.
Military Funeral Honors and Military
Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
Barbara Salazar Torreon
Analyst in Defense Budget and Military Manpower
April 10, 2015
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RS21545
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
Summary
This report is written in response to frequently asked questions (FAQs) about military funeral
honors and military cemeteries. It provides information to questions in three general areas:
implementation of the funeral honors and eligibility criteria; components of the honor detail and
the funeral ceremony; and specific questions on burial and honors at Arlington National
Cemetery. It also cites legislation requiring the Department of Defense (DOD) to make military
funeral honors available to every eligible veteran upon request. This report will be updated as
needed. For related reading, see CRS Report R41386, Veterans’ Benefits: Burial Benefits and
National Cemeteries, by Umar Moulta-Ali.
Congressional Research Service
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
Contents
Implementation and Eligibility ........................................................................................................ 1
What Legislation Provides for the Implementation of the Current Military Funeral
Honors Program? .................................................................................................................... 1
What Agency Is Responsible for Administering the Military Funeral Honors
Program? ................................................................................................................................ 1
Who Is Eligible for Military Funeral Honors? .......................................................................... 1
Who Is Ineligible for Military Funeral Honors? ........................................................................ 2
Funeral Components ........................................................................................................................ 2
What Are Military Funeral Honors? .......................................................................................... 2
What Is the Composition of a Military Funeral Honors Detail? ............................................... 3
What Is the Protocol for the Flag Presentation to Next of Kin? Are There Any Recent
Changes? ................................................................................................................................ 3
Are Military Bands Used at Military Funerals? ........................................................................ 3
Who Is Responsible for Making the Arrangements for Honors to be Performed? .................... 4
Are Members of the Military Honors Detail Paid? ................................................................... 4
How Many Military Funeral Honors for Veterans Requests Are Supported Only by
Veterans Service Organizations? ............................................................................................ 5
Arlington National Cemetery ........................................................................................................... 5
What Military Honors Are Afforded to Individuals Interred or Inurned at Arlington
Cemetery? ............................................................................................................................... 5
What Are the Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones
and Markers at Arlington and VA Cemeteries? ...................................................................... 6
Are Same-Sex Partners Allowed Burial at Arlington National Cemetery? What Other
Funeral Benefits Are Allowed for Same-Sex Partners?.......................................................... 6
What Is the Purpose of the Proposed Tomb of Remembrance at Arlington National
Cemetery? ............................................................................................................................... 7
Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 7
Congressional Research Service
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
Implementation and Eligibility
What Legislation Provides for the Implementation of the Current
Military Funeral Honors Program?
The National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000, P.L. 106-65, as amended, sets out the
requirements for funeral honors and mandates military honors at funerals for all eligible
veterans.1 The originating language can be found in the Strom Thurmond National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999, H. Rept. 105-736, Section 567: “The conferees agree that
men and women, who have served honorably, whether in war or peace, deserve commemoration
for their military service at the time of their death by an appropriate tribute. Burial honors are an
important means of reminding Americans of the sacrifices endured to keep the Nation free.”
What Agency Is Responsible for Administering the Military
Funeral Honors Program?
The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for providing military honors to eligible
veterans. DOD Instruction 1300.15 sets policy and assigns responsibilities for military funeral
support. DOD has established a website that provides information including eligibility criteria,
relevant law, information for funeral directors, and related links, at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/
mfh/.
Questions or comments regarding the program can be addressed to:
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Military Community and Family Policy)
4000 Defense Pentagon
Room 5A726
Washington, DC, 20380-400
Who Is Eligible for Military Funeral Honors?
Individual members in the following categories are eligible for military funeral honors: military
personnel on active duty; former military members who served on active duty and were
discharged under conditions other than dishonorable (as described below); members of the
Selected Reserve; former members of the Selected Reserve who served at least one term of
enlistment or period of initial obligated service and were discharged under conditions other than
dishonorable; and former members of the Selected Reserve who were discharged due to a service-
related disability.2
1 10 U.S.C. 1491.
