Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile
Jennifer E. Manning
Information Research Specialist
March 31, 2015
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R43869


Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile

Summary
This report presents a profile of the membership of the 114th Congress (2015-2016). Statistical
information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data on party
affiliation, average age, occupation, education, length of congressional service, religious
affiliation, gender, ethnicity, foreign births, and military service.
As of March 31, 2015, in the House of Representatives, there are 245 Republicans (including one
Delegate), 193 Democrats (including four Delegates and the Resident Commissioner of Puerto
Rico), and three vacancies. The Senate has 54 Republicans, 44 Democrats, and two Independents,
who both caucus with the Democrats.
The average age of Members of the House at the beginning of the 114th Congress was 57.0 years;
of Senators, 61.0 years. The overwhelming majority of Members of Congress have a college
education. The dominant professions of Members are public service/politics, business, and law.
Most Members identify as Christians, and Protestants collectively constitute the majority
religious affiliation. Roman Catholics account for the largest single religious denomination, and
numerous other affiliations are represented.
The average length of service for Representatives at the beginning of the 114th Congress was 8.8
years (4.4 terms); for Senators, 9.7 years (1.6 terms).
One hundred eight women (a record number) serve in the 114th Congress: 88 in the House,
including four Delegates, and 20 in the Senate. There are 46 African American Members of the
House and two in the Senate. This House number includes two Delegates. There are 38 Hispanic
or Latino Members (a record number) serving: 34 in the House, including one Delegate and the
Resident Commissioner, and four in the Senate. A record 14 Members (11 Representatives, two
Delegates, and one Senator) are Asian Americans or Pacific Islanders. Two American Indians
(Native Americans) serve in the House.
The portions of this report covering political party affiliation, gender, ethnicity, and vacant seats
will be updated as events warrant. The remainder of the report will not be updated.


Congressional Research Service

Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile

Contents
Overview and Total Members in History ......................................................................................... 1
Party Breakdown ............................................................................................................................. 1
Age ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Occupations ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Education ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Congressional Service...................................................................................................................... 6
Religion............................................................................................................................................ 6
Gender and Ethnicity ....................................................................................................................... 7
Female Members ....................................................................................................................... 7
African American Members ...................................................................................................... 7
Hispanic/Latino American Members ......................................................................................... 8
Asian/Pacific Islander American Members ............................................................................... 8
American Indian Members ........................................................................................................ 8
Foreign Birth .................................................................................................................................... 8
Military Service ............................................................................................................................... 9

Tables
Table 1. Average Age of Members, 111th-114th Congresses ............................................................. 2
Table 2. Most Frequently Listed Occupational Categories by Members, 114th Congress ............... 3
Table 3. Average Length of Service for Members of Congress, 110th-114th Congresses ................. 6

Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 9
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 10

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Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile

Overview and Total Members in History
Congress is composed of 541 individuals from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the
U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico.1 This count
assumes that no seat is temporarily vacant.2
Since 1789, 12,174 individuals have served in Congress:3 10,880 in the House and 1,963 in the
Senate.4 Of these Members, 669 have served in both chambers. These numbers do not include an
additional 176 individuals who have served only as territorial Delegates or as Resident
Commissioners from Puerto Rico or the Philippines in the House.
The following is a profile of the 114th Congress (2015-2016).5
Party Breakdown
In the 114th Congress, the current party alignments as of March 31, 2015, are as follows:
• House of Representatives: 245 Republicans (including one Delegate), 193
Democrats (including four Delegates and the Resident Commissioner), and three
vacant seats.
• Senate: 54 Republicans, 44 Democrats, and two Independents who caucus with
the Democrats.

