del> </del>

University Centers have the statutorily-defined duties to

• collaborate with other University Centers;
• provide technical assistance to support CEDS and other economic development planning with a focus on innovation, entrepreneurship, workforce development, and regional economic development;
• provide technical assistance, business development, and technology transfer services to businesses in the University Center's service area;
• establish partnerships with commercialization intermediaries that are eligible to receive a grant under 42 U.S.C. §1862s-9;
• promote local and regional capacity building; and
• provide assistance on data collection, analysis, and research to help communities and regions inform economic development and adjustment strategies.

EDRA (P.L. 118-272) directed EDA, when reviewing University Center grants applications, to consider University Centers that may support distressed communities in planning and implementing economic development projects and University Centers that may be located near a distressed community. EDRA also specified that University Centers are to provide services to each state, but did not state that they must be located in each state.

Eligible recipients for the University Center program include institutions of higher education (including community colleges or junior colleges and consortia of institutions of higher education); university-affiliated research institutions; and nonprofit organizations. University Center grants generally have a five-year period of performance, with an initial funding period of one year. Since FY2004, EDA has administered the University Center program as a competitive multiyear program. In FY2026, EDA will hold the University Center competition in its Chicago and Philadelphia Regional Offices. In FY2027, EDA will hold the University Center competition in its Atlanta and Seattle Regional Offices. In FY2028, EDA will hold the University Center competition in its Austin and Denver Regional Offices.²¹⁵ According to EDA, the awards "have been in the range of $80,000 to $200,000 each, and each participating region has generally made 8 to 10 awards."²¹⁶

Statutory Authority: 42 U.S.C. §3147

Agency Regulations: 13 C.F.R. Parts 300-302 and 13 C.F.R. §306 Subpart B

Economic distress criteria: No minimum economic distress level requirements.²¹⁷

Requirement to align with CEDS or equivalent: Recent University Center NOFOs indicate that applicants to the University Center program are not required to submit a CEDS.²¹⁸

Level of matching funds requirement: Generally, 60% of project costs, but may be provided up to 100% of project costs (see 42 U.S.C. §3144(a) and 42 U.S.C. §3144(c)(3)). See 13 C.F.R. §301.4.

Appendix B. EDA Funding—Historical Tables

Sources: Appropriated funding amounts compiled by CRS using data from the conference reports and explanatory statements for the following annual appropriations bills: P.L. 112-10, P.L. 112-55, P.L. 113-76, P.L. 113-235, P.L. 114-113, P.L. 115-31, P.L. 115-141, P.L. 116-6, P.L. 116-93, P.L. 116-136, P.L. 116-260, P.L. 117-103, and P.L. 118-42; S.Rept. 113-78; EDA, FY2013 Annual Report, https://www.eda.gov/impact/annual-reports/fy2013; and P.L. 119-4. Funding amounts include the following supplemental appropriations bills: P.L. 112-55, P.L. 115-123, P.L. 116-20, P.L. 116-136, P.L. 117-2, P.L. 117-328, and in P.L. 118-158.

Appendix C. Staff Level History

Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist, developed the figures included in this report. Maria Kreiser, Julie Jennings, and Jared Nagel provided research assistance. Shelley Harlan, Editor, provided technical edits and functionality support as the report was developed. Lauren R. Stienstra, Federalism and Emergency Management Section Research Manager, and section- and division-level management throughout CRS, provided substantive edits and assistance in shaping the report's development.

