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Updated January 13, 2025
Senate Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper: A Primer
The Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper (Sergeant at Arms) is an elected officer of the Senate and is the chamber’s primary law enforcement and protocol official, responsible for the protection, security, decorum, and other administrative aspects of the Senate floor, Senate wing of the Capitol, Senate office buildings, and adjacent grounds. The office was initially established during the First Congress, when the Senate elected James Mathers as Senate Doorkeeper. The Senate Sergeant at Arms performs duties according to law, Senate rules, and custom.
Selection Process
The Senate elects the Sergeant at Arms, who serves until the Senate chooses a successor. The Senate typically considers a Senate Resolution (S.Res.) to elect a Sergeant at Arms. Typically, the Senate agrees to the resolution by unanimous consent (UC). For example, the current Sergeant at Arms, Jennifer Hemingway, was elected in the 119th Congress (S.Res. 11) on January 3, 2025.
Acting Sergeant at Arms Appointment Should the Sergeant at Arms die, resign, or become disabled, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms “shall act” as Sergeant at Arms “in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of that office in all matters until such time as a new Sergeant at Arms ... shall have been elected and qualified or such disability shall have been ended” (2 U.S.C. §6593).
117th Congress On January 7, 2021, Sergeant at Arms Michael Stenger resigned following the events of January 6, 2021, at the U.S. Capitol during the joint session of Congress to certify and count the 2020 presidential election electoral votes. Pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §6593, Deputy Sergeant at Arms Jennifer Hemingway began serving as acting Sergeant at Arms. On March 22, 2021, the Senate elected Karen Gibson as the Sergeant at Arms (S.Res. 127).
Immediate Past Sergeants at Arms
Table 1 lists the 13 individuals who have served as Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper since 1991, and the date they were first elected.
Table 1. Senate Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper, 1991-2025
Congresses Name
First
Elected
102nd (1991-92) to 103rd (1993-94)
Martha Pope 1/3/1991
103rd (1993-94) Robert Laurent Benoit 4/15/1994
104th (1995-96) Howard Greene 1/4/1995
104th (1995-96) to 105th (1997-98)
Gregory Casey 9/6/1996
105th (1997-98) to 107th (2001-02)
James Ziglar 11/9/1998
107th (2001-02) to 108th (2003-04)
Alfonso Lenhardt 9/4/2001
108th (2003-04) to 109th (2005-06)
William Pickle 3/17/2003
110th (2007-08) to 113th (2013-14)
Terrance Gainer 1/4/2007
113th (2013-14) Andrew Willison 5/5/2014
114th (2015-16) to 115th (2017-18)
Frank Larkin 1/6/2015
115th (2017-18) to 117th (2021-22)
Michael Stengera 4/16/2018
117th (2021-22) to 118th (2023-24)
Karen Gibson 3/22/2021
119th (2025-26) Jennifer Hemingway 1/3/2025
Source: U.S. Congress, Senate Historical Office, “Sergeants at Arms.” Note: a. Michael Stenger resigned on January 7, 2021. Jennifer Hemingway, Deputy Sergeant at Arms, served as acting Sergeant of Arms from January 7, 2021, to March 22, 2021.
Duties and Responsibilities
The duties and responsibilities of the Sergeant at Arms have developed over time and can be located in law, rules, custom, and precedent.
Additionally, the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and the Senate Committee on Appropriations define other duties of the Sergeant at Arms.
Resolved, That the Doorkeeper of the Senate be, and he is hereby, invested with the authority of Sergeant- at-Arms, to hold said office during the pleasure of the Senate, whose duty it shall be to execute the commands of the senate, from time to time, and all such process as shall be directed to him by the President of the Senate.
-Annals of Congress, February 5, 1798, pp. 497-498.
Senate Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper: A Primer
https://crsreports.congress.gov
The Senate Rules and Administration Committee provides oversight to the Sergeant at Arms.
Generally, the duties and responsibilities of Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper can be divided into three broad categories: law enforcement and security, protocol, and administration. Each category reflects the basic responsibility to ensure safe and effective operation of the Senate.
Law Enforcement and Security As the Senate’s chief law enforcement officer, the Sergeant at Arms is responsible for security and law enforcement in the Senate wing of the Capitol and the Senate Office Buildings (2 U.S.C. §6617; Rules for the Regulation of the Senate Wing of the U.S. Capitol and Senate Office Buildings, Rule I). Further, during a “live” quorum call, the Sergeant at Arms also has the authority to compel the attendance of absent Senators (Standing Rules of the Senate, Rule VI).
The Sergeant at Arms works in concert with the House Sergeant at Arms and the Architect of the Capitol. In addition to their other duties, these three officials comprise the Capitol Police Board, with the U.S. Capitol Police Chief serving as an ex-officio member (2 U.S.C. §1901 note). The Senate Sergeant at Arms also serves with the Secretary of the Senate, the Clerk of the House, the House Sergeant at Arms, and the Architect of the Capitol on the Congressional Accessibility Services Board (2 U.S.C. §2172). This board oversees the Office of Congressional Accessibility Services, which provides and coordinates accessibility services for individuals with disabilities in the U.S. Capitol complex.
Together with the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms develops and maintains a continuity-of-operations plan that enables the Senate to conduct business and access data at offsite locations, and oversees the office of security and emergency preparedness, which serves as the Senate’s emergency planning and response team.
Protocol The Sergeant at Arms serves as the Senate’s chief of protocol. In this role, the Sergeant at Arms performs ceremonial functions that generally have developed through custom and precedent. For example, the Sergeant at Arms
• greets and escorts the U.S. President, heads of state, and
other official Senate guests while attending functions in the Capitol; and
• assists in arrangements for inaugurations and the
planning of funerals of Senators who die while in office.
Additionally, the Sergeant at Arms’ office assists with the leading of Senators from the Senate side of the Capitol to the House chamber for joint sessions of Congress, to their
places on the inaugural platform, and to any other place the Senate travels as a body.
By custom, the Sergeant at Arms is custodian of the Senate gavel.
The Sergeant at Arms is also responsible for protocol following the death of a Senator. These responsibilities include, among other responsibilities, the enforcement of a provision in the Standing Orders of the Senate, which prohibits flowers in the Senate except on the day reserved for eulogies to a deceased Senator (Standing Orders of the Senate, §64).
Administrative As an executive officer of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms is responsible for specified administrative services both to the Senate as a whole and to Senators individually. These include functions such as the operation of the Senate appointment desk; Senate parking services; and acquiring home state office space for Senators (2 U.S.C. §6317).
Organization As described in the Senate Appropriations Committee majority print, the Sergeant at Arms has four principal organizational units. They are as follows:
Office of Security and Emergency Preparedness. This office “prepares the Senate to respond to a full spectrum of emergencies that may disrupt normal business operations.” The office includes life safety programs, intelligence, security, and continuity of operations policies and programs.
Capitol Operations. This office “is responsible for many of the services provided within the Capitol building that support the day-to-day operation of the Senate,” including chamber operations, official business visitor processing, credentialing news media, and operating the Senate Recording Studio.
Operations Division. This office furnishes and maintains the Senate side of the Capitol Building and “provides an array of services to the Senate community to include identification, transportation, parking, and photographic services; printing, publishing, graphic design, and framing services; and USPS mail screening, and mailing and package delivery services.”
Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO). This office “builds, operates, and supports the Senate’s information infrastructure,” including information security, telecommunications, helpdesks, data networks, web services and hosting, system development, and office equipment.
Jacob R. Straus, Specialist on the Congress
IF11728
Senate Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper: A Primer
https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF11728 · VERSION 4 · UPDATED
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