FY2016 Appropriations for the Census Bureau and Bureau of Economic Analysis

February 11, 2016 (R44141)
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Contents

Tables

Summary

This report discusses FY2016 appropriations (discretionary budget authority) for the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and Bureau of the Census (Census Bureau), which make up the Economics and Statistics Administration (ESA) in the U.S. Department of Commerce. The report will not be updated.

The FY2016 budget request for ESA (except the Census Bureau) was $113.8 million, $13.8 million (13.8%) over the $100.0 million FY2015-enacted funding level. Of the $113.8 million, the $110.0 million requested for BEA was $13.7 million (14.2%) above the $96.3 million FY2015-enacted amount; the $3.9 million requested for ESA's policy support and management oversight was $138,000 (3.7%) more than the $3.7 million enacted for FY2015.

The FY2016 request for the Census Bureau was $1,500.0 million, $412.0 million (37.9%) above the $1,088.0 million FY2015-enacted amount. The FY2016 request was divided between the bureau's two, newly restructured, major accounts: $277.9 million for Current Surveys and Programs (formerly Salaries and Expenses), and $1,222.1 million for Periodic Censuses and Programs. Two key programs under this account are the 2020 Decennial Census, for which the FY2016 request of $662.6 million was $318.0 million (92.3%) more than enacted for FY2015; and the American Community Survey (ACS), with a request of $256.8 million, $25.9 million (11.2%) above the FY2015-enacted level.

H.R. 2578, the FY2016 appropriations bill for the Commerce and Justice Departments, and science and related agencies (CJS), passed the House on June 3, 2015. The bill would have funded ESA at $100.0 million (with no separate level shown for BEA), the same as in FY2015 and $13.8 million (12.2%) below the FY2016 request. H.R. 2578, as amended during House consideration, would have provided the Census Bureau with $991.7 million in FY2016—$261.0 million for Current Surveys and Programs, and $730.7 million for Periodic Censuses and Programs. The total for the bureau would have been $96.3 million (8.9%) less than in FY2015 and $508.3 million (33.9%) below the FY2016 request.

On June 16, 2015, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported its version of H.R. 2578, which, like the House-passed bill, recommended $100.0 million for ESA (and had no separate breakout for BEA). The committee's $1,128.0 million recommendation for the Census Bureau was $40.0 million (3.7%) above the FY2015 funding level, $372.0 million (24.8%) below the FY2016 request, and $136.3 million (13.7%) more than the House approved.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, H.R. 2029, P.L. 114-113, became law on December 18, 2015. It provides $109.0 million for ESA (with no separate amount shown for BEA), $9.0 million (9.0%) more than enacted for FY2015, passed by the House, and recommended by the Senate Appropriations committee, and $4.8 million (4.3%) less than requested for FY2016. The act funds the Census Bureau at $1,370.0 million, $282.0 million (25.9%) more than in FY2015, $130.0 million (8.7%) below the FY2016 request, $378.3 million (38.1%) more than the House approved, and $242.0 million (21.5%) more than the Senate committee reported. The act provides $270.0 million for Current Surveys and Programs, $7.9 million (2.8%) less than requested, $9.0 million (3.4%) above the House-passed amount, and $4.0 million (1.5%) more than the Senate committee recommended. The $1,100.0 million provided for Periodic Censuses and Programs is $122.1 million (10.0%) less than requested; it exceeds the House-passed amount by $369.3 million (50.5%) and the Senate committee-reported amount by $238.0 million (27.6%). The act does not include House-passed language that, in effect, would have made ACS responses voluntary instead of mandatory, as they now are.


FY2016 Appropriations for the Census Bureau and Bureau of Economic Analysis

Introduction

This report discusses the FY2016 budget request, related congressional actions, and appropriations (discretionary budget authority) for the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and Bureau of the Census (Census Bureau). These entities make up the Economics and Statistics Administration (ESA) in the U.S. Department of Commerce, which is funded under annual appropriations for the Departments of Commerce and Justice, and science and related agencies (CJS). The report focuses primarily on the Census Bureau, whose budget justification is published separately from ESA's and whose budget is far larger. Table 1, below, shows the FY2015-enacted, FY2016-requested, House-passed, Senate Committee on Appropriations-reported and FY2016-enacted amounts for ESA, BEA (insofar as available separately from ESA), and the Census Bureau, with its two major accounts.