Footnotes

1.	EDA, "Key Definitions," https://www.eda.gov/performance/key-definitions/. See also e.g., Karl F Seidman, Economic Development Finance (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2005), p. 5; International Economic Development Council (IEDC), "What Economic Development Does for a Community," https://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/IEDC_Why_and_Impact_Economic_Development.pdf; and Emil E. Malizia and Edward Feser, Understanding Local Economic Development (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers, 1999), pp. 12-13.
2.	Testimony by Mr. Dennis Alvord, Acting Assistant Secretary of Commerce for EDA, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Investing in America: Reauthorization of the Economic Development Administration, 117th Cong., 1st sess., April 28, 2021, https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/112512/witnesses/HHRG-117-PW13-Wstate-AlvordD-20210428.pdf.
3.	EDA, "Overview," https://eda.gov/about.
4.	EDA, "EDA Informational Brochure," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2021/files/programs/disaster-recovery/EDA-Disaster-Brochure.pdf.
5.	For information on the agency's statutory history, see CRS Report R41241, Economic Development Administration: A Review of Elements of Its Statutory History, by Julie M. Lawhorn. See also EDA, "History of EDA," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2016/50/history; and Robert W. Lake et al., "EDA and U.S. Economic Distress 1965–2000," EDA Research Report, 99-07-13812, July 2004.
6.	42 U.S.C. §3121(a)(4). See also, Maryann Feldman et al., "The Logic of Economic Development: A Definition and Model for Investment," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol. 34, no. 1 (2016), pp. 5-21; also available at https://www.eda.gov/grant-resources/reports/research-reports. The report defines economic development as "the development of capacities that expand economic actors' capabilities."
7.	EDA, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 153, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/EDA-FY2024-Congressional-Budget-Submission.pdf.
8.	EDA, "Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act Frequently Asked Questions," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/cares/faq.<del> </del>
9.	Robert W. Lake et al., "EDA and U.S. Economic Distress 1965–2000," EDA Research Report, 99-07-13812, July 2004, p. 5.
10.	Peter K. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States, Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), pp. 100-101. See also CRS Report R41241, Economic Development Administration: A Review of Elements of Its Statutory History, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
11.	ARA focused assistance on economically distressed areas impacted by chronic unemployment. In addition to ARA, the two other laws considered precursors to PWEDA were the Public Works Acceleration Act of 1963 (PWAA; P.L. 87-658) and the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 (ARDA; P.L. 89-4). The PWAA authorized an appropriation of $900 million for federal public works programs to address the 1960-1961 recession and support areas with high unemployment. ARDA authorized $1.1 billion for assistance to the Appalachian region. See CRS Report R41241, Economic Development Administration: A Review of Elements of Its Statutory History, by Julie M. Lawhorn; and Robert W. Lake et al., "EDA and U.S. Economic Distress 1965–2000," EDA Research Report, 99-07-13812, July 2004.
12.	For additional context, see CRS Report R41241, Economic Development Administration: A Review of Elements of Its Statutory History, by Julie M. Lawhorn; and Peter K. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States, Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), pp. 100-101, 123-124.
13.	EDA, "History of EDA," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2016/50/history.
14.	Defense adjustment refers to activities that assist communities affected by base closures, reductions in defense contracts, or reductions in Department of Energy defense-related funding. See Robert W. Lake et al., "EDA and U.S. Economic Distress 1965–2000," EDA Research Report, 99-07-13812, July 2004, pp. 118-121.
15.	Robert W. Lake et al., "EDA and U.S. Economic Distress 1965–2000," EDA Research Report, 99-07-13812, July 2004, p. 5.
16.	EDA defines regional clusters as geographic concentrations of firms, workers and industries that do business with each other and have common needs for talent, technology, and infrastructure. Regional clusters are essentially networks of similar, synergistic, or complementary entities that are engaged in or with a particular industry sector; have active channels for business transactions and communication; share specialized infrastructure, labor markets, and services; and leverage the region's unique competitive strengths to stimulate innovation and create jobs. Regional clusters may cross municipal, county, and other jurisdictional boundaries. See EDA, "Key Definitions," https://eda.gov/performance/key-definitions.
17.	EDA, "History of EDA," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2016/50/history.
18.	EDA, "Leading Economic Recovery Efforts in Disaster-Impacted Communities," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/EDA_Disaster_Brochure_2022_PRINT.pdf.
19.	Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-55), Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123), Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act, 2019 (P.L. 116-20), Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328), and the American Relief Act, 2025 (P.L. 118-158).
20.	EDA, "A Brief History of EDI," https://eda.gov/integration.
21.	For additional analysis on infrastructure and the economy, see CRS Report R46826, Infrastructure and the Economy, by Lida R. Weinstock.
22.	EDA's Informational Brochure (published 2017) noted that funds are awarded to both rural and urban communities with approximately two-thirds of assistance awarded to rural communities. See EDA, "EDA Informational Brochure," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/filebase/archives/2021/pdf/about/EDA-TriFold-2017.pdf.
23.	EDA, "Research and National Technical Assistance Program," https://eda.gov/programs/rnta.
24.	EDA, "FY2025 Congressional Budget Justification," p. 7, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/EDA-FY2025-Justification-Congressional-Submission.pdf. OIE administered the first round of the Regional Innovation Program competitions in September 2014 (see EDA, U.S. Department of Commerce, "Regional Innovation Program," 82 Federal Register 3131-3137, January 11, 2017, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/11/2017-00116/regional-innovation-program). OIE administered the first round of the STEM Talent Challenge (STEM Apprenticeships) program in FY2020 (see EDA, "STEM Talent Challenge," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/stem-challenge). Additionally, in FY2020, EDA administered the Accelerate R2 Network competition in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) to develop a network of organizations working to address disaster response and resiliency (R2) challenges with innovative technologies (see EDA, "Accelerate R2 Network Challenge," https://eda.gov/oie/accelerate-r2).
25.	EDA announced a solicitation for NACIE members in October 2024. See EDA, U.S. Department of Commerce, "National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (NACIE); Solicitation of Applications," 89 Federal Register 85154, October 25, 2024, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2024-24865/page-85155. Prior to the 2024 solicitation, EDA announced a solicitation for NACIE members in September 2021. See EDA, U.S. Department of Commerce, "National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (NACIE); Solicitation of Applications," 86 Federal Register 50323-50324, September 8, 2021, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/09/08/2021-19169/national-advisory-council-on-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-nacie-solicitation-of-applications. See also EDA, "NACIE," https://www.eda.gov/strategic-initiatives/national-advisory-council-on-innovation-and-entrepreneurship.
26.	EDA, "Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/about/TAAF-Program-1-Pager.pdf. For more information on TAAF, see CRS In Focus IF12430, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, by Kyla H. Kitamura, which notes that On July 1, 2022, TAAF termination provisions took effect, meaning EDA cannot accept new petitions for TAAF but may continue to assist firms that submitted a petition prior to the program's expiration.