2 According to CRS Report RL30802, Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers, by Lawrence
Kapp and Barbara Salazar Torreon, “The Selected Reserve contains units and individuals most essential to wartime
missions, in accordance with the national security strategy. They have priority over other reservists for training and
(continued...)
Congressional Research Service
1
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
Who Is Ineligible for Military Funeral Honors?
Veterans are ineligible if convicted of a capital offense (as defined in the National Defense
Authorization Act for FY2006, P.L. 109-163, Section 662), or when the circumstances involved
would bring discredit upon the person’s service or former service. Veterans are also ineligible if
they were discharged from the military under dishonorable conditions. These conditions include
dishonorable discharge, bad conduct discharge, dismissal from the service by court-martial, and
other than honorable conditions discharge.
P.L. 109-163 (Section 662) modified the U.S. Code titles 10 and 38, to extend the prohibition
against the interment of anyone in a national cemetery, as well as the use of military honors, for
anyone convicted of a capital offense (as defined), or when the circumstances involved would
bring discredit upon the person’s service or former service. This language expands upon P.L. 105-
116 that Congress passed in 1997. That law barred those convicted of capital crimes from being
buried in a national cemetery. The 1997 law was ostensibly passed to prevent the possibility of
Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, a veteran, from being buried at Arlington National
Cemetery. McVeigh was put to death on June 11, 2001.
Section 404 of P.L. 109-461 required the removal of Russell Wayne Wagner’s remains from the
columbarium at Arlington National Cemetery. An honorably discharged Vietnam veteran, Wagner
was convicted of killing an elderly Maryland couple in 1994. Wagner died in 2005 while serving
two life terms in prison. Because he was eligible for parole, he qualified for burial at Arlington.
Following protests from the murdered couple’s son, language was included in the Veterans
Benefits, Health Care and Information Technology Act of 2006, P.L. 109-461, requiring the
removal of Wagner’s remains.3 The Superintendent of the Arlington Cemetery reported that the
cremated remains of Russell Wayne Wagner were removed from Arlington National Cemetery
and turned over to his sister.
Funeral Components
What Are Military Funeral Honors?
DOD Instruction 1399.15, Military Support, defines military funeral honors as “the ceremonial
paying of respect and the final demonstration of the country’s gratitude to those who, in times of
war and peace, have faithfully defended our nation. Members of the funeral honors detail fold and
present the American flag to the veteran’s survivor and ‘Taps’ is sounded.”4
(...continued)
equipment. Members of the Selected Reserve are generally required to perform one weekend of training each month
(‘inactive duty for training’ or IDT, also known as ‘weekend drill’) and two weeks of training each year (‘annual
training’ or AT, sometimes known colloquially as ‘summer camp’) for which they receive pay and benefits.”
3 See the discussion of the removal of Wagner’s remains during a hearing (S. Hrg. 109-729) on September 22, 2005,
Preserving Sacred Ground: Should Capital Offenders Be Buried in America's National Cemeteries?, Senate
Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109shrg31313/html/CHRG-
109shrg31313.htm.
4 The Department of Defense (DOD) Instruction 1300.15, Military Funeral Support, at
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/130015p.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
2
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
What Is the Composition of a Military Funeral Honors Detail?
The military services operate under service-specific policies; the honors vary from service to
service and are dependent upon available resources. At the minimum, a funeral honors detail
consists of two members of the Armed Forces, at least one of which is a member of the veteran’s
military service.
Funeral honors details may be augmented with volunteers who are military veterans and who are
members of veterans’ service organizations, such as the American Legion and the Veterans of
Foreign Wars, or other appropriate organizations. The Authorized Provider Partnership Program
(AP3) was established to provide training for these volunteers to standardize the quality of the
honors rendered. Volunteers can participate as firing party members, pallbearers, and buglers,
among other duties. When a trained bugler is not available, a recorded version of “Taps” may be
played. DOD has also approved the use of a ceremonial bugle, which contains a device in the bell
of the bugle that plays a recorded version of “Taps.”5
What Is the Protocol for the Flag Presentation to Next of Kin? Are
There Any Recent Changes?
