Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Contents

• Background and Genesis of SAFER
• The SAFER Act
• Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012
• Fire Grants Reauthorization in the 115^th Congress
• Senate
• House
• Legislation in the 114^th Congress
• Appropriations
• FY2015
• FY2016
• FY2017
• Waiver of SAFER Requirements
• Implementation of the SAFER Program
• Issues in the 115^th Congress

Summary

In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Act, known as the SAFER Act, was enacted by the 108^th Congress as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136). The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination local fire departments for the purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry-minimum standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for recruitment and retention of volunteers. SAFER is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

With the economic turndown adversely affecting budgets of local governments, concerns arose that modifications to the SAFER statute may be necessary to enable fire departments to more effectively and affordably participate in the program. From FY2009 through FY2015, annual appropriations bills contained provisions that waived certain provisions of the SAFER statute. The waivers served to reduce the financial obligation on SAFER grant recipients, and allowed SAFER grants to be used to rehire laid-off firefighters and to fill positions lost through attrition.

The 112^th Congress enacted the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-239), which reauthorized SAFER through FY2017; altered the grant distribution formula among career, volunteer, combination, and paid-on-call fire departments; raised available funding for higher population areas; and addressed waiver issues previously addressed in annual appropriations legislation.

On December 18, 2015, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113). The law provided $690 million for firefighter assistance in FY2016, including $345 million for SAFER and $345 million for AFG. For FY2017, the Obama Administration requested $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG, a reduction of $10 million for each program from the FY2016 enacted level. For FY2017, the Senate Appropriations Committee bill would provide $340 million each to SAFER and AFG, while the House Appropriations Committee bill would provide $345 million for each program. The FY2017 Further Continuing and Security Assistance Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-254) funds SAFER and AFG at FY2016 levels through April 28, 2017.

With the current authorization of SAFER and AFG expiring on September 30, 2017, and with the current SAFER and AFG statute containing a sunset provision for each program that goes into effect on January 2, 2018, the 115^th Congress will likely consider legislation to reauthorize the SAFER and AFG programs. On April 5, 2017, S. 829, the AFG and SAFER Program Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced by Senator McCain and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. S. 829 would extend the SAFER and AFG authorizations through FY2023, repeal the sunset provision for both programs, and make various technical corrections to the statute.

The 115^th Congress will also consider budget appropriations for SAFER and AFG. As is the case with many federal programs, concerns over the federal budget deficit could impact budget levels for SAFER and AFG. At the same time, firefighter assistance budgets will likely receive heightened scrutiny from the fire community, given the local budgetary shortfalls that many fire departments face.

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Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Background and Genesis of SAFER

Firefighting and the provision of fire protection services to the public is traditionally a local responsibility, funded primarily by state, county, and municipal governments. During the 1990s, however, shortfalls in state and local budgets—coupled with increased responsibilities (i.e., counterterrorism) of local fire departments—led many in the fire community to call for additional financial support from the federal government. Since enactment of the FIRE Act¹ in the 106^th Congress, the Assistance to Firefighters Grants (AFG) program (also known as "fire grants" and "FIRE Act grants") has provided funding for equipment and training directly from the federal government to local fire departments.²

Since the fire grant program commenced in FY2001, funding has been used by fire departments to purchase firefighting equipment, personal protective equipment, and firefighting vehicles. Many in the fire-service community argued that notwithstanding the fire grant program, there remained a pressing need for an additional federal grant program to assist fire departments in the hiring of firefighters and the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. They asserted that without federal assistance, many local fire departments would continue to be unable to meet national consensus standards for minimum staffing levels, which specify at least four firefighters per responding fire vehicle (or five or six firefighters in hazardous or high-risk areas).³ Fire-service advocates also pointed to the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program⁴ as a compelling precedent of federal assistance for the hiring of local public safety personnel.

In support of SAFER, fire-service advocates cited studies performed by the U.S. Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association,⁵ the Boston Globe,⁶ and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)⁷ which concluded that many fire departments fall below minimum standards for personnel levels. According to these studies, the result of this shortfall can lead to inadequate response to different types of emergency incidents, substandard response times, and an increased risk of firefighter fatalities.

