Small Business Management and Technical
Assistance Training Programs
Robert Jay Dilger
Senior Specialist in American National Government
March 24, 2014
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R41352
Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Summary
The Small Business Administration (SBA) has provided technical and managerial assistance “to
small-business concerns, by advising and counseling on matters in connection with government
procurement and on policies, principles and practices of good management” since it began
operations in 1953. Initially, the SBA provided its own small business management and technical
assistance training programs. Over time, the SBA has relied increasingly on third parties to
provide that training.
Congressional interest in the SBA’s management and technical assistance training programs has
increased in recent years, primarily because these programs are viewed as a means to assist small
businesses in creating and retaining jobs. The SBA will spend $185.915 million on these
programs in FY2014.
These programs fund about “14,000 resource partners,” including 63 lead small business
development centers (SBDCs) and more than 900 SBDC local outreach locations, 108 women’s
business centers (WBCs), and 354 chapters of the mentoring program, SCORE. The SBA reports
that more than 1.2 million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners receive training from
an SBA-supported resource partner each year. The SBA argues that these programs contribute “to
the long-term success of these businesses and their ability to grow and create jobs.”
The Department of Commerce also provides management and technical assistance training for
small businesses. For example, its Minority Business Development Agency provides training to
minority business owners to assist them in obtaining contracts and financial awards.
A recurring theme at congressional hearings concerning the SBA’s management and technical
assistance training programs has been the perceived need to improve program efficiency by
eliminating duplication of services or increasing cooperation and coordination both within and
among SCORE, WBCs, and SBDCs. For example, the House Committee on Small Business has
argued that the SBA’s various management and technical assistance training programs should be
“folded into the mission of the SBDC program or their responsibilities should be taken over by
other agencies” because they “overlap each other and duplicate the educational services provided
by other agencies.” Congress has also explored ways to improve the SBA’s measurement of the
programs’ effectiveness.
This report examines the historical development of federal small business management and
technical assistance training programs; describes their current structures, operations, and budgets;
and assesses their administration and oversight and the measures used to determine their
effectiveness. It also discusses several bills introduced during the 111th and 112th Congresses that
would have authorized changes to the SBA’s management and technical assistance training
programs in an effort to improve their performance and oversight. These include S. 3442, the
SUCCESS Act of 2012, and S. 3572, the Restoring Tax and Regulatory Certainty to Small
Businesses Act of 2012. In addition, during the 113th Congress, S. 415, the Small Business
Disaster Reform Act of 2013, and its companion bill in the House, H.R. 1974, would authorize
SBDCs to provide assistance to small businesses outside of the state in which they are located,
without regard to geographic proximity, if the small business is located in a presidentially
declared major disaster area.
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Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Contents
Federal Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs ................................................ 1
SBA Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs .................................................... 4
Small Business Development Centers ....................................................................................... 4
Microloan Technical Assistance Program ................................................................................. 7
Women’s Business Centers ........................................................................................................ 9
SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives)....................................................................... 12
Program for Investment in Micro-entrepreneurs (PRIME) ..................................................... 14
Veterans Business Development Programs ............................................................................. 16
7(j) Management and Technical Assistance Program .............................................................. 19
Native American Outreach Program ........................................................................................ 20
SBA Initiatives......................................................................................................................... 21
Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters) ........................................................... 21
Boots to Business .............................................................................................................. 22
Entrepreneurial Education ................................................................................................. 23
Growth Accelerators .......................................................................................................... 24
Department of Commerce Small Business Management and Technical Assistance
Training Programs ...................................................................................................................... 25
The Minority Business Development Agency ......................................................................... 25
The EDA Local Technical Assistance Program ....................................................................... 26
Congressional Issues ...................................................................................................................... 27
Program Administration .......................................................................................................... 28
Program Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 31
Concluding Observations ............................................................................................................... 32
Tables
Table 1. SBA Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs Funding,
Specified and Recommended Appropriations, FY2014 and FY2015 Administration
Request ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Table A-1. Brief Descriptions of SBA Management and Technical Assistance Training
Programs ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Appendixes