Table 1. ESA, BEA, and Census Bureau Appropriations, FY2015 and FY2016

Budget authority in millions of dollars

Administration and Agencies

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016 Request

FY2016 House Passed

FY2016 Senate Committee Reported

FY2016 Enacted

Economics and Statistics Administration (Except Census Bureau)

$100.0

$113.8

$100.0

$100.0

$109.0

Policy Support and Management Oversight

(3.7)

(3.9)

BEA

(96.3)

(110.0)

Census Bureaua

1,088.0

1,500.0

991.7

1,128.0

1,370.0

Salaries and Expenses

(248.0)

Current Surveys and Programs

(277.9)

(261.0)

(266.0)

(270.0)

Periodic Censuses and Programs (old)

(840.0)

Periodic Censuses and Programs (new)

(1,222.1)

(730.7)

(862.0)

(1,100.0)

Sources: The FY2015-enacted amounts are from the joint explanatory statement to accompany the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, H.R. 83, P.L. 113-235, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160 (December 11, 2014), pp. H9342-H9363. The FY2016-requested amounts are from U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2016, report to accompany H.R. 2578, 114th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 114-130 (Washington, DC: GPO). The House-passed amounts are from the text of H.R. 2578 and H.Rept. 114-130. The Senate committee-reported amounts are from U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Departments of Commerce and Justice, and Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2016, report to accompany H.R. 2578, 114th Cong., 1st sess., S.Rept. 114-66 (Washington, DC: GPO). The FY2016-enacted amounts are from the joint explanatory statement to accompany the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, H.R. 2029, P.L. 114-113, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 161 (December 17, 2015), p. H9732.

Notes: Because of rounding, the amounts shown in parentheses under ESA and the Census Bureau may not add to the totals for these two entities.

a. The FY2016 budget justification for the Census Bureau reflected a restructured budget, in which the Salaries and Expenses account was renamed "Current Surveys and Programs"; the name of the other major account, "Periodic Censuses and Programs," was unchanged. The budget justification showed that intercensal demographic estimates and demographic surveys sample redesign (both formerly under the Periodic Censuses and Programs account) became part of Current Demographic Statistics (under the Current Surveys and Programs account). The document also showed the termination of survey development and data services and a split of its funding evenly among Current Economic Statistics, Current Demographic Statistics (both under Current Surveys and Programs), and the American Community Survey (under Periodic Censuses and Programs). The restructuring made the FY2016-requested amounts for Current Surveys and Programs and Periodic Censuses and Programs not entirely comparable with the amounts in past fiscal years for Salaries and Expenses and Periodic Censuses and Programs. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. CEN-15 and CEN-16.

Economics and Statistics Administration

The Economics and Statistics Administration provides policy support and, through the Commerce Department's Under Secretary for Economic Affairs, management oversight for the Bureau of Economic Analysis and Census Bureau. ESA's policy support staff conducts economic research and analyses "in direct support of the Secretary of Commerce and the Administration." ESA "monitors and interprets economic developments," as well as "domestic fiscal and monetary policies," and "analyzes economic conditions and policy initiatives of major trading partners."1

Bureau of Economic Analysis

The Bureau of Economic Analysis,2 like the Census Bureau, is one of 13 principal federal statistical agencies, each of whose primary mission is statistical work.3 According to the Administration's budget justification for ESA, "BEA's national, industry, regional, and international economic accounts present valuable information on key issues such as U.S. economic growth, regional economic development, inter-industry relationships, and the Nation's position in the world economy."4 The statistical measures produced by BEA include gross domestic product (GDP),5 "personal income and outlays, corporate profits, GDP by state and by metropolitan area, balance of payments, and GDP by industry."6

Census Bureau

The Census Bureau, established as a permanent office on March 6, 1902,7 conducts the decennial census under Title 13 of the United States Code, which also authorizes the bureau to collect and compile a wide variety of other demographic, economic, housing, and governmental data.

The FY2016 Budget Request

Economics and Statistics Administration (Except the Census Bureau)

The Administration's FY2016 budget request for the Economics and Statistics Administration (including BEA but not the Census Bureau) was $113.8 million, $13.8 million (13.8%) above the $100.0 million enacted for FY2015.8

Of the $113.8 million, $3.9 million was to fund ESA's policy support and management oversight. The request exceeded the $3.7 million FY2015 appropriation by $138,000 (3.7%). The remaining FY2016 funds, $110.0 million, were for BEA and would have been $13.7 million (14.2%) more than the agency's $96.3 million FY2015-enacted funding level.9

