Updated August 5, 2022
An Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases and Tax Advantages of
Buybacks over Dividends
The Build Back Better Act (H.R. 5376), as reported by the
organizations) will be indifferent to the tax treatment.
Committee on the Budget, includes a provision to impose a
Taxpayers who have a low basis (e.g., because they have
1% excise tax on stock repurchases by publicly traded
held the stock for a long time or because the stock has
corporations. Stock repurchases are another way to
appreciated significantly) will have a small preference for a
distribute income to shareholders and, compared to
repurchase because most of the sale price will be taxable.
dividends, have favorable tax treatment. News reports
Taxpayers who have a high basis (e.g., if they recently
indicate that this provision will be included in the version of
bought the stock) would prefer a share repurchase because
the bill, now called the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022,
little of the sales price would be taxable. In addition to this
that is being considered in the Senate.
tax differential, the firm’s purchase of corporation stock can
allow stockholders a choice about how or whether to
What Is a Stock Repurchase?
receive distributions.
A stock repurchase or buy-back occurs when a firm buys its
own shares. This repurchase can be made by a tender offer
Explanation of Excise Tax Provision in
to shareholders, who can then indicate how many shares
the Build Back Better Act
they wish to sell and at what price, or, more commonly,
A provision in H.R. 5376 would impose a 1% excise tax on
shares can be purchased on the open market.
the repurchase of stock by a publicly traded corporation.
The amount subject to tax would be reduced by any new
Stock repurchases have been increasing compared to
issues to the public or stock issued to employees. The tax
dividends. (See CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10266, Stock
would not apply if repurchases were less than $1 million or
Buybacks: Background and Reform Proposals, by Jay B.
if contributed to an employee pension plan, an employee
Sykes.) Historically, dividends were the major form of
stock ownership plan, or other similar plans.
distributing income and share repurchases were rare.
Repurchases began to be more common in the mid-1990s,
The tax would not apply if repurchases were treated as a
and by the early 2000s, dividends and repurchases were
dividend. It would not apply to repurchases by regulated
similar in magnitude. By 2004, annual share repurchases
investment companies (RICs) or real estate investment
had typically begun to exceed dividends. Repurchases
trusts (REITs). It also would not apply to purchases by a
almost doubled in 2018 to more than $1 trillion, following
dealer in securities in the ordinary course of business.
the corporate tax cuts in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (P.L.
115-94), and remained high in 2019, although they fell in
The excise tax would apply to purchases of corporation
2020. News articles indicate that almost $900 billion of
stock by a subsidiary of the corporation (i.e., a corporation
repurchases have already occurred in 2021.
or partnership that is more than 50% owned by the parent
corporation). The tax would also apply to purchases by a
Concerns about stock repurchases have led to both nontax
U.S. subsidiary of a foreign-parented firm. It would apply
(such as disallowing stock repurchases on the open market)
to newly inverted (after September 20, 2021) or surrogate
and tax proposals. Tax approaches have included proposals
firms (i.e., firms that merged to create a foreign parent with
to allocate share repurchases to shareholders and tax them
the former U.S. shareholders owning more than 60% of
as dividends or to impose excise taxes. Senator Brown has
shares).
introduced legislation (S. 2758) to impose a 2% excise tax
on stock repurchases.
In general, excise taxes can be deducted to determine
profits subject to the corporate tax, so that the tax is reduced
Why Are Stock Repurchases Tax
by the corporate tax rate (21%). That is, for a profitable
Favored?
corporation each dollar of excise tax reduces profits taxes
A dividend is subject to tax, although at a lower rate than
by 21 cents. The language specifies that this tax would not
ordinary income (a top rate of 20% compared to a top rate
be deductible, so there would be corporate profits tax offset.
of 37% on ordinary income). Capital gains are also subject
to the same tax rate, although the tax applies only to the
Non-Tax Issues
sales price minus the basis (the amount originally paid for
Whereas one factor favoring stock repurchases over
the stock). Therefore, a shareholder pays a larger amount of
dividends is the tax treatment, other concerns have been
tax on a dividend distribution than on a sale of the share.
raised regarding stock repurchases that may be the
motivation for discouraging these repurchases through an
Different types of shareholders have different preferences
excise tax.
for repurchases compared to dividends. Stockholders who
are tax exempt (such as pension plans and nonprofit
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An Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases and Tax Advantages of Buybacks over Dividends
Firms normally return earnings to shareholders,
that these corporate insiders initiate buybacks knowing that
traditionally through dividends. Repurchases serve the same
the firm’s shares are undervalued. (See CRS Legal Sidebar
purposes. An increase in distributions may occur when the
LSB10266, Stock Buybacks: Background and Reform
firm does not have desirable investment projects. Both
Proposals, by Jay B. Sykes.) Still others have expressed
dividends and stock repurchases can also signal that the
concerns about leveraged buybacks that may increase debt
firm is doing well.
too much or that buybacks displace investments in capital
and research and development that are essential for the
If all parties have full information, a distribution should
firm’s long-term health. (See CRS In Focus IF11393, Stock
reduce the value of the firm. For dividends, the shares
Buybacks: Concerns over Debt-Financing and Long-Term
remain constant and the price per share falls. For
Investing, by Gary Shorter.)
repurchases, the price per share should remain constant
while the overall number of shares fall.
Revenue Effects
The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates a gain of $124
In practice, other forces may affect per share prices.
billion over 10 years. A 1% tax is relatively small compared
Evidence suggests that share repurchases cause stock prices
to the top tax rate on dividends and capital gains of 23.8%
to rise. This rise may simply reflect the increase in demand
(20% plus the 3.8% net investment income tax). However,
from the repurchase if supply does not keep pace at the
it would also apply to repurchases by tax-exempt investors
going price. This rise in price has been an issue of concern.
who hold about half of corporate shares of U.S. firms and
For example, some research has suggested that executives
by foreign investors who pay no capital gains tax and
use stock repurchases to push the price of the stock up and
typically low dividend taxes due to treaties. Foreign
generate gains for sales of these executives’ stock. At the
investors hold about a quarter of shares.
same time, much of the executives’ stock is in options that
cannot be traded. (See CRS In Focus IF11506, Stock

Buybacks and Company Executives’ Profits, by Gary
Shorter for a discussion.) Others argue that stock buybacks
Jane G. Gravelle, Senior Specialist in Economic Policy
help to concentrate stock among corporate insiders by
buying back shares on the open market from the public and
IF11960


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An Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases and Tax Advantages of Buybacks over Dividends


Disclaimer
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https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF11960 · VERSION 2 · UPDATED

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