Legal Sidebari

EPA Proposes the Affordable Clean Energy
Rule to Replace the Clean Power Plan
September 26, 2018
On August 31, 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its proposed Affordable
Clean Energy (ACE) Rule to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing coal-fired power
plants. The ACE Rule would replace the Obama Administration’s Clean Power Plan (CPP), which EPA
proposed to repeal in October 2017. The CPP has not gone into effect because the Supreme Court in 2016
stayed implementation of the rule.
The proposed ACE Rule would allow states to establish GHG emission standards using “best system of
emission reduction” (BSER) measures that are limited to on-site heat-rate improvements for existing coal-
fired power plants. Under the proposed ACE Rule, EPA would provide states with a list of “candidate
technologies” for use at individual power plants to set emission standards. In contrast, under the more
expansive CPP approach, EPA considered emission reduction measures that could be used on-site at
individual power plants and off-site to establish national emission standards and state-wide emission
reduction targets. This Sidebar explores the legal basis for the proposed ACE Rule and discusses EPA’s
authority to consider various emission reduction options for existing power plants under the Clean Air Act
(CAA). (A companion Sidebar discusses the proposal’s new applicability test for New Source Review
permitting requirements under the CAA.)
Legal Authority to Regulate Power Plant Emissions
CAA Section 111 directs EPA to list categories of stationary sources that cause or contribute significantly
to “air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.” Once EPA
lists a source category such as fossil fuel-fired power plants (also known as electric generating units),
Section 111(b) requires EPA to establish “standards of performance” for new and modified sources
(known as NSPSs) within a listed source category. Under Section 111(a), a “standard of performance” is
defined as “a standard for emissions of air pollutants which reflects the degree of emission limitation
achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction.” After issuing NSPSs under
Section 111(b) for new or modified sources in that category, EPA establishes “emission guidelines” for
states to set a “standard of performance” for existing sources under Section 111(d). Once EPA has set
emission guidelines for existing sources, the CAA requires states to develop implementation plans that
establish standards of performance for existing sources in their jurisdiction.
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In 2015, EPA finalized both NSPSs for new or modified power plants under Section 111(b) and emission
guidelines for existing power plants (the CPP) under Section 111(d). The NSPSs for new or modified
power plants is currently in effect (and under review). The CPP has not gone into effect because the
Supreme Court in 2016 stayed implementation of the rule until the lawsuit challenging its legality is
resolved. In October 2017, based on a change in the Agency’s interpretation of Section 111, EPA
proposed to repeal the CPP on the grounds that it is beyond EPA’s statutory authority. EPA now proposes
to replace the CPP with the ACE Rule. Much of the legal debate on the CPP and the proposed ACE Rule
centers on EPA’s interpretation of the BSER for existing power plants.
Changes to the “Best System of Emission Reduction”
In the ACE Rule, EPA proposes to define the BSER for GHG emissions from existing coal-fired power
plants as on-site, heat-rate improvements at coal-fired units that reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) that the power plant releases per unit of electricity it generates. In comparison, for the CPP, EPA
based the BSER for existing coal-fired and natural gas units on three “building blocks”: (1) improving the
heat rate at coal-fired units, (2) shifting generation to lower-emitting natural gas units, and (3) shifting
generation from fossil fuel units to renewable energy generation. For the CPP, the Agency then used the
BSER to set national CO2 emission standards of performance for both fossil-fuel steam units (which are
mostly coal units) and natural gas combined cycle units. Based on these NSPSs, EPA established state-
specific emission reduction targets.
In contrast, the proposed ACE Rule does not set national CO2 emission standards, address natural gas
units, or require states to meet specific emissions targets. Instead, states would set emissions standards for
coal-based units based only on a list of “candidate technologies” that reflect EPA’s BSER determination.
States would determine which technologies are appropriate for each existing coal-fired power plant and
establish CO2 standards based on the emission reductions that the technology can achieve.
EPA’s Legal Basis for the ACE Rule’s “Best System of Emission Reduction”
In the proposed repeal of the CPP and ACE Rule, EPA proposes to limit the BSER to emission reduction
measures that can be “applied to or at the individual stationary source.” In other words, EPA interprets its
authority to permit regulating individual power plant emissions and to preclude measures that would be
implemented outside of a power plant’s physical footprint. In the proposals, EPA distinguishes physical
and operational efficiency improvements, which apply directly to an affected emission source, from
“beyond-the-source” measures (commonly referred to as “outside the fenceline” measures), which may
encompass shifting to lower-emitting energy sources. Because the CPP BSER was based, in part, on
“beyond-the-source” measures, EPA finds in the ACE Rule that the CPP exceeds EPA’s CAA authority.
Therefore, EPA proposes to limit BSER to emission reduction measures that apply only to individual
power plants.
In another departure from the CPP, EPA did not establish national CO2 emission standards in the proposed
ACE Rule. In the CPP, EPA set state emission reduction targets based on a national CO2 emission
standard. In the proposed ACE Rule, EPA questions the CPP approach of applying BSER to an entire
source category to set national performance standards. EPA argues in the proposed ACE Rule that Section
111(d) explicitly requires states, not EPA, to establish standards of performance for existing sources by
considering source-specific factors.
EPA also relies on the CAA’s Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permitting program to
support its changed interpretation of the BSER. EPA contends that the Section 111 standards should be
based on source-specific BSER measures in the same manner that emission limits in PSD permits are
based only on source- or facility-specific emission control technologies. Because emission limits in PSD
permits, at a minimum, must be as restrictive as the Section 111 emission standards, EPA reasons that the
BSER should be interpreted similarly to include source-specific constraints that are applied when
establishing emission limits for PSD permits. In comparison, in the CPP, EPA did not apply PSD program