The FY2016 funding increase requested for BEA was to support, as examples, three initiatives proposed in the budget justification for ESA. The first was "big data for small business," with a request of $1.9 million.10 This proposal called for BEA to track "the overall growth and health" of U.S. small business and give it "a new suite" of data products.11 BEA was to use $2.0 million for the second initiative, to develop "an energy satellite account" that would "provide insight into the changing structure of energy supply and consumption in the United States, as well as the impacts of economic growth and inflation."12 Third, $3.2 million was to fund a "services trade initiative," to provide more detail about data that BEA already publishes on "key traded services," such as research and development, "the distribution and use of intellectual property products, financial services, medical services, environmental services, computer and information services, travel-related services, personal, cultural, and recreational services, and transport services."13

Census Bureau

The Administration's FY2016 budget request for the Census Bureau was $1,500.0 million, $412.0 million (37.9%) more than the FY2015-enacted amount of $1,088.0 million. As discussed later in this report, the increase was largely due to heightened preparations for the 2020 Decennial Census. Requested funding for the decennial census, by far the bureau's most costly and visible endeavor, increases steadily throughout each decade, peaks in the census year, and decreases steeply thereafter.14

The FY2016 request was divided between the bureau's two major accounts and incorporated a restructuring of certain activities in these accounts.15 The long-standing Salaries and Expenses account was renamed "Current Surveys and Programs"; the name of the other major account, "Periodic Censuses and Programs," was unchanged. The new arrangement,16 according to the budget justification for the bureau, better aligned "the appropriations accounts with the Census Bureau's programmatic structure."17 In particular, the change put programs conducted annually rather than cyclically into the Current Surveys account.18 The restructuring was "budget neutral in terms of aggregate discretionary funding" for the bureau as a whole, "but the totals for the two accounts" changed.19 The change made the requested amounts of $277.9 million for Current Surveys and Programs and $1,222.1 million for Periodic Censuses and Programs not entirely comparable with the amounts in past fiscal years for Salaries and Expenses and Periodic Censuses and Programs.

Current Surveys and Programs

The Current Surveys and Programs account consists of Current Economic Statistics and Current Demographic Statistics.

Current Economic Statistics

The FY2016 request for Current Economic Statistics was $191.6 million.20

These statistics, from the major sources noted below, provide wide-ranging, detailed data about the U.S. economy.

Current Demographic Statistics

For Current Demographic Statistics in FY2016, the budget request was $86.2 million.33

These statistics include the following collections and analyses of demographic data.

Periodic Censuses and Programs

Under this account, the Census Bureau identified certain "mission-critical, high-priority programs," including the 2020 Decennial Census, American Community Survey (ACS), 2017 Economic Census, and 2017 Census of Governments.41 Below is a discussion of each program, followed by information about the bureau's new IT initiative, the Census Enterprise Data Collection and Processing System (CEDCaP), which will affect multiple data collections.

The 2020 Decennial Census

The U.S. Constitution requires a population census every 10 years, to serve as the basis for apportioning seats in the House of Representatives.42 Decennial census data also are used for within-state redistricting and in certain formulas that determine the annual distribution of more than $450 billion in federal funds to states and localities.43 In addition, census numbers are the foundation for constructing intercensal demographic estimates and population projections.44

The Administration requested $662.6 million for the 2020 Decennial Census in FY2016, a $318.0 million (92.3%) increase from the $344.6 million enacted for FY2015.45 The 2020 census request, which amounted to 54.2% of the total for periodic censuses and programs and 44.2% of the total for the Census Bureau, reflected the cyclical "ramp-up" of preparations for the next census and its designation by the bureau as a major initiative for FY2016.46

Mandate to Control the Cost of the Census. As directed by Congress,47 the Census Bureau is attempting to design and conduct the 2020 census at a lower inflation-adjusted cost per housing unit than in 2010. In April 2015 congressional testimony, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) stated that "the cost of enumerating each housing unit has escalated from around $16 in 1970 to around $94 in 2010, in constant 2010 dollars (an increase of over 500 percent)."48 At a total life-cycle cost approaching $13 billion, the 2010 census was the most expensive in U.S. history. Its cost was about 56% greater than the 2000 census total of $8.1 billion, in constant 2010 dollars.49

The bureau is focusing on 2020 census cost-control innovations in the four major areas discussed below.