1 This figure includes 100 Senators, 435 Representatives, five Delegates (from the District of Columbia, Guam,
American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands), and one Resident Commissioner from
Puerto Rico.
2 As of March 31, 2015, there are three House vacancies and no Senate vacancies.
3 U.S. House of Representatives, Office of History, Art and Archives, “Total Members of the House and State
Representation,” http://history.house.gov/Institution/Total-Members/Total-Members/, updated January 6, 2015,
supplemented with CRS research.
Information about all individuals who have served in Congress is available in the Biographical Directory of the United
States Congress
, a website maintained by the clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate, at
http://bioguide.congress.gov.
4 A cumulative chronological list of all U.S. Senators is available on the Senate website at http://www.senate.gov/
artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_chronological.htm.
Information about all House Members is available on the House website at http://history.house.gov/Institution/Total-
Members/Total-Members/.
5 Information on the five Delegates and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico is included where relevant.
References to Representatives include information for the 435 Members of the House but not Delegates or the Resident
Commissioner. For background information on the previous Congress, refer to CRS Report R42964, Membership of the
113th Congress: A Profile
, by Jennifer E. Manning. See also CRS Report R42365, Representatives and Senators:
Trends in Member Characteristics Since 1945
, coordinated by R. Eric Petersen; CRS Report RL30261, Women in the
United States Congress, 1917-2014: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and
Congress
, by Jennifer E. Manning and Ida A. Brudnick; and CRS Report RL30378, African American Members of the
United States Congress: 1870-2012
, by Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan.
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Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile

Age
The average age of Members of the 114th Congress is among the highest of any Congress in
recent U.S. history.6
Table 1 shows the average ages at the beginning of the114th and three previous Congresses.
Table 1. Average Age of Members, 111th-114th Congresses
Average (mean) age at the beginning of the Congress
Newly Elected
Newly Elected
Congress Representatives
Representatives
Senators
Senators
114th
57.0 years
52.3 years
61.0 years
50.7 years
113th
57.0 years
49.2 years
62.0 years
53.0 years
112th
56.7 years
48.2 years
62.2 years
52.1 years
111th
57.2 years
49.8 years
63.1 years
57.1 years
Source: CRS calculations based on CQ Roll Call Member Profiles.
Notes: Representatives’ age data do not include the Delegates and the Resident Commissioner. Newly elected
Members data do not include those returning to the House or Senate for a second time.
The U.S. Constitution requires Representatives to be at least 25 years old when they take office.
The youngest Representative at the beginning of the 114th Congress was 30-year-old Elise
Stefanik (R-NY), born July 2, 1984. The oldest Representative was John Conyers (D-MI), born
May 16, 1929, who was 85 at the beginning of the 114th Congress.
Senators must be at least 30 years old when they take office. The oldest Senator in the 114th
Congress is Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), born June 22, 1933, who was 81 at the beginning of the
Congress. The youngest Senator is Tom Cotton (R-AR), born May 13, 1977, who was 37.
Occupations
According to the CQ Roll Call Guide to the New Congress, in the 114th Congress, public
service/politics is the dominantly declared profession of Senators, followed by law, then business;
for Representatives, public service/politics is first, followed by business, then law.7
Table 2 uses data from the CQ Roll Call Guide to the New Congress and the CQ Roll Call
Member Profiles
to show the following occupations most frequently listed for Members at the
beginning of the 114th Congress.

6 For average ages of Members in each Congress from 1949 to 2011, see an online feature of the Wall Street Journal,
“The Capitol’s Age Pyramid: A Graying Congress,” at http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/
CONGRESS_AGES_1009.html.
7 “Demographics: Congress by the Numbers,” in CQ Roll Call Guide to the New Congress, November 6, 2014, p. 58,
available on the CQ.com subscription database at http://www.cq.com/graphics/weekly/2014/11/06/
wr20141106_CQWeekly.pdf, and also available as a complimentary download at http://info.cqrollcall.com/
NewMemberGuide2014.html.
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Table 2. Most Frequently Listed Occupational Categories
by Members, 114th Congress
At the beginning of the 114th Congress
Occupation Representatives Senators
Public Service/Politics
271
60
Business 231
42
Law 151
51
Education 80
25
Source: CQ Roll Call Guide to the New Congress and the CQ Roll Call Member Profiles.
Notes: Most Members list more than one profession when surveyed by CQ Roll Call, and the professions listed
are not necessarily the ones Members practice immediately prior to entering Congress.
A closer look at the prior occupations and previously held public offices of Members of the
House and Senate at the beginning of the 114th Congress, as listed in their CQ Roll Call Member
Profiles
,8 also shows the following:
• 53 Senators with previous House service;
• 100 Members who have worked in education, including teachers, professors,
instructors, school fundraisers, counselors, administrators, or coaches (85 in the
House, 15 in the Senate);
• three physicians in the Senate, 15 physicians in the House, plus three dentists and
three veterinarians;9
• three psychologists (all in the House), an optometrist (in the Senate), a
pharmacist (in the House), and four nurses (all in the House);
• seven ordained ministers, all in the House;
• 39 former mayors (31 in the House, eight in the Senate);
• 10 former state governors (nine in the Senate, one in the House) and eight
lieutenant governors (four in the Senate, four in the House, including one
Delegate);
• 15 former judges (all but one in the House) and 43 prosecutors (11 in the Senate,
32 in the House) who have served in city, county, state, federal, or military
capacities;
• one former Cabinet Secretary (in the Senate), and three ambassadors (one in the
Senate, two in the House);10