27.	EDA, "Economic Development Integration," https://www.eda.gov/integration, and "Disaster Recovery," https://eda.gov/disaster-recovery. EDA also maintains a matrix of selected federal programs that can assist economic development strategies on its EDI webpage at https://www.eda.gov/integration.
28.	EDA, "EDA and Disaster Recovery," https://eda.gov/disaster-recovery.
29.	Office of Personnel Management (OPM), FedScope, http://www.fedscope.opm.gov.
30.	See https://www.eda.gov/grant-resources/economic-development-directory for EDA's directory of EDDs and other resources. For an analysis of EDDs in the context of regional development organizations, see CRS In Focus IF11511, The Role of Regional Development Organizations (RDOs) in Economic Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
31.	EDA, "Economic Development Districts," https://www.eda.gov/edd. See also 42 U.S.C. §3171.
32.	EDA, "Celebrating 400 Blueprints for a Modern Economy," March 2, 2023, https://www.eda.gov/news/blog/2023/03/02/blog-celebrating-400-blueprints-modern-economy. Through an award from the EDA, the National Association of Development Organizations (NADO) Research Foundation created an interactive map of EDDs, which is available at https://www.nado.org/eddmap/.
33.	EDA, "CEDS Content," https://www.eda.gov/grant-resources/comprehensive-economic-development-strategy/content/summary. Also, EDA supports the CEDS Resource Library at StatsAmerica.org where applicants can determine whether their region is served by an EDD and locate the most recent CEDS. See http://www.statsamerica.org/ceds/Default.aspx.
34.	EDA, "FY 2021 – FY 2023 EDA Planning and Local Technical Assistance Programs Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO)," p. 7, https://www.eda.gov/funding/funding-opportunities/fiscal-year-2021-2023-eda-planning-and-local-technical-assistance.
35.	EDA, "Investment Priorities," https://www.eda.gov/funding/investment-priorities.
36.	Congressional Record, vol. 170, no. 182 (December 9, 2024), p. H6525, https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/12/09/170/182/CREC-2024-12-09.pdf#page=81.
37.	EDA, "CEDS Guidelines—Economic Resilience," https://www.eda.gov/grant-resources/comprehensive-economic-development-strategy/content/economic-resilience.
38.	EDA, "Investment Priorities," https://www.eda.gov/funding/investment-priorities.
39.	EDA, "A Brief History of Economic Development Integration," https://eda.gov/integration/; and GAO, "Efficiency and Effectiveness of Fragmented Economic Development Programs Are Unclear," May 19, 2011, GAO-11-477R, https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-11-477r.
40.	EDA, "Economic Development Integration," https://www.eda.gov/strategic-initiatives/economic-development-integration/history. For a description of economic development integration in disaster resiliency planning, see U.S. House of Representatives, Select Climate Crisis Committee, "Creating a Climate Resilient America: Smart Finance for Strong Communities," Serial No. 116–16, December 11, 2019, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg41272/pdf/CHRG-116hhrg41272.pdf.
41.	EDA, "Regional Integrator Contacts," https://eda.gov/integration/contact. Regional integrators may help stakeholders by convening meetings, building coalitions, identifying resources, and other activities to facilitate coordinated responses to state and local economic development issues. For an example, see EDA, "EDA's Economic Integrator Catalyzes Interagency Investments in San Diego," https://www.eda.gov/impact/success-stories/economic-development-integration/edas-economic-integrator-catalyzes.
42.	EDA, "Economic Development Integration," https://eda.gov/integration.
43.	Limitations may apply to the total amount of federal project funding, depending on the program, type of applicant, and determination of special need. See 42 U.S.C. §3144. The FY2023 Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) for the Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance programs noted that, "Funds from other federal financial assistance awards may be considered matching share funds only if authorized by statute, which may be determined by EDA's reasonable interpretation of the statute." See EDA, "FY 2023 Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance Notice of Funding Opportunity," p. 14, https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=346815, and 13 C.F.R. §300.3 and 2 C.F.R. §200.306.
44.	EDA, "Economic Development Integration (EDI)," https://eda.gov/integration and "EDI Networking and Collaboration," https://www.eda.gov/strategic-initiatives/economic-development-integration/networking-collaboration. For an overview of federal resources for state and local economic development, see CRS Report R46683, Federal Resources for State and Local Economic Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
45.	GAO, Economic Development: Opportunities Exist for Further Collaboration Among EDA, HUD, and USDA, GAO-21-579, July 2021, https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-579.
46.	GAO, "Recommendations," https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-579#summary_recommend.
47.	For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF12576, EDA's Disaster Economic Recovery and Resiliency Roles, by Julie M. Lawhorn and CRS Infographic IG10045, Economic Development Administration (EDA) Disaster Recovery Funding, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
48.	EDA, "EDA and Disaster Recovery," https://eda.gov/disaster-recovery.
49.	FEMA, "National Disaster Recovery Framework," https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/national-preparedness/frameworks/recovery.
50.	EDA, "Spotlight: EDA Investments Advance Economic Recovery in American Communities Impacted by Natural Disasters," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2021/news/blogs/2020/09/01/spotlight.htm.
51.	EDA, "Recovering from Harvey: EDA Leads the Coordination of Federal Resources," January 12, 2021, https://www.eda.gov/impact/success-stories/disaster-recovery/recovering-harvey-eda-leads-coordination-federal-resources.
52.	EDA, "EDA Investments in Disaster Recovery and Resiliency Programs for Regions Impacted by Hurricane Harvey," https://www.eda.gov/impact/success-stories/disaster-recovery/eda-investments-disaster-recovery-and-resiliency-programs; and "Recovering from Harvey: EDA Leads Coordination of Federal Resources," January 12, 2021, https://www.eda.gov/impact/success-stories/disaster-recovery/recovering-harvey-eda-leads-coordination-federal-resources.
53.	EDA, "EDA Continues to Support the Caribbean Following the Devastating 2017 Hurricane Season," September 20, 2021, https://www.eda.gov/news/blog/2021/09/20/eda-continues-support-caribbean-following-devastating-2017-hurricane-season.
54.	See EDA, "Where We Work," https://www.eda.gov/strategic-initiatives/disaster-recovery/where-we-work.
55.	See Figure 6 for a summary of supplemental disaster appropriations during the FY2011-FY2025 time period. See also, EDA, "Disaster Supplemental Funding," https://www.eda.gov/strategic-initiatives/disaster-recovery/supplemental.
56.	EDA, "EDA Continues to Support the Caribbean Following the Devastating 2017 Hurricane Season," September 20, 2021, https://www.eda.gov/news/blog/2021/09/20/eda-continues-support-caribbean-following-devastating-2017-hurricane-season.
57.	EDA "After Reoccurring Flooding, Moberly, Missouri, Business Owners to See Relief," May 12, 2021, https://eda.gov/success-stories/disaster/stories/moberly-mo.htm.
58.	EDA, "Leading Economic Recovery Efforts in Disaster-Impacted Communities," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/EDA_Disaster_Brochure_2022_PRINT.pdf.
59.	See, for example, EDA, "FY 2023 Disaster Supplemental NOFO, https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/347414.
60.	P.L. 118-272, §2228. Prior to the enactment of P.L. 118-272, EDA administered a national program focused on Disaster Recovery and Economic Integration since FY2021, though an agency office had not yet been formally established in statute.
61.	P.L. 118-272, §2228. For additional information, see CRS Report R46696, National Preparedness: A Summary and Select Issues; and FEMA, "National Disaster Recovery Framework," https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/national-preparedness/frameworks/recovery.
62.	EDA, "EDA Performance Measurement and Program Evaluation," https://www.eda.gov/performance.