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policies or interpretations to its BSER determination because it interpreted the PSD permitting program as
distinct from Section 111(d) emission guidelines. In the CPP, EPA reasoned that the PSD permitting
program applies to individual modified or new sources in contrast to Section 111(d) guidelines that apply
to an entire source category.
Legal Challenges to EPA’s Authority under Section 111(d)
The contrasting legal arguments underlying the CPP and the proposed ACE Rule highlight EPA’s change
in its interpretation of its authority and discretion under the CAA. In the CPP, EPA interpreted its
discretion to define “system” in the BSER expansively to include measures that would reduce overall
emissions from the power sector, while the proposed ACE Rule adopts a narrower interpretation of EPA’s
authority, which is limited to measures that curtail GHGs at individual power plants.
Many of the legal issues raised in the CPP litigation, including the scope of EPA’s authority and its
interpretation of the BSER, likely will be central to any future legal challenges to the repeal of the CPP or
the ACE Rule if finalized. For example, in litigation challenging the CPP, petitioners claimed that the CPP
is unlawful because Congress must issue a “clear statement” of authority for an agency action that could
have potentially serious economic and political implications. Supporters of the CPP have argued that EPA
has discretion under Section 111(d) to consider all inside- and outside-the-fenceline measures to reduce
emissions from existing power plants.
States and environmental groups defending the CPP in the litigation are urging the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit to rule on these legal questions that are common to both the CPP and
the proposed ACE Rule. To do so, the court would have to deny EPA’s request to continue the abeyance
(temporary pause) of the litigation that the court initially granted in April, 2017. EPA argues that
continuing the abeyance until it completes its rulemaking to repeal and replace the CPP would conserve
judicial resources and promote the fairness and integrity of the ongoing administrative process.
If finalized and challenged in court, the ACE Rule could set a precedent on the scope of EPA’s authority
to determine emission reduction measures that it may consider for power plants and future Section 111(d)
emission guidelines for other existing industrial sources of pollution.
Next Steps
EPA announced that it is accepting comments on the proposed ACE Rule until October 30, 2018
and is planning to hold at least one public hearing on the proposal. Many stakeholders likely will
submit comments on the proposed repeal. In 2015, the proposed CPP received more than 4.3
million public comments, the most ever for an EPA rule. Under CAA Section 307(d), the Agency
may issue a final rule once it has considered any comments received on the proposal. Some
Members of Congress may consider submitting comments on the proposed ACE Rule or propose
legislation to clarify the extent of EPA’s authority and discretion under Section 111(d) to
determine the BSER for existing sources.

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Author Information

Linda Tsang

Legislative Attorney




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