Social Security: The Trust Fund
Dawn Nuschler
Specialist in Income Security
Gary Sidor
Information Research Specialist
July 31, 2014
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL33028
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Summary
The Social Security program pays benefits to retired or disabled workers and their family
members, and to family members of deceased workers. (A person may receive retired-worker
benefits and continue to participate in the labor force.) Program income and outgo are accounted
for in two separate trust funds authorized under Title II of the Social Security Act: the Federal
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) trust fund and the Federal Disability Insurance (DI)
trust fund. This report refers to the two trust funds as an aggregate Social Security trust fund and
discusses the operations of the OASI and DI trust funds on a combined basis.
Social Security is financed by payroll taxes paid by covered workers and their employers, federal
income taxes paid by some beneficiaries on a portion of their benefits, and interest income from
the Social Security trust fund investments. Social Security tax revenues are invested in federal
government securities (special issues) held by the trust fund, and these federal government
securities earn interest. The tax revenues exchanged for the federal government securities are
deposited into the general fund of the U.S. Treasury and are indistinguishable from revenues in
the general fund that come from other sources. Because the assets held by the trust fund are
federal government securities, the trust fund balance represents the amount of money owed to the
Social Security trust fund by the general fund of the U.S. Treasury. Funds needed to pay Social
Security benefits and administrative expenses come from the redemption or sale of federal
government securities held by the trust fund.
The Social Security trust fund represents funds dedicated to pay current and future Social
Security benefits. However, it is useful to view the trust fund in two ways: (1) as an internal
federal accounting concept and (2) as the accumulated holdings of the Social Security program.
For internal accounting purposes, certain accounts within the U.S. Treasury are designated by law
as trust funds to track revenues (and expenditures) dedicated for specific purposes. There are a
number of trust funds in the U.S. Treasury, including those for Social Security, Medicare,
unemployment compensation, and federal employee retirement.
By law, Social Security tax revenues must be invested in U.S. government obligations (debt
instruments of the U.S. government). The accumulated holdings of U.S. government obligations
are often viewed as being similar to assets held by any other trust on behalf of the beneficiaries.
However, the holdings of the Social Security trust fund differ from those of private trusts because
(1) the types of investments the trust fund may hold are limited and (2) the U.S. government is
both the buyer and seller of the investments.
This report covers how the Social Security program is financed and how the Social Security trust
fund works. It will be updated annually to reflect current projections of the financial status of the
Social Security trust fund.
Congressional Research Service
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
How the Social Security Program Is Financed ................................................................................ 1
The Social Security Trust Fund as a Designated Account ............................................................... 2
Social Security Trust Fund Revenues ........................................................................................ 3
Social Security Trust Fund Costs............................................................................................... 3
Social Security Trust Fund Operations ...................................................................................... 3
Investment of the Social Security Trust Fund ......................................................................... 10
The Social Security Trust Fund and the Federal Budget ......................................................... 10
On-Budget Versus Off-Budget ................................................................................................ 11
The Social Security Trust Fund as Accumulated Holdings ........................................................... 11
The Social Security Trust Fund and the Level of Federal Debt............................................... 15
The Social Security Trust Fund and Benefit Payments ........................................................... 15
Figures
Figure 1. Ratio of Current Non-Interest Income to Costs for the Social Security Trust
Fund, 1957-2032 ........................................................................................................................... 9
Tables
Table 1. Operations of the Social Security Trust Fund, Historical Period 1957-2013 ..................... 5
Table 2. Projected Operations of the Social Security Trust Fund, 2014-2032 ................................. 7
Table 3. Accumulated Holdings of the Social Security Trust Fund, Historical Period
1957-2013 ................................................................................................................................... 13
Table 4. Projected Accumulated Holdings of the Social Security Trust Fund, 2014-2032 ............ 14
Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 16
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 16
Congressional Research Service
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Introduction
The Social Security program pays benefits to retired or disabled workers and their family
members, and to the family members of deceased workers.1 As of June 2014, there were 58.6
million Social Security beneficiaries. Approximately 66% of those beneficiaries were retired
workers and 15% were disabled workers. The remaining beneficiaries were survivors, or the
spouses and children of retired or disabled workers.2
Social Security is financed by payroll taxes paid by covered workers and their employers, federal
income taxes paid by some beneficiaries on a portion of their benefits, and interest income from
the Social Security trust fund investments. Social Security tax revenues are invested in federal
government securities (special issues) held by the trust fund, and these federal government
securities earn interest. The tax revenues exchanged for the federal government securities are
deposited into the general fund of the U.S. Treasury and are indistinguishable from revenues in
the general fund that come from other sources. Because the assets held by the trust fund are
federal government securities, the trust fund balance represents the amount of money owed to the
Social Security trust fund by the general fund of the Treasury. Funds needed to pay Social
Security benefits and administrative expenses come from the redemption or sale of federal
government securities held by the trust fund.3
The Secretary of the Treasury (as the Managing Trustee of the Social Security trust fund) is
required by law to invest Social Security revenues in securities backed by the U.S. government.4
The purchase of government securities allows any surplus Social Security revenues to be used for
other (non-Social Security) government spending needs at the time.5
The Social Security trust fund is both a designated account within the Treasury and the
accumulated holdings of special U.S. government obligations. Both represent the funds
designated to pay current and future Social Security benefits.