After “Taps” has been played, the flag is folded into the tri-cornered shape.6 The folded flag is
then presented to the next of kin or appropriate family member. Please note: A number of Internet
postings have suggested that the flag presentation speech was changed from “On behalf of a
grateful nation and the President of the United States” to “On behalf of a grateful nation and the
Secretary of Defense.” There is no new policy regarding the U.S. flag presentation.
However, effective April 17, 2012, DOD standardized the flag presentation language for military
funeral honors ceremonies. The following language will be used when presenting the American
flag during the funeral service:
“On behalf of the President of the United States, (the United States Army; the United States
Marine Corps; the United States Navy; or the United States Air Force), and a grateful Nation,
please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one’s honorable and faithful
service.”
The United States Coast Guard has been invited to use the same wording.
Are Military Bands Used at Military Funerals?
According to the historian at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Cemetery System
(NCS), the use of military bands is extremely rare and the NCS does not maintain statistics on the
use of military bands at military funerals.7 The historian noted that even the full military honors
funeral of President John F. Kennedy, a World War II Navy veteran assassinated while serving
5 See DOD’s Ceremonial Bugle page for more detail at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/mfh/getLinks.do?tab=Bugle.
6 Department of Defense, Flag Presentation Protocol and Flag Folding at
https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/mfh/getLinks.do?tab=Flag.
7 Information provide by Sarah Leach, historian with the VA’s National Cemetery System, on July 7, 2011.
Congressional Research Service
3
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
also as Commander-in-Chief, included the 3rd Infantry’s Colonial Fife and Drum Corps and not a
military band.8
Who Is Responsible for Making the Arrangements for Honors to be
Performed?
Honors are not performed automatically; they must be requested. Families of eligible veterans can
request funeral honors usually through their funeral director. The funeral director contacts the
appropriate military service to arrange for the funeral honors detail. See the FAQs for Funeral
Directors at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/mfh/getLinks.do?tab=DirFAQ. The VA National
Cemetery Administration cemetery staff can also assist with arranging military funeral honors at
VA national cemeteries. See the VA’s National Cemetery System, “Military Funeral Honors
Honoring Those Who Served” at http://www.cem.va.gov/cem/military_funeral_honors.asp.
Are Members of the Military Honors Detail Paid?
Members of the Ready Reserve9 or retired military personnel who are part of a military funeral
detail may receive pay, allowances, travel, and transportation reimbursements.10 Ready Reserve
personnel may also receive service credit for performing this duty.11 Survivors are not charged for
these services.
Section 571 of P.L. 107-314, the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for FY2003,
enacted December 2, 2002, provides for a flat rate daily stipend for members of the funeral
honors detail who are not active duty military personnel. The current daily stipend is $50. The
U.S. Code provides at 10 U.S.C. 1491(d) (1) that to support a funeral honors detail under this
section, the Secretary of a military department may provide the following:
(A) For a person who participates in a funeral honors detail (other than a person who is a
member of the Armed Forces not in a retired status or an employee of the United States),
either transportation (or reimbursement for transportation) and expenses or the daily stipend
prescribed under paragraph (2).
(B) For members of a veterans organization or other organization referred to in subsection
(b) (2) and for members of the Armed Forces in a retired status, materiel, equipment, and
training.
(C) For members of a veterans organization or other organization referred to in subsection
(b)(2), articles of clothing that, as determined by the Secretary concerned, are appropriate as
8 The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals 1921-1969, Chapter 23, “President John F. Kennedy State Funeral 22-25
November 1963” at http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/ch23.htm. For more information on military bands,
see “Strike up the Band” by Mark Cantrell, Military Officer, October 2011, pp. 50-55.
9 According to CRS Report RL30802, Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers, by Lawrence
Kapp and Barbara Salazar Torreon, “The Ready Reserve is the primary manpower pool of the reserve components.
Members of the Ready Reserve will usually be called to active duty before members of the Standby Reserve or the
Retired Reserve. The Ready Reserve is made up of the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve, and the
Inactive National Guard.”
10 37 U.S.C. 435.
11 10 U.S.C. 12732(a) (2) (E).