The bureau estimates that these innovations could "save more than $5 billion compared to repeating the 2010 design in the 2020 Census."53 Its current estimate of the cost to repeat the 2010 design is $17.7 billion, compared with $12.6 billion for a reengineered census.54

FY2015 and FY2016 Activities in Preparation for the 2020 Census. During FY2015, the bureau continued research and testing related to its 2020 census innovations. The test results were to "inform design decisions" for incorporation into the 2020 Census Operational Plan,55 which was scheduled for release at the end of FY2015.56

According to the budget justification, if the bureau received the requested FY2016 funding for the 2020 census, it could implement, on schedule, the design decisions made in FY2015.57 Critical activities planned for FY2016 include

The budget justification cautioned that without adequate funding for operational design and systems testing in FY2016, the bureau would be unable to "implement a properly planned 2018 Operational Readiness Test," and "mitigate the risk associated with the significant design changes planned for the 2020 Census, especially those related to using technology to reengineer field operations."63 This eventuality, according to the budget justification, would redirect the bureau toward "a more conservative approach to the Census that would erode forecasted savings."64

The American Community Survey

The American Community Survey, which the Census Bureau implemented nationwide in 2005 and 2006, is the replacement for the decennial census long form. From 1940 to 2000, the bureau used the long form to collect detailed socioeconomic and housing data from a representative sample of U.S. residents in conjunction with the once-a-decade count of the whole resident population.65 The ACS is sent monthly to small samples of the population, and the results are aggregated to produce data at regular intervals, ranging from yearly for areas with at least 65,000 people to every five years for areas with fewer than 20,000 people. The survey is conducted in every county of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and all Puerto Rican municipios. It is the bureau's only "population-based" survey in many U.S. counties and the sole source of detailed data for small geographic areas and small groups within the population.66 The bureau releases more than 11 billion ACS estimates every year.67

The Administration's FY2016 request for the ACS was $256.8 million, $25.9 million (11.2%) above the FY2015-enacted amount of $230.9 million.68

As stated in the budget justification, the Census Bureau's planned use for part of the FY2016 ACS funding was to restore several operations designed to enhance data quality and secure cooperation from those selected to fill out the survey.

In addition, according to the budget justification, the bureau proposed to

The 2017 Economic Census

The economic census originated in the early 19th century, when "Congress responded to a rapid increase in industrial activity" by instructing 1810 census enumerators to "'take an account of the several manufactures within their several districts, territories and divisions.'"76 As stated in the budget justification, the modern economic census, conducted every five years, is "the primary source of facts" about the structure and functioning of the U.S. economy.77 This census "furnishes an important part of the framework for composite measures," including GDP and the Bureau of Economic Analysis's input-output analyses and national income and product accounts, which "provide important information about market sectors, such as manufacturing."78 The national accounts "and practically all major government economic statistical series are directly or indirectly dependent on the economic census."79

The Administration requested $134.9 million for economic census activities in FY2016, a $15.7 million (13.1%) increase over the $119.2 million enacted for FY2015.80

The 2017 and 2012 Economic Census cycles overlap. Accordingly, the budget justification noted the bureau's intention to finish releasing, in FY2016, data from the 2012 Survey of Business Owners, a part of the 2012 Economic Census.81 The document also stated that FY2016 will be the second year of the six-year funding cycle for the 2017 Economic Census but "the first year of major activity" for this census. Continued 2017 census planning will include finalization of the census contents, reporting methods, data processing and dissemination methods, and data products. As a cost-control measure, the bureau is planning a 2017 census that uses 100% "electronic response methods."82

The 2017 Census of Governments

The census of governments is the Census Bureau's other major quinquennial census. It has been conducted since 1957 in conjunction with the economic census.83 These two censuses, according to the budget justification, "cover nearly all" of GDP.84 The census of governments is the principal source of information about the structure and functioning of the "public sector of the U.S. economy."85 It provides information about government organization and intergovernmental relationships; the number of full-time and part-time government employees; and finances, including revenues, expenditures, and assets of public pension systems.86 In non-census years, the bureau compiles government statistics from a sample of state and local governments. The National Academy of Sciences' Committee on National Statistics has "identified Census Bureau data on state and local governments as the only comprehensive source on the fiscal welfare" of these governments, which, the budget justification noted, account for about 12% of GDP and 15% of the civilian labor force.87

The Administration's FY2016 request for the census of governments was $8.9 million, $103,000 (1.1%) less than the FY2015-enacted amount of $9.0 million. The proposed decrease reflected the current phase of this program, with activities "focused less on completing data processing, developing data products, and disseminating information" from the 2012 Census of Governments, and more on relatively less expensive planning and preparation for the 2017 Census of Governments.88