8 CQ Roll Call Member Profiles are available on the CQ.com subscription database at http://www.cq.com/members/
home.do. The CQ.com database is available in all Senate offices and many House offices. The profiles are also
available in print form in the CQ publication Politics in America. The professions listed here are not exhaustive and are
not necessarily the ones practiced by Members immediately prior to entering Congress. Most Members list more than
one profession in their CQ Roll Call Member Profiles.
9 One of the medical doctors is the Senate is an ophthalmologist, and one of the medical doctors in the House is a
psychiatrist. One of the veterinarians is also a physician.
10 In addition, one Senator previously served as the U.S. Trade Representative, which has Cabinet-rank status as well as
(continued...)
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Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile

• 267 state or territorial legislators (44 in the Senate, 223 in the House);11
• at least 102 congressional staffers (21 in the Senate, 81 in the House), as well as
seven congressional pages (three in the House and four in the Senate);12
• two sheriffs and one deputy sheriff (all in the House), two police officers in the
House and one in the Senate, one firefighter in the House, and one CIA agent in
the House;
• four Peace Corps volunteers, all in the House;
• one physicist, one microbiologist, one chemist, and eight engineers (all in the
House, with the exception of one Senator who is an engineer);
• 22 public relations or communications professionals (two in the Senate, 20 in the
House), and 10 accountants (two in the Senate and eight in the House);
• five software company executives in the House and two in the Senate;
• 14 management consultants (four in the Senate, 10 in the House), six car
dealership owners (all in the House), and two venture capitalists (one in each
chamber);
• 18 bankers or bank executives (four in the Senate, 14 in the House), 36 veterans
of the real estate industry (five in the Senate, 31 in the House), and 16 Members
who have worked in the construction industry (two in the Senate, 14 in the
House);
• two social workers in the Senate and six in the House and four union
representatives (all in the House);
• six radio talk show hosts (one Senate, five House); eight radio or television
broadcasters, managers, or owners (two Senate, six House); nine reporters or
journalists (two Senate, seven House); and a public television producer in the
House;
• 19 insurance agents or executives (four Senate, 15 House) and three stockbrokers
(two in the Senate, one in the House);
• one screenwriter and comedian, and one documentary filmmaker (both in the
Senate) and an artist in the House;
• 29 farmers, ranchers, or cattle farm owners (four in the Senate, 25 in the House);
• two almond orchard owners in the House, as well as two vintners; and
• 10 current members of the military reserves (eight House, two Senate) and seven
current members of the National Guard (six House, one Senate).