Congressional Research Service
4
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
a civilian uniform for persons participating in a funeral honors detail. Volunteers seeking
reimbursement should complete DOD Standard Form 1164 and submit it to the unit with
which they are volunteering.
How Many Military Funeral Honors for Veterans Requests Are
Supported Only by Veterans Service Organizations?
DOD officials stated that the military, in accordance with the law, provides military personnel in
every instance in which the eligible survivors have requested such honors. Defense officials note,
however, that in some instances, funeral directors contact VSOs for such services with or without
seeking military personnel assistance. It is not possible to know how often this occurs. Financial
or other assistance (such as transportation, a stipend, or reimbursement for expenses) from the
military for VSO services may be provided by a nearby military unit. This assistance comes from
that unit’s funds. In some instances, state governments have provided assistance or benefits to
VSOs who perform these services.12 For a list of current VSOs, see the VA’s Directory of
Veterans Service Organizations at http://www.va.gov/vso/.
Arlington National Cemetery
What Military Honors Are Afforded to Individuals Interred or
Inurned at Arlington Cemetery?
Eligibility criteria for interment or inurnment can be obtained from the Arlington National
Cemetery Website at http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/FuneralInformation/
EstablishServices.aspx or by calling the Arlington Cemetery directly at (703) 607-8585 (Press
option #3). Once eligibility is determined, honors are afforded according to rank. Enlisted
personnel receive standard honors and a firing party. Commissioned and warrant officers receive
standard honors, a firing party, and may request the caisson and escort troops. Those individuals
who are eligible for inurnment in the columbarium receive the standard honors and a firing party.
All may request a military chaplain to preside over the services. Effective January 1, 2009, all
servicemembers who die from wounds received as a result of enemy action and are being
interred, inurned, or memorialized at Arlington National Cemetery are eligible to receive full
military funeral honors. Additional details are available at http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/
funeralinformation/BurialInformation.aspx.
12 Information provided in consultation with David F. Burrelli, retired Specialist in Military Manpower Policy. See also
the Authorized Provider Partnership Program (AP3) website at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/mfh/getLinks.do?tab=AP3,
and a link to the Standard Form (SF) 1164 “Claim for Reimbursement for Expenditures on Official Business” at
http://asafm.army.mil/Documents/OfficeDocuments/ASAFM/MassTrans/Forms/apf/sf1164.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
5
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
What Are the Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on
Government Headstones and Markers at Arlington and VA
Cemeteries?
A current list of the approved emblems of belief can be found on the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs website at http://www.cem.va.gov/hmm/. An emblem of belief for Wicca, the pentacle,
was added to the list in 2007.13 According to the website, no graphics (logos, symbols, etc.) are
permitted on government-furnished headstones or markers other than the approved emblems of
belief, the Civil War Union Shield, the Civil War Confederate Southern Cross of Honor, and the
Medal of Honor insignias. The graphics of 20 representative emblems of belief for placement on
government-furnished headstones/markers are depicted on p.4 of the form “Claim for Standard
Government Headstone or Marker for Placement in a Private Cemetery or a State Veterans’
Cemetery” at http://www.va.gov/vaforms/va/pdf/VA40-1330.pdf.
Are Same-Sex Partners Allowed Burial at Arlington National
Cemetery? What Other Funeral Benefits Are Allowed for Same-Sex
Partners?
According to the Defense Department, same-sex partners are allowed to be buried at Arlington
and to receive other benefits that heterosexual military spouses currently receive including death
benefits. This is a result of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in (5-4) in United States v Windsor
on June 26, 2013, that overturned a key provision of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) that
defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman, ruling that legally married same-sex
couples were entitled to the same federal benefits as married heterosexual couples.14
On August 14, 2013, DOD announced its plan to extend benefits to same-sex spouses of
uniformed servicemembers and DOD civilian employees including burial and survivor benefits.15
On September 3, 2013, DOD announced that the same benefits that are available to opposite-sex
spouses are available to same-sex spouses. Entitlements are retroactive to June 26, 2013, the date
of the Windsor decision.16 Then Secretary of Defense Hagel later reaffirmed the Defense
Department’s policy on Same-Sex Benefits in a statement on December 13, 2013: “All military
13 Settlement agreement and stipulation of dismissal in the case of Circle Sanctuary v. Nicholson, U.S. Dist. Ct.,
Western Dist. of Wisconsin, Case No. 06-C-0660-S.
