The roles, duties, and activities of congressional staff are matters of ongoing interest to Members of Congress, congressional staff, and observers of Congress. Members of the House and Senate establish their own employment policies and practices for their personal offices. It is arguably the case that within Member offices, a common group of activities is executed for which staff are necessary. Accordingly, a group of job advertisements for those positions from a number of different offices can shed light on the expectations Members have for position duties, as well as staff skills, characteristics, experience, and other expectations. This report provides a set of 39 widely expected job duties, applicant skills, characteristics, prior experiences, and other expectations based on a sample of ads placed by Members of Congress between approximately December 2014 and September 2019 seeking staff in their offices for 33 position titles:
|
Caseworker |
Executive Assistant |
Press Assistant |
|
Communications Director |
Executive Assistant/Scheduler |
Press Secretary |
|
Constituent Services Representative |
Field Representative/Caseworker |
Regional Coordinator |
|
Correspondence Manager |
Legislative Aide |
Scheduler |
|
Deputy Press Secretary |
Legislative Assistant |
Scheduler/Office Manager |
|
Deputy Scheduler |
Legislative Correspondent |
Senior Legislative Assistant |
|
Deputy Scheduler/Assistant to Chief of Staff |
Legislative Correspondent/Press Assistant |
Speechwriter |
|
Digital Director/Press Assistant |
Legislative Correspondent/Staff Assistant |
Staff Assistant |
|
Digital Media Director |
Legislative Counsel |
Staff Assistant/Driver |
|
District Director |
Legislative Director |
Staff Assistant/Press Assistant |
|
District, Field, or Regional Representative |
Military Legislative Assistant |
Systems Administrator |
Sample position expectations might assist Congress from multiple perspectives, including assessment of staffing needs in Member offices; guidance in setting position expectations, qualifications, and experience when offices need to hire staff; and informing current and potential congressional employees of position expectations. At the same time, categorizing congressional staff positions by position title relies on an assumption that similarly titled positions in House and Senate personal offices carry out the same tasks under essentially similar circumstances. Although personal offices may carry out similar activities, the assumption might be questionable given the differences in staff resources in House and Senate offices, as well as potential differences among offices of each chamber, particularly the Senate. Generalizations about staff roles and duties may also be limited in some ways due to the broad discretion Members have with regard to running their office activities. Variations from office to office, which might include differences in job duties, work schedules, office emphases, and other factors, may limit the extent to which sample position expectations might match operational practices in all congressional offices.
This is one of several CRS products on congressional staff. To access those products, see CRS Report R44688, Congressional Staff: CRS Products on Size, Pay, and Job Tenure.
Congressional employees are retained to perform public duties that include assisting Members in official responsibilities in personal, committee, leadership, or administrative office settings. The roles, duties, and activities of congressional staff are matters of ongoing interest to Members of Congress, congressional staff,1 groups,2 and individuals,3 including those who raise concerns about congressional operations. Most observers recognize that Congress does not function without staff,4 but there is little5 systematic attention to what staff do, or what Members expect of them.
In congressional offices, there may be interest in identifying Member expectations of congressional staff duties by position from multiple perspectives, including assessment of staffing needs in Member offices; guidance in setting position expectations, qualifications, and experience when offices choose to hire staff; and informing current and potential congressional employees of position expectations. Members of the House and Senate generally establish their own employment policies and practices for their personal offices.6 It is arguably the case that within Member offices, a common group of activities is executed for which staff with relevant skillsets and other qualifications are necessary. A body of publicly available job advertisements for staff positions from a number of different offices can shed light on the expectations Members have for position duties, as well as staff skills, characteristics, experience, and other expectations.
For 33 commonly used congressional staff position titles, this report describes the most frequently listed job duties, applicant skills, characteristics, prior experiences, and other expectations found in a sample of job advertisements placed by Members of Congress between approximately December 2014 and September 2019 seeking staff in their offices. Table 1 lists the position titles and the frequency with which advertisements for them appeared in the sample.
Data used in developing sample position expectations were taken from several publicly available sources, including the following, over the periods specified:
More than 1,800 ads were collected from all sources. Duplicate ads resulting from posts to more than one source, and ads that appear to have been frequently reposted,11 were removed, as were ads for positions in congressional settings other than personal offices,12 yielding 880 ads for positions in Member personal offices. Substantially similar position titles (e.g., deputy scheduler and state deputy scheduler) for which there were five or more ads were identified and grouped together, as were related job titles (e.g., positions designated as district, field, or regional representative that had essentially similar job duties and expectations) for which there were five or more substantially similar ads, yielding a total of 704 ads. Ads for the 33 identified position titles were further categorized if there were five13 or more ads that specified the advertised position as "not entry level" or other signifier of presumptive advanced status. The 704 ads were coded against a variety of variables within eight categories, including ad tracking information; ad details; position responsibilities and responsibility areas; expected job skills, qualifications, and credentials; application materials; and office type.14 The distribution of ads by job title and level is provided in Table 1.