63.	Capacity is a central component of EDA's definition of economic development. EDA defines economic development as creating "the conditions for economic growth and improved quality of life by expanding the capacity of individuals, firms, and communities to maximize the use of their talents and skills to support innovation, lower transaction costs, and responsibly produce and trade valuable goods and services." EDA further defines economic development capacity building as "developing or improving community assets that businesses need to succeed." See EDA, "Key Definitions," https://eda.gov/performance/key-definitions.
64.	EDA, "EDA Performance Measurement and Program Evaluation," https://www.eda.gov/performance.
65.	EDA, "Investment Priorities," https://www.eda.gov/funding/investment-priorities.
66.	EDA defines incubators as A program, often sponsored by a university or nonprofit organization, that provides support and guidance to start-up companies during the embryonic phases of their development to support job creation and retention. Support can include technical assistance, facility access, financing, mentorship, and networking opportunities. See EDA, "Economic Development Glossary," https://www.eda.gov/about/economic-development-glossary.
67.	DOC, EDA, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 154, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/EDA-FY2024-Congressional-Budget-Submission.pdf.
68.	42 U.S.C. §§3121 et seq.
69.	This report does not analyze EDA's grant awards by program. For an analysis of EDA funding awarded by program and other analysis, see Brett Theodos et al., "The Economic Development Administration's Programs and Projects Types—EDA Program Evaluation," The Urban Institute, October 2021, p. 6, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/105006/economic-development-administration-programs-and-project-types_1_0.pdf; and "The Location of Economic Development Administration Grants—EDA Program Evaluation," The Urban Institute, July 20, 2023, https://www.urban.org/research/publication/location-economic-development-administration-grants.
70.	Information on EDA grant competitions is available at https://www.eda.gov/funding/funding-opportunities and http://www.grants.gov.
71.	EDA, "Economic Development Directory," https://www.eda.gov/economic-development-directory.
72.	Recipients of EDA awards follow the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (Uniform Guidance) as set forth in 2 C.F.R. Part 200, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2016-title2-vol1/pdf/CFR-2016-title2-vol1-part200.pdf; DOC Terms and Conditions; and other requirements.
73.	Detailed program requirements are outlined in Notice of Funding Opportunities (NOFOs) (see https://www.eda.gov/funding/funding-opportunities) and in agency regulations (see 13 C.F.R. Part 300).
74.	The term Indian tribe means an entity on the list of recognized tribes published pursuant to the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, as amended (P.L. 103-454) (25 U.S.C. §§479a et seq.), and any Alaska Native Village or Regional Corporation (as defined in or established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. §§1601 et seq.). This term includes the governing body of an Indian tribe, Indian corporation (restricted to Indians), Indian authority, or other nonprofit Indian tribal organization or entity; provided that the Indian tribal organization, corporation, or entity is wholly owned by, and established for the benefit of, the Indian tribe or Alaska Native Village. 13 C.F.R. §300.3. A rule published in the Federal Register on September 24, 2021, extended EDA tribal eligibility to include for-profit entities that are wholly owned by and established for the benefit of a tribe. See EDA, U.S. Department of Commerce, "Permitting Additional Eligible Tribal Entities," 86 Federal Register 52957-52959, September 24, 2021, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/09/24/2021-20633/permitting-additional-eligible-tribal-entities.
75.	A state means a state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau. 42 U.S.C. §3122.
76.	The Economic Development Administration Reauthorization Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-373) authorized select nonprofits as eligible recipients.
77.	The Economic Development Reauthorization Act (EDRA) of 2024 (P.L. 118-272) authorized economic development organizations and public private partnerships as eligible recipients.
78.	42 U.S.C. §3122(6)(B) and 13 C.F.R. §300.3. Training, Research, and Technical Assistance Investment grants are authorized under 42 U.S.C. §3147 and EDA, "FY2023 Regional Technology and Innovation Hub Program Phase 1 NOFO (Tech Hubs Phase 1 NOFO)," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/Tech_Hubs_NOFO.pdf. Businesses may receive EDA-supported loans and technical assistance to support expansion and entrepreneurial activities. For instance, qualifying businesses may receive a loan from an intermediary operating an EDA-supported Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) and the loan must be repaid with interest. There are approximately 400 organizations administering EDA-funded RLFs. See EDA, "Revolving Loan Fund Program," https://www.eda.gov/rlf. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11449, Economic Development Revolving Loan Funds (ED-RLFs), by Julie M. Lawhorn; and CRS Insight IN11419, COVID-19: Selected Federal Resources for Businesses Seeking to Assist with Research and Manufacturing Efforts, by Maria Kreiser. Businesses may also receive direct technical assistance through projects funded by EDA grants, University Center, or Trade Adjustment Assistance Center partners.
79.	EDA, "2024 Build to Scale Program NOFO," https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/356368, and "2023 STEM Talent Challenge Program NOFO," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/FY%2023%20STEM%20Talent%20Challenge%20NOFO.pdf.
80.	EDA, "FY2023 Regional Technology and Innovation Hub Program Phase 1 NOFO (Tech Hubs Phase 1 NOFO)," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/Tech_Hubs_NOFO.pdf.
81.	EDA, "FY2023 Recompete Pilot Phase 1 NOFO," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-06/Recompete_Pilot_Program_NOFO_phase_1_vF.pdf.
82.	13 C.F.R. §315.4.
83.	For example, for the Recompete Pilot program in FY2023, there was no match requirement for Phase 1 or Phase 2 awards; matching is to be a competitive factor in Phase 2. See EDA, "FY 2023 Distressed Area Recompete Pilot Program Phase 1," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-06/Recompete_Pilot_Program_NOFO_phase_1_vF.pdf.
84.	42 U.S.C. §3144.
85.	13 C.F.R. §301.4, Subpart D—Investment Rates and Matching Share Requirements.
86.	See agency regulations (13 C.F.R. Chapter III) for detailed program requirements. See also EDA, "EDA Informational Brochure," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/filebase/archives/2021/pdf/about/EDA-TriFold-2017.pdf.
87.	42 U.S.C. §§3121 et seq. EDA's regulations describe the economic distress criteria at 13 C.F.R. §301, Subpart C—Economic Distress Criteria.
88.	42 U.S.C. §3171. The EDA also encourages University Centers (42 U.S.C. §3147(a)(2)(D)) to provide services that benefit distressed areas in their region (13 C.F.R. §306.5(a)).
89.	EDA, "Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies," https://eda.gov/ceds. According to EDA, "EDA supports the CEDS Resource Library at http://www.statsamerica.org/ceds/Default.aspx where applicants can determine whether their region is served by an EDD and locate the most recent CEDS"—see http://www.statsamerica.org/ceds.
90.	42 U.S.C. §3149(b)(2); 42 U.S.C. §3162; 13 C.F.R. §307.5.
91.	EDA, "Planning Program," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/about/Planning-Program-1-Pager.pdf.
92.	13 C.F.R. §304.1.
93.	13 C.F.R. §303.6.
94.	EDA regulations specify that each regional CEDS must promote resiliency. Economic resilience in the context of the CEDS is related to "the ability to avoid, withstand, and recover from economic shifts, natural disasters, the impacts of climate change, etc." See 13 C.F.R. §303.7 and EDA, "Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies," https://eda.gov/ceds.
95.	See, for example, Senator Patty Murray, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Ms. Murray, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 4366, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024," Senate, Congressional Record, vol. 170, no. 39 (March 5, 2024), p. S1146, https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/03/05/170/39/CREC-2024-03-05.pdf.
96.	By example, see annual appropriations bills: P.L. 115-31 (FY2017), P.L. 115-141 (FY2018), P.L. 116-6 (FY2019), P.L. 116-93 (FY2020), and P.L. 116-260 (FY2021), among others. The 10-20-30 provision has also been applied to USDA Rural Development programs and was applied in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5).