(...continued)
the title of Ambassador.
11 National Conference of State Legislators, “Former State Legislators in the 114th Congress” (as of November 24,
2014), http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/statefed/FSL_114th_11-24.pdf, supplemented by data from the CQ
Roll Call Member Profiles
.
12 Michael L. Koempel and Judy Schneider, Congressional Deskbook, 6th ed. (Washington: TheCapitol.Net, 2012),
Figure 5.22, supplemented by data from CQ Roll Call Member Profiles.
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Membership of the 114th Congress: A Profile

Other occupations listed in the CQ Roll Call Member Profiles include emergency dispatcher,
letter carrier, urban planner, astronaut, flight attendant, electrician, auto worker, museum director,
rodeo announcer, carpenter, computer systems analyst, Foreign Service officer, and software
engineer.
Education
As has been true in recent Congresses, the vast majority of Members (94% of House Members
and 100% of Senators) at the beginning of the 114th Congress hold bachelor’s degrees. Sixty-four
percent of House Members and 74% of Senators hold educational degrees beyond a bachelor’s.
The CQ Roll Call Member Profiles at the beginning of the 114th Congress indicate the following:
• 20 Members of the House have no educational degree beyond a high school
diploma;
• eight Members of the House have associate’s degrees as their highest degrees;
• 82 Members of the House and 16 Senators earned a master’s degree as their
highest attained degrees;
• 159 Members of the House (36% of the House) and 54 Senators (54% of the
Senate) hold law degrees;
• 23 Representatives and one Senator have doctoral (Ph.D., D.Phil., Ed.D., or
D.Min) degrees; and
• 22 Members of the House and three Senators have medical degrees.13
By comparison, approximately 35 years ago in the 97th Congress (1981-1982), 84% of House
Members and 88% of Senators held bachelor’s degrees. Approximately 45 years ago, in the 92nd
Congress (1971-1972), 77% of House Members and 87% of Senators held bachelor’s degrees.
Fifty-four years ago, in the 87th Congress (1961-1962), 71% of House Members and 76% of
Senators held bachelor’s degrees.14
Three Representatives and one Senator in the 114th Congress are graduates of the U.S. Military
Academy, one Senator and one Representative graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, and one
Representative graduated from the U.S. Air Force Academy. Two Senators and two
Representatives were Rhodes Scholars, two Representatives were Fulbright Scholars, two
Representatives were Marshall Scholars, and one Senator and one Representative were Truman
Scholars.15

13 Three Senators and 14 Representatives have M.D. degrees, one Representative has a D.O. (doctor of osteopathic
medicine) degree, one Senator has an O.D. (doctor of optometry) degree, three Representatives have D.D.S. (doctor of
dental surgery) degrees, three Representatives have D.V.M. (doctor of veterinary medicine) degrees. One of the
Representatives has both an M.D. and a D.V.M. degree.
14 CRS Report R42365, Representatives and Senators: Trends in Member Characteristics Since 1945, coordinated by
R. Eric Petersen.
15 Rhodes and Marshall scholarships fund study at British universities; Fulbright scholarships fund international
exchange programs; Truman scholarships fund graduate study toward public service.
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Congressional Service
The average length of service for Members of the House at the beginning of the 114th Congress
was 8.8 years (4.4 terms) and for Senators 9.7 years (1.6 terms).
Table 3. Average Length of Service for Members of Congress, 110th-114th Congresses
Average (mean) at the beginning of the Congress, in years and numbers of terms
Congress Representatives Senators
114th
8.8 years (4.4 terms)
9.7 years (1.6 terms)
113th
9.1 years (4.6 terms)
10.2 years (1.7 terms)
112th
9.8 years (4.9 terms)
11.4 years (1.9 terms)
111th
10.3 years (5.2 terms)
13.4 years (2.2 terms)
110th
10.3 years (5.2 terms)
13.1 years (2.2 terms)
Source: CRS Report R41545, Congressional Careers: Service Tenure and Patterns of Member Service, 1789-2015, by
Matthew E. Glassman and Amber Hope Wilhelm.
Notes: Representatives are elected for two-year terms. Senators are elected for six-year terms. Note that 53
Senators in the 114th Congress have previously served in the House. Their House service is not included in this
average, nor is the House service of Senators included in previous Congresses.
At the beginning of the 114th Congress, 61 of the Representatives, including two Delegates
(13.8% of the total House Membership) had first been elected to the House in November 2014,
and 13 of the Senators (13% of the total Senate membership) had first been elected to the Senate
in November 2014. These numbers are lower than at the beginning of the 113th Congress, when
17% of the House and 14% of the Senate were newly elected “freshmen.”
At the beginning of the 114th Congress, 131 Representatives, including two Delegates (30.4% of
House Members) had no more than two years of House experience, and 27 Senators (27% of
Senators) had no more than two years of Senate experience.
For more historical information on the tenure of Members of Congress, see CRS Report R41545,
Congressional Careers: Service Tenure and Patterns of Member Service, 1789-2015, by Matthew
E. Glassman and Amber Hope Wilhelm.
Religion
Ninety-eight percent of the Members of the 114th Congress are reported to be affiliated with a
specific religion.16 Of the 98%, the vast majority (92%) are Christian.