Solicitations of applicants for congressional staff appear to originate in a highly decentralized manner. Means of identifying appropriate candidates might potentially include reassigning staff within offices, placing ads in services that make them available by subscription,15 word of mouth, and other nonpublic means of identifying potential applicants for congressional staff positions. Consequently, it cannot be determined whether the dataset of ads analyzed in this report is representative of all congressional employment solicitations. In addition, the process by which candidates for some Member office senior staff positions16 are identified may not be public-facing.
Based on information specified within the ads, most position titles were identified by one of the following four primary responsibility areas (some positions were identified by up to three responsibility areas):
For each position, at least one sample position description was created based on the coded data. Information includes the most frequently occurring of the following:
Categorizing congressional staff positions by position title17 relies on an assumption that similarly titled positions in House and Senate personal offices carry out the same tasks under essentially similar circumstances. While personal offices may carry out similar activities, the assumption might be questionable given the differences in staff resources in House and Senate offices, as well as potential differences within offices of each chamber.
Generalizations about staff roles and duties may also be limited in some ways due to the broad discretion Members have with regard to running their office activities. Variations from office to office, which might include differences in job duties, work schedules, office emphases, and other factors, may limit the extent to which sample position expectations provided here match operational practices in all congressional offices.
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Media, Mass Communications, |
||||||
|
Ads |
H |
S |
Ads |
H |
S |
||
|
Legislative Aide |
9 |
3 |
6 |
Communications Director |
54 |
50 |
4 |
|
Legislative Assistant (LA) |
107 |
77 |
30 |
Communications Director |
18 |
18 |
0 |
|
LA, "Not Entry Level" |
26 |
20 |
6 |
Deputy Press Secretary |
6 |
0 |
6 |
|
Legislative Counsel |
5 |
3 |
2 |
Digital Director/Press Assistant |
5 |
3 |
2 |
|
Legislative Director (LD), House |
24 |
24 |
0 |
Digital Media Director |
5 |
0 |
5 |
|
LD, Senate |
4 |
0 |
4 |
Press Assistant |
16 |
10 |
6 |
|
LD, "Senior Level," "Not Entry Level" |
6 |
6 |
0 |
Press Secretary |
39 |
33 |
6 |
|
Military Legislative Assistant (MLA) |
10 |
8 |
2 |
Speechwriter |
17 |
3 |
14 |
|
Senior Legislative Assistant (SLA) |
11 |
10 |
1 |
LC/Press Assistant |
7 |
7 |
0 |
|
Legislative Correspondent (LC) |
54 |
34 |
20 |
Staff Assistant/Press Assistant |
5 |
5 |
0 |
|
LC/Press Assistant |
7 |
7 |
0 |
||||
|
LC/Staff Assistant |
15 |
14 |
1 |
||||
|
Constituent Communications, |
Office Administration and Support |
||||||
|
Ads |
H |
S |
Ads |
H |
S |
||
|
Caseworker |
11 |
9 |
2 |
Deputy Scheduler |
6 |
0 |
6 |
|
Constituent Services Representative |
7 |
5 |
2 |
Deputy Scheduler/ |
6 |
0 |
6 |
|
Correspondence Manager |
8 |
0 |
8 |
Executive Assistant |
7 |
5 |
2 |
|
District Director |
7 |
7 |
0 |
Executive Assistant/Scheduler |
15 |
14 |
1 |
|
Field, District, or Regional Representative |
13 |
10 |
3 |
Executive Assistant/Scheduler |
9 |
9 |
0 |
|
Field Representative/Caseworker |
7 |
7 |
0 |
Scheduler |
49 |
43 |
6 |
|
Regional Coordinator |
6 |
0 |
6 |
Scheduler, "Not Entry Level" |
8 |
7 |
1 |
|
LC |
54 |
34 |
20 |
Scheduler/Office Manager |
10 |
10 |
0 |
|
LC/Staff Assistant |
15 |
14 |
1 |
Staff Assistant/Driver |
5 |
2 |
3 |
|
Staff Assistant |
77 |
62 |
15 |
Systems Administrator |
10 |
0 |
10 |
|
Staff Assistant/Press Assistant |
5 |
5 |
0 |
LC/Staff Assistant |
15 |
14 |
1 |
|
Staff Assistant |
77 |
62 |
15 |
||||
|
Staff Assistant/Press Assistant |
5 |
5 |
0 |
||||
|
Acronym |
Term |
|
CAO |
Chief Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives |
|
CMS |
Correspondence Management System (e.g., ComputerWorks, Fireside21, Housecall, iConstituent, Leidos) |
|
HTML |
HyperText Markup Language |
|
HVAPS |
House Vacancy Announcement and Placement Service |
|
IT |
Information technology |
|
LA |
Legislative Assistant |
|
LC |
Legislative Correspondent |
|
LD |
Legislative Director |
|
MLA |
Military Legislative Assistant |
|
MRA |
Members' Representational Allowance |
|
MS |
Microsoft, typically office productivity software and apps |
|
SLA |
Senior Legislative Assistant |
Source: CRS.