Appendix. Brief Descriptions of SBA Management and Technical Assistance Training
Programs ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 36
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Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Federal Management and Technical Assistance
Training Programs
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small
businesses, including loan guaranty programs to enhance small business access to capital;
programs to increase small business opportunities in federal contracting; direct loans for
businesses, homeowners, and renters to assist their recovery from natural disasters; and access to
entrepreneurial education to assist with business formation and expansion. The SBA has provided
“technical and managerial aides to small-business concerns, by advising and counseling on
matters in connection with government procurement and on policies, principles and practices of
good management” since it began operations in 1953.1
Initially, the SBA provided its own management and technical assistance training programs. Over
time, the SBA has relied increasingly on third parties to provide that training. The SBA reports
that about 1.2 million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners receive training from an
SBA-supported resource partner each year.2
The SBA has argued that its support of management and technical assistance training for small
businesses has contributed “to the long-term success of these businesses and their ability to grow
and create jobs.”3 It currently provides financial support to about 14,000 resource partners,
including 63 small business development centers (SBDCs) and more than 900 SBDC local
outreach locations, 108 women’s business centers (WBCs), and 354 chapters of the mentoring
program, SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives).4
The SBA receives an appropriation for entrepreneurial development/non-credit programs
collectively ($196.165 million for FY2014). The SBA uses this appropriation to fund its
management and training programs, the administration of the HUBZone program, and, for
FY2014, the temporary State Trade and Export Promotion program.5 Congress specified the
appropriation amount for SBDCs ($113.625 million in FY2014) and the Microloan Technical
Assistance Program ($20.0 million in FY2014) in P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014, and included recommended appropriation amounts for the SBA’s other management
1 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, Extension of the Small Business Act of 1953, report to
accompany S. 2127, 84th Cong., 1st sess., July 22, 1955, S.Rept. 84-1350 (Washington: GPO, 1955), p. 17.
2 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” pp. 3, 6, 13, 29, 47, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
3 U.S. Small Business Administration, “Fiscal Year 2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual
Performance Report,” p. 4, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
4 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 47, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf; U.S. Small Business
Administration, “Women’s Business Centers Directory,” at http://www.sba.gov/about-offices-content/1/2895/
resources/13729; and SCORE, “Answers to Common Questions about SCORE,” at http://www.score.org/system/files/
u209922/FAQ_2011_0.pdf.
5 P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014. For additional information and analysis of the SBA’s
HUBZone program see CRS Report R41268, Small Business Administration HUBZone Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
The HUBZone program’s FY2014 recommended appropriation is $2.25 million and the temporary State Trade and
Export Promotion program’s FY2014 recommended appropriation is $8.0 million.
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and training programs in the explanatory statement that accompanied P.L. 113-76. The SBA is not
legally required to adhere to the recommended amounts, but has traditionally done so in the past.
Table 1 shows the appropriation amounts Congress specified for SBDCs and the Microloan
Technical Assistance Program and the appropriation amounts Congress recommended for the
SBA’s other management and training programs in FY2014, totaling $185.915 million. In
FY2013, after sequestration, a required 0.2% reduction in the SBA’s overall budget, and account
transfers, the SBA provided its management and training programs $149.783 million (a reduction
of $15.065 million or 9.1% from the amount specified or recommended by Congress).6
Table 1 also shows the Obama Administration’s FY2015 appropriation request for each of the
SBA’s management and training programs.
Table 1. SBA Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs Funding,
Specified and Recommended Appropriations, FY2014 and FY2015 Administration
Request
FY2015
(Administration
Training Program
FY2014
Request)
Small Business Development Center Grants Program
$113,625,000
$113,625,000
Microloan Technical Assistance Program
$20,000,000
$20,000,000
Women’s Business Center Grants Program
$14,000,000
$14,000,000
SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives)
$7,000,000
$7,000,000
Boots to Business Initiative
$7,000,000
$7,000,000
Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters)
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
Entrepreneurial Education Initiative
$5,000,000
$15,000,000
PRIME Technical Assistance Program
$3,500,000
$0
7(j) Technical Assistance Program
$2,790,000
$2,800,000
Growth Accelerators Initiative
$2,500,000
$5,000,000
Veterans Business Outreach Centers
$2,500,000
$2,500,000
Native American Outreach Program
$2,000,000
$2,000,000
National Women’s Business Council
$1,000,000
$900,000
Total $185,915,000
$195,825,000
Source: The FY2014 appropriation amounts for SBDCs and the Microloan Technical Assistance Program are
specified in P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014. FY2014 recommended appropriations for
the SBA’s other management and training programs are provided in the “Explanatory Statement” accompanying
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Division E - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2014), pp. 37-39, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20140113/113-HR3547-JSOM-D-
F.pdf. Although not legal y binding, the SBA has traditional y adhered to the recommended funding levels for non-
credit programs contained in the report or statement accompanying the annual appropriations act funding the
agency. The Obama Administration’s FY2015 budget request for SBA entrepreneurial development/non-credit
6 Required and recommended funding for all entrepreneurial development/non-credit programs in FY2013, including
the HUBZone program and Regional Innovative Clusters, was $172.348 million. The SBA provided these programs
$155.448 million in FY2013, a reduction of $16.9 million, or 9.8%.