16 Ten Members of the 114th Congress do not specify a religious affiliation. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life
Project, “Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 114th Congress,” http://www.pewforum.org/2015/01/05/
faith-on-the-hill/.
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Statistics gathered by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, which studies the religious
affiliation of Members, and CQ Roll Call at the beginning of the 114th Congress showed the
following:
• 57% of the Members (251 in the House, 55 in the Senate) are Protestant, with
Baptist as the most represented denomination, followed by Methodist;
• 31% of the Members (138 in the House, 26 in the Senate) are Catholic;
• 5.2% of the Members (19 in the House, nine in the Senate) are Jewish;
• 3% of the Members (nine in the House, seven in the Senate) are Mormon
(Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints);
• two Members (one in the House, one in the Senate) are Buddhist, two House
Members are Muslim, and one House Member is Hindu; and
• other religious affiliations represented include Greek Orthodox, Unitarian
Universalist, and Christian Science.17
Gender and Ethnicity
Female Members
A record 108 women (20% of the total membership) serve in the 114th Congress as of January
2015, seven more than at the beginning of the 113th Congress.18 Eighty-eight women, including
four Delegates, serve in the House and 20 in the Senate. Of the 88 women in the House, 65 are
Democrats, including three of the Delegates, and 23 are Republicans, including one Delegate. Of
the 20 women in the Senate, 14 are Democrats and six are Republicans.
African American Members
There are a record 48 African American Members (8.9% of the total membership) in the 114th
Congress, three more than at the beginning of the 113th Congress.19 Forty-six serve in the House,
including two Delegates, and two serve in the Senate. This number includes one Member of the
House who is of African American and Asian ancestry and is counted in both ethnic categories in
this report. Forty-four of the African American House Members, including two Delegates, are
Democrats, and two are Republicans. There is a Senator of each party. Twenty African American
women, including two Delegates, serve in the House.

17 Ibid. Detailed religious affiliation information for the Members of the 114th Congress, and comparisons to the U.S.
general public, is available on this website.
18 For more information, see CRS Report RL30261, Women in the United States Congress, 1917-2014: Biographical
and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress
, by Jennifer E. Manning and Ida A.
Brudnick; and the House Office of History and Preservation’s Women in Congress website at http://history.house.gov/
Exhibition-and-Publications/WIC/Women-in-Congress/.
19 For more information, see CRS Report RL30378, African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-
2012
, by Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan; and the House Office of History and Preservation’s Black
Americans in Congress website at http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-
Congress/.
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Hispanic/Latino American Members
There are 38 Hispanic or Latino Members in the 114th Congress, 7.0% of the total membership
and a record number.20 Thirty-four serve in the House and four in the Senate. Of the Members of
the House, 25 are Democrats (including one Delegate and the Resident Commissioner from
Puerto Rico), nine are Republicans, and nine are women.21 There are four male Hispanic Senators
(three Republicans, one Democrat). One set of Hispanic Members, Representatives Linda
Sánchez and Loretta Sanchez, are sisters.22
Asian/Pacific Islander American Members
A record 14 Members of the 114th Congress (2.6% of the total membership and one more than at
the beginning of the 113th Congress) are of Asian, South Asian, or Pacific Islander ancestry.
Thirteen of them (12 Democrats, one Republican) serve in the House, and one (a Democrat)
serves in the Senate. These numbers include one House Member who is also of African American
ancestry and another of Hispanic ancestry; these Members are counted in both ethnic categories.
Of those serving in the House, two are Delegates. Seven of the Asian Pacific American Members
are female: six in the House and one in the Senate.
American Indian Members
There are two American Indian (Native American) Members of the 114th Congress, both of whom
are Republican Members of the House.23
Foreign Birth
Thirteen Representatives and three Senators (2.9% of the entire 114th Congress) were born
outside the United States. Their places of birth include Canada, Cuba, Guatemala, Japan, Peru,
and Thailand. Many of these Members were born to American citizens working or serving
abroad. The U.S. Constitution requires that Representatives be citizens for seven years and
Senators be citizens for nine years before they take office.