97.	For more information, see CRS Report R45100, The 10-20-30 Provision: Defining Persistent Poverty Counties, by Joseph Dalaker.
98.	GAO, "Areas with High Poverty—Changing How the 10-20-30 Funding Formula Is Applied Could Increase Impact in Persistent Poverty Counties," GAO-21-470, May 27, 2021, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-470.pdf. For EDA's list of Persistent Poverty Counties, see https://eda.gov/performance/tools.
99.	42 U.S.C. §3213. For an example of such reports and data, see EDA, FY2019 Annual Report, pp. 8-10, https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/FY2019-Approved-EDA-Annual-Report.pdf.
100.	Representative Nita Lowey, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division B—Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies)," Congressional Record, vol. 166, No. 218-Book III (December 21, 2020), pp. H7922-7923, https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2020/12/21/house-section/article/H7879-2.
101.	EDA, "Tackling Persistent Poverty Is Goal of New EEDA-Economic Innovation Group Initiative," July 19, 2021, https://www.eda.gov/news/blog/2021/07/19/tackling-persistent-poverty-goal-new-eda-economic-innovation-group-initiative.
102.	Senator Patrick Leahy, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Leahy, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 2617, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198 (December 20, 2022), S7898-7899, https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-168/issue-198/senate-section/article/S7819-2.
103.	P.L. 118-272, §2215.
104.	P.L. 118-272, §§2213 and 2224.
105.	P.L. 118-272, §2229.
106.	P.L. 118-272, §2231. In EDRA, coal communities are associated with areas impacted by the "coal economy," which is defined as "the complete supply chain of coal-reliant industries, including (i) coal mining; (ii) coal-fired power plants; (iii) transportation or logistics; and (iv) manufacturing" (see P.L. 118-272, Division B, Title II). For additional information about the term "coal community," see "Identifying Coal Communities" in CRS Report R47831, Federal Economic Assistance for Coal Communities, by Julie M. Lawhorn et al.
107.	EDA defines indigenous communities in the following way: Ethnic groups descended from the first known inhabitants of a geographic area. For purposes of grants administration, the Economic Development Administration defines indigenous communities to include federally recognized American Indian or Alaskan Native tribal entities (including American Indian tribes and Alaskan Native villages). It also includes public or private non-profit organizations or associations serving Native Hawaiians; or, public or private non-profit organizations or associations serving Native Pacific Islanders of Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau. EDA, "Economic Development Glossary," https://www.eda.gov/about/economic-development-glossary.
108.	42 U.S.C. §3144.
109.	See EDA, U.S. Department of Commerce, "Permitting Additional Eligible Tribal Entities," 86 Federal Register 52957-52959, September 24, 2021, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/09/24/2021-20633/permitting-additional-eligible-tribal-entities.
110.	EDA, "Indigenous Communities," https://eda.gov/arpa/indigenous.
111.	EDA, "EDA Updates Regulations to Make Grants More Accessible to Native American Communities," September 24, 2021, https://www.eda.gov/news/blog/2021/09/24/eda-updates-regulations-make-grants-more-accessible-native-american.
112.	See Senator Patty Murray, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Ms. Murray, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 4366, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024," Senate, Congressional Record, vol. 170, no. 39 (March 5, 2024), p. S1399, https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/03/05/170/39/CREC-2024-03-05.pdf.
113.	Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Appendix: Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2025 (2024), p. 179, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2025-APP/pdf/BUDGET-2025-APP.pdf.
114.	See also CRS Report R47495, Regional Innovation: Federal Programs and Issues for Consideration, by Julie M. Lawhorn et al.
115.	Sintia Radu, "The U.S. Is (Again) Among the World's Top Innovators," U.S. News and World Report, August 8, 2019. See also Robert Hassink, "Advancing Place-Based Regional Innovation Policies" (2019); F. Hu, "Study on the Roles and Responsibilities of Government in the Regional Innovation System," in Frontiers in Enterprise Integration (CRC Press, 2008), pp. 381-384, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003061090-58/study-roles-responsibilities-government-regional-innovation-system-hu; and Karen G. Mills et al., Clusters and Competitiveness: A New Federal Role for Stimulating Regional Economies, The Brookings Institution, April 2008, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Clusters-Brief.pdf.
116.	15 U.S.C. §3722. See also EDA, "Build to Scale," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/build-to-scale.
117.	For more information about the EDA's allocation of supplemental appropriations approved in the American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2), see CRS Insight IN11712, The Economic Development Administration's American Rescue Plan (ARP) Act Grant Programs, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
118.	P.L. 117-167 directed EDA to administer the Tech Hubs program in coordination with another Commerce agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
119.	U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, "CHIPS and Science Act Section-by-Section Summary," https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/1201E1CA-73CB-44BB-ADEB-E69634DA9BB9.
120.	EDA, "Tech Hubs Program Launch Fact Sheet," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/EDA_TECH_HUBS_Fact_Sheet.pdf.
121.	The size of these awards is different from EDA's existing programs. For comparison, the FY2023 Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) for the Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance (EAA) program noted that the average size of a Public Works investment has been approximately $1.4 million, and investments generally range from $600,000 to $5 million. The average size of an EAA investment has been approximately $650,000, and EDA expects to make awards ranging from $150,000 to $2.5 million in FY2023. See the Public Works and EAA NOFO at https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=346815, and CRS Insight IN12413, Facts and Figures: EDA Awards Phase 2 Grants Under Tech Hubs and Recompete Programs, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
122.	Division B, Title VI—Miscellaneous Science and Technology Provisions, Subtitle C, Section 10621. See also EDA, "Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Tech Hubs)," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/regional-technology-and-innovation-hubs; and CRS Insight IN12170, Economic Development Administration Announces Phase 1 of New Tech Hubs Program, by Julie M. Lawhorn and Marcy E. Gallo.
123.	15 U.S.C. §3722b(f)(2).
124.	See CRS Insight IN12413, Facts and Figures: EDA Awards Phase 2 Grants Under Tech Hubs and Recompete Programs, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
125.	Division B, Title VI—Miscellaneous Science and Technology Provisions, Subtitle C, Section 10621. See also EDA, "Distressed Area Recompete Pilot Program (Recompete Pilot Program)," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/recompete-pilot-program; and CRS Insight IN12201, Economic Development Administration Announces New Recompete Program, by Julie M. Lawhorn. As of the date of publication, Congress directed EDA to provide $200 million in annual and supplemental appropriations to the Recompete program in FY2023. See Senator Patrick Leahy, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Leahy, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 2617, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198 (December 20, 2022), S7898-S7899, https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-168/issue-198/senate-section/article/S7819-2.
126.	For a summary of EDA programs and appropriations prior to FY2011, see Robert W. Lake et al., "EDA and U.S. Economic Distress 1965–2000," EDA Research Report, 99-07-13812, July 2004.
127.	See explanatory statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76), printed in the January 15, 2014, Congressional Record (pp. H507-H532), https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2014/01/15/house-section/article/H475-2.
