CRS INSIGHT
Less-than-Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement Signed in
Burma
October 15, 2015 (IN10374)
|
Related Author
Michael F. Martin
|
Michael F. Martin, Specialist in Asian Affairs (mfmartin@crs.loc.gov, 7-2199)
Eight ethnic groups and representatives of Burma's government signed a ceasefire agreement on October 15, possibly
moving the country one step closer to ending its six decade long civil war (see text box). However, more than a dozen
ethnic groups did not sign the agreement, including most of those actively fighting with the government's army, the
Tatmadaw, leaving the agreement well short of the nationwide ceasefire President Thein Sein sought to complete
before parliamentary elections scheduled for November 8, 2015.
Each of the eight ethnic groups had agreed to separate ceasefire agreements with the Thein Sein government. Two other
ethnic groups, the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K) and the United Wa State Army
(UWSA), did not participate in the negotiations and had previously announced that they had no intention of signing the
ceasefire agreement.
Under the terms of the agreement, a political dialogue is to begin with 90 days (January 13, 2016) to discuss terms for
the formation of a federal government and a peace agreement. In no more than 14 days (October 29), the parties to the
agreement are to meet to define a timeline to abide by a mutually binding military code of conduct. Given the limited
number of ethnic groups who signed the agreement, however, it is unclear if these discussions will occur.
The ceasefire agreement resolves many issues underlying the nation's long-standing civil war, but does not address some
of the more controversial issues, such as the terms of post-ceasefire political dialogue, the status of the ethnic militias,
and the ceasefire's code of conduct for the Tatmadaw and the ethnic militias.
Signing the ceasefire on behalf of the government in Naypyitaw were President Thein Sein and the Tatmadaw's
Commander-in-Chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Deputy Commander-in-Chief Senior General Soe Win, and the
two Vice Presidents, Nyan Tun and Sai Mauk Kham.
Representatives of the United Nations, the European Union, China, India, Japan, and Thailand were official witnesses to
the signing of the ceasefire agreement. Ambassador Derek Mitchell reportedly attended the event on behalf of the U.S.
government, but was not an official witness.
Ethnic Groups and the Ceasefire Agreement
Groups Signing the Agreement:

---

All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF)
Arakan Liberation Party (ALP)
Chin National Front (CNF)
Democratic Karen Benevolent Army (DKBA)
Karen National Liberation Party-Peace Council
(KNLA-PC)
Karen National Union (KNU)
Pa-O National Liberation Party (PNLA)
Restoration Council of Shan State (RSSS, also
commonly known as the Shan State Army-South,
or SSA-S)
Groups Not Signing the Agreement:
Arakan Army (AA)
Arakan National Council (ANC)
Kachin Independence Organization (KIO)
Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP)
Lahu Democratic Union (LDU)
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
(MNDAA)
National Democratic Alliance Army-Eastern Shan
State (NDA-ESS)
National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang
(NSCN-K)
New Mon State Party (NMSP)
Shan State Progressive Party (SSPP)
Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA)
United Wa State Army (UWSA)
Wa National Organization (WNO)
Rocky Road to the Ceasefire Agreement
The ceasefire agreement is the latest development in the two-year long negotiations between the Thein Sein
government, the Tatmadaw, and the ethnic groups. Talks between the Thein Sein government and the Tatmadaw, both
represented by the Union Peacemaking Work Committee (UPWC), and ethnic organizations, collectively known as the
United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC) and represented by the National Ceasefire Coordination Team (NCCT),
began in November 2013. On March 31, 2015, the NCCT and the UPWC agreed on the text of a draft ceasefire
agreement (see CRS Insight IN10256, Draft Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement Reached in Burma, by Michael F.
Martin). However, the leaders of the ethnic groups requested that changes be made to the draft ceasefire agreement, and
appointed a 14-member Senior Delegation to continue the negotiations.
Although the Senior Delegation and the UPWC were able to resolve their differences on the text of the agreement, they
were unable to agree on which ethnic organizations would sign the agreement. The UNFC insisted that all their member
organizations be able to sign the ceasefire agreement. The Thein Sein government and the Tatmadaw, however,
declared that they would only accept those groups that had previously signed separate ceasefire agreements as
signators, thereby excluding the AA, the MNDAA, and the TNLA. Repeated efforts failed to find a compromise on the
issue.
Fighting Continues
While the ceasefire negotiations were underway, fighting continued between the Tatmadaw and several of the ethnic
organizations' militias. Among the UNFC members, the Tatmadaw engaged in frequent skirmishes with the AA, the

---

MNDAA, the SSPP, and the TNLA in Shan State, and with less frequency with the Kachin Independence Army (the
KIO's militia) in Kachin State. The Tatmadaw also periodically exchanged fire with the NSCN-K and the UWSA. The
Tatmadaw reportedly attacked SSPP forces on October 7, after the group announced it would not sign the ceasefire
agreement. The Tatmadaw had previously stated it would not attack groups who did not sign the ceasefire agreement.
Future Prospects
It is uncertain what the signing of the ceasefire agreement will mean for Burma's peace prospects. President Thein Sein
has indicated that other ethnic groups may accede to the agreement if they wish, and some observers hope that a lack of
fighting between the Tatmadaw and the ethnic groups who signed the agreement may lead other groups to sign.
However, other observers see the signing of the agreement and recent outbreaks of fighting with non-signator ethnic
groups as a continuation of the Tatmadaw's strategy of "divide and conquer" in the nation's civil war.
In the short run, President Thein Sein and his political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), are
likely use the ceasefire agreement to bolster support in the run up for the parliamentary elections. In addition, the Union
Election Commission (UEC), which is responsible for conducting the election, will probably cancel voting in areas
where fighting between the Tatmadaw and the ethnic groups continues to occur. Some observers speculate that this is
part of a larger strategy between the Tatmadaw and the Thein Sein government to tilt the election in favor of the USDP.

---