20 This number includes three House Members and one Senator who are of Portuguese ancestry and belong to the
Congressional Hispanic Caucus or the Congressional Hispanic Conference. For more information, see the House Office
of History and Preservation’s Hispanic Americans in Congress website at http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-
Publications/HAIC/Hispanic-Americans-in-Congress/.
21 This number includes one Delegate who is of Hispanic and Asian ancestry and is counted in both ethic categories.
22 Both sisters are Democrats from California. Note that Linda Sánchez uses an accent in her last name; her sister
Loretta does not.
23 This number includes only Members who are enrolled members of federally recognized tribes. For more information,
see CRS congressional distribution memorandum, Members of Congress of American Indian Descent, by Jennifer
Manning, available to congressional offices upon request.
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Military Service
At the beginning of the 114th Congress, there were 101 Members (18.7% of the total membership)
who had served or were serving in the military, seven fewer than at the beginning of the 113th
Congress (108 Members) and 17 fewer than in the 112th Congress (118 members). According to
lists compiled by CQ Roll Call, the House currently has 81 veterans (including three female
Members, as well as one Delegate); the Senate has 20 veterans, including one woman.24 These
Members served in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq,
and Kosovo, as well as during times of peace.25 Many have served in the reserves and the
National Guard. Eight House Members and two Senators are still serving in the reserves, and six
House Members and one Senator are still serving in the National Guard. All of the female
veterans are combat veterans.
The number of veterans in the 114th Congress reflects the trend of steady decline in recent
decades in the number of Members who have served in the military. For example, 64% of the
members of the 97th Congress (1981-1982) were veterans, and in the 92nd Congress (1971-1972),
73% of the Members were veterans.
For summary information on the demographics of Members in selected past Congresses,
including age trends, occupational backgrounds, military veteran status, and educational
attainment, see CRS Report R42365, Representatives and Senators: Trends in Member
Characteristics Since 1945
, coordinated by R. Eric Petersen.26

Author Contact Information
Jennifer E. Manning
Information Research Specialist
jmanning@crs.loc.gov, 7-7565

24 CQ Roll Call, “114th Congress: House Military Veterans,” http://www.cq.com/members/factfilereport.do?report=
mff-house-veterans, and “114th Congress: Senate Military Veterans,” http://www.cq.com/members/factfilereport.do?
report=mff-senate-veterans. Both lists updated January 2015.
A publically available list of House veterans as of the beginning of the 113th Congress is available on the House
Library’s website at http://library.clerk.house.gov/documents/Military_Vets.pdf. We have been unable to identify a
comparable Senate list on an official Senate website.
25 No current Members of Congress served in World War II.
26 Because of differences in data sources used, some demographic information may differ between CRS Report
R42365, Representatives and Senators: Trends in Member Characteristics Since 1945, this report, and other
demographic studies of Congress.
In addition to the CQ Roll Call Member Profiles, other sources of demographic information for the 114th Congress
include The Guardian newspaper’s “Are You Reflected in the New Congress?” at http://gu.com/p/43384/sbl and Vital
Statistics on Congress
at http://www.brookings.edu/vitalstats, a joint project of the American Enterprise Institute and
the Brookings Institution. Also, the House of Representatives Library’s “Membership Profile” webpage at
http://library.clerk.house.gov/membership-profile.aspx features many lists of House Members such as “114th
Congress—Lawyers” and “114th Congress—MBA Holders.”
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Acknowledgments
Matthew Glassman, Eric Petersen, and the staff of the Office of the Historian of the United States House of
Representatives provided assistance.
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