How the Social Security Program Is Financed
The Social Security program is financed primarily by revenues from Federal Insurance
Contributions Act (FICA) taxes and Self Employment Contributions Act (SECA) taxes. FICA
taxes are paid by both employers and employees, but it is employers who remit the taxes to the
Treasury. Employers remit FICA taxes on a regular basis throughout the year (for example,
weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually), depending on the employer’s level of total employment
1 A person may receive retired-worker benefits and continue to have earnings from work. If a person is below the full
retirement age and earnings are above a specified amount, benefits are withheld in part or in full under the Retirement
Earnings Test. For more information, see Social Security Administration (SSA), Social Security: How Work Affects
Your Benefits, Publication No. 05-10069, January 2014, at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pubs/EN-05-10069.pdf.
2 SSA, Monthly Statistical Snapshot, June 2014, Table 2. The latest edition of the Monthly Statistical Snapshot is
available at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/quickfacts/stat_snapshot/index.html.
3 Social Security Administration, Trust Fund FAQs, http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/ProgData/fundFAQ.html.
4 Social Security Act, Title II, §201(d). For more information, see Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief
Actuary, Actuarial Note Number 142, Social Security Trust Fund Investment Policies and Practices, by Jeffrey L.
Kunkel, January 1999, at http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/NOTES/n1990s.html.
5 This is often referred to as “borrowing from the Social Security trust fund.”
Congressional Research Service
1
Social Security: The Trust Fund
taxes (including FICA and federal personal income tax withholding). The FICA tax rate of 7.65%
each for employers and employees has two components: 6.2% for Social Security and 1.45% for
Medicare Hospital Insurance. The SECA tax rate is 15.3% for self-employed individuals, with
12.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for Medicare Hospital Insurance. The respective Social
Security contribution rates are levied on covered wages/net self-employment income up to
$117,000 in 2014.6 Self-employed individuals may deduct one-half of the SECA taxes for federal
income tax purposes.7 SECA taxes are normally paid once a year as part of filing an annual
individual income tax return. In 2013, Social Security payroll taxes totaled $726.2 billion and
accounted for 84.9% of the program’s total income.
In addition to payroll taxes, the Social Security program receives income from other sources.
First, certain Social Security beneficiaries must include a portion of their Social Security benefits
in taxable income for the federal income tax, and the Social Security program receives a portion
of those taxes.8 In 2013, revenue from the taxation of benefits totaled $21.1 billion and accounted
for 2.5% of the program’s total income. Second, the program receives reimbursements from the
general fund of the Treasury for a variety of purposes.9 In 2013, general fund reimbursements
totaled $4.9 billion and accounted for 0.6% of the program’s total income. Finally, the Social
Security program receives interest income from the Treasury on its investments in special federal
government obligations. In 2013, interest income totaled $102.8 billion and accounted for 12.0%
of the program’s total income.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) processes the tax returns and tax payments for federal
employment taxes and federal individual income taxes. All of the tax payments are deposited in
the Treasury along with all other receipts from the public for the federal government.
The Social Security Trust Fund as a
Designated Account
Within the U.S. Treasury, there are numerous accounts established for internal accounting
purposes. Although all of the monies within the Treasury are federal monies, the designation of an
6 The limit on wages and net self-employment income subject to the Social Security payroll tax (the taxable wage base)
is adjusted annually based on average wage growth, if a Social Security cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) is payable.
Because no COLA was payable in 2010 and 2011, the taxable wage base remained at its 2009 level ($106,800) in 2010
and 2011. The Medicare Hospital Insurance component of the FICA and SECA tax is levied on total wages. For more
information on the COLA, see CRS Report 94-803, Social Security: Cost-of-Living Adjustments, by Gary Sidor.
7 Self-employed individuals are required to pay Social Security payroll taxes if they have annual net earnings of $400
or more. Only 92.35% of net self-employment income (up to the annual limit) is taxable.
8 The taxes associated with including Social Security benefits in federal taxable income go to the Social Security trust
fund and the Medicare Hospital Insurance trust fund. See CRS Report RL32552, Social Security: Calculation and
History of Taxing Benefits, by Noah P. Meyerson.
9 The Social Security trust funds receive reimbursements from the general fund for (1) the cost of noncontributory wage
credits for military service before 1957; (2) the cost in 1971-1982 of deemed wage credits for military service
performed after 1956; (3) the cost of benefits to certain uninsured persons who attained the age of 72 before 1968; (4)
the cost of payroll tax credits provided to employees in 1984 and self-employed persons in 1984-89 by P.L. 98-21; (5)
the cost in 2009-2013 of excluding certain self-employment earnings from SECA taxes under P.L. 110-246; and (6)
payroll tax revenue forgone under the provisions of P.L. 111-147, P.L. 111-312, P.L. 112-78, and P.L. 112-96. (Source:
Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary, Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Trust Funds
Receipts, http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/STATS/table4a3.html.)
Congressional Research Service
2
Social Security: The Trust Fund
account as a trust fund allows the government to track revenues (and expenditures) dedicated for
specific purposes. In addition, the government can affect the level of revenues and expenditures
associated with a trust fund through changes in the law.10 Social Security program income and
outgo are accounted for in two separate trust funds authorized under Title II of the Social Security
Act: (1) the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) trust fund and (2) the Federal
Disability Insurance (DI) trust fund.11 This report refers to the two separate trust funds as an
aggregate Social Security trust fund and discusses the operations of the OASI and DI trust funds
on a combined basis.12
Social Security Trust Fund Revenues
The Social Security trust fund receives a credit equal to the Social Security payroll taxes
deposited in the Treasury by the IRS.13 The payroll taxes are allocated between the OASI and DI
trust funds based on a proportion specified by law.14 Currently, of the 6.2% payroll tax rate, 5.3%
is allocated to the OASI trust fund and 0.9% is allocated to the DI trust fund.15
Social Security Trust Fund Costs
The Treasury makes Social Security benefit payments to entitled individuals on a monthly basis.