On the other hand, those opposed to SAFER grants have contended that funding for basic local government functions—such as paying for firefighter salaries—should not be assumed by the federal government, particularly at a time of high budget deficits. Also, some SAFER opponents disagree that below-standard levels in firefighting personnel are necessarily problematic, and point to statistics indicating that the number of structural fires in the United States has continued to decline over the past 20 years.⁸

The SAFER Act

In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Act—popularly called the "SAFER Act"—was introduced into the 107^th and 108^th Congresses.⁹ The 108^th Congress enacted the SAFER Act as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136; signed into law November 24, 2003). The SAFER provision was added as an amendment to S. 1050 on the Senate floor (S.Amdt. 785, sponsored by Senator Dodd) and modified in the FY2004 Defense Authorization conference report (H.Rept. 108-354). The SAFER grant program is codified as Section 34 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2229a).

The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination fire departments for the purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry-minimum standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteers.

Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012

On January 2, 2013, the President signed P.L. 112-239, the FY2013 National Defense Authorization Act. Title XVIII, Subtitle A is the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012, which significantly amends the SAFER statute (15 U.S.C. 2229a) and authorizes the SAFER program through FY2017. Table 1 provides a summary of key SAFER provisions in the 2012 reauthorization, and provides a comparison with the previous version of the SAFER statute.

Two types of grants are authorized by the SAFER Act: hiring grants and recruitment and retention grants. Hiring grants cover a three-year term and are cost shared with the local jurisdiction. According to the amended statute, the federal share shall not exceed 75% in the first year of the grant, 75% in the second year, and 35% in the third year. While the majority of hiring grants will be awarded to career and combination fire departments, the SAFER Act specifies that 10% of the total SAFER appropriation be awarded to volunteer or majority-volunteer departments for the hiring of personnel.

Additionally, at least 10% of the total SAFER appropriation is set aside for recruitment and retention grants, which are available to volunteer and combination fire departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. Also eligible for recruitment and retention grants are local and statewide organizations that represent the interests of volunteer firefighters. No local cost sharing is required for recruitment and retention grants.

Fire Grants Reauthorization in the 115^th Congress

The current authorization of both the SAFER and AFG programs expires on September 30, 2017. Additionally, the current SAFER and AFG statute contains a sunset provision for each program that goes into effect on January 2, 2018.

Senate

On April 5, 2017, S. 829, the AFG and SAFER Program Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced by Senator McCain and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. S. 829 would extend the SAFER and AFG authorizations through FY2023, repeal the sunset provision for both programs, and make various technical corrections to the statute.

House

To date, fire grant reauthorization legislation has not been introduced into the House.

Legislation in the 114^th Congress

Not including annual appropriations bills, the following bills in the 114^th Congress sought to modify the SAFER grant program:

• P.L. 114-255, 21^st Century Cures Act, signed by the President on December 13, 2016. Section 14001(c) authorizes SAFER hiring grants to fund specialized training to paramedics, emergency medical services workers, and other first responders to recognize individuals who have mental illness and how to properly intervene with individuals with mental illness, including strategies for verbal de-escalation of crises. Introduced as H.R. 34 (Bonamici). Similar or identical language was introduced in S. 2002 (Cornyn) and H.R. 3722 (McSally).
• H.R. 366 (Cohen) and H.R. 1978 (Polis), introduced on January 14, 2015, and April 22, 2015, respectively, would have directed DHS to award SAFER grants to hire veterans as firefighters.
• H.R. 3555 (Wilson of Florida), introduced on September 17, 2015, would have made available $1 billion to the SAFER program, while also authorizing DHS to grant SAFER waivers.

Appropriations

The SAFER grant program receives its annual appropriation through the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Homeland Security. Within the appropriations bills, SAFER is listed under the line item, "Firefighter Assistance Grants," which is located in Title III—Protection, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. "Firefighter Assistance Grants" also includes the Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program.

Although authorized for FY2004, SAFER did not receive an appropriation in FY2004. Table 2 shows the appropriations history for firefighter assistance, including SAFER, AFG, and the Fire Station Construction Grants (SCG) grants provided in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). Table 3 shows recent and proposed appropriated funding for the SAFER and AFG grant programs.

FY2015

The Administration's FY2015 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG. The Administration requested that all previous SAFER waivers again be enacted for FY2015. Also in the budget proposal, FEMA "strongly encourages applicants, to the extent practicable, to seek, recruit, and hire post-9/11 veterans to increase their ranks within their department in order to take advantage of the provisions of the Veterans Opportunity to Work (VOW) to Hire Heroes Act of 2011."