|
Constituent Communications, Outreach, |
Ads |
|
11 (9 House, 2 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Assist constituents to resolve issues with public agencies Handle constituent casework involving 1-4 agencies Answer casework correspondence Communicate with constituents, government agencies Act as community representative for Member Assess casework, community activities for legislative action |
Update Member and district director on local issues Learn federal agency casework procedures |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Patience Motivation Sense of humor |
Manage multiple tasks Interpersonal skills, friendly, personable, pleasant Work independently Think broadly about potential case resolutions |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Casework Experience related to casework type (immigration, tax, Federal, state, or local government |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Bilingual, typically Spanish Access to car, driving Ties to state or district Long hours, nights, weekends Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications |
Ads |
|
54 (50 House, 4 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Craft and implement overall communications strategy Write in numerous formats including press releases, op-eds, talking points, newsletters, speeches, social media Act as spokesperson, local and national media contact Prepare/brief Member for interviews Manage office website, social media, other digital content Organize media events |
Outreach to media organizations, reporters Pitch stories Provide messaging guidance to staff Monitor news of interest to the office Handle portfolio of 1-4 issues |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Strong political instincts Creativity Sense of humor Energetic, enthusiastic Hard worker |
Organized Strategic thinking Balance multiple tasks Attention to detail, accuracy Work well with others Digital media skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Communications, journalism, public relations |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Knowledge of legislative process Media contacts Familiarity with computer software, e.g., MS applications, social media platforms State or district ties May supervise Press Secretary, Press Assistant Submission of various writing samples Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications |
Ads |
|
18 (18 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Craft and implement overall communications strategy Write in numerous formats including press releases, op-eds, talking points, newsletters, speeches, social media Act as spokesperson, local and national media contact Prepare/brief Member for interviews Manage office website, social media, other digital content Organize media events |
Pitch stories |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Creativity Energetic, enthusiastic Strong political instincts Sense of humor |
Attention to detail, accuracy Organized Balance multiple tasks |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
On-the-record experience, 1-2 years Hill experience, 2-5 years |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Media contacts May supervise Communications Staff, Press Assistant, Press Secretary, Social Media Assistant Submission of various writing samples Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, |
Ads |
|
7 (5 House, 2 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Handle casework and related calls, correspondence Work with federal or state entities to resolve casework Provide office support, sort mail, order supplies |
Plan and execute outreach events Represent Member Support Member events |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Good political instincts, judgement Energetic Self-starter Adaptable Hard worker Motivated Sense of humor |
Discretion Organized Work well with others Able to balance multiple tasks Attention to detail Reliability Work independently |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Casework, public service, customer service, 0-5 years Bachelor's degree |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work flexible schedule, long days, weekends Ties to state or district Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, |
Ads |
|
8 (0 House, 8 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Coordinate with office leadership, LCs to produce, deliver substantive, timely written responses to constituent inquiries Draft, edit outgoing correspondence Oversee drafting and approval of condolence and congratulatory letters |
Provide CMS reports, system maintenance Train interns, LCs, and Staff Assistants in correspondence processes Manage constituent contact lists Maintain correspondence records |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Proactive, takes initiative |
Time management skills Highly organized Ability to work independently Handle multiple tasks, projects |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Experience with constituent management software (CMS) systems, e.g., IQ, InterTrac, VOICE, etc. Hill correspondence experience, up to 3 years Computer skills |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Demonstrated ability to use technology to streamline administrative processes Generally a position for experienced staff "Self-described perfectionists are strongly encouraged to apply." Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
6 (0 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Writing in numerous formats including press releases, Maintain social media content Schedule media interviews with Senator |
Maintain office website Staff Senator at events Compile press clips and media mentions Compile, maintain media contact lists |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Motivated Ambitious Hard worker Willing to learn, add responsibilities |
Accuracy, attention to detail Manage multiple tasks Resourceful Operate quickly, efficiently |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Work with office productivity software, social media Communications, media, 2-5 years Campaign media experience |
Strong written and verbal communications skills State or regional ties Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
6 (0 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Sort, track, and respond to Senator's state invitations Assist other staff to execute Senator's daily schedule Maintain Senator's contact data Arrange, book travel for Senator |
Greet Senator's meeting attendees Maintain historical record of Senator's schedule Schedule rooms, facilities Organize constituent events |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic Motivated Adaptable Sound judgement |
Attention to detail Highly organized Exercise discretion Personable, courteous Trustworthy |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Hill experience preferred Knowledge of Senate operations, schedules |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Flexible hours Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
6 (0 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Provide administrative and staffing support to Scheduler Plan, maintain Chief of Staff's calendar Drive Senator on occasion Organize, vet, respond to invitations Facilitate projects of the Senator or office |