Past government censuses have focused on field enumeration to collect data. The budget justification stated that the 2017 census will replace, to the extent possible, field data collection with "the best mix of survey methods and administrative record practices" to lessen the reporting burden on governments and reduce expenses.89 A specific cost-control measure is the bureau's plan for "expanded use of state level electronic data collection" in the 2017 census.90 FY2016 activities for this census "will focus on overall coordination of activities through a project management plan" and will include "outreach to state and local government officials and data users regarding program content, initial work and research into survey design options, and initial design of collection instruments."91

Census Enterprise Data Collection and Processing System

FY2016 will be the second year for development of the Census Enterprise Data Collection and Processing System, funded under the Periodic Censuses and Programs account. CEDCaP is an overarching IT initiative, the scope of which will include the decennial census, ACS, economic census, and census of governments. According to the budget justification, the CEDCaP initiative

will create an integrated and standardized system of systems that will offer shared data collection and processing across all operations. This initiative will consolidate costs by retiring unique, survey-specific systems and redundant capabilities and bring a much greater portion of the Census Bureau's total IT expenditures under a single, integrated and centrally managed program. We will also halt the creation of program-specific systems and put in place a solution that will be mature and proven for the 2020 Census.92

In contrast to CEDCaP, the bureau currently has "six unique systems" to manage "survey samples during data collection operations; twenty unique systems to manage the different modes of data collection, data capture, and field control; and five major unique survey and census data processing systems."93

The Administration requested $47.3 million for CEDCaP in FY2016.94 The budget justification did not give the FY2015 funding level for this initiative.

The bureau's FY2016 plans for CEDCaP include putting several systems into production to support the 2020 Decennial Census. Another major release will pertain to the 2017 Economic Census. The CEDCaP initiative also "will continue development and testing efforts for all other systems within its scope."95

In April 2015 congressional testimony, the Government Accountability Office identified CEDCaP as "an IT investment in need of attention" and "projected to cost about $548 million through 2020."96 A February 2015 update by GAO of its "high-risk" areas for the federal government added CEDCaP to the list. GAO reported that CEDCaP

consists of 14 projects, 4 of which are related to the 2020 Decennial Census Internet response option. Particular attention to this area is warranted in order to avoid repeating the mistakes of the 2010 Decennial Census, in which the bureau had to abandon its plans for the use of handheld data collection devices, due in part to fundamental weaknesses in its implementation of key IT management practices.97

House Action

Economics and Statistics Administration (Except the Census Bureau)

The House Committee on Appropriations reported H.R. 2578, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016, on May 27, 2015, recommending $100.0 million for the Economics and Statistics Administration (with no separate breakout shown for BEA). The recommended amount was the same as the FY2015 funding level for ESA and was $13.8 million (12.2%) below the FY2016 request of $113.8 million.98

On June 3, 2015, the House passed H.R. 2578, retaining the committee-approved FY2016 funding level for ESA.

Census Bureau

The House Appropriations Committee reported H.R. 2578 with a recommendation of $1,113.0 million in FY2016 funding for the Census Bureau, $25.0 million (2.3%) more than the $1,088.0 million FY2015 appropriation and $387.0 million (25.8%) below the $1,500.0 million FY2016 request.99

The committee approved the Census Bureau's proposal to restructure its two major accounts.

Current Surveys and Programs would have received $265.0 million, $12.9 million (4.6%) less than the $277.9 million requested for FY2016.100

Periodic Censuses and Programs would have received $848.0 million, $374.1 million (30.6%) below the $1,222.1 million request. The committee recommended that $1.6 million of the FY2016 funding for this account be transferred to the Commerce Department's Office of Inspector General (OIG) "for oversight of the Census Bureau."101 The committee further stated that it was "very concerned about the burdensome nature of the ACS" and directed the bureau "to focus on its core, constitutionally mandated decennial Census activities."102 The committee's recommendation also included "new bill language withholding 50 percent of the funds for information technology related to 2020 census delivery, including the CEDCaP program," until the Commerce Secretary submitted "to the Committees on Appropriations and the GAO an expenditure plan for CEDCaP."103

Expressing minority views, the ranking Members of the Appropriations Committee and the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies stated that the committee-approved FY2016 funding level for the bureau "would force huge reductions in 2020 Census systems research, development, and testing efforts, which are essential to ensuring that the 2020 Census operates in a more cost-effective manner than previous decennial censuses."104

Similarly, in a June 1, 2015, policy statement, the Administration expressed strong opposition to House passage of H.R. 2578, as reported by the Appropriations Committee.105 Among other points about the bill, the Administration cited the Census Bureau's Periodic Censuses and Programs account, calling proposed FY2016 funding for the 2020 census "inadequate," and observing that reduced funding for the ACS could threaten "data availability and coverage" for areas with small populations.106 According to the statement, "If the President were presented with H.R. 2578, his senior advisors would recommend that he veto the bill."107