On June 11, 2014, the House Appropriations Committee approved H.R. 4903, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015. The bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. The bill also would continue to grant DHS waiver authority from SAFER requirements in FY2015. In the accompanying report (H.Rept. 113-481), the committee noted that this annual waiver authority has been available since FY2009, and that the reauthorization of the SAFER program by the 112^th Congress (P.L. 112-239) provided FEMA with permanent authority to waive certain matching and non-supplantation requirements for grantees based on a determination that a grantee meets economic hardship criteria. Given that FEMA has been working with stakeholders to develop these criteria and that the agency hopes to soon be able to implement its new waiver authority, the committee expects that FY2015 should be the last instance in which annual waiver authority will be provided, and that any waivers in future fiscal years will be limited to the authorization provided in P.L. 112-239.

On June 26, 2014, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved S. 2534, its version of the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2015. As did the House committee, the Senate bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. The Senate bill would also continue to grant DHS waiver authority from SAFER requirements in FY2015.In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 113-198), the committee expressed its expectation that DHS will take into consideration economic hardship when exercising the waiver authority.

The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4) was signed by the President on March 4, 2015, and provided $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG.

FY2016

The Administration's FY2016 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG. The Administration's FY2016 budget would maintain SAFER waiver authority for FY2016.

On June 18, 2015, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 1619, the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2016. Identical to the funding level in FY2015, the Senate bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 114-68), the committee encourages FEMA to prioritize resources for staffing grants to rural departments that meet both local and regional needs. As in the past, bill language is included granting the Secretary the authority to waive certain statutory requirements. However, FEMA is directed to work with stakeholders and present a recommendation to the committee no later than the submission of the FY2017 budget on the feasibility of removing these waivers in future appropriations.

On July 21, 2015, the House Appropriations Committee approved H.R. 3128, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2016. The bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. H.R. 3128 did not include a SAFER waiver provision as in years past.

On December 18, 2015, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113). The law provided $690 million for firefighter assistance in FY2016, including $345 million for SAFER and $345 million for AFG. P.L. 114-113 did not include a SAFER waiver provision.

FY2017

For FY2017, the Administration requested $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG, a reduction of $10 million for each program from the FY2016 enacted level. According to the budget request, the proposed reduction in SAFER and AFG "reflects FEMA's successful investments in prior year grants awarded." The Administration's FY2017 budget did not request SAFER waiver authority for FY2017.

Under the proposed budget, the SAFER and AFG grant accounts would be transferred to the Preparedness and Protection activity under FEMA's broader "Federal Assistance" account. According to the budget request, Federal Assistance programs will "assist Federal agencies, States, Local, Tribal, and Territorial jurisdictions to mitigate, prepare for and recover from terrorism and natural disasters."

On May 26, 2016, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved S. 3001, the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2017. The Senate bill would provide $680 million for firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. The committee maintained a separate budget account for Firefighter Assistance and did not transfer that budget account to the Federal Assistance account as proposed in the Administration budget request. In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 114-68), the committee directed DHS to continue the present practice of funding applications according to local priorities and those established by the USFA, and to continue direct funding to fire departments and the peer review process. The committee stated its expectation that funding for rural fire departments remain consistent with their previous five-year history, and encouraged FEMA to consider the need for resources for staffing grants to rural departments that meet both local and regional needs.

On June 22, 2016, the House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2017. Unlike the Senate, the House Committee did transfer the Firefighter Assistance budget account into a broader Federal Assistance account in FEMA. The bill provided $690 million for firefighter assistance, including $345 million for SAFER and $345 million for AFG. In the committee report, the committee directed FEMA to continue administering the fire grants programs as directed in prior year Committee reports.

The FY2017 Further Continuing and Security Assistance Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-254) funds SAFER and AFG at FY2016 levels through April 28, 2017.

Waiver of SAFER Requirements

In 2009, with the economic turndown adversely affecting budgets of local governments, concerns arose that modifications to the SAFER statute may be necessary to enable fire departments to more effectively participate in the program. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) included a provision (§603) that waived the matching requirements for SAFER grants awarded in FY2009 and FY2010.

Subsequently, the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-32) included a provision (§605) giving the Secretary of Homeland Security authority to waive certain limitations and restrictions in the SAFER statute. For grants awarded in FY2009 and FY2010, waivers permitted grantees to use SAFER funds to rehire laid-off firefighters and fill positions eliminated through attrition, allow grants to extend longer than the five-year duration, and permit the amount of funding per position at levels exceeding the limit of $100,000.