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programs is located at U.S. Smal Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and
FY2013 Annual Performance Report,” p. 21, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
The Department of Commerce also provides management and technical assistance training for
small businesses. For example, the Department of Commerce’s Minority Business Development
Agency provides training to minority business owners to assist them in obtaining contracts and
financial awards.7 In addition, the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development
Administration’s Local Technical Assistance Program promotes efforts to build and expand local
organizational capacity in economically distressed areas. As part of that effort, it funds projects
that focus on technical or market feasibility studies of economic development projects or
programs, which often include consultation with small businesses.8
For many years, a recurring theme at congressional hearings concerning the SBA’s management
and technical assistance training programs has been the perceived need to improve program
efficiency by eliminating duplication of services and increasing cooperation and coordination
both within and among its training resource partners. For example, the Obama Administration
recommended in its FY2012, FY2013, FY2014, and FY2015 budget recommendations that
funding for the PRIME technical assistance program be ended. The Administration argued that
PRIME overlaps and duplicates “the technical assistance provided by SBA’s microlending
intermediaries.”9
The House Committee on Small Business has argued that the SBA’s various management and
technical assistance training programs should be “folded into the mission of the SBDC program
or their responsibilities should be taken over by other agencies” because they “overlap each other
and duplicate the educational services provided by other agencies.”10 Congress has also explored
ways to improve the SBA’s measurement of these programs’ effectiveness.
This report examines the historical development of federal small business management and
technical assistance training programs; describes their current structures, operations, and budgets;
and assesses their administration and oversight, including the measures used to determine their
effectiveness.
7 U.S. Department of Commerce, Minority Business Development Agency, “Annual Performance Report, Fiscal Year
2012; A Catalyst for Global Business Expansion,” p. 1, at http://www.mbda.gov/sites/default/files/APR2012.pdf.
8 13 C.F.R. §306.
9 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 4, at http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-
performance-report. Also, see U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and
FY2012 Annual Performance Report,” p. 22, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-
FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
10 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, “Views and Estimates of the Committee on Small Business on
Matters to be set forth in the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2014,” communication to the Chairman,
House Committee on the Budget, 113th Cong., 1st sess., February 27, 2013, at http://smallbusiness.house.gov/
uploadedfiles/revised_2014_views_and_estimates_document.pdf. Previously, the House Committee on Small Business
had recommended that funding for Women Business Centers, PRIME technical assistance, HUBZone outreach, and the
Offices of Native American Affairs and International Trade be eliminated; and funding for 7(j) technical assistance,
Microloan technical assistance, and the National Women’s Business Council be reduced. See U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Small Business, “Views and Estimates of the Committee on Small Business on Matters to be set forth in
the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2013,” communication to the Chairman, House Committee on the
Budget, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., March 7, 2012, at http://smallbusiness.house.gov/uploadedfiles/
views_and_estimates_fy_2013.pdf.
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This report also discusses several bills introduced during the 111th and 112th Congresses that
would have authorized changes to the SBA’s management and technical assistance training
programs in an effort to improve their performance and oversight, including S. 3442, the
SUCCESS Act of 2012, and S. 3572, the Restoring Tax and Regulatory Certainty to Small
Businesses Act of 2012.
