The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to K-12 education. The Title I-A program is the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and was funded at $15.8 billion for FY2018. It is designed to provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving and other students attending elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of students from low-income families.
Under current law, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) determines Title I-A grants to local educational agencies (LEAs) based on four separate funding formulas: Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG). The four Title I-A formulas have somewhat distinct allocation patterns, providing varying shares of allocated funds to different types of states. Thus, for some states, certain formulas are more favorable than others.
This report provides FY2018 state grant amounts under each of the four formulas used to determine Title I-A grants. Overall, California received the largest FY2018 Title I-A grant amount ($2.0 billion, or 12.76% of total Title I-A grants). Wyoming received the smallest FY2018 Title I-A grant amount ($35.9 million, or 0.23% of total Title I-A grants).
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to elementary and secondary education. Title I-A is the largest program in the ESEA, funded at $15.8 billion for FY2018. Title I-A is designed to provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving and other students attending elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of students from low-income families. The U.S. Department of Education (ED) determines Title I-A grants to local educational agencies (LEAs) based on four separate funding formulas: Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG).
This report provides estimated FY2018 state grant amounts under each of the four formulas used to determine Title I-A grants.1 For a general overview of the Title I-A formulas, see CRS Report R44164, ESEA Title I-A Formulas: In Brief. For a more detailed discussion of the Title I-A formulas, see CRS Report R44461, Allocation of Funds Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
Under Title I-A, funds are allocated to LEAs via state educational agencies (SEAs) using the four Title I-A formulas. Annual appropriations bills specify portions of each year's Title I-A appropriation to be allocated to LEAs and states under each of the formulas. In FY2018, about 41% of Title I-A appropriations were allocated through the Basic Grants formula, 9% through the Concentration Grants formula, and 25% each through the Targeted Grants and EFIG formulas. Once funds reach LEAs, the amounts allocated under the four formulas are combined and used jointly.
For each formula, a maximum grant is calculated by multiplying a "formula child count," consisting primarily of estimated numbers of school-age children living in families in poverty, by an "expenditure factor" based on state average per pupil expenditures for public elementary and secondary education. In some of the Title I-A formulas, additional factors are multiplied by the formula child count and expenditure factor to determine a maximum grant amount. These maximum grants are then reduced to equal the level of available appropriations for each formula, taking into account a variety of state and LEA minimum grant provisions. In general, LEAs must have a minimum number of formula children and/or a minimum formula child rate to be eligible to receive a grant under a specific Title I-A formula. Some LEAs may qualify for a grant under only one formula, while other LEAs may be eligible to receive grants under multiple formulas.
Under three of the formulas—Basic, Concentration, and Targeted Grants—funds are initially calculated at the LEA level. State grants are the total of allocations for all LEAs in the state, adjusted for state minimum grant provisions. Under EFIG, grants are first calculated for each state overall and then are subsequently suballocated to LEAs within the state using a different formula.
FY2018 grants included in this report were calculated by ED. The percentage share of funds allocated under each of the Title I-A formulas was calculated by CRS for each state by dividing the total grant received by the total amount allocated under each formula.
Table 1 provides each state's estimated grant amount and percentage share of funds allocated under each of the Title I-A formulas for FY2018. Total Title I-A grants for each state, calculated by summing the state level grant for each of the four formulas, are also shown in Table 1.
Overall, California received the largest total Title I-A grant amount ($2.0 billion) and, as a result, the largest percentage share (12.76%) of Title I-A grants. Wyoming received the smallest total Title I-A grant amount ($35.9 million) and, as a result, the smallest percentage share (0.23%) of Title I-A grants.
In general, grant amounts for states vary among formulas due to the different allocation amounts for the formulas. For example, the Basic Grant formula receives a greater share of overall Title I-A appropriations than the Concentration Grant formula, so states generally receive higher estimated grant amounts under the Basic Grant formula than under the Concentration Grant formula.