128.	S.Rept. 113-181.
129.	In FY2015 and FY2016, Congress directed EDA to allocate funding to "Assistance to Coal Communities" (see explanatory statements accompanying the FY2015 and FY2016 appropriations bills, P.L. 113-235 and P.L. 114-113). In FY2015 and FY2016, the ACC initiative was administered as a component of the multi-agency POWER Initiative—a coordinated federal effort to assist coal-impacted communities. The Appalachian Regional Commission's (ARC's) POWER Initiative and the EDA's ACC initiative were developed as part of the Obama Administration's POWER+ Plan (FY2015-FY2016). At the time, the POWER Initiative was the multi-agency economic development component. During the Trump Administration, ARC's POWER Initiative and the EDA's ACC initiative continued to operate, but were no longer a part of a cross-agency POWER Initiative. See CRS Report R46015, The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
130.	EDA, "FY 2018 Economic Development Assistance Programs Notice of Funding Opportunity," p. 7, https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/306735.
131.	In FY2020, Congress directed EDA to allocate $15 million to the Assistance to Nuclear Closure Communities (NCC) initiative (P.L. 116-93; see also Congressional Record, December 17, 2019, pp. H10961-10962). Each year in FY2021 through FY2023, Congress directed EDA to allocate $16.5 million to the NCC initiative (P.L. 116-260, see also Congressional Record, December 21, 2020, pp. H7922-7923; P.L. 117-103, see also Congressional Record, March 9, 2022, p. H1733; and P.L. 117-328, Congressional Record, December 20, 2022, p. S7898-S7899).
132.	Each year from FY2022 through FY2024, Congress directed EDA to allocate $4.5 million to the biomass power plant closure communities (P.L. 117-103, Congressional Record, March 9, 2022, p. H1733; P.L. 117-328, Congressional Record, December 20, 2022, p. S7898-S7899; and P.L. 118-42 Congressional Record, March 5, 2024, p. S1399).
133.	FY2022 and FY2023 funding for biomass power plant closure communities is displayed as "BCC" in Figure 5.
134.	Between FY2015 and FY2024, congressional intent for funding the ACC and NCC initiatives was outlined in the explanatory statements accompanying annual appropriations committee reports. For additional information, including legislative origins, see CRS Insight IN11648, The Economic Development Administration's Assistance to Coal and Nuclear Closure Communities Initiatives for Economic Transitions, by Julie M. Lawhorn. See also EDA, "FY 2023 Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance Notice of Funding Opportunity," https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/346815.
135.	See EDA, "Coal Communities Commitment," https://eda.gov/arpa/coal-communities/, which notes that the Initial Report to the President on Empowering Workers Through Revitalizing Energy Communities (April 2021), developed by President Biden's Interagency Working Group, recommended focused federal investments for coal-impacted communities.
136.	P.L. 118-272, §2219.
137.	See the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103) and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328).
138.	EDA launched the Good Jobs Challenge (GJC) grant program in FY2021—with funding provided by the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2)—to develop and strengthen regional workforce training systems and sectoral partnerships. EDA defined a sectoral partnership as a partnership of employers from the same industry who join with other strategic partners to focus on the workforce needs of an industry within a regional labor market. See EDA, "Good Jobs Challenge, Frequently Asked Questions," July 29, 2024, https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/FY2024_GJC_Frequently_Asked_Questions.pdf; and "Workforce Development Design and Programming," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-02/Recompete_Virtual_Summit_Workforce_Development_Recompete_Summit_Slides.pdf.
139.	Senator Patrick Leahy, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Leahy, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 2617, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198 (December 20, 2022), S7898-S7899, https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-168/issue-198/senate-section/article/S7819-2.
140.	According to OMB, "Unobligated balances refers to balances that have not yet been committed by contract or other legally binding action by the government." See OMB, Budget of the United States, FY2022, p. 5, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2021-BALANCES/pdf/BUDGET-2021-BALANCES.pdf.
141.	Senator Patty Murray, "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Ms. Murray, Chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Regarding H.R. 4366, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024," Senate, Congressional Record, vol. 170, no. 39 (March 5, 2024), p. S1399, https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/03/05/170/39/CREC-2024-03-05.pdf.
142.	Under current law and congressional budgetary enforcement rules, Congress can designate funding as an emergency requirement by stating as such in the legislative text of that measure. Amounts designated by Congress (and, in some cases, by the President as well) as an emergency requirement are effectively exempt from budgetary enforcement rules that may apply during consideration of a measure or after its enactment. For more on emergency designations in the congressional budget process, see CRS Report R47594, Budget Enforcement Rules: Emergency Designations, by Drew C. Aherne. Section 251(b)(2)(a)(i) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (BBEDCA, codified as amended at as amended at 2 U.S.C. §901(b)(2)(A)(i)) establishes that statutory limits on discretionary spending may be adjusted upward to accommodate enacted discretionary spending that Congress and the President have designated as being an emergency requirement. For more, see CRS Report R48387, Exemptions to the Fiscal Responsibility Act's Discretionary Spending Limits, by Drew C. Aherne and Megan S. Lynch. For additional information regarding FY2025 appropriations, see CRS Report R48134, Overview of FY2025 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS), by Nathan James.
143.	According to OMB, "Unobligated balances refers to balances that have not yet been committed by contract or other legally binding action by the government." See OMB, Budget of the United States, FY2022, p. 5, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2021-BALANCES/pdf/BUDGET-2021-BALANCES.pdf.
144.	By example, see P.L. 116-20 which authorizes appropriations for disaster economic recovery activities under Section 703 of the Public Works and Economic Development Act (42 U.S.C. §3233).
145.	By example, see P.L. 116-260.
146.	Testimony by Mr. Dennis Alvord, Acting Assistant Secretary of Commerce for EDA, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Investing in America: Reauthorization of the Economic Development Administration, 117th Cong., 1st sess., April 28, 2021, https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/112512/witnesses/HHRG-117-PW13-Wstate-AlvordD-20210428.pdf.
147.	Section 251(b)(2)(D) of BBEDCA (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C. §901(b)(2)(D)) establishes that statutory limits on discretionary spending may be adjusted upward to accommodate certain discretionary spending designated by Congress as being for disaster relief. For more, see CRS Report R48387, Exemptions to the Fiscal Responsibility Act's Discretionary Spending Limits, by Drew C. Aherne and Megan S. Lynch, and CRS In Focus IF10720, Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment, by William L. Painter.
148.	EDA, "FY 2019 Disaster Supplemental Funding NOFO," https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/319126.
149.	EDA administers this funding through the "FY 2023 Disaster Supplemental NOFO," at https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/347414.
150.	Funding provided by the CARES Act to EDA was designated by Congress as an emergency requirement under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
151.	42 U.S.C. §3149(b).
152.	For more information on the EDA's COVID-19 response, see CRS Insight IN11402, The Economic Development Administration's Economic Recovery Assistance for COVID-19 Impacted Communities, by Julie M. Lawhorn; and DOC, "U.S. Department of Commerce CARES Act Implementation Plan," June 2020, https://www.commerce.gov/files/commerce-cares-act-implementation-plan-june-2020.