In addition, during the 113th Congress, S. 415, the Small Business Disaster Reform Act of 2013,
and its companion bill in the House, H.R. 1974, would authorize SBDCs to provide assistance to
small businesses outside of the state, without regard to geographic proximity, if the small business
is located in a presidentially declared major disaster area.
SBA Management and Technical Assistance
Training Programs
The SBA supports a number of management and technical assistance training programs, including
the following:
• Small Business Development Center Grants Program,
• Microloan Technical Assistance Program,
• Women’s Business Center Grants Program,
• SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives),
• PRIME Technical Assistance Program,
• Veterans Business Development Programs,
• 7(j) Technical Assistance Program,
• Native American Outreach Program, and
• Several initiatives, including the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative
(Clusters), Boots to Business, Entrepreneurial Education, and Growth
Accelerators.
The legislative history and current operating structures, functions, and budget for each of these
programs is presented in this report. In addition, if the data are available, the program’s
performance based on outcome-based measures, such as their effect on small business formation,
survivability, and expansion, and on job creation and retention, is also presented. Also, a brief
description of each of these programs is provided in the Appendix.
Small Business Development Centers
In 1976, the SBA created the University Business Development Center pilot program to establish
small business centers within universities to provide counseling and training for small businesses.
The first center was founded at California State Polytechnic University at Pomona in December,
1976. Seven more centers were funded over the next six months at universities in seven different
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states. By 1979, 16 SBDCs received SBA funding and were providing management and technical
training assistance to small businesses.11
The SBDC program was given statutory authorization by P.L. 96-302, the Small Business
Development Center Act of 1980.12 SBDCs were to “rely on the private sector primarily, and the
university community, in partnership with the SBA and its other programs, to fill gaps in making
quality management assistance available to the small business owner.”13 Although most SBDCs
continued to be affiliated with universities, the legislation authorized the SBA to provide funding
to any State government or any agency thereof, any regional entity, any State-chartered
development, credit or finance corporation, any public or private institution of higher
education, including but not limited to any land-grant college or university, any college or
school of business, engineering, commerce, or agriculture, community college or junior
college, or to any entity formed by two or more of the above entities.14
SBDC funding is allocated on a pro rata basis among the states (defined to include the District of
Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa) by a statutory formula “based on the percentage of the population of each State, as
compared to the population of the United States.”15 If, as is currently the case, SBDC funding
exceeds $90 million, the minimum funding level is “the sum of $500,000, plus a percentage of
$500,000 equal to the percentage amount by which the amount made available exceeds $90
million.”16
In 1984, P.L. 98-395, the Small Business Development Center Improvement Act of 1984,
required SBDCs, as a condition of receiving SBA funding, to contribute a matching amount equal
to the grant amount, and that the match must be provided by nonfederal sources and be comprised
of not less than 50% cash and not more than 50% of indirect costs and in-kind contributions.17 It
also required SBDCs to have an advisory board and a full-time director who has authority to
make expenditures under the center’s budget. It also required the SBA to implement a program of
onsite evaluations for each SBDC and to make those evaluations at least once every two years.
11 Association of Small Business Development Centers, “A Brief History of America’s Small Business Development
Center Network,” Burke, VA, at http://www.asbdc-us.org/About_Us/aboutus_history.html.
12 Ibid.; and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Small Business, Oversight of the Small Business Administration’s
Small Business Development Center Program, 98th Cong., 1st sess., February 8, 1983, S.Hrg. 98-31 (Washington: GPO,
1983), p. 2.
13 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Small Business, Oversight of the Small Business Administration’s Small
Business Development Center Program, 98th Cong., 1st sess., February 8, 1983, S.Hrg. 98-31 (Washington: GPO,
1983), p. 2.
14 Ibid., p. 4.
15 15 U.S.C. 648(a)(4)(C).
16 Ibid., and P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001.
17 For American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the SBA is required to waive the matching requirements
on awards less than $200,000 and has discretion to waive the match for awards exceeding $200,000. See 48 U.S.C.
Section 1469a. Also, there is one exception to the disallowance of federal funds as a cash match. Community
Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds received from the Department of Housing and Urban Development are
allowed when: (1) the SBDC activities are consistent with the authorized CDBG activities for which the funds were
granted; and (2) the CDBG activities are identified in the Consolidated Plan of the CDBG grantee or in the agreement
between the CDBG grantee and the subrecipient of the funds.