Handle Chief of Staff correspondence Prepare correspondence for signature Provide executive secretarial support |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Adaptable Proactive Energetic Sound judgement, instincts |
Detail oriented, thorough Highly organized Strong sense of discretion Personable, pleasant, courteous Balance multiple tasks, projects |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Scheduling, 1-2 years |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Maintain confidentiality Ability to exercise discretion at all times Own an American-made car State ties Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
5 (3 House, 2 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Create audio, graphic, and video content Draft newsletters, social media, press releases, op-eds, Manage social media strategy, office accounts, website |
Compile daily news clips Monitor social media data, analytics |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Creative Poise Sound judgement |
Works well with others Attention to details Design skills Digital media skills Research skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Experience with various social media platforms, HTML Knowledge of chamber operations, procedures Experience designing audio, graphic, video content |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Communications background Experience with online organizing Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
5 (0 House, 5 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Manage office social media accounts Create social media content, written, graphic, and video Maintain office websites |
Plan and execute media events Track and analyze various media platform metrics Grow office social media audience |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic, outgoing Sound judgement |
Digital media skills Well organized Quick thinking Resourceful Problem solving abilities |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Broadcast communications, journalism, public relations Knowledge of Senate rules, procedures Experience with photography; creating audio, graphic, and |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Position is generally not entry level, up to 3 years' experience expected Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
7 (7 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Oversee district office operations Develop outreach and constituent service strategies Represent Member in meetings and events Supervise district staff, plan and assign work |
Oversee district office budget Manage Member schedule with district scheduler |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Strong work ethic Political instincts Enthusiastic, outgoing |
Management, leadership skills Manage multiple tasks Attention to detail Interpersonal skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Management, supervisory experience Strategic planning |
Strong written and verbal communications skills May supervise district staff Connections to the district Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
7 (5 House, 2 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Develop, manage Member's schedule Track meeting and event invitations Oversee office budget with Chief of Staff Compose correspondence for Member |
Staff or drive Member Assist Scheduler with meeting, event invitations Coordinate meetings travel, training, events |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Assertive Good work ethic Energetic, outgoing Adaptable Patience Poise |
Discretion Detail oriented Excellent organizational skills Personable, friendly, professional manner Flexibility Able to prioritize |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Scheduling Administrative, executive support |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Knowledge of MS software, CMS packages Knowledge of legislative process, calendar Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
15 (14 House, 1 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Coordinate and maintain Member's daily schedule Greet constituents and other visitors Maintain Member's calendar Monitor daily and longer-term office schedules Perform office management duties Recommend invitations to accept or decline |
Assist in managing office budget Compile briefing materials Drive the Member—have access to a car Make travel arrangements for Member, other staff Staff the Member during the work day Write recommendations and other correspondence |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic, enthusiastic Poise Sound political instincts, judgement Patience Assertive Self-starter, proactive, take initiative Adaptable, flexible Hard Worker |
Interpersonal skills, friendly, personable, pleasant Organized Professional manner Work independently Work well with others, collaboratively, cooperatively Time management skills Attention to detail |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
None stated |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
9 (9 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Coordinate and maintain Member's daily schedule Make travel arrangements for Member Maintain Member's calendar |
Evaluate invitations to accept or decline Maintain office records Manage Member's correspondence |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Professional manner Interpersonal Skills, friendly, personable, pleasant Sound political instincts, judgement Sense of humor |
Organized Discretion Detail oriented Manage multiple tasks |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Hill experience At least 1 year of scheduling experience Full-time executive assistant experience |
Strong written and verbal communications skills State or district ties Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, |
Ads |
|
13 (10 House, 3 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Represent Member before constituents, local groups, Attend meetings and events throughout assigned areas Act as liaison to local and state government Monitor issues, opinions, and concerns in assigned areas Brief Member about events and issues |
Draft casework, other correspondence Plan and execute community outreach projects, events Provide logistical support for district events, meetings Staff Member for events, appearances in assigned area Provide casework intake, support, resolution |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Flexibility Motivation Strong work ethic Friendly, outgoing Patience Sense of humor |
Manage multiple tasks, projects Good organizational skills Work independently Problem-solving abilities Discreet, tactful Learn quickly |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Knowledge of jurisdiction (state, region, district) Knowledge of congressional practices, operations Advocacy, community development, nonprofit, or |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Long, irregular hours, nights, weekends, holidays May supervise interns Awareness of issues of interest to the Member Ties to the state or district Driving the Member Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, |
Ads |
|