153.	P.L. 116-136. See also GAO, Federal Hiring: OPM Should Collect and Share COVID-19 Lessons Learned to Inform Hiring During Future Emergencies, GAO-22-104297, October 25, 2021, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104297.pdf.
154.	For more information about the six ARP Act grant programs, see CRS Insight IN11712, The Economic Development Administration's American Rescue Plan (ARP) Act Grant Programs, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
155.	The EDA allocated one third of the total amount of ARP Act appropriations ($1 billion of a total $3 billion in ARP Act funding) to the Build Back Better Regional Challenge (BBRC) to support new or existing regional innovation clusters. On December 13, 2021, EDA announced awards to 60 coalitions through Phase 1 of the BBRC program; for a list of finalists, see https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/american-rescue-plan/build-back-better/finalists.
156.	See Division B, Title VI—Miscellaneous Science and Technology Provisions, Subtitle C, §10621.
157.	OMB, "Major Discretionary Funding Changes," May 2, 2025, p. 24, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Fiscal-Year-2026-Discretionary-Budget-Request.pdf.
158.	U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) Office of Inspector General (OIG), "Mission," https://www.oig.doc.gov/about/our-mission/; "FAQs," https://www.oig.doc.gov/about/faqs/; and "Organization," https://www.oig.doc.gov/about/organization/.
159.	See, for example, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Subcommittee on Transportaion and Infrastructure, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., September 9, 2008, S.Hrg. 110-1262, https://www.congress.gov/110/chrg/CHRG-110shrg88906/CHRG-110shrg88906.pdf; "The Economic Development Administration Faces Challenges in Effectively Monitoring Its Revolving Loan Funds," Final Report No. OIG-15-031-A, June 5, 2015, https://www.oig.doc.gov/OIGPublications/OIG-15-031-A.pdf; and "EDA Is Not Fully Complying with All Its Disaster Relief Award Policies," Final Report No. OIG-21-014-A, December 21, 2020, https://www.oig.doc.gov/OIGPublications/OIG-21-014-A.pdf.
160.	According to the DOC OIG, the Office of Audit and Evaluation activities "include performance audits and evaluations, and financial audits. OAE also reviews and handles resolution of certain single audits conducted by state and local auditors on recipients of Commerce financial awards." DOC OIG, "Audit and Evaluation," https://www.oig.doc.gov/about/organization/audit-and-evaluation/.
161.	DOC OIG, "EDA Generally Monitored Grants Awarded Under the FY 2019 EDA Disaster Supplemental Notice of Funding Opportunity," Final Report OIG-24-005-A, November 6, 2023, https://www.oig.doc.gov/Pages/EDA-Generally-Monitored-Grants-Awarded-Under-the-FY-2019-EDA-Disaster-Supplemental-Notice-of-Funding-Opportunity.aspx.
162.	DOC OIG, "Audit of EDA's FY 2019 Disaster Relief Grants Costs Claimed and Oversight Efforts," February 11, 2025, https://www.oig.doc.gov/detail-disaster-relief/?entry=24092.
163.	DOC OIG, "EDA Was Effective in Implementing the Requirements for Awarding Funds Under the CARES Act," Final Report No. OIG-21-017-1, January 5, 2021, https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2021-01/OIG-21-017-I.pdf.
164.	DOC OIG, "EDA Was Effective in Implementing the Requirements for Awarding Funds Under the CARES Act," Final Report OIG-21-017-I, January 5, 2021, https://www.oig.doc.gov/OIGPublications/OIG-21-017-I.pdf.
165.	DOC OIG, "EDA Needs to Improve Oversight of CARES Act Revolving Loan Funds to Ensure Loans Are Made to Eligible Borrowers and Used as Intended," Final Report No. OIG-25-019-A, April 30, 2025, https://www.oig.doc.gov/wp-content/OIGPublications/OIG-25-019-A-SECURED.pdf.
166.	For a list of hearings in the 117th and 118th Congresses related to the reauthorization of EDA, see Table C-2.
167.	House Committee on T&I, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, Regional Commissions: A Review of Federal Economic Development Program Effectiveness, 118th Cong., 1st sess., October 19, 2023, Serial No. 118–32, pp. 2-3, 9, 35, https://www.congress.gov/118/chrg/CHRG-118hhrg56927/CHRG-118hhrg56927.pdf.
168.	As previously noted, EDA's involvement in innovation and technology broadly includes the administration of competitive grant programs (e.g., the Build to Scale (B2S), SPRINT Challenge, and the Accelerate Response and Recovery (R2) Network Challenge programs described above and in Appendix A), workforce development and technical assistance initiatives (e.g., the STEM Talent Challenge and University Centers), and coordination with other federal agencies on regional innovation strategies (e.g., NACIE), among other activities. For a review of EDA and other federal programs for regional innovation, see CRS Report R47495, Regional Innovation: Federal Programs and Issues for Consideration, by Julie M. Lawhorn et al. For a list of CRS analysts associated with science, technology, and innovation policy, see CRS Report R42688, Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: CRS Experts, by John F. Sargent Jr.
169.	See U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, Economic Development Administration Reauthorization Act of 2024, 118th Congress, 2nd Session, S.Rept. 118-233, September 25, 2024, https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/118th-congress/senate-report/233/1?outputFormat=pdf. The report is for S. 3891, which included provisions that were similar, but not identical to the provisions in EDRA (P.L. 118-272).
170.	EDA, "Economic Development Glossary," https://www.eda.gov/about/economic-development-glossary.
171.	See EDA, "Investment Priorities," https://www.eda.gov/funding/investment-priorities and testimony by Mr. Dennis Alvord, Acting Assistant Secretary of Commerce for EDA, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Investing in America: Reauthorization of the Economic Development Administration, 117th Cong., 1st sess., April 28, 2021, https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/112512/witnesses/HHRG-117-PW13-Wstate-AlvordD-20210428.pdf. EDA's guidance for the STEM Talent Challenge highlighted "industries of the future" which could include, but are not limited to: artificial intelligence; machine learning; advanced manufacturing and robotics; space exploration and commerce; broadband expansion; bioscience; quantum information science; climate technologies; the built environment; and aqua- and agricultural technologies. EDA, "STEM Talent Challenge NOFO," FY2023, p. 6, https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/FY%2023%20STEM%20Talent%20Challenge%20NOFO.pdf.
172.	See Congressional Budget Office, "Federal Policies and Innovation," November 17, 2014, p. 5, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49487; and Yong-Shik Lee, "Law and Economic Development in the United States: Toward a New Paradigm," Catholic University Law Review, vol. 68, no. 2 (2019), pp. 1-62, May 31, 2018, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3168964.
173.	EDA defines regional clusters as geographic concentrations of firms, workers and industries that do business with each other and have common needs for talent, technology, and infrastructure. Regional clusters are essentially networks of similar, synergistic, or complementary entities that are engaged in or with a particular industry sector; have active channels for business transactions and communication; share specialized infrastructure, labor markets, and services; and leverage the region's unique competitive strengths to stimulate innovation and create jobs. Regional clusters may cross municipal, county, and other jurisdictional boundaries. EDA, "Key Definitions," https://eda.gov/performance/key-definitions/.
174.	Federal support for regional clusters and innovation cluster initiatives have included programs administered by EDA (e.g., Regional Innovation Strategies/Build to Scale) and agencies such as the Department of Energy, DOC, NIST, SBA, and others. These programs generally provide planning and other support to intermediary organizations to develop new or expand existing industry clusters. See Ryan Donahue, Joseph Parilla, and Brad McDearman, "Rethinking Cluster Initiatives," Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, July 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/201807_Brookings-Metro_Rethinking-Clusters-Initiatives_Full-report-final.pdf; Mark Muro and Bruce Katz, "The New 'Cluster Moment': How Regional Innovation Clusters Can Foster the Next Economy," Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, September 21, 2010, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-cluster-moment-how-regional-innovation-clusters-can-foster-the-next-economy/; National Research Council, "The Federal Dimension," Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press), 2013, https://doi.org/10.17226/18364; and Camilla Alexandra Hrdy, "Cluster Competition," Lewis & Clark Law Review, vol. 20, October 7, 2016, pp. 982-986, 1013, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2672660, which includes the definition of innovation clusters as "regional economies made up of firms, suppliers, and human talent whose core activity is innovation." As noted, the EDA's Build Back Better Regional Challenge, a grant program launched in July 2021, funded new or existing regional innovation clusters with one third of the total amount of ARP Act appropriations ($1 billion out of a total of $3 billion in ARP Act funding).