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Today, the SBA provides grants to SBDCs that are “hosted by leading universities, colleges, and
state economic development agencies” to deliver management and technical assistance training
“to small businesses and nascent entrepreneurs (pre-venture) in order to promote growth,
expansion, innovation, increased productivity and management improvement.”18 These services
are delivered, in most instances, on a nonfee, one-on-one confidential counseling basis and are
administered by 63 lead service centers, one located in each state (four in Texas and six in
California), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa.19 These lead centers manage more than 900 service centers located throughout the United
States and the territories.20
In FY2013, SBDCs provided technical assistance training services to 330,781 clients and
counseling services to 201,596 clients, for a total of 532,377 clients served.21 Also, 14,201 new
businesses were formed with assistance from SBDC counselors in FY2012.22
SBDCs received an appropriation of $113.0 million for FY2010, $113.0 million for FY2011 (plus
an additional $50 million under P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010),23 $112.5
million for FY2012, $112.5 million for FY2013 ($103.44 million after sequestration and account
transfers), and $113.625 million for FY2014.24 As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration
has requested $113.625 million for SBDCs for FY2015.
Special areas of emphasis for the SBDC program in FY2014 include, among others, an added
emphasis on disaster business assistance, veterans’ assistance, and international trade.25
18 U.S. Small Business Administration, “Small Business Development Center Fy/Cy 2011 Program Announcement for
Renewal of the Cooperative Agreement for Current Recipient Organizations,” p. 3, at http://archive.sba.gov/idc/groups/
public/documents/sba_program_office/sbdc_2011_prgm_announce.pdf.
19 Ibid.
20 Association of Small Business Development Centers, “Welcome,” Burke, Virginia, at http://www.asbdc-us.org/; and
U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” pp. 48, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
21 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 48, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
22 Ibid.
23 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, appropriated $50 million in additional funds for SBDCs with
each state guaranteed not less than $325,000 of these additional funds. The act also waived the nonfederal matching
requirement for these additional funds. About $16.2 million of these funds were awarded to SBDCs in FY2010, and the
remainder was awarded to SBDCs during FY2011. See U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2011 Congressional
Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report,” p. 21, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/
Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf; U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget
Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance Report,” pp. 25, 47, at http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-
congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-performance-report; and U.S. Small Business Administration,
“FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011 Annual Performance Report,” p. 45, at http://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/files/FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
24 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
25 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 49, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
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As part of its legislative mandate to evaluate each SBDC, in 2003, the SBA’s Office of
Entrepreneurial Development designed “a multi-year time series study to assess the impact of the
programs it offers to small businesses.”26 The survey has been administered annually by a private
firm.
The 2013 survey was sent to 29,957 SBDC clients in March 2013 to “provide an analysis of client
attitudes toward their counseling experiences and client perceptions of the impact of that
counseling on their businesses”27 A total of 5,460 surveys (18.2% return rate) were completed
either by telephone or the Internet.28
The 2013 survey indicated that SBDC clients tend to be somewhat larger, both in terms of annual
revenue and employment, than SCORE and WBC clients.29 The survey also found that
• 82% of SBDC clients reported that the services they received from counselors
were useful or very useful, 2% had no opinion, and 16% reported that the
services they received from counselors were somewhat useful or not useful;30
• 63% of SBDC clients reported that they changed their management
practices/strategies as a result of the assistance they received;31 and
• the top five changes to management practices involved their business plan (55%),
marketing plan (45%), general management (34%), cash flow analysis (30%),
and financial strategy (28%).32
Microloan Technical Assistance Program
Congress authorized the SBA’s Microloan lending program in 1991 (P.L. 102-140, the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 1992) to address the perceived disadvantages faced by women, low-income, veteran, and
minority entrepreneurs and business owners gaining access to capital for starting or expanding
their business. The program became operational in 1992. Its stated purpose is
to assist women, low-income, veteran ... and minority entrepreneurs and business owners and
other individuals possessing the capability to operate successful business concerns; to assist
26 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Entrepreneurial Development, “Impact Study of Entrepreneurial
Development Resources,” September 10, 2009, p. 2, at http://archive.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/
sba_program_office/ed_finalreport_2009.pdf.