7 (7 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Assist constituents with problems, concerns Work with staff on casework and outreach efforts Represent Member at meetings, events, appearances Monitor activities, concerns, issues in district Drive, travel throughout district |
Staff Member at events, appearances Provide administrative assistance Answer phones |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic Outgoing Assertive Mature Motivated Sense of humor |
Work well with others Thorough Organized Exercise discretion, tact Work independently Handle stress |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
State, local, and national government, agencies Event planning Social work |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Have car and driver's license Bilingual Flexible hours including nights and weekends Ties to/broad knowledge of district Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
9 (3 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Draft constituent correspondence legislation, memos Meet with constituents, agency staff, other stakeholders Assist with preparations for hearings and meetings |
Oversee office mail program Maintain policy portfolio of 1-3 issues Conduct research and analysis |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic Enthusiastic |
Ability to prioritize Attention to detail, accuracy Balance multiple projects, tasks Organizational skills Research skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Hill experience, up to 3 years Issue area-specific experience as noted |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
107 (77 House, 30 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Handle portfolio of 1-9 issues Draft bills and amendments Write memos, floor statements, talking points Write constituent mail Meet with constituency and advocacy groups Represent Member in congressional and public settings |
Monitor legislation in issue area(s) |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Proactive, takes initiative Sense of humor Enthusiastic Motivated Sound judgement Strong work ethic Creative Appropriate attitude Adaptable |
Work well with others Fast, strategic thinking Organized Balance multiple tasks Attention to detail Operate quickly, efficiently Interpersonal skills Research skills Problem-solving abilities |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Knowledge or experience with legislative process Relevant Hill experience, 0-2 years Knowledge of assigned issue area(s) Experience as an LA or LC |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Bachelor's, graduate, or law degree may be required Familiarity with computer software, e.g., MS applications, CMS Translate policy into accessible terms Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
26 (20 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Draft bills and amendments Write memos, floor statements, talking points, speeches Handle portfolio of 1-7 issues Meet with constituency and advocacy groups Identify and advance policy proposals Represent Member in congressional and public settings Monitor legislation in issue area(s) |
Draft constituent correspondence, hearing questions Advocate for legislation, policy priorities of Member Legislative research |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Self-starter, proactive Sense of humor Motivated Energetic Political instincts Hard worker Strong ideas Appropriate attitude Flexible, nimble |
Work well with others Analytic thinking Organizational skills Interpersonal skills Research skills Problem-solving abilities Time management |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Prior experience in a congressional office Detailed knowledge of assigned issue area(s) 1-2 years of congressional staff work in legislative areas Prior work as an LA or LC |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Demonstrate substantial legislative experience Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
54 (34 House, 20 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Draft constituent correspondence Manage Member's constituent mail program Support legislative and front-office activities Research to formulate written replies Meet with constituents and interest groups Track legislation |
CMS management, coding, analysis Oversee a portfolio of 1-8 policy issues (Senate only) |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Self-starter Motivated Strong work ethic Desire to grow in position Adaptability |
Research Attention to detail, accuracy Organized Operate quickly Balance multiple tasks, assignments Work well with others Interpersonal skills Fast thinking |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Knowledge of House, Senate operations Knowledge of CMS Hill or other experience, up to 1 year |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Generally an entry-level position State or district ties Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
7 (7 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Assist with crafting of constituent correspondence Draft op-eds, press releases, talking points, mass mail Sort and prioritize incoming correspondence Assist Communications Director with social media, Compile daily news clips, track media |
None stated |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Creative Motivated Interested in added responsibilities, skill development Sense of humor Proactive, takes initiative |
Accuracy Attention to detail Organization skills Research skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Knowledge of House rules, processes Experience with social media platforms, CMS packages Hill experience Design of audio, graphic, video content |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Ties to state or district Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight Constituent Communications, Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
15 (14 House, 1 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Provide office support; greet visitors; answer phones; Coordinate and conduct Capitol tours Support Member and Chief of Staff Manage constituent correspondence program Monitor, track mail, respond in a timely manner |
Train and supervise interns |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic, enthusiastic Proactive, self-starter Sense of humor Patience |
Accuracy, attention to detail Organizational skills Work well with others Balance multiple tasks, competing priorities Research Time management |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Computer software, MS, CMS Congressional operations, legislative process |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Submission of writing samples, references State or district ties Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
5 (3 House, 2 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Handle policy portfolio of 2-11 issues Plan, execute legislative strategy Support, staff Member's committee activities, preparation |
Write memos, speeches, and talking points Monitor legislative activity Support communications team, district office |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
None stated |
Conceptual, analytic thinking Balance multiple tasks, projects Strong interpersonal skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