Among states, Title I-A grant amounts and the percentage shares of funds vary due to the different characteristics of each state. For example, Texas has a larger population of children included in the formula calculations than North Carolina and, therefore, is estimated to receive a higher estimated grant amount and larger share of Title I-A funds.
Within a state, the percentage share of funds allocated may vary by formula, as certain formulas are more favorable to certain types of states (e.g., EFIG is generally more favorable to states with comparatively equal levels of spending per pupil among their LEAs). If a state's share of a given Title I-A formula exceeds its share of overall Title I-A funds, this is generally an indication that this particular formula is more favorable to the state than formulas under which the state's share of funds is below its overall share of Title I-A funds. For example, Florida, Nevada, New York, and Texas are estimated to receive a higher percentage share of Targeted Grants than of overall Title I-A funds, indicating that the Targeted Grant formula is more favorable to them than other Title I-A formulas may be. At the same time, all four states are estimated to receive a smaller percentage share of Basic Grants than of overall Title I-A funds, indicating that the Basic Grant formula is less favorable to them than other Title I-A formulas may be.
In states that are estimated to receive a minimum grant under all four formulas (North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming), the shares under the Targeted Grant and EFIG formulas are greater than under the Basic Grant or Concentration Grant formulas, due to higher state minimums under these formulas. If a state received the minimum grant under a given Title I-A formula, the grant amount is denoted with an asterisk (*) in Table 1.
Table 1. Estimated FY2018 Title I-A State Grants and Percentage Share of Funds Received Under Each Title I-A Formula, by State
(Dollars in thousands)
|
Basic Grants |
Concentration Grants |
Targeted Grants |
EFIG |
Total Title I-A Grants |
||||||
|
State |
Grant Amount |
Percentage Share of Total Allocation |
Grant Amount |
Percentage Share of Total Allocation |
Grant Amount |
Percentage Share of Total Allocation |
Grant Amount |
Percentage Share of Total Allocation |
Grant Amount |
Percentage Share of Total Allocation |
|
Total, United States |
6,383,403 |
100.00% |
1,347,316 |
100.00% |
3,925,393 |
100.00% |
3,925,392 |
100.00% |
15,581,502 |
100.00% |
|
Alabama |
102,628 |
1.61% |
23,454 |
1.74% |
60,887 |
1.55% |
65,013 |
1.66% |
251,982 |
1.62% |
|
Alaska |
17,197* |
0.27% |
2,766 |
0.21% |
12,033* |
0.31% |
11,997* |
0.31% |
43,993 |
0.28% |
|
Arizona |
147,031 |
2.30% |
31,872 |
2.37% |
92,053 |
2.35% |
88,635 |
2.26% |
359,592 |
2.31% |
|
Arkansas |
66,235 |
1.04% |
15,086 |
1.12% |
35,517 |
0.90% |
42,476 |
1.08% |
159,313 |
1.02% |
|
California |
815,550 |
12.78% |
176,114 |
13.07% |
528,885 |
13.47% |
467,608 |
11.91% |
1,988,156 |
12.76% |
|
Colorado |
65,325 |
1.02% |
11,711 |
0.87% |