The Treasury is directed by the Social Security Administration (SSA) as to whom to pay and the
amount of the payment. When benefit payments are made by the Treasury, the Social Security
trust fund is debited for the payments. Periodically, the Social Security trust fund is also debited
for the administrative costs of the Social Security program. These administrative costs are
incurred by several government agencies, including SSA, the Treasury, and the IRS.
Social Security Trust Fund Operations
The annual revenues to the Social Security trust fund are used to pay current Social Security
benefits and administrative expenses. If, in any year, revenues are greater than costs, the surplus
Social Security revenues in the Treasury are available for spending by the government on other
(non-Social Security) spending needs at the time. If, in any year, costs are greater than revenues,
10 For more information, see CRS Report R41328, Federal Trust Funds and the Budget, by Mindy R. Levit.
11 Social Security Act, Title II, §201.
12 Under current law, the separate OASI and DI trust funds do not have authority to borrow from each other. In the past,
however, Congress has authorized temporary interfund borrowing among the OASI, DI and Medicare Hospital
Insurance trust funds to deal with funding imbalances. Congress has also reallocated Social Security payroll taxes
between the OASI and DI trust funds for the same purpose. Therefore, this CRS report discusses the financial outlook
for the OASI and DI trust funds on a combined basis.
13 In addition, a portion of the federal income taxes paid on Social Security benefits, reimbursements from the general
fund and the interest income on Social Security trust fund investments are credited to the Social Security trust fund.
14 Social Security Act, Title II, §201(b).
15 The share allocated to the DI trust fund was last changed (to 0.9%) in 2000, under a reallocation schedule established
in 1994 under P.L. 103-387. On five occasions, Congress has enacted legislation to change the allocation of
FICA/SECA taxes between the OASI and DI trust funds, with no change in the overall payroll tax rate. For more
information, see CRS Report R43318, Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund: Background and Solvency
Issues, by William R. Morton.
Congressional Research Service
3
Social Security: The Trust Fund
the cash flow deficit is offset by selling some of the accumulated holdings of the trust fund
(government securities) to help pay benefits and administrative expenses.
There are two measures of Social Security trust fund operations: the annual cash flow operations
and the accumulated holdings (or trust fund balance).16 The annual cash flow operations of the
Social Security trust fund are a measure of current revenues and current costs. The cash flow
operations are positive when current revenues exceed costs (a cash flow surplus) and negative
when current costs exceed revenues (a cash flow deficit). In years with cash flow deficits, the
Social Security program (unlike other federal programs that operate without a trust fund) may use
the accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund from prior years to help pay benefits
and administrative expenses.17
Although Social Security is a pay-as-you-go system, meaning that current revenues are used to
pay current costs, changes made to the Social Security program in 1983 began a sustained period
of annual cash flow surpluses through 2009.18 Since 2010, however, Social Security has had
annual cash flow deficits (program costs have exceeded tax revenues). The 2014 annual report of
the Social Security Board of Trustees19 projects that annual cash flow deficits will continue
throughout the 75-year projection period (2014-2088) under the intermediate assumptions.
The 2014 Annual Report projects that the Social Security trust fund will remain solvent until
2033. Social Security benefits scheduled under current law can be paid in full and on time until
then. This is the same trust fund exhaustion date projected in the 2012 and 2013 Annual Reports.
In addition, the average 75-year actuarial deficit for the trust fund is projected to be equal to
2.88% of taxable payroll. This is an increase of 0.16 percentage point from the projection in the
2013 Annual Report. With respect to the change in the projected 75-year actuarial deficit, the
trustees state,
The actuarial deficit increased by about 0.06 percent of payroll due to advancing the
valuation date by one year and including the year 2088. The remaining increase in the deficit
is due primarily to changes in methods, assumptions, and starting values.20
16 The accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund in U.S. government obligations are also referred to as the
Social Security trust fund balance.
17 Certain government projects may be given “budget authority until expended,” which allows the authority to spend
funds on the project to be carried over each year until all of the authority to spend funds has been exhausted.
18 The Social Security Amendments of 1983 (P.L. 98-21) made a number of program changes, including the coverage
of federal workers, an increase in the full retirement age and the taxation of Social Security benefits. For more
information on the 1983 amendments, see CRS Report RL30920, Social Security: Major Decisions in the House and
Senate Since 1935, by Gary Sidor.
19 The Social Security Board of Trustees is composed of three officers of the President’s cabinet (the Secretary of the
Treasury, the Secretary of Labor, and the Secretary of Health and Human Services), the Commissioner of Social
Security, and two public representatives who are appointed by the President and subject to confirmation by the Senate.
The Board of Trustees issues an annual report to Congress on the financial status of the Social Security trust fund. The
trustees make three sets of projections based on low-cost, intermediate and high-cost assumptions reflecting the
uncertainty surrounding projections for a 75-year period. The trust fund projections cited in this CRS report are based
on the intermediate (or “best estimate”) assumptions of The 2014 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the
Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds, Washington, DC, July 28,
2014, available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/2014/tr2014.pdf. (Hereafter cited as 2014 Annual Report.)