27 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Entrepreneurial Development, “Impact Study of Entrepreneurial
Dynamics: Office of Entrepreneurial Development Resource Partners’ Face-to-Face Counseling,” September 2013, p.
10, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/OED_ImpactReport_09302013_Final.pdf.
28 Ibid., p. 8.
29 In 2012, SBDC clients had average revenue of $762,962 and, on average, 10.05 employees; SCORE clients had
average revenue of $465,828 and, on average, 5.56 employees; and WBC clients had average revenue of $192,734 and,
on average, 4.67 employees. See U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Entrepreneurial Development, “Impact
Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics: Office of Entrepreneurial Development Resource Partners’ Face-to-Face
Counseling,” September 2013, p. 26, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
OED_ImpactReport_09302013_Final.pdf.
30 Ibid., p. 19.
31 Ibid., p. 20.
32 Ibid., p. 21.
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small business concerns in those areas suffering from a lack of credit due to economic
downturns; ... to make loans to eligible intermediaries to enable such intermediaries to
provide small-scale loans, particularly loans in amounts averaging not more than $10,000, to
start-up, newly established, or growing small business concerns for working capital or the
acquisition of materials, supplies, or equipment; [and] to make grants to eligible
intermediaries that, together with non-Federal matching funds, will enable such
intermediaries to provide intensive marketing, management, and technical assistance to
microloan borrowers.33
Initially, the SBA’s Microloan program was authorized as a five-year demonstration project. It
was made permanent, subject to reauthorization, by P.L. 105-135.
The SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance Program, which is part of the SBA’s Microloan
program but receives a separate appropriation, provides grants to Microloan intermediaries to
provide management and technical training assistance to Microloan program borrowers and
prospective borrowers.34 There are 180 intermediaries participating in the program, located in 48
states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.35
Intermediaries are eligible to receive a Microloan technical assistance grant “of not more than
25% of the total outstanding balance of loans made to it” under the Microloan program.36 Grant
funds may be used only to provide marketing, management, and technical assistance to Microloan
borrowers, except that up to 25% of the funds may be used to provide such assistance to
prospective Microloan borrowers. Grant funds may also be used to attend training required by the
SBA.37
In most instances, intermediaries must contribute, solely from nonfederal sources, an amount
equal to 25% of the grant amount.38 In addition to cash or other direct funding, the contribution
may include indirect costs or in-kind contributions paid for under nonfederal programs.39
Intermediaries that make at least 50% of their loans to small businesses located in or owned by
residents of an Economically Distressed Area are not subject to the 25% contribution
requirement.40 Intermediaries may expend no more than 25% of the grant funds on third party
contracts for the provision of management and technical assistance.41
33 15 U.S.C. §636 7(m)(1)(A).
34 For further analysis of the SBA’s Microloan program see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration
Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
35 There are no Microloan intermediaries located in Alaska and Utah. U.S. Small Business Administration, “Microloan
Program: Partner Identification & Management System Participating Microloan Intermediary Report,” September 24,
2013, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Intermediary-List.pdf. An intermediary may not operate in more than
one state unless the SBA determines that it would be in the best interests of the small business community for it to
operate across state lines. For example, the microloan intermediary located in Washington, Pennsylvania is allowed to
service ten West Virginia counties due to its proximity to these counties and the distance to the only other intermediary
serving West Virginia, which is located in Charleston, West Virginia. Also, a microloan intermediary located in Laguna
Niguel, California, which focuses on the capital needs of disabled veteran-owned businesses, serves many jurisdictions
throughout the nation that lack a participating intermediary.
36 15 U.S.C. §636(m)(4)(A).
37 13 C.F.R §120.712.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid. Intermediaries may not borrow their contribution.
40 An economically distressed area is a county or equivalent division of local government which, according to the most
recent available data from the United States Bureau of the Census, 40% or more of the residents have an annual income
(continued...)