H.R. 2578 passed the House with the Appropriation Committee's recommendations for the Census Bureau and its two major accounts, but with three amendments that would have transferred a total of $121.3 million from the Census Bureau to the Department of Justice.108 A fourth amendment would have made, in effect, ACS responses voluntary instead of mandatory, as they now are.109 The transfers—of $4.0 million from Current Surveys and Programs and $117.3 million from Periodic Censuses and Programs—would have left the bureau with $991.7 million in total funding—$261.0 million for Current Surveys and Programs and $730.7 million for Periodic Censuses and Programs. The House-passed amount for the bureau was $96.3 million (8.9%) below the FY2015-enacted amount of $1,088.0 million and $508.3 million (33.9%) less than the $1,500.0 million FY2016 request. Current Surveys and Programs would have received $16.9 million (6.1%) less than the requested $277.9 million. Periodic Censuses and Programs would have received $491.4 million (40.2%) less than the $1,222.1 million requested.

Senate Action

Economics and Statistics Administration (Except the Census Bureau)

On June 16, 2015, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of H.R. 2578, the Departments of Commerce and Justice, and Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2016, with recommended funding of $100.0 million for the Economics and Statistics Administration (showing no separate breakout for BEA). The recommendation was identical to the FY2015 funding level for ESA and the House-passed amount, and was $13.8 million (12.2%) below the $113.8 million FY2016 request.110

Census Bureau

As reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, H.R. 2578 recommended $1,128.0 million for the Census Bureau in FY2016, $40.0 million (3.7%) above the $1,088.0 million FY2015 funding level, $372.0 million (24.8%) below the $1,500.0 million requested for FY2016, and $136.3 million (13.7%) more than the House-passed amount of $991.7 million.111

The committee approved the bureau's proposed restructuring of its two major accounts.

Current Surveys and Programs would have received $266.0 million, $11.9 million (4.3%) below the requested $277.9 million for FY2016 and $5.0 million (1.9%) more than the House-approved $261.0 million.112

Periodic Censuses and Programs would have been funded at $862.0 million, $360.1 million (29.5%) less than the $1,222.1 million request and $131.3 million (18.0%) more than the $730.7 million the House approved.113 Like the House, the Senate Appropriations Committee provided that $1.6 million of the FY2016 appropriation for this account was to be transferred to the Commerce Department's OIG for Census Bureau oversight.114

In addition, the Senate committee directed that the bureau should "continue to bring down the cost of the 2020 Decennial Census to a level less than the 2010 Census with the goal of spending less than the 2000 Census, not adjusting for inflation."115 The committee further directed the bureau to obtain the administrative records necessary for conducting a less expensive, "more efficient" nonresponse follow-up in 2020; maintain "cost estimates and implementation timelines" for the new CEDCaP initiative; and make CEDCaP "fully secured against cyber attacks and intrusions" before putting it into operation.116

Expressing support for the ACS, the committee noted that it "is often the primary or only source of data available to States, localities, and Federal agencies that need adequate information on a wide range of topics," but directed the bureau to provide the committee with "an updated report" about efforts to reduce, if possible, the number of ACS questions and ensure that the survey "is conducted as efficiently and unobtrusively as possible."117

Final Action

Economics and Statistics Administration (Except the Census Bureau)

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, H.R. 2029, P.L. 114-113, became law on December 18, 2015. It provides $109.0 million for ESA (with no separate amount shown for BEA), $9.0 million (9.0%) more than the $100.0 million enacted for FY2015, passed by the House, and recommended by the Senate committee, and $4.8 million (4.3%) less than the $113.8 million requested for FY2016.

Census Bureau

The FY2016 appropriations act funds the Census Bureau at $1,370.0 million, $282.0 million (25.9%) more than the $1,088.0 million enacted for FY2015, $130.0 million (8.7%) below the $1,500.0 million requested for FY2016, $378.3 million (38.1%) more than the House-passed $991.7 million, and $242.0 million (21.5%) above the Senate Appropriations Committee-reported $1,128.0 million. The act provides $270.0 million for Current Surveys and Programs, $7.9 million (2.8%) less than the requested $277.9 million, $9.0 million (3.4%) above the House-passed amount of $261.0 million, and $4.0 million (1.5%) more than the $266.0 million the Senate committee recommended. The $1,100.0 million provided for Periodic Censuses and Programs is $122.1 million (10.0%) less than the requested $1,222.1 million; it exceeds the House-passed amount of $730.7 million by $369.3 million (50.5%) and the Senate committee-reported amount of $862.0 million by $238.0 million (27.6%).