20 Status of the Social Security and Medicare Programs: A Summary of the 2014 Annual Reports, Social Security and
Medicare Boards of Trustees, July 28, 2014, p. 12, http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TRSUM/tr14summary.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
4
Social Security: The Trust Fund
As noted above, on a combined basis, the Social Security trust fund is projected to remain solvent
until 2033. Separately, however, the OASI trust fund is projected to remain solvent until 2034
(compared with 2035 in the 2012 and 2013 Annual Reports) and the DI trust fund is projected to
remain solvent until 2016 (the same year projected in the 2012 and 2013 Annual Reports). Under
current law, DI benefits could not be paid in full and on time following DI trust fund exhaustion
in 2016. With respect to the DI trust fund, the trustees state,
...the DI Trust Fund reserves become depleted in 2016, at which time continuing
income to the DI Trust Fund would be sufficient to pay 81 percent of DI benefits.
Therefore, legislative action is needed as soon as possible to address the DI
program’s financial imbalance. Lawmakers may consider responding to the
impending DI Trust Fund reserve depletion as they did in 1994, solely by
reallocating the payroll tax rate between OASI and DI. Such a response might
serve to delay DI reforms and much needed corrections for OASDI as a whole.
However, enactment of a more permanent solution could include a tax
reallocation in the short-run.21
Table 1 shows the annual cash flow operations of the Social Security trust fund (non-interest
income, costs, and cash flow surpluses/deficits) for the historical period 1957 to 2013. From 1957
to 1983 (the last time Congress enacted major amendments to the program), the Social Security
trust fund operated with a cash flow deficit (costs exceeded non-interest income) in 19 of the 27
years. Since 1984, the trust fund has operated with a cash flow deficit in four of the past 30 years
(2010 to 2013).
Table 1. Operations of the Social Security Trust Fund, Historical Period 1957-2013
($ in billions)
Cash Flow
Surpluses or Deficits
Year Non-Interest
Incomea
Costs
(non-interest income less costs)
1957
$7.5
$7.6
($0.1)
1958
8.5
8.9
(0.4)
1959
8.9
10.8
(1.9)
1960
11.8
11.8
0.0
1961
12.3
13.4
(1.1)
1962
13.1
15.2
(2.1)
1963
15.6
16.2
(0.6)
1964
16.9
17.0
(0.1)
1965
17.2
19.2
(2.0)
1966
22.7
20.9
1.8
1967
25.5
22.5
3.0
1968
27.5
26.0
1.5
21 2014 Annual Report, p. 4. In 1994, the reallocation of the payroll tax rate between OASI and DI was part of the
Social Security Domestic Employment Reform Act of 1994 (H.R. 4278, 103rd Congress), which became P.L. 103-387.
Congressional Research Service
5
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Cash Flow
Surpluses or Deficits
Year Non-Interest
Incomea
Costs
(non-interest income less costs)
1969
32.0
27.9
4.1
1970
35.2
33.1
2.1
1971
38.9
38.5
0.4
1972
43.4
43.3
0.1
1973
52.4
53.1
(0.7)
1974
59.4
60.6
(1.2)
1975
64.7
69.2
(4.5)
1976
72.3
78.2
(5.9)
1977
79.5
87.3
(7.8)
1978
89.6
96.0
(6.4)
1979 103.7
107.3
(3.6)
1980
117.4
123.5
(6.1)
1981
140.2
144.4
(4.2)
1982 146.5
160.1
(13.6)
1983
163.0
171.2
(8.2)
1984
183.2
180.4
2.8
1985
200.8
190.6
10.2
1986
212.9
201.5
11.4
1987
225.7
209.1
16.6
1988
255.3
222.5
32.8
1989
276.7
236.2
40.5
1990
298.2
253.1
45.1
1991
307.8
274.2
33.6
1992
317.2
291.9
25.3
1993
327.7
308.8
18.9
1994
350.0
323.0
27.0
1995
364.5
339.8
24.7
1996
385.8
353.6
32.2
1997
413.9
369.1
44.8
1998
439.9
382.3
57.6
1999
471.1
392.9
78.2
2000
503.9
415.1
88.8
2001
529.1
438.9
90.2
2002
546.7
461.7
85.0
2003
547.0
479.1
67.9
2004
568.7
501.6
67.1
Congressional Research Service
6
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Cash Flow
Surpluses or Deficits
Year Non-Interest
Incomea
Costs
(non-interest income less costs)
2005 607.5
529.9
77.6
2006 642.5
555.4
87.1
2007 674.7
594.5
80.2
2008 689.0
625.1
63.9
2009 689.2
685.8
3.4
2010 663.6
712.5
(48.9)
2011 690.7
736.1
(45.4)
2012 731.1
785.8
(54.7)
2013 752.2
822.9
(70.7)
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from data provided in the 2014 Annual
Report, Table VI.A3, pp. 153-4.
a. Non-interest income is equal to total income minus net interest. Stated another way, non-interest
income includes net payrol tax contributions, reimbursements from the general fund of the
Treasury to the Social Security trust fund, and federal income tax revenues from the taxation of
benefits.
Table 2 shows the projected annual cash flow operations of the Social Security trust fund (non-
interest income, costs, and cash flow deficits) for the 2014 to 2032 period, as projected by the
Social Security trustees in the 2014 Annual Report (under the intermediate assumptions). The
trustees project that the Social Security trust fund will operate with a cash flow deficit each year
throughout the current projection period.