House, Senate operations, committee functions Law, legal research Congressional investigations |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Law degree generally required Work well under pressure Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, & Oversight |
Ads |
|
24 (24 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Lead legislative team in support of Member legislative goals Supervise and mentor legislative staff Advance Member policy proposals in committees, on floor |
Brief Member on all policy matters Meet interest groups, constituents Handle policy portfolio of 1-7 issues |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Sound political judgement Takes initiative |
Strong organizational skills Detail oriented Work cooperatively and collaboratively with others Leadership skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Work as LD or LA Management or supervisor experiences Work in public policy, various fields, issues |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Thorough knowledge of House legislative procedure Knowledge of committee activities, processes Demonstrated success at advancing policy initiatives State or district ties, connection Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
6 (6 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Manage legislative team activity Supervise legislative staff Work with Member, Chief of Staff to develop Support Member's committee activities |
Legislative portfolio of 1-5 issues |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Proactive Good judgement |
Attention to detail Leadership Ability to delegate Creativity |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Hill or legislative experience, "strong," "substantial" [policy area designated in ad] experience |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Thorough knowledge of House legislative procedure Demonstrated success at advancing policy initiatives Advanced degree State or district ties, connection Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
4 (0 House, 4 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Develop and implement Senator's legislative program Manage legislative staff of 12-18 Monitor floor activity Oversee development of vote recommendations Support office outreach activities to various constituencies |
Mentor staff |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Sound political judgement |
Ability to delegate Strong interpersonal skills Highly organized Work well with others Attention to detail Analytic skills Management skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
3-8 years of Hill experience (Senate preferred) Senate LD, Senior LA, Senior Policy Advisor, or Counsel |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
10 (8 House, 2 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Handle Member's work on Armed Services, Veterans', Handle a portfolio of 1-6 related issues Advise member on related bills, hearings, and issues Meet, interact with relevant agency staff |
Represent Member in committee and agency settings Track military acquisition programs |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Self-directed Strong ideas Appropriate attitude |
Work independently Operate quickly, efficiently Work well with others Problem-solving abilities |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Legislative procedures and committee processes Military service Relevant committee work Military legislative assistant, professional staff member 0-5 years related experience |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Active TOP SECRET clearance Knowledge of defense authorizations, appropriations Coalition building Military reserve service Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
16 (10 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Write social media, website content, emails, newsletters Assist with media inquiries, press releases, interviews Manage social media accounts Compile daily clips and media mentions |
Maintain media lists Organize or support media events |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Motivated Creative Takes initiative |
Attention to detail Balance multiple tasks Cooperative, collaborative Operate quickly |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Content design, audio, graphic, video Public relations, journalism Knowledge of chamber procedures, activities Software, MS, graphic, and video production |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Generally an entry-level position Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
39 (33 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Write and edit press releases, op-eds, talking points, Develop and maintain effective relationships with Work with office staff to identify news hooks and Book, coordinate interviews with reporters Plan, organize, and staff media events |
Oversee day-to-day press operations in DC, state, or district Manage office website, social media Prepare Member for media interactions Write speeches |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Sound political instincts Takes initiative Hard worker Sense of humor Motivated |
Balance multiple assignments, tasks Attention to detail, accuracy Handle stress Work well with others Efficient |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Media, journalism, public relations roles, experience Hill experience Content design, audio, graphics, video |
Strong writing and speaking skills Submission of writing samples, including press releases, talking points, tweets On and off the record briefing experience Media contacts Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, |
Ads |
|
6 (0 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Monitor, update office on regional and local issues Represent Senator at events, civic, community meetings Act as liaison with federal, state, and local officials, |
Process constituent casework requests Travel throughout region, state Oversee work of junior regional staff |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Enthusiastic Outgoing Motivated Adaptable Creative ideas Self-starter |
Able to balance multiple tasks and projects Attention to detail Highly organized Work well with others Reliable Able to work independently |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
State and local government Public policy issues Outreach MS applications, CMS |
Strong written and verbal communications skills State or community ties Team player Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
49 (43 House, 6 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Oversee Member's schedule in DC and state/district Schedule, coordinate Member and staff travel, lodging Organize and track invitations Drive Member to and from events Provide administrative support to Member |
Hire and manage interns Provide administrative support to Chief of Staff |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Energetic Sound political judgement Appropriate attitude Takes initiative Adaptability |
Accuracy, attention to details Highly organized Able to balance multiple tasks Friendly, outgoing Problem-solving abilities Work well with others |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Work as Scheduler or Executive Assistant House or Senate operations, procedures |