175.	Camilla Alexandra Hrdy, "Cluster Competition," Lewis & Clark Law Review, vol. 20, October 7, 2016, pp. 997-1009, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2672660; and Giles Duranton, "California Dreamin': The Feeble Case for Cluster Policies," Review of Economic Analysis, vol. 3, pp. 3-45, http://repository.upenn.edu/real-estate_papers/2.
176.	Policy questions from the Hearing Charter for U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, "Building Regional Innovation Economies," June 9, 2021, https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/112753/documents/HHRG-117-SY15-20210609-SD002.pdf. The hearing memo reviewed the role of the Department of Commerce and the EDA in expanding regional innovation economies, options for further development, and partnership opportunities with federal science agencies, and raised several considerations regarding the EDA's role and select aspects of the Build to Scale (B2S) program in particular. The memo noted that EDA's expertise includes leading regional economic development and related expertise, while NIST and other agencies are generally considered lead agencies in terms of technical expertise on innovation and research and development. The hearing charter further noted that the matching requirements associated with the competitive B2S program may limit participation by economically distressed and rural communities due to limited resources in some communities.
177.	EDA, "FY2025 Congressional Budget Justification," p. 115, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/EDA-FY2025-Justification-Congressional-Submission.pdf.
178.	Congress approved appropriations for several years for the ACC and NCC initiatives. EDRA codified EDA assistance to coal and nuclear host communities initiatives under the existing EAA program under in FY2025.
179.	In FY2020, EDA administered a third competition in the B2S program, the Industry Challenge, but did not offer it in FY2021 or FY2022. In FY2020, the Industry Challenge focused on advancing regional blue economies. According to the EDA in FY2020, the term "blue economy" referred to the "sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, while preserving the health of marine ecosystems." See EDA, February 2020 Newsletter, "Spotlight: EDA Launches the Build to Scale Program, a Redesign of its Regional Innovation Strategies Program," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2021/news/blogs/2020/02/01/spotlight.htm.
180.	The B2S Program is authorized under Section 27 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. §3722). The FY2020 B2S Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) noted that, "this authorization does not require applicants to meet specific distress criteria to be considered eligible." See EDA, "2020 Build to Scale FAQ," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2021/files/oie/b2s/2020-B2S-FAQ-FINAL.pdf.
181.	EDA, "2024 Build to Scale Program NOFO," https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/356368.
182.	EDA, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 56, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/EDA-FY2024-Congressional-Budget-Submission.pdf.
183.	13 C.F.R. Part 307.
184.	For more information, see CRS Insight IN11648, The Economic Development Administration's Assistance to Coal and Nuclear Closure Communities Initiatives for Economic Transitions, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
185.	EDA, "Leading Economic Recovery Efforts in Disaster-Impacted Communities," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2021/files/programs/disaster-recovery/EDA-Disaster-Brochure.pdf.
186.	EDA, "Good Jobs Challenge," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/good-jobs-challenge.
187.	EDA, "Economic Recovery Corps," https://www.eda.gov/archives/2022/programs/economic-recovery-corps/.
188.	EDA, "FY2023 Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance NOFO," https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/346815.
189.	13 C.F.R. §307.5(1).
190.	13 C.F.R. §301.10(c).
191.	EDA, "Fiscal Year 2021–2023 EDA Planning and Local Technical Assistance Programs Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO)," https://www.eda.gov/funding/funding-opportunities/fiscal-year-2021-2023-eda-planning-and-local-technical-assistance.
192.	According to an example noted in EDA's FY2021-FY2023 NOFO for Planning and Local Technical Assistance, "EDA might provide Short Term Planning funding to a coalition of Tribal and regional organizations to plan a coordinated response to the sudden loss of a significant employer in the affected area. EDA also makes Short-Term Planning awards to support the preparation or update of a CEDS for regions not served by a District Organization." See EDA, "NOFO—EDA Planning and Local Technical Assistance Programs," p. 6, https://www.grants.gov/search-results-detail/332125.
193.	13 C.F.R. §306 and 13 C.F.R. §301.3.
194.	EDA, "FY2023 Distressed Area Recompete Pilot Program Phase 1 NOFO (Recompete Pilot Phase 1 NOFO)," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-06/Recompete_Pilot_Program_NOFO_phase_1_vF.pdf.
195.	For more information, see https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/regional-technology-and-innovation-hubs.
196.	See P.L. 117-167, Division B, Title VI—Miscellaneous Science and Technology Provisions, Subtitle C, §10621.
197.	P.L. 117-167, §10621.
198.	The Tech Hubs program is authorized under Section 28 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act (15 U.S.C. §3722a).
199.	EDA, "FY2023 Regional Technology and Innovation Hub Program Phase 1 NOFO (Tech Hubs Phase 1 NOFO)," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/Tech_Hubs_NOFO.pdf.
200.	EDA, "FY2023 Tech Hubs NOFO."
201.	EDA, "Research and National Technical Assistance (RNTA) Programs," https://eda.gov/programs/rnta/. See also EDA, "NOFO for FY 2021-2023 Research and Evaluation (R&E) and National Technical Assistance (NTA) Programs," EDA-HDQ-RNTA-2021, https://grants.gov/search-results-detail/334079.
202.	The EDA's webpage on RNTA provides additional examples at https://www.eda.gov/rnta.
203.	STEM is the acronym used for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics curriculum, training, education, and related initiatives. For more information, see https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/stem-challenge.
204.	The STEM Talent Challenge is authorized under Section 30 (formerly Section 28) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. §3723). The STEM Talent Challenge program was established by the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act (P.L. 114-329).
205.	EDA, "2023 STEM Talent Challenge Program NOFO," https://www.eda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/FY%2023%20STEM%20Talent%20Challenge%20NOFO.pdf.
206.	For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12430, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, by Kyla H. Kitamura.
207.	13 C.F.R. §315.4.
208.	13 C.F.R. §315.5.
209.	EDA, "Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/trade-adjustment-assistance-for-firms.
210.	13 C.F.R. §315.5.
211.	13 C.F.R. §315.5.
212.	13 C.F.R. §315.6.
213.	For a list of University Centers, see https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/university-centers/current-list.
214.	42 U.S.C. §3147(c).
215.	EDA, "Applicant Resources," https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/university-centers/applicant-resources.
216.	EDA, "University Centers."
217.	13 C.F.R. §306 Subpart B. The EDA encourages University Centers to provide services that benefit distressed areas in their region (13 C.F.R. §306.5(a)).
218.	EDA, NOFO—FY2021 EDA University Center Economic Development Program Competition, EDA-CHI-TA-CRO-2021-2006893 and EDA-CHI-TA-CRO-2021-2006894, p. 20.