Table 2. Projected Operations of the Social Security Trust Fund, 2014-2032
($ in billions)
Cash Flow Deficits
Yeara Non-Interest
Incomeb
Costs
(non-interest income less costs)
2014 $783.4 $863.1
($79.7)
2015 841.4 909.7
(68.3)
2016 888.9 963.3
(74.4)
2017 944.5 1,022.3
(77.8)
2018 1,003.4 1,087.6
(84.2)
2019 1,060.3 1,158.7
(98.4)
2020 1,117.1 1,235.2
(118.1)
2021 1,174.7 1,312.3
(137.6)
2022 1,232.3 1,395.8
(163.5)
2023 1,289.7 1,484.9
(195.2)
2024 1,347.8 1,577.6
(229.8)
2025 1,408.2 1,674.5
(266.3)
2026 1,471.0 1,774.9
(303.9)
Congressional Research Service
7
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Cash Flow Deficits
Yeara Non-Interest
Incomeb
Costs
(non-interest income less costs)
2027 1,536.4 1,879.1
(342.7)
2028 1,604.5 1,986.6
(382.1)
2029 1,675.3 2,096.6
(421.3)
2030 1,749.1 2,209.2
(460.1)
2031 1,825.9 2,324.0
(498.1)
2032 1,905.9 2,441.1
(535.2)
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from data provided in Table VI.G8
(intermediate assumptions), Supplemental Single-Year Tables Consistent with the 2014 Annual Report,
http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/2014/lr6f8.html.
a. Projections for years after 2032 are not shown because the Social Security trust fund is projected
to be exhausted in 2033 under the intermediate assumptions.
b. Non-interest income is equal to total income minus interest income.
One way to measure the cash flow operations over time is to take the ratio of current non-interest
income to current costs for each year. A ratio greater than 100% indicates positive cash flow (a
cash flow surplus); a ratio less than 100% indicates negative cash flow (a cash flow deficit).
Figure 1 shows the ratio of current non-interest income to current costs for the Social Security
trust fund each year over the historical period 1957 to 2013 and over the 2014 to 2032 period, as
projected by the Social Security trustees in the 2014 Annual Report (under the intermediate
assumptions).22
As shown in the figure, in 2009, non-interest income of $689.2 billion divided by costs of $685.8
billion results in a ratio just over 100% (100.5%), indicating a cash flow surplus for the Social
Security trust fund. By comparison, in 2013, non-interest income of $752.2 billion divided by
costs of $822.9 billion results in a ratio of 91.4%, indicating a cash flow deficit for the Social
Security trust fund. In the 2014 Annual Report, the Social Security trustees project that the ratio
of current non-interest income to current costs will remain below 100% for the remainder of the
projection period, with the gap between non-interest income and costs increasing over time
(under the intermediate assumptions).
22 2014 Annual Report, Table VI.A3, pp. 153-4, and Table VI.G8 (intermediate assumptions), Supplemental Single-
Year Tables Consistent with the 2014 Annual Report, http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/2014/lr6f8.html.
Congressional Research Service
8
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Figure 1. Ratio of Current Non-Interest Income to Costs
for the Social Security Trust Fund, 1957-2032
Source: Figure prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from data provided in the 2014 Annual
Report, Table VI.A3, pp. 153-4, and Table VI.G8 (intermediate assumptions), Supplemental Single-Year Tables
Consistent with the 2014 Annual Report, http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/2014/lr6f8.html.
Notes: Non-interest income excludes interest on accumulated holdings of U.S. government obligations. A ratio
above 100% indicates a cash flow surplus for the year. A ratio below 100% indicates a cash flow deficit.
When the Social Security trust fund operates with a cash flow deficit, the Treasury can continue
to pay benefits at levels scheduled under current law as long as the accumulated balance in the
Social Security trust fund is sufficient to cover the cost. This is because the Social Security
program has budget authority to pay benefits in full and on time as long as there is an adequate
balance in the Social Security trust fund (the designated account). When current revenues are not
sufficient to pay benefits, however, the U.S. government must raise the funds necessary to honor
the redemption of U.S. government obligations held by the Social Security trust fund as they are
needed to pay benefits. If there are no surplus governmental receipts, the U.S. government may
raise the necessary funds by increasing taxes or other income, reducing other spending,
borrowing from the public (i.e., replacing bonds held by the trust fund with bonds held by the
public), or some combination of these measures.
Congressional Research Service
9
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Investment of the Social Security Trust Fund
The Secretary of the Treasury is required by law to invest Social Security revenues in securities
backed by the U.S. government.23 In addition, the Social Security trust fund receives interest on
its holdings of special U.S. government obligations. Each government security issued by the
Treasury for purchase by the Social Security trust fund must be a paper instrument in the form of
a bond, note, or certificate of indebtedness.24 Specifically, Section 201(d) of the Social Security
Act states,
Each obligation issued for purchase by the Trust Funds under this subsection shall be
evidenced by a paper instrument in the form of a bond, note, or certificate of indebtedness
issued by the Secretary of the Treasury setting forth the principal amount, date of maturity,
and interest rate of the obligation, and stating on its face that the obligation shall be
incontestable in the hands of the Trust Fund to which it is issued, that the obligation is
supported by the full faith and credit of the United States, and that the United States is
pledged to the payment of the obligation with respect to both principal and interest. The
Managing Trustee may purchase other interest-bearing obligations of the United States or
obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States, on original issue
or at the market price, only where he determines that the purchase of such other obligations
is in the public interest.