Strong written and verbal communications skills On-call availability after working hours May supervise junior operations staff (Senate) Travel between Washington, DC, and state or district Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
8 (7 House, 1 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Collaboratively develop Member's schedule Make Member travel arrangements Handle Member's correspondence Provide Member administrative support |
Coordinate DC schedule with district Ensure Member has briefing materials Maintain contacts database Maintain office records |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Excellent political instincts Proactive |
Discretion, maintain confidentiality Close attention to detail Organizational skills Work well with others |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Work as congressional scheduler, 1-2 years |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Flexible schedule Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
10 (10 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Manage Member's district and DC schedule Facilitate Member's personal correspondence Oversee front-office management Collaborate with the Chief of Staff to manage the MRA and payroll Administer office finances, benefits, and procurement Work closely with the Chief of Staff and District Director to |
Keep Member on schedule during the day Supervise staff assistants, interns Drive the Member to events Arrange travel and meetings |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Appropriate attitude Flexibility Sound political instincts |
Balance competing demands Strong organizational skills Attention to detail Problem-solving abilities |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Hill experience Executive assistant Congressional scheduling Knowledge of House schedules, activities |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Assist the Member after regular business hours Typically not an entry-level position Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Legislative, Policy, and Oversight |
Ads |
|
11 (10 House, 1 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Support Member in committee activities Manage Member work in assigned issue area(s) Research bills and other issues Advise Member |
Build or expand Member policy priorities Represent Member in congressional and public settings |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Self-starter, self-directed Good political judgement, instincts Sense of humor |
Work well with others Work independently Able to balance multiple tasks, assignments Organized Attention to detail/thorough |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Substantial congressional experience Substantial issue(s) experience 2-5 years of relevant experience |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Extensive knowledge of legislative, committee process Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, |
Ads |
|
17 (3 House, 14 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Draft and revise speeches, floor and committee statements, Conduct supporting historical and policy research Assist in drafting op-eds, press statements, web content |
Manage social media accounts |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Creative Hard worker |
Strong writing and editing skills Ability to explain complex policy issues in an accessible, relatable manner Attention to detail, accuracy Balance multiple tasks and projects |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Hill or campaign experience Speechwriting |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Constituent Communications, Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
77 (62 House, 15 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Assist with office management duties; sort mail, greet Coordinate office internship program, supervise interns Handle flag, tour, and recognition requests Provide tours |
Drive Member to events, activities Draft grant or commemorative letters |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Motivated Outgoing, enthusiastic Appropriate attitude Hard worker Sense of humor Self-starter Flexibility |
High degree of organization Attention to detail Balance multiple tasks Interpersonal skills Professional manner Reliable, trustworthy |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Knowledge of congressional schedules, operations Computer skills, experiences Hill internship |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Typically an entry-level position Some college or a bachelor's degree May supervise interns District or state ties Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
5 (2 House, 3 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Drive Member to and from meetings and events Provide office support, answer phones, give tours, |
Assist with press operation Compile press clippings Draft correspondence |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Motivated Sense of humor Energetic Adaptable |
Attention to detail Balance multiple tasks, activities Dependable Good organizational skills |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
None stated |
Strong written and verbal communications skills May be based in Washington, DC, state, or district "A spotless driving record" Long, irregular, unscheduled hours Appears to be an entry-level position Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Media, Mass Communications, Constituent Communications, Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
5 (5 House, 0 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Manage office website, social media posting Support office: greet guests, answer phones, handle mail, |
Compile press clips Assist Communications Director with press releases, inquiries |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Enthusiastic Motivated Sense of humor Take initiative Willing to learn, add responsibilities |
Balance multiple assignments Detail oriented Digital media Handle stress |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Audio, graphic, or video experience MS applications, social media platform use Communications, public relations, experience, education |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
|
Office Administration and Support |
Ads |
|
10 (0 House, 10 Senate) |
|
|
Widely Expected Duties |
Other Potential Duties |
|
Update, maintain DC and state office computer systems Ensure network and email availability Recommend purchases of IT hardware, software Install service packs, virus definition updates Develop, maintain information management system Provide user training and support |
Update office IT policies and procedures |
|
Applicant Characteristics |
Applicant Skills |
|
Motivated Takes initiative Patience |
Highly organized Good interpersonal skills Attention to detail Able to balance multiple tasks, projects Analytic thinking |
|
Applicant Knowledge and Prior Experience |
Other Expectations |
|
Work with office productivity software, CMS Understanding of Senate IT assets, processes, policies Systems administrator, 0-5 years |
Strong written and verbal communications skills Work environment typically described as high pressure, team-based, collaborative |
Author Contact Information
Acknowledgments
Casey Burgat, formerly a Research Assistant, assisted in the development of variable categorization and provided extensive coding support.