The act approves the bureau's restructuring of its two major accounts and does not include House-passed language that, in effect, would have made ACS responses voluntary instead of mandatory.

Author Contact Information

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in American National Government ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Footnotes

1.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, FY2016 Budget Estimates, p. ESA-2. The FY2016 budget justification for the Census Bureau was presented as a separate document.

2.

For BEA's statement of organization, see 45 Federal Register 85496, December 29, 1980.

3.

Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Statistical Programs of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2015, September 25, 2014, p. 4.

4.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, FY2016 Budget Estimates, p. ESA-2.

5.

The Census Bureau provides 66% of the data used by BEA to generate GDP. Ibid., p. ESA-48.

6.

Ibid., p. ESA-2.

7.

32 Stat. 51.

8.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, FY2016 Budget Estimates, p. ESA-9.

9.

Ibid.

10.

Ibid.

11.

Ibid., p. ESA-26.

12.

Ibid., pp. ESA-9 and ESA-32.

13.

Ibid., pp. ESA-9 and ESA-40.

14.

For an illustration of how fluctuating funding levels for the decennial census affected total Census Bureau funding in FY2006 through FY2015 (building to a 2010 census peak in FY2010, dropping off sharply in FY2011, then starting to increase again in FY2014 and FY2015, with increased preparations for the 2020 census), see CRS Report R43918, Overview of FY2016 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS), by [author name scrubbed], p. 17.

15.

Although the budget justification called the restructuring "proposed," the document presented the accounts as already restructured. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-12.

16.

The budget justification showed that intercensal demographic estimates and demographic surveys sample redesign (both formerly under the Periodic Censuses and Programs account) became part of Current Demographic Statistics (under the Current Surveys and Programs account). In addition, the document showed the termination of survey development and data services and a split of its funding evenly among Current Economic Statistics, Current Demographic Statistics (both under Current Surveys and Programs), and the American Community Survey (under Periodic Censuses and Programs). Ibid., pp. CEN-15 and CEN-16.

17.

Ibid., p. CEN-11.

18.

Ibid.

19.

Ibid., p. CEN-12.

20.

Ibid., p. CEN-17.

21.

Ibid., p. CEN-27.

22.

Ibid., p. CEN-24.

23.

Ibid., pp. CEN-28 and CEN-29.

24.

Ibid., p. CEN-24.

25.

Ibid., p. CEN-29.

26.

Ibid., p. CEN-24.

27.

Ibid., p. CEN-29.

28.

Ibid., p. CEN-24.

29.

Ibid., pp. CEN-31 and CEN-32.

30.

Ibid., p. CEN-24.

31.

Ibid., p. CEN-33.

32.

Ibid., p. CEN-24.

33.

Ibid., p. CEN-17.

34.

Ibid., pp. CEN-36 and CEN-37.

35.

Ibid., p. CEN-25.

36.

Ibid., pp. CEN-38 and CEN-39.

37.

Ibid., p. CEN-25.

38.

As explained in U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Geographic Terms and Concepts," at http://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_pr.html#municipio, "The primary legal divisions of Puerto Rico are termed 'municipios.' For data presentation purposes, the Census Bureau treats a municipio as the equivalent of a county in the United States."

39.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-41.

40.

Ibid., p. CEN-25.

41.

Ibid., p. CEN-184.

42.

U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 2, clause 3, as modified by Section 2 of the 14th Amendment.

43.

CRS Report R40551, The 2010 Decennial Census: Background and Issues, by [author name scrubbed], p. 1.

44.

Ibid.

45.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. CEN-83 and CEN-84.

46.

Ibid., p. CEN-3.

47.

Testimony of Census Bureau Director John H. Thompson, in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2020 Census: Challenges Facing the Bureau for a Modern, Cost-Effective Survey, hearing, 114th Cong., 1st sess., April 20, 2015, p. 1, at http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/hearings/2020-census-challenges-facing-the-bureau-for-a-modern-cost-effective-survey.

48.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2020 Census: Recommended Actions Need to Be Implemented before Potential Cost Savings Can Be Realized, GAO-15-546T, April 20, 2015, p. 2.

49.

Ibid., p. 1.

50.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-3.

51.

Ibid.

52.

Ibid.

53.

Ibid.

54.

Ibid., p. CEN-99.

55.

Ibid., p. CEN-5.

56.