Any interest or proceeds from the sale of government securities held by the Social Security trust
fund must be paid in the form of paper checks from the general fund of the Treasury to the Social
Security trust fund.25 The interest rates paid on the government securities issued to the Social
Security trust fund are tied to market rates.26
For internal federal accounting purposes, when special U.S. government obligations are
purchased by the Social Security trust fund, the Treasury is shifting surplus Social Security
revenues from one government account (the Social Security trust fund) to another government
account (the Treasury’s “general fund” account). The special U.S. government obligations are
physical documents held by the Social Security Administration, not the U.S. Treasury. The
government securities held by the Social Security trust fund are redeemed on a regular basis.
These special U.S. government obligations, however, are not resources for the government
because they represent both an asset and a liability for the government.
The Social Security Trust Fund and the Federal Budget
The Social Security program is indirectly part of the annual congressional budget process. This
creates some confusion on the part of the public.
23 Social Security Act, Title II, §201(d). For more information, see Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief
Actuary, Actuarial Note Number 142, Social Security Trust Fund Investment Policies and Practices, by Jeffrey L.
Kunkel, January 1999, at http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/NOTES/n1990s.html.
24 Social Security Act, Title II, §201(d).
25 Social Security Act, Title II, §201(f). The funds are then used to purchase additional government securities credited
to the Social Security trust fund.
26 For more information, see CRS Report RS20607, Social Security: Trust Fund Investment Practices, by Dawn
Nuschler.
Congressional Research Service
10
Social Security: The Trust Fund
On-Budget Versus Off-Budget
For federal budget purposes, on-budget status generally refers to programs that are included in the
annual congressional budget process, whereas off-budget status generally refers to programs that
are not included in the annual congressional budget process.
The Social Security program is a government program that, like the Postal Service, has had its
receipts and (most) outlays designated by law as off-budget.27 The off-budget designation,
however, has no practical effect on program funding, spending, or operations. The annual
congressional budget resolution, in its legislative language, separates the off-budget totals
(receipts and outlays) from the on-budget totals (receipts and outlays). The report language
accompanying the congressional budget resolution usually shows the unified budget totals (which
combine the on- and off-budget amounts) as well as the separate on- and off-budget totals. The
President’s budget tends to use the unified budget measures in discussing the budget totals. The
President’s budget documents also include the totals for the on- and off-budget components, as
required by law. The Congressional Budget Office uses the unified budget numbers in its analyses
of the budget; it generally does not include on- and off-budget data in its regular annual reports.
The unified budget framework is important because it includes all federal receipts and outlays
providing a more comprehensive picture of the size of the federal government, as well as the
impact of the federal budget on the economy. In the unified budget, the Social Security program
is a large source of both federal receipts (approximately 24% in FY2013) and outlays
(approximately 24% in FY2013).28 For purposes of the unified budget, the annual Social Security
cash flow surplus or deficit is counted in determining the overall federal budget surplus or deficit.
The Social Security Trust Fund as
Accumulated Holdings
The Social Security trust fund can be (and often is) viewed as a trust fund, similar to any private
trust fund, that is to be used for paying current and future benefits (and administrative expenses).
By law, Social Security revenues credited to the trust fund (within the U.S. Treasury) are invested
in non-marketable U.S. government obligations. These obligations are physical (paper)
documents issued to the trust fund and held by the Social Security Administration. When the
obligations are redeemed, the Treasury must issue a check (a physical document) to the Social
Security trust fund for the interest earned on the obligations.29
Unlike a private trust that may hold a variety of assets and obligations of different borrowers, the
Social Security trust fund can hold only U.S. government obligations. The sale of these
27 Although the Social Security program is off-budget, the annual congressional budget process does provide the budget
authority for Social Security administrative spending. SSA’s administrative funding, which is paid for out of the Social
Security trust fund, is subject to an annual appropriated limit. In contrast, the Social Security program has budget
authority to pay benefits as long as there is a sufficient balance in the Social Security trust fund (the designated
account).
28 Percentages calculated by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from data provided in: Office of Management
and Budget, Historical Tables, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2015, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 6.1 and 13.1.
29 The funds are then used to purchase additional government securities credited to the Social Security trust fund.
Congressional Research Service
11
Social Security: The Trust Fund
obligations by the U.S. government to the Social Security trust fund is federal government
borrowing (from itself) and counts against the federal debt limit. The requirement that the Social
Security trust fund purchase U.S. government obligations serves several purposes, such as
• offering a mechanism for the Social Security program to recoup the
surplus revenues loaned to the rest of the government;
• paying interest so that the loan of the surplus revenues does not lose
value over time;
• ensuring that the Social Security trust fund (and not other government
accounts) receives credit for the interest earnings;
• ensuring a level of return (interest) to the Social Security trust fund; and
• providing a means outside of the securities market for the U.S.
government to borrow funds.
The accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund represent the sum of annual surplus
Social Security revenues (for all past years) which were invested in U.S. government obligations,
plus the interest earned on those obligations. As a result of surplus Social Security revenues from
1984 to 2009 and the interest income credited to the Social Security trust fund, the accumulated
holdings of the Social Security trust fund totaled $2.8 trillion at the end of calendar year 2013.30 It
is the accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund (or the trust fund balance) that many
people refer to when discussing the Social Security trust fund. Table 3 shows the accumulated
holdings of the Social Security trust fund for the historical period 1957 to 2013. Table 4 shows
the projected accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund for the 2014 to 2032 period,
as projected by the Social Security trustees in the 2014 Annual Report (under the intermediate
assumptions). The Social Security trustees project that the level of accumulated trust fund
holdings will continue to increase from 2014 through 2019, due to interest income to the trust
fund. Under the current projections, the level of accumulated holdings will begin to decline in
2020 (compared with 2021 in the 2013 Annual Report), and the Social Security trust fund will be
exhausted in 2033.31
The Social Security trustees project that, on average over the next 75 years (2014 to 2088),
program costs will exceed income by an amount equal to 2.88% of taxable payroll (on average,
costs are projected to exceed income by about 21%).32 The gap between income and costs,
however, is projected to increase over the 75-year period. For example, in 2035, the cost of the
program is projected to exceed income by an amount equal to 3.90% of taxable payroll (costs are
projected to exceed income by about 30%). By 2085, the cost of the program is projected to
30 The Social Security trust fund also receives reimbursements from the general fund of the Treasury for a variety of
purposes. In 2011 and 2012, the trust fund received relatively large reimbursements from the general fund ($102.7
billion and $114.3 billion, respectively). In those years, general revenues were credited to the trust fund to make up for
forgone payroll tax revenues under a temporary 2 percentage point reduction in the payroll tax rate for employees.
31 Under the intermediate assumptions of the 2014 Annual Report, the Social Security trustees project that program
costs will exceed total income (tax revenues plus interest income) beginning in 2020. At that point, the trust fund
balance will begin to be drawn down to help pay benefits and administrative expenses. The trustees project that the
assets (government securities) held by the trust fund will be exhausted in 2033. Following the exhaustion of trust fund
reserves, the program would continue to operate with incoming receipts.
32 Program costs and income are evaluated as a percentage of taxable payroll because Social Security payroll taxes are
the primary source of funding for the program. The 75-year “open group unfunded obligation” for the Social Security
program is $10.6 trillion (in present value terms).
Congressional Research Service
12
Social Security: The Trust Fund
exceed income by an amount equal to 4.76% of taxable payroll (costs are projected to exceed
income by about 36%).
The Social Security trustees project that the Social Security trust fund would remain solvent
throughout the 75-year projection period if, for example,
• revenues were increased by an amount equivalent to an immediate and
permanent payroll tax rate increase of 2.83 percentage points (from
12.40% to 15.23%; a relative increase of 22.8%);33
• benefits scheduled under current law were reduced by an amount
equivalent to an immediate and permanent reduction of (a) 17.4% if
applied to all current and future beneficiaries, or (b) 20.8% if applied
only to those who become eligible for benefits in 2014 or later; or
• some combination of these approaches were to be adopted.34
Table 3. Accumulated Holdings of the
Social Security Trust Fund, Historical Period 1957-2013
($ in billions)
Accumulated
Accumulated
Year
Holdingsa Year Holdingsa
1957 $23.0 1986 $46.9
1958 23.2 1987 68.8
1959 22.0 1988 109.8
1960 22.6 1989 163.0
1961 22.2 1990 225.3
1962 20.7 1991 280.7
1963 20.7 1992 331.5
1964 21.2 1993 378.3
1965 19.8 1994 436.4
1966 22.3 1995 496.1
1967 26.3 1996 567.0
1968 28.7 1997 655.5
1969 34.2 1998 762.5
33 The Social Security trustees explain that the projected increase in the payroll tax rate needed for the trust fund to
remain solvent throughout the 75-year projection period (2.83 percentage points) differs from the projected 75-year
actuarial deficit (2.88% of taxable payroll) for two reasons. The trustees state on page 5 of the 2014 Annual Report:
“The necessary tax rate of 2.83 percent differs from the 2.88 percent actuarial deficit for two reasons. First, the
necessary tax rate is the rate required to maintain solvency throughout the period that does not result in any trust fund
reserve at the end of the period, whereas the actuarial deficit incorporates an ending trust fund reserve equal to 1 year’s
cost. Second, the necessary tax rate reflects a behavioral response to tax rate changes, whereas the actuarial deficit does
not. In particular, the calculation of the necessary tax rate assumes that an increase in payroll taxes results in a small
shift of wages and salaries to forms of employee compensation that are not subject to the payroll tax.”
34 2014 Annual Report, pp. 4-5.
Congressional Research Service
13
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Accumulated
Accumulated
Year
Holdingsa Year Holdingsa
1970 38.1 1999 896.1
1971 40.4 2000
1,049.4
1972 42.8 2001
1,212.5
1973 44.4 2002
1,378.0
1974 45.9 2003
1,530.8
1975 44.3 2004
1,686.8
1976 41.1 2005
1,858.7
1977 35.9 2006
2,048.1
1978 31.7 2007
2,238.5
1979 30.3 2008
2,418.7
1980 26.5 2009
2,540.3
1981 24.5 2010
2,609.0
1982 24.8 2011
2,677.9
1983 24.9 2012
2,732.3
1984 31.1 2013
2,764.4
1985 42.2
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from data provided in the 2014 Annual
Report, Table VI.A3, pp. 153-4. Accumulated holdings are end-of-year totals.
a. The accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund are also referred to as the trust fund
balance.