| 1. |
U.S. House of Representatives, Chief Administrative Officer, 2019 House of Representatives Compensation and Diversity Study Report: House Overall Results, 2019, at https://www.house.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/2019_house_compdiversitystudy_executivesummary.pdf. |
| 2. |
See Democracy Fund, "Principled Leadership & Effective Governance," https://www.democracyfund.org/priorities; and William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, "Madison Initiative," https://hewlett.org/strategy/madison-initiative/. |
| 3. |
Alexander C. Furnas, "Legislative staff are spending an increasing amount of time on constituent services," LegBranch, April 11, 2018, https://www.legbranch.org/2018-4-11-legislative-staff-are-spending-an-increasing-amount-of-time-on-constituent-services/; Jacob M. Montgomery and Brendan Nyhan, "The Effects of Congressional Staff Networks," Journal of Politics, vol. 79, no. 3 (July 2017), pp. 745-761; Brian Alexander, "A framework for congressional staffing: a few thoughts from management consulting," LegBranch, June 28, 2016, https://www.legbranch.org/2016-6-28-a-framework-for-congressional-staffing-a-few-thoughts-from-management-consulting/; and Anthony J. Madonna and Ian Ostrander, "Getting the Congress You Pay For: Legislative Staffing and Organizational Capacity," Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, August 28-September 1, 2014. |
| 4. |
See, e.g., Josh McCrain, "Convincing evidence that congressional staff do, in fact, matter," LegBranch, January 23, 2018, https://www.legbranch.org/2018-1-16-convincing-evidence-that-congressional-staff-do-in-fact-matter/; David E. Price, The Congressional Experience, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2004), pp. 66-69; and Michael J. Malbin, Unelected Representatives: Congressional Staff and the Future of Representative Government (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1980), pp. 3-7. |
| 5. |
See Jesse M. Crosson, Alexander Furnas, and Timothy LaPira, Congress and Its Experts, Dataset Codebook, electronic dataset, University of Michigan, https://jessemcrossoncom.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/staff_data_codebook.pdf. |
| 6. |
Members who hire staff in committee or leadership settings also have broad discretion regarding establishing and overseeing staff roles and duties. These are beyond the scope of this report. |
| 7. |
See U.S. House of Representatives, "Employment Information," at https://www.house.gov/employment. |
| 8. |
See U.S. Senate, "Employment Bulletin," at https://www.senate.gov/employment/po/positions.htm. |
| 9. |
See "House GOP Job and Resume Bank" at https://www.facebook.com/GopJobBank/. |
| 10. |
Rep. Hoyer continues to host a job announcements board at https://www.majorityleader.gov/jobs. |
| 11. |
Frequently reposted ads include those that appeared in sequential editions of the House Employment Bulletin, and ads for the same position posted by identifiable offices more than once over a period of six months. |
| 12. |
Other congressional settings for which ads were collected include committee, leadership, officer, official, shared Member and committee, and caucus. |
| 13. |
An exception is Legislative Director in the Senate, for which four ads were identified, and which was included due to significant differences in position expectations from the descriptions developed for Legislative Director in the House and Legislative Director, "Senior Level" or "Not Entry Level." |
| 14. |
A codebook and detailed explanation of the coding process are available to congressional offices upon request. |
| 15. |
See, for example, Daybook, https://www.daybook.com/listings, or Indeed.com, https://www.indeed.com/q-Congressional-Assistant-l-Washington,-DC-jobs.html, among others. |
| 16. |
For example, the ad sources used did not contain analyzable numbers of ads for Chief of Staff in either chamber, or Administrative Director or State Director positions in the Senate. |
| 17. |
A Senator may establish position titles in his or her office by written notification to the disbursing office of the Senate, 2 U.S.C. 4575(d)(1)(C)(2). No similar explicit authority for a Member of the House was identified. |
| 18. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 19. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 20. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 21. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 22. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 23. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 24. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 25. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 26. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 27. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 28. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 29. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 30. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 31. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 32. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 33. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 34. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 35. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 36. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 37. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 38. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 39. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 40. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 41. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 42. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 43. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 44. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 45. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 46. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 47. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 48. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 49. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 50. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 51. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 52. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 53. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 54. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 55. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |
| 56. |
Based on CRS analysis of selected advertisements seeking congressional staff, as described in "Categorizing and Coding Job Advertisements." |