36,059 |
0.92% |
39,606 |
1.01% |
152,700 |
0.98% |
|
Connecticut |
56,726 |
0.89% |
8,653 |
0.64% |
25,861 |
0.66% |
33,981 |
0.87% |
125,220 |
0.80% |
|
Delaware |
19,251 |
0.30% |
4,471 |
0.33% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
51,200 |
0.33% |
|
District of Columbia |
18,434 |
0.29% |
4,445 |
0.33% |
14,455 |
0.37% |
13,611* |
0.35% |
50,946 |
0.33% |
|
Florida |
320,165 |
5.02% |
76,147 |
5.65% |
246,235 |
6.27% |
211,133 |
5.38% |
853,680 |
5.48% |
|
Georgia |
212,417 |
3.33% |
49,000 |
3.64% |
137,886 |
3.51% |
134,366 |
3.42% |
533,668 |
3.43% |
|
Hawaii |
18,618 |
0.29% |
4,325 |
0.32% |
13,470* |
0.34% |
13,399* |
0.34% |
49,811 |
0.32% |
|
Idaho |
25,716 |
0.40% |
5,372 |
0.40% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
14,666 |
0.37% |
59,493 |
0.38% |
|
Illinois |
288,829 |
4.52% |
57,191 |
4.24% |
174,036 |
4.43% |
158,317 |
4.03% |
678,373 |
4.35% |
|
Indiana |
114,592 |
1.80% |
23,560 |
1.75% |
59,137 |
1.51% |
71,076 |
1.81% |
268,365 |
1.72% |
|
Iowa |
43,837 |
0.69% |
7,120 |
0.53% |
18,566 |
0.47% |
28,100 |
0.72% |
97,623 |
0.63% |
|
Kansas |
44,479 |
0.70% |
8,279 |
0.61% |
21,237 |
0.54% |
24,759 |
0.63% |
98,754 |
0.63% |
|
Kentucky |
96,555 |
1.51% |
22,288 |
1.65% |
56,955 |
1.45% |
62,714 |
1.60% |
238,513 |
1.53% |
|
Louisiana |
134,305 |
2.10% |
32,386 |
2.40% |
86,980 |
2.22% |
85,239 |
2.17% |
338,910 |
2.18% |
|
Maine |
22,990 |
0.36% |
4,569 |
0.34% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
55,038 |
0.35% |
|
Maryland |
94,741 |
1.48% |
18,929 |
1.40% |
63,720 |
1.62% |
61,672 |
1.57% |
239,062 |
1.53% |
|
Massachusetts |
105,741 |
1.66% |
18,288 |
1.36% |
51,924 |
1.32% |
61,584 |
1.57% |
237,537 |
1.52% |
|
Michigan |
204,263 |
3.20% |
41,692 |
3.09% |
114,823 |
2.93% |
127,421 |
3.25% |
488,199 |
3.13% |
|
Minnesota |
77,013 |
1.21% |
10,775 |
0.80% |
35,670 |
0.91% |
46,153 |
1.18% |
169,612 |
1.09% |
|
Mississippi |
83,551 |
1.31% |
19,501 |
1.45% |
51,954 |
1.32% |
54,575 |
1.39% |
209,581 |
1.35% |
|
Missouri |
105,747 |
1.66% |
22,011 |
1.63% |
53,267 |
1.36% |
62,668 |
1.60% |
243,692 |
1.56% |
|
Montana |
17,744* |
0.28% |
3,490 |
0.26% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
48,712 |
0.31% |
|
Nebraska |
32,263 |
0.51% |
5,756 |
0.43% |
16,318 |
0.42% |
19,517 |
0.50% |
73,854 |
0.47% |
|
Nevada |
47,875 |
0.75% |
11,249 |
0.83% |
40,323 |
1.03% |
30,223 |
0.77% |
129,670 |
0.83% |
|
New Hampshire |
15,770* |
0.25% |
2,274 |
0.17% |
10,540* |
0.27% |
11,173* |
0.28% |
39,758 |
0.26% |
|
New Jersey |
160,728 |
2.52% |
27,349 |
2.03% |
78,195 |
1.99% |
96,047 |
2.45% |
362,319 |
2.33% |
|
New Mexico |
50,511 |
0.79% |
11,835 |
0.88% |
32,636 |
0.83% |
34,117 |
0.87% |
129,098 |
0.83% |
|
New York |
478,309 |
7.49% |
102,214 |
7.59% |
348,478 |
8.88% |
284,916 |
7.26% |
1,213,917 |
7.79% |
|
North Carolina |
180,887 |
2.83% |
42,444 |
3.15% |
112,331 |
2.86% |
115,556 |
2.94% |
451,219 |
2.90% |
|
North Dakota |
14,949* |
0.23% |
2,128* |
0.16% |
10,643* |
0.27% |
10,640* |
0.27% |
38,361 |
0.25% |
|
Ohio |
235,136 |
3.68% |
47,526 |