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The SBA does not require Microloan borrowers to participate in the Microloan Technical
Assistance Program. However, intermediaries typically require Microloan borrowers to
participate in the training program as a condition of the receipt of a microloan. Combining loan
and intensive management and technical assistance training is one of the Microloan program’s
distinguishing features.42
The Microloan Technical Assistance Program provided counseling services to 19,368 small
businesses in FY2013.43 The program was appropriated $46.0 million for FY2010, including
$24.0 million in additional temporary funding provided by P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009. It received a $22.0 million appropriation for FY2011, $20.0
million for FY2012, $20.0 million for FY2013 ($19.809 million after sequestration and account
transfers), and $20.0 million for FY2014.44 As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has
requested $20.0 million for the Microloan Technical Assistance Program for FY2015.
Women’s Business Centers
The Women’s Business Center (WBC) Renewable Grant Program was initially established by
P.L. 100-533, the Women’s Business Ownership Act of 1988, as the Women’s Business
Demonstration Pilot Program. The act directed the SBA to provide financial assistance to private,
nonprofit organizations to conduct demonstration projects giving financial, management, and
marketing assistance to small businesses, including start-up businesses, owned and controlled by
women. Since its inception, the program has targeted the needs of socially and economically
disadvantaged women.45 The WBC program was expanded and provided permanent legislative
status by P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2006.
Since the program’s inception, the SBA has awarded WBCs a grant of up to $150,000 per year.
Initially, the grant was awarded for one year, with the possibility of being renewed twice, for a
(...continued)
that is at or below the poverty level. See 13 C.F.R §120.701.
41 13 C.F.R §120.712.
42 Intermediaries that make at least 25% of their loans to small businesses located in or owned by residents of an
Economically Distressed Area (defined as having 40% or more of its residents with an annual income that is at or
below the poverty level), or have a portfolio of loans made under the program that averages not more than $10,000
during the period of the intermediary’s participation in the program are eligible to receive an additional training grant
equal to 5% of the total outstanding balance of loans made to the intermediary. Intermediaries are not required to make
a matching contribution as a condition of receiving these additional grant funds. See 13 C.F.R §120.712; and 15 U.S.C.
§636(m)(4)(C)(i).
43 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 76, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
44 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
45 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Review of Women’s Business Center Program, 106th Cong.,
February 11, 1999, Serial No. 106-2 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 4.
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total of up to three years. Also, as a condition of the receipt of funds, the WBC was required to
raise at least one nonfederal dollar for each two federal dollars during the grant’s first year (1:2),
one nonfederal dollar for each federal dollar during year two (1:1), and two nonfederal dollars for
each federal dollar during year three (2:1).46 Over the years, Congress has extended the length of
the WBC program’s grant award and reduced the program’s matching requirement.
Today, WBC initial grants are awarded for up to five years, consisting of a base period of 12
months from the date of the award and four 12-month option periods.47 The SBA determines if
the option periods are exercised and makes that determination subject to the continuation of
program authority, the availability of funds, and the recipient organization’s compliance with
federal law, SBA regulations, and the terms and conditions specified in a cooperative agreement.
WBCs that successfully complete the initial five-year grant period may apply for an unlimited
number of three-year funding intervals.48
During their initial five-year grant period, WBCs are now required to provide a nonfederal match
of one nonfederal dollar for each two federal dollars in years one and two (1:2), and one
nonfederal dollar for each federal dollar in years three, four and five (1:1).49 After the initial five-
year grant period, the matching requirement in subsequent three-year funding intervals is not
more than 50% of federal funding (1:1).50 The nonfederal match may consist of cash, in-kind and
program income.51
Today, there are 108 WBCs located throughout most of the United States and the territories.52 In
FY2013, WBCs provided technical assistance training services to 114,310 clients and counseling
46 Matching contributions must come from nonfederal sources such as state and local governments, private individuals,
corporations and foundations, and program income. Community Development Block Grant funds, when permissible
under the terms of that program, may also be used as a match. At least half of the nonfederal match must be in the form
of cash. U.S. Small Business Administration, “Women’s Business Center (Initial Grant), FY2011” at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Program%20Announcement%20OWBO-2011-01-1%20-
%20New%20WBC%20in%20Idaho.pdf.