The Department of Defense and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10) contained language that removed cost-share requirements and allowed SAFER grants to be used to rehire laid-off firefighters and fill positions eliminated through attrition. However, the law did not remove the requirement that SAFER grants fund a firefighter position for four years, with the fifth year funded wholly by the grant recipient. P.L. 112-10 also did not waive the cap of $100,000 per firefighter hired by a SAFER grant. According to fire service advocates, these unwaived SAFER requirements (the mandatory five-year position duration, the $100,000 cap) would be a disincentive for many communities to apply for SAFER grants, because localities would be reluctant to apply for grants that would require future expenditure of local funds.¹⁰

P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2012, included language (§561) prohibiting using any funds to enforce all of the SAFER restrictions that have been lifted since FY2009. Additionally, Section 562 of P.L. 112-74 reinstated DHS waiver authority for the restrictions that were not lifted in the FY2011 appropriations bill (P.L. 112-10).

Meanwhile, the SAFER reauthorization language in the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-239) removed the $100,000 cap per firefighter hired, shortened the grant period from four to three years, removed the requirement to retain SAFER-hired firefighters for one year past the termination of federal grant support, and provided economic hardship waivers that will give DHS the authority to waive matching requirements and prohibitions on using SAFER funds for rehiring laid-off firefighters and filling positions eliminated through attrition.

The Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6) and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76) continued to grant DHS waiver authority from SAFER requirements. Specifically, DHS was allowed to waive cost sharing requirements, the three year grant term, cost limits per firefighter hired, and the prohibition on using SAFER funds for rehiring laid-off firefighters and filling positions eliminated through attrition.

The same SAFER waiver authority was included in the Administration's FY2015 budget proposal and in the FY2015 House and Senate Department of Homeland Security Appropriations bills. In the bill report accompanying H.R. 4903 (H.Rept. 113-481), the House Appropriations Committee noted that this annual waiver authority has been available since FY2009, and that the reauthorization of the SAFER program by the 112^th Congress (P.L. 112-239) provided FEMA with permanent authority to waive certain matching and non-supplantation requirements for grantees based on a determination that a grantee meets economic hardship criteria. Given that FEMA had been working with stakeholders to develop these criteria and that the agency hoped to soon be able to implement its new waiver authority, the committee expected that FY2015 would be the last instance in which annual waiver authority would be provided, and that any waivers in future fiscal years would be limited to the authorization provided in P.L. 112-239.

The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4) was signed by the President on March 4, 2015. Section 557 of P.L. 114-4 provided SAFER waiver authority for FY2015.

The Administration's FY2016 budget would have maintained SAFER waiver authority for FY2016. S. 1619, the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2016, would also have continued waiver authority. The accompanying bill report (S.Rept. 114-68) directed FEMA to work with stakeholders and present a recommendation to the Senate Appropriations Committee on the feasibility of removing these waivers in future appropriations. However, neither the House bill (H.R. 3128), nor the final Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) contained the SAFER waiver provision for FY2016.

The Administration's FY2017 budget did not request SAFER waiver authority for FY2017, and neither the House nor Senate Appropriations Committee bills contained SAFER waiver provisions.

Implementation of the SAFER Program

For the latest information and updates on the application for and awarding of SAFER grants, see the official SAFER grant program website at https://www.fema.gov/staffing-adequate-fire-emergency-response-grants.

Table 4 shows the state-by-state distribution of SAFER grant funds, from FY2005 through FY2015. Table 5 shows the percentage distribution of SAFER grant funds by type of department (career, combination, volunteer) for FY2009 through FY2014, while Table 6 shows the percentage distribution of SAFER grant funds by community service area (urban, suburban, rural) for FY2009 through FY2014. Of the FY2014 SAFER awards, grants for hiring accounted for 90% of the total federal share of dollars awarded, while recruitment and retention accounted for 10%.