3.53% |
128,293 |
3.27% |
145,692 |
3.71% |
556,646 |
3.57% |
|
Oklahoma |
78,647 |
1.23% |
16,876 |
1.25% |
43,229 |
1.10% |
49,257 |
1.25% |
188,010 |
1.21% |
|
Oregon |
63,769 |
1.00% |
13,424 |
1.00% |
31,294 |
0.80% |
38,544 |
0.98% |
147,032 |
0.94% |
|
Pennsylvania |
274,375 |
4.30% |
52,637 |
3.91% |
159,123 |
4.05% |
158,500 |
4.04% |
644,635 |
4.14% |
|
Puerto Rico |
158,099 |
2.48% |
40,144 |
2.98% |
94,291 |
2.40% |
103,724 |
2.64% |
396,257 |
2.54% |
|
Rhode Island |
21,492 |
0.34% |
3,913 |
0.29% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
52,883 |
0.34% |
|
South Carolina |
98,667 |
1.55% |
23,210 |
1.72% |
58,618 |
1.49% |
63,293 |
1.61% |
243,788 |
1.56% |
|
South Dakota |
17,744* |
0.28% |
3,351* |
0.25% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
13,739* |
0.35% |
48,573 |
0.31% |
|
Tennessee |
125,025 |
1.96% |
28,845 |
2.14% |
77,548 |
1.98% |
78,329 |
2.00% |
309,747 |
1.99% |
|
Texas |
599,402 |
9.39% |
133,080 |
9.88% |
394,341 |
10.05% |
384,363 |
9.79% |
1,511,186 |
9.70% |
|
Utah |
35,123 |
0.55% |
5,829 |
0.43% |
19,002 |
0.48% |
21,424 |
0.55% |
81,378 |
0.52% |
|
Vermont |
14,149* |
0.22% |
2,371* |
0.18% |
10,053* |
0.26% |
10,114* |
0.26% |
36,687 |
0.24% |
|
Virginia |
116,878 |
1.83% |
21,941 |
1.63% |
62,640 |
1.60% |
64,956 |
1.65% |
266,414 |
1.71% |
|
Washington |
101,432 |
1.59% |
18,677 |
1.39% |
47,290 |
1.20% |
60,628 |
1.54% |
228,027 |
1.46% |
|
West Virginia |
40,475 |
0.63% |
9,259 |
0.69% |
20,355 |
0.52% |
26,989 |
0.69% |
97,078 |
0.62% |
|
Wisconsin |
88,059 |
1.38% |
15,576 |
1.16% |
45,793 |
1.17% |
57,924 |
1.48% |
207,351 |
1.33% |
|
Wyoming |
13,959* |
0.22% |
1,913* |
0.14% |
10,015* |
0.26% |
10,002* |
0.25% |
35,889 |
0.23% |
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on unpublished data provided by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), Budget Service. Estimated FY2018 Title I-A grant amounts were calculated by ED using the most current data available. Percentage shares of estimated FY2018 allocation amounts were calculated by CRS.
Notes: Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Percentages calculated based on unrounded numbers. Amounts shown in the table only reflect Title I-A funds provided to states. These amounts are determined after funds have been reserved from the total Title I-A appropriation for the Census Bureau, Bureau of Indian Education, and Outlying Areas.
* Denotes that a state received a minimum state grant under a particular Title I-A formula.
Author Contact Information
| 1. |
This report is one in a series of annual reports on Title I-A state grants. For more information about FY2017 Title I-A grants to states, see CRS Report R44873, FY2017 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). For more information about FY2016 Title I-A grants to states, see CRS Report R44486, FY2016 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). For more information about FY2015 Title I-A grants to states, see CRS Report R44097, FY2015 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). |