Table 4. Projected Accumulated Holdings of the
Social Security Trust Fund, 2014-2032
($ in billions)
Accumulated
Accumulated
Yeara
Holdingsb
Yeara
Holdingsb
2014 $2,783.7
2024
2,582.2
2015 2,812.1
2025
2,431.6
2016 2,834.1
2026
2,243.0
2017 2,854.4
2027
2,012.5
2018 2,871.8
2028
1,736.0
2019 2,878.3
2029
1,403.5
2020 2,867.6
2030
1,012.5
2021 2,838.4
2031
560.2
2022 2,784.1
2032
44.2
2023 2,698.4
Congressional Research Service
14
Social Security: The Trust Fund
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) from data provided in Table VI.G8
(intermediate assumptions), Supplemental Single-Year Tables Consistent with the 2014 Annual Report,
http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/2014/lr6f8.html. Accumulated holdings are end-of-year totals.
a. Projections for years after 2032 are not shown because the Social Security trust fund is projected
to be exhausted in 2033 under the intermediate assumptions.
b. The accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund are also referred to as the trust fund
balance.
The Social Security Trust Fund and the Level of Federal Debt
As part of the annual congressional budget process, the level of federal debt (the federal debt
limit) is set for the budget by Congress. The federal debt limit includes debt held by the public as
well as the internal debt of the U.S. government (i.e., debt held by government accounts).
Borrowing from the public and the investment of the Social Security trust fund in special U.S.
government obligations both fall under the restrictions of the federal debt limit. This means that
the Social Security trust fund balance has implications for the federal debt limit.35
The Social Security Trust Fund and Benefit Payments
The accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust fund, which represent budget authority for
the program, can be viewed as a measure of funds dedicated to pay current and future benefits.
However, when current tax revenues are below levels needed to pay benefits,36 these funds (the
accumulated holdings) are available to pay benefits only as the government raises the resources
necessary to pay for the securities as they are redeemed by the Social Security trust fund. The
securities are a promise, by the U.S. government, to raise the necessary funds.37 When the system
is operating with a cash flow surplus, the surplus Social Security revenues (which are invested in
government securities held by the trust fund) are used to fund other government activities at the
time. The surplus Social Security revenues, therefore, are not available to finance benefits directly
when the system is operating with a cash flow deficit.
Stated another way, when the Social Security trust fund runs a cash flow deficit, the trust fund
cashes in more federal government securities than the amount of current Social Security tax
revenues, relying in part on accumulated trust fund holdings to pay benefits and administrative
expenses. Because the federal government securities held by the trust fund are redeemed with
general revenues, this results in increased spending for Social Security from the general fund.
With respect to the Social Security program’s reliance on general revenues, it is important to note
that Social Security does not have authority to borrow from the general fund of the Treasury.
Rather, the program relies on revenues collected for Social Security purposes in previous years
that were used by the federal government at the time for other (non-Social Security) spending
needs and interest income earned on trust fund investments. The program draws on those
35 For a discussion of how reaching the debt limit potentially could affect Social Security trust fund investment
practices and benefit payments, see CRS Report R41633, Reaching the Debt Limit: Background and Potential Effects
on Government Operations, coordinated by Mindy R. Levit.
36 In the 2014 Annual Report, the Social Security trustees project that revenues will remain below program costs each
year throughout the 75-year projection period (2014-2088), under the intermediate assumptions.
37 If there are no surplus governmental receipts, the U.S. government may raise the necessary funds by increasing taxes
or other income, reducing other spending, borrowing from the public (i.e., replacing bonds held by the trust fund with
bonds held by the public), or some combination of these measures.
Congressional Research Service
15
Social Security: The Trust Fund
previously collected Social Security tax revenues and interest income (accumulated trust fund
holdings) when current Social Security tax revenues fall below current program expenditures.
The Social Security trustees project that the accumulated holdings of the Social Security trust
fund will be exhausted in 2033. At that time, the program will continue to operate with incoming
receipts to the trust fund that are projected to equal about 77% of program costs. By the end of the
75-year projection period (2088), incoming receipts are projected to equal about 72% of program
costs (based on the intermediate assumptions of the 2014 Annual Report).38 The Social Security
Act does not state what would happen to the payment of benefits scheduled under current law in
the event of Social Security trust fund exhaustion. Two possible scenarios are (1) the payment of
full monthly benefits on a delayed schedule or (2) the payment of partial (reduced) monthly
benefits on time.39
Author Contact Information
Dawn Nuschler
Gary Sidor
Specialist in Income Security
Information Research Specialist
dnuschler@crs.loc.gov, 7-6283
gsidor@crs.loc.gov, 7-2588
Acknowledgments
This report was originally written by Christine Scott.
38 2014 Annual Report, p. 11.
39 As noted, on a separate basis, the OASI trust fund is projected to be exhausted in 2034, and the DI trust fund is
projected to be exhausted in 2016. Therefore, under current law, DI benefits could not be paid in full and on time
following DI trust fund exhaustion in 2016. For more information, see CRS Report R43318, Social Security Disability
Insurance (DI) Trust Fund: Background and Solvency Issues, by William R. Morton; CRS Report RL33514, Social
Security: What Would Happen If the Trust Funds Ran Out?, by Christine Scott; and CRS Report RL32822, Social
Security Reform: Legal Analysis of Social Security Benefit Entitlement Issues, by Kathleen S. Swendiman and Thomas
J. Nicola.
Congressional Research Service
16