During 2014 and 2015, the DHS Office of the Inspector General (OIG) conducted an audit of SAFER grants for fiscal years 2010 through 2012. On June 8, 2016, the DHS OIG released its report finding that 63% of SAFER grant recipients over that period did not comply with grant guidance and requirements to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse of grant funds. The report recommended that FEMA's Grant Programs Directorate develop and implement an organizational framework to manage the risk of fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. According to the report, FEMA has concurred with the OIG findings and has taken corrective actions to resolve the recommendations.¹¹

Meanwhile, the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-239) directed GAO to prepare a report to Congress that includes an assessment of the effect of the changes made by P.L. 112-239 on the effectiveness, relative allocation, accountability, and administration of the fire grants. GAO was also directed to evaluate the extent to which those changes have enabled grant recipients to mitigate fire and fire-related and other hazards more effectively. In September 2016, GAO released its report, entitled Fire Grants: FEMA Could Enhance Program Administration and Performance Assessment. The report concluded that FEMA's fire grant policies and the awards made in FY2013 and FY2014 generally reflected the changes to the fire grant statute made by P.L. 112-239, and that FEMA enhanced its assessment of program performance by establishing and reporting on measures of effectiveness of the grants. However, GAO also concluded that those performance measures do not include measurable performance targets linked to SAFER and AFG program goals, and that "aligning the fire grants programs' use of data on, and definitions of, critical infrastructure to award fire grants and assess program performance with the more objective, quantitative approach used by DHS and GPD [the Grants Program Directorate] for other programs and non-fire preparedness grants could enhance GPD's efforts to integrate the fire grants program into larger national preparedness efforts and more objectively assess the impact of fire grants."¹²

Issues in the 115^th Congress

With the current authorization of the fire act statute expiring on September 30, 2017, the 115^th Congress will likely consider legislation to reauthorize the SAFER and AFG programs. As part of this reauthorization process, Congress may examine the impact of new SAFER hiring grant guidelines mandated by P.L. 112-239, the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012. The continuing issue is how equitably and effectively grants are being distributed and used to protect the health and safety of the public and firefighting personnel against fire and fire-related hazards.

The 115^th Congress will also consider budget appropriations for SAFER and AFG. As is the case with many federal programs, concerns over the federal budget deficit could impact budget levels for SAFER and AFG. At the same time, firefighter assistance budgets will likely receive heightened scrutiny from the fire community, given the local budgetary shortfalls that many fire departments face.

Author Contact Information

Footnotes

1.	Title XVII of the FY2001 Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-398).
2.	For more information, see CRS Report RL32341, Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding, by [author name scrubbed].
3.	These refer to consensus standards developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): NFPA 1710 ("Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments"), and NFPA 1720 ("Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Volunteer Fire Departments"). NFPA standards are voluntary unless adopted as law by governments at the local, state, or federal level, and are also often considered by insurance companies when establishing rates. Another applicable standard to this debate is the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard on respiratory protection in structural firefighting situations (29 C.F.R. 1910.134(g)), which requires at least four firefighters (two in and two for backup) before entering a hazardous environment wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.
4.	For more information on the COPS program, see CRS Report RL33308, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): In Brief, by [author name scrubbed].
5.	National Fire Protection Association, Third Needs Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, June 2011, available at http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//2011NeedsAssessment.pdf. In November 2016, NFPA released the Fourth Needs Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, available at http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/the-fire-service/administration/needs-assessment.
6.	Dedman, Bill, "Deadly Delays: The Decline of Fire Response," Boston Globe Special Report, January 30, 2005. Available at http://www.boston.com/news/specials/fires/.
7.	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program, 1998-2005," March 2006, 16 pp. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/pdfs/progress.pdf.
8.	See Lehrer, Eli, "Do We Need More Firefighters?" Weekly Standard, April 12, 2004, pp. 21-22. Available at http://www.sipr.org/default.aspx?action=PublicationDetails&id=44. See also Easterbrook, Gregg, "Where's the Fire?" New Republic Online, August 9, 2004. Available at http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=easterbrook080904.
9.	107th Congress: S. 1617 (Dodd), H.R. 3992 (Boehlert), H.R. 3185 (Green, Gene). 108th Congress: S. 544 (Dodd), H.R. 1118 (Boehlert).
10.	International Association of Fire Fighters, News Release, "Budget: Agreement Retains Level Funding for FIRE Act and SAFER grants, But Restricts Flexibility on SAFER Grants," April 14, 2011, available at http://www.iaff.org/11News/041311Waivers.htm.
11.	Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspector General, FEMA's Grant Programs Directorate Did Not Effectively Manage Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program—SAFER Grants, OIG-16-98, June 8, 2016, 24 pp., available at https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2016/OIG-16-98-Jun16.pdf.
12.	Government Accountability Office, Fire Grants: FEMA Could Enhance Program Administration and Performance Assessment, GAO-16-744, September 2016, p. 33, available at http://gao.gov/assets/680/679787.pdf.