Legal Sidebari

What Time Is It for the ACCA?: Supreme
Court Clarifies When State Drug Offenses
Qualify as “Serious Drug Offenses”
June 20, 2024
The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) imposes a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment when a
person convicted of unlawfully possessing a firearm has three or more prior violent felony or serious drug
(controlled substance) predicate convictions. In Brown v. United States (a case previewed in an earlier
Sidebar), the Supreme Court held that a state drug conviction qualifies as a controlled substance predicate
conviction for purposes of sentencing under the ACCA if the federal and state definitions of the drug
involved matched at the time of the prior state drug offense.
ACCA
The ACCA (18 U.S.C. § 924(e)) establishes a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years in
prison for defendants, convicted of unlawful firearm possession, who have three or more prior
convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses. An ACCA “serious drug offense” is
(1) an offense punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more that is
(2)(i) an offense under federal controlled substance laws, or (ii) “an offense under State law,
involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute, a
controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the [federal] Controlled Substance Act (21
U.S.C. [§] 802)).” A prior state drug offense qualifies as a “serious drug offense” only if the
state’s definition of the drug involved matches the federal definition of that drug.
The ACCA is no stranger to the Supreme Court, which has been called upon to issue no fewer
than two dozen written decisions construing its provisions. In Brown v. United States and a
companion case, the Court was recently called upon to address the question of when a state drug
definition must match the federal definition for purposes of qualifying a prior state drug offense
as a “serious drug offense” under the ACCA.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
LSB11179
CRS Legal Sidebar
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress

---

Congressional Research Service
2
Background of Supreme Court Case
The Court addressed Brown along with a companion case, Jackson v. United States, in a single decision.
Brown involved a federal firearm offender who had four Pennsylvania marijuana trafficking convictions
between 2009 and 2014, at which time federal and Pennsylvania law defined “marijuana” the same way.
In 2018, however, while Brown’s firearm conviction was pending, Congress redefined “marijuana” to
exclude hemp. Thereafter, at sentencing for his firearm offense, Brown argued his state convictions no
longer qualified as “serious drug offenses” since federal and state law no longer matched. The United
States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed his sentence on the ground that the federal and state
definitions of marijuana matched on the date of his federal firearm conviction.
Jackson involved a defendant who unlawfully possessed a firearm in 2017, was charged in 2019, and was
sentenced in 2021. The defendant had 1998 and 2004 Florida state convictions for cocaine trafficking. At
the time of the drug convictions, federal and Florida law provided comparable definitions of “cocaine.”
Then, in 2015, federal law legalized a radioactive cocaine derivative, ioflupane, creating a mismatch in
the federal and state definitions of “cocaine.” The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
affirmed Jackson’s sentence on the ground that the federal and state definitions of cocaine matched when
he committed the state drug offenses, notwithstanding the later parting of the ways.
Supreme Court’s Decision
The Supreme Court agreed to hear the cases, as they reflected an interpretative dispute among the federal
appellate courts as to when federal and state drug definitions must match for ACCA purposes. In a 6-3
decision, the Court ruled that a state drug conviction qualifies as a predicate “serious drug offense” under
the ACCA if the federal and state definitions of the drug involved matched at the time of the prior state
drug offense. The majority opinion rested the decision on the Court’s earlier ruling in McNeill v. United
States, on the text of the ACCA, and on Congress’s purpose enacting the ACCA.
In McNeill, the Court concluded that the 10-year-or-greater maximum penalty required for qualifying
“serious drug offenses” must involve a federal-state match at the time of prior drug offenses—in other
words, so long as the state offense carried at least a 10-year penalty at the time of its commission, it meets
the penalty requirement for ACCA purposes. The Court in Brown explained that McNeill read the ACCA
to require sentencing courts to assess a defendant’s culpability and dangerousness by a “backward-
looking examination” of his prior offenses at the time he committed them.
Additionally, the Court determined that the wording in successive ACCA provisions suggests an equality
of federal and state law treatment that would be lost under any other interpretation. Section
924(e)(2)(A)(i) and Section 924(e)(2)(A)(ii) define the term “serious drug offense” using the same
definition of drugs (controlled substances) under the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). According
to the Court, “Congress clearly indicated that past conduct that violated the CSA is probative of a
defendant’s ‘culpability and dangerousness’ . . . even if the federal drug schedule is later amended.”
Finally, according to the Court in Brown, ACCA’s purpose relates to, and its focus is upon, the predicate
offenses: “[b]ecause defendants who have repeatedly committed ACCA predicate offenses are especially
likely to inflict grave harm when in possession of a firearm, ACCA imposes a higher punishment when
they do so.” As such, in the Court’s view, it “makes sense to ask . . . whether a prior offense met ACCA’s
definition of seriousness—and thus suggested future danger—at the time it was committed.”
For the three dissenting Justices (Justice Jackson, joined by Justices Kagan and Gorsuch), the question
was less complicated. In their minds, the text of the ACCA resolves the issue when in a “straightforward”
statement “it establishes that courts should apply the drug schedules in effect at the time of the federal
firearms offense that triggers ACCA’s potential application.”

---

Congressional Research Service
3

Considerations for Congress
The Brown Court’s determination that a match between federal and state drug definitions must exist at the
time of the commission of the state predicate drug offense precludes the suggestion that other dates may
qualify, such as the date of the commission of the firearms offense, or the date of sentencing for the
firearms offense.
Subject to constitutional limitations, Congress is free to recast or abandon the ACCA to whatever extent it
prefers. For example, Congress might amend the ACCA to provide that going forward, the federal and
state definitions of the controlled substance involved in a prior conviction must match at the time of
sentencing for the firearm possession offense – rather than at the time of the prior state conviction as the
Brown Court concluded.
The ACCA aside, possession of a firearm by a defendant with a prior felony conviction is currently
punishable under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(8) by imprisonment for up to 15 years regardless of the
specifics of the prior felony conviction (with some limited exceptions). Congress is free to alter the
penalty levels for that offense (within constitutional limits).







Author Information

Charles Doyle

Senior Specialist in American Public Law




Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

LSB11179 · VERSION 1 · NEW

---