The plan was initially released on October 1, 2015. See U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2020 Census Operational Plan, at http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/2020-census/planning-management/planning-docs/operational-plan.html.

57.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-6.

58.

Ibid., pp. CEN-87 and CEN-88.

59.

Ibid., p. CEN-88.

60.

Ibid., p. CEN-90.

61.

Ibid., p. CEN-91.

62.

Ibid., p. CEN-92.

63.

Ibid., p. CEN-6. For a discussion of the bureau's innovative, but partially failed, technology initiative in the 2010 census, see CRS Report R40551, The 2010 Decennial Census: Background and Issues, by [author name scrubbed].

64.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-6.

65.

For more information about the ACS and the long form, see CRS Report R41532, The American Community Survey: Development, Implementation, and Issues for Congress, by [author name scrubbed].

66.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-104.

67.

Ibid., p. CEN-105.

68.

Ibid., p. CEN-83.

69.

Ibid., p. CEN-105.

70.

Ibid.

71.

Ibid.

72.

Ibid., p. CEN-106. With the termination, future estimates for areas with 20,000 to 65,000 residents will be based on data collected over five-year, not three-year, periods.

73.

Ibid.

74.

Ibid.

75.

Ibid.

76.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, "History of the Economic Census: In Business Since 1810," at http://www.census.gov/econ/census/about/history.html.

77.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-64.

78.

Ibid.

79.

Ibid.

80.

Ibid., p. CEN-62.

81.

Ibid., p. CEN-64.

82.

Ibid., p. CEN-10.

83.

Ibid., p. CEN-75.

84.

Ibid., p. CEN-63.

85.

Ibid., p. CEN-75.

86.

Ibid., p. CEN-78.

87.

Ibid., p. CEN-75. The National Academy of Sciences' report to which the budget justification referred is National Academy of Sciences, Committee on National Statistics, State and Local Government Statistics at a Crossroads (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007).

88.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification, p. CEN-75.

89.

Ibid.

90.

Ibid., p. CEN-77.

91.

Ibid., p. CEN-76.

92.

Ibid., p. CEN-127.

93.

Ibid., p. CEN-129.

94.

Ibid., p. CEN-9.

95.

Ibid.

96.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2020 Census; Recommended Actions Need to Be Implemented before Potential Cost Savings Can Be Realized, GAO-15-546T, April 20, 2015, pp. 12 and 14.

97.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, High-Risk Series: An Update, GAO-15-290, February 2015, p. 41. See also CRS Report R40551, The 2010 Decennial Census: Background and Issues, by [author name scrubbed].

98.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2016, report to accompany H.R. 2578, 114th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 114-130 (Washington, DC: GPO), p. 8.

99.

Ibid.

100.

Ibid.

101.

Ibid., p. 9.

102.

Ibid.

103.

Ibid., p. 10.

104.

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, "Minority Views of Rep. Nita Lowey and Rep. Chaka Fattah," in Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2016, report to accompany H.R. 2578, 114th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 114-130 (Washington, DC: GPO), p. 118.

105.

Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, "Statement of Administration Policy, H.R. 2578—Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016," June 1, 2015, p. 1.

106.

Ibid., p. 2.

107.

Ibid., p. 1.

108.

H.Amdt. 271 (Reichert) would have reduced funding for the Periodic Censuses and Programs account by $100.0 million and increased funding for the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant program by the same amount. H.Amdt. 274 (Nugent) would have reduced funding for the Current Surveys and Programs account by $4.0 million and increased funding for the Office of Justice Programs, State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance, by the same amount. H.Amdt. 275 (Poe) would have reduced funding for Periodic Censuses and Programs by $17.3 million and increased funding for services programs for victims of trafficking by the same amount. Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 161 (June 2, 2015), pp. D628 and D629, H3675-H3677, and H3679-H3682.

109.

H.Amdt. 316 (Poe) would have prohibited the use of funds to enforce Title 13, Section 221, of the United States Code with respect to the American Community Survey. Ibid., pp. H3730-H3732. (This section, as amended by Title 18, Sections 3559 and 3571, provides for a possible penalty for refusing or neglecting to answer many of the Census Bureau's censuses or surveys, including the ACS.)

110.

U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Departments of Commerce and Justice, and Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2016, report to accompany H.R. 2578, 114th Cong., 1st sess., S.Rept. 114-66 (Washington, DC: GPO), p. 15.

111.

Ibid., p. 16.

112.

Ibid.

113.

Ibid.

114.

Ibid.

115.

Ibid., p. 17.

116.

Ibid.

117.

Ibid., pp. 17 and 18.