INSIGHTi

The 2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive Election
May 9, 2022
On May 8, 2022, the Hong Kong Election Committee (HKEC) elected John Lee Ka-chiu as the new chief
executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Lee was backed by 1,416 (96.9%)
of the Committee’s 1,461 members. While not without precedent, Lee’s unopposed candidacy raised
concerns among Hong Kong residents and foreign observers about the deterioration of Hong Kong’s
democracy, as well as the increasingly direct influence wielded by the central government of the People’s
Republic of China (PRC or China). In March 2021, China’s National People’s Congress (NPC)
implemented a series of changes to Hong Kong’s electoral system. Some analysts assess these changes as
favoring pro-establishment candidates such as Lee. Lee’s career in the HKSAR’s security services,
including his tenure as head of the Security Bureau at the height of recent tensions between the Hong
Kong government and democracy proponents, suggest he is a Beijing loyalist who may do little to stop,
and may outright facilitate, the further erosion of civil liberties.
Lee’s Background and Platform
Lee spent the majority of his professional career in the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) before being
appointed to the HKSAR’s Security Bureau in 2012. Sources suggest Lee played a pivotal role in 2019 in
the HKSAR government’s push for a controversial extradition bill that would have created a formal
extradition mechanism between Hong Kong and Mainland China for certain crimes. The bill, which the
HKSAR ultimately retracted, set off a wave of protests that was met with increasing brutality from the
HKPF. Following the imposition of the National Security Law (NSL) by the NPC on Hong Kong, Lee—
as a member of the Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR, a select government
committee created by the NSL—faced criticism for his role in the law’s implementation. (For more on the
National Security Law, see CRS Report R46473, China’s National Security Law for Hong Kong: Issues
for Congress.) He served as chief secretary for administration, the HKSAR’s second highest official, from
June 2021 until his resignation in April 2022 to run for chief executive.
In August 2020, the U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned Lee, along with 10 other individuals,
pursuant to then-President Donald Trump’s Executive Order on Hong Kong Normalization (E.O. 13936).
In October 2020, the Department of State identified Lee as “materially contribut[ing] to the failure of the
Government of China to meet its obligations under the Joint Declaration or Basic Law,” elaborating:
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11930
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress

---

Congressional Research Service
2
“under his oversight, the Hong Kong Police have set up a dedicated unit to enforce the National Security
Law, which has arrested protestors and activists.”
Per the PRC state-owned Ta Kung Pao, Lee’s policy platform focused on local issues such as housing,
economic competitiveness, and opportunities for young people. His platform includes civil service reform
aimed at “creating a culture of loyal civil servants compatible with the PRC’s constitution and Hong
Kong’s Basic Law.” Lee has said “[u]niversal suffrage is too controversial and sensitive, and might give
opposition forces a chance to achieve their political agendas.”
Reactions to the Election
Lee’s election has engendered mixed reactions. Activist group Stand with Hong Kong has referred to the
election as a “sham,” adding that “[t]he installation of John Lee is dangerous, illegitimate and
undemocratic.” One pro-democracy party has expressed concern that, “apart from the central government,
there are no other local mechanisms or powers to monitor and act as checks and balances to John Lee’s
administration.” Lee’s election was supported by the city’s largest (and pro-Beijing) political party, as
well as the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce.
Some foreign governments have criticized the election. On May 9, a statement by G7 foreign ministers
noted their “grave concern over the selection process for the Chief Executive in Hong Kong as part of a
continued assault on political pluralism and fundamental freedoms.” In a press release, European High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs Josep Borrell stated the European Union “regrets this
violation of democratic principles and political pluralism and sees this selection process as yet another
step in the dismantling of the ‘one country, two systems’ principle.”
On May 8, the PRC Liaison Office in the HKSAR issued a statement congratulating Lee and referring to
the election as “a step further in the implementation of the principle of ‘patriots administering Hong
Kong’” and “highlighting the progressively superior nature of the new electoral system.” The Hong Kong
and Macao Affairs Office of the PRC’s State Council heralded the election as “yet another success” of the
HKSAR’s new electoral system.
Issues for Congress
Congress has expressed concern about the erosion of civil liberties in the HKSAR. Lee’s pro-Beijing
leanings suggest his administration may further erode civil liberties and democratic institutions in a
manner inconsistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration that facilitated the territory’s handover to the
PRC. In response to the central government’s increasingly direct influence over the HKSAR, the Trump
Administration issued E.O. 13936, which determined that the city “is no longer sufficiently autonomous
to justify differential treatment in relation to the People’s Republic of China,” and suspended U.S.
treatment of Hong Kong as separate from the PRC.
Congress also has sought to address police brutality and political repression in the HKSAR, especially
since the passing of the NSL. The 116th Congress passed three Hong Kong-related laws. The Hong Kong
Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 (P.L. 116-76) and Hong Kong Autonomy Act (P.L. 116-149)
require the President to impose sanctions on PRC and HKSAR officials implicated in undermining
democracy and human rights in Hong Kong, while P.L. 116-77 prohibited the sale of U.S. riot control
equipment to the HKPF. In the 117th Congress, language in versions of the U.S. Innovation and
Competition Act (S. 1260) and the America COMPETES Act (H.R. 4521) would extend prohibitions on
the export of equipment to the HKPF, appropriate funding for promotion of democracy, and require the
executive branch to report on Hong Kong’s role in PRC trade and industrial policies. (For more
information, see CRS In Focus IF12070, China Primer: Hong Kong.)

---

Congressional Research Service
3
Author Information

Ricardo Barrios

Analyst in Asian Affairs




Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

IN11930 · VERSION 1 · NEW

---