14 Jennifer H. Svan, “Supreme Court’s Ruling on DOMA Leaves Big Changes for Same-Sex Military Couples,” Stars
and Stripes, December 29, 2013, at http://www.stripes.com/news/supreme-court-s-ruling-on-doma-leaves-big-changes-
for-same-sex-military-couples-1.259824.
15 For more information, see former Defense Secretary Hagel’s implementation memorandum from August 13, 2013, at
http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/docs/Extending-Benefits-to-Same-Sex-Spouses-of-Military-Members.pdf,
and further guidance from a memorandum on extending benefits to same-sex spouses of military members from Jessica
Wright, then Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, at http://www.defense.gov/home/
features/2013/docs/Further-Guidance-on-Extending-Benefits-to-Same-Sex-Spouses-of-Military-M.pdf.
16 Attorney General Eric Holder, “Implementation of United States v Windsor” Memorandum to the President, June 20,
2014, at http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/9722014620103930904785.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
6
c11173008
.
Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries: Frequently Asked Questions
spouses and families sacrifice on behalf of our country. They deserve our respect and the benefits
they are entitled to under the law.”17
What Is the Purpose of the Proposed Tomb of Remembrance at
Arlington National Cemetery?
The purpose of the Tomb of Remembrance is to provide a dignified resting place for the
unidentified and unclaimed remains of U.S. servicemembers from all conflicts. In the past few
years, news reports nationwide of unclaimed cremated remains of U.S. servicemembers in funeral
homes, local morgues, and in landfills18 resulted in the proposed Tomb of Remembrance.
Advocates for veterans called for a dignified memorial for these forgotten servicemembers, some
of whom were homeless. According to the plans submitted to the National Capital Planning
Commission in October 2014, this is not a burial site for individuals but “a location where
comingled and partial unidentified remains will be interred on an ongoing basis.”19 This plan calls
for the tomb to serve as an underground ossuary for cremated remains, and it will be located in
the narrowest section of Section 70 of Arlington National Cemetery and adjacent to future
individual in-ground burial sites.
Author Contact Information
Barbara Salazar Torreon
Analyst in Defense Budget and Military Manpower
btorreon@crs.loc.gov, 7-8996
17 Statement by former Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel on Same-Sex Benefits, DOD news release, December 13,
2013, at http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=16422.
Note: Generally speaking, members of the National Guard have a dual status in that they serve under the state
governors and also have a federal role. When serving in their state role, they are subject to the laws of marriage in that
particular state. Some states have refused to recognize same-sex marriages. Therefore, individuals in same-sex
marriages may not be acknowledged for certain state benefits, such as burial together in a state cemetery.
For more information, see “National Guard Vows to Extend Same-Sex Benefits in All States,” by Chris Carroll, Stars
and Stripes, November 19, 2013, at http://www.stripes.com/national-guard-vows-to-extend-same-sex-benefits-in-all-
states-1.253699 and CRS Report R41386, Veterans’ Benefits: Burial Benefits and National Cemeteries, by Umar
Moulta-Ali.
18 Craig Whitlock and Greg Jaffe, “Remains of War Dead Dumped in Landfill,” Washington Post, November 9, 2011,
at http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/remains-of-war-dead-dumped-in-
landfill/2011/11/09/gIQAz7dM6M_story.html and Cheryl Pellerin, “DOD Works with Congress on Dover Review,”
DOD News, November 29, 2011, at http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=66278.
19 Jack E. Lechner, Jr., Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of
Remembrance National Capital Planning Commission October 2014Meeting Submission , p. 4 at
http://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/Arlington_National_Cemetery_Tomb_of_Remembrance_Submission_Materials_76
09_Oct2014.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
7
c11173008