47 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, authorized the SBA to award grants to WBCs for up
to five years—one base year and four option years. P.L. 106-165, the Women’s Business Centers Sustainability Act of
1999, provided WBCs that had completed the initial five-year grant an opportunity to apply for an additional five-year
sustainability grant. Thus, the act allowed successful WBCs to receive SBA funding for a total of 10 years. Because the
program has permitted permanent three-year funding intervals since 2007, the sustainability grants would be phased out
by FY2012, leaving the initial five-year grants with the continuous three-year option. See U.S. Small Business
Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance Report,” p. 49, at
http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-performance-report.
48 P.L. 110-28, the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations
Act, 2007, allowed WBCs that successfully completed the initial five-year grant to apply for an unlimited number of
three-year funding renewals.
49 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, reduced the program’s matching to one nonfederal
dollar for each two federal dollars in years one through three rather than just during the first year (1:2), one nonfederal
dollar for each federal dollar in year four rather than during year two (1:1), and two nonfederal dollars for each federal
dollar in year five rather than in year three (2:1). P.L. 106-17, the Women’s Business Center Amendments Act of 1999,
reduced the program’s matching requirement to one nonfederal dollar for each two federal dollars in years one and two
(1:2), and one nonfederal dollar for each federal dollar in years three, four and five (1:1).
50 P.L. 110-28, the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations
Act, 2007, reduced the federal share to not more than 50% for all grant years (1:1) following the initial five-year grant.
51 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, specified that not more than one-half of the
nonfederal sector matching assistance may be in the form of in-kind contributions that are budget line items only,
including office equipment and office space.
52 U.S. Small Business Administration, “Women’s Business Centers Directory,” at http://www.sba.gov/about-offices-
(continued...)
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services to 19,455 clients, for a total of 133,765 clients served.53 They also assisted in the
formation of 637 new businesses in FY2013.54
The WBC program received an appropriation of $14.0 million for FY2010, $14.0 million for
FY2011, $14.0 million for FY2012, $14.0 million for FY2013 ($12.888 million after
sequestration and account transfers), and a recommended appropriation of $14.0 million for
FY2014.55 As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $14.0 million for the
WBC program for FY2015.
P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, required the SBA to “develop and
implement an annual programmatic and financial examination of each” WBC.56 As part of its
legislative mandate to implement an annual programmatic and financial examination of each
WBC, the SBA’s Office of Entrepreneurial Development includes WBCs in its previously
mentioned multi-year time series study of its programs.
The firm administering the 2013 survey of SBA management and training clients contacted 2,997
WBC clients and received 529 completed surveys (17.7% return rate).57 The survey indicated that
• 80% of WBC clients reported that the services they received from counselors
were useful or very useful, 2% had no opinion, and 18% reported that the
services they received from counselors were somewhat useful or not useful;58
• 61% of WBC clients reported that they changed their management
practices/strategies as a result of the assistance they received;59 and
• the top five changes to management practices involved their business plan (56%),
marketing plan (46%), general management (36%), cash flow analysis (31%),
and financial strategy (30%).60
(...continued)
content/1/2895/resources/13729.
53 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 50, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
54 Ibid.
55 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
56 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, Section 29. Women’s Business Center Program.
57 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Entrepreneurial Development, “Impact Study of Entrepreneurial
Dynamics: Office of Entrepreneurial Development Resource Partners’ Face-to-Face Counseling,” September 2013, p.
8, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/OED_ImpactReport_09302013_Final.pdf.
58 Ibid., p. 19.
59 Ibid., p. 20.
60 Ibid., p. 21.
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SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives)
The SBA has partnered with various voluntary business and professional service organizations to
provide management and technical assistance training to small businesses since the 1950s. On
October 5, 1964, using authority under the Small Business Act to provide “technical and
managerial aids to small business concerns” in cooperation with “educational and other nonprofit
organizations, associations, and institutions,” then-SBA Administrator Eugene P. Foley officially
launched SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives) as a national, volunteer organization
with 2,000 members, uniting over 50 independent nonprofit organizations into a single, national
nonprofit organization.61 Since then, the SBA has provided financial assistance to SCORE to
provide training to small business owners and prospective owners.62
Over the years, Congress has authorized the SBA to take certain actions relating to SCORE. For
example, P.L. 89-754, the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966,
authorized the SBA to permit members of nonprofit organizations use of the SBA’s office
facilities and services. P.L. 90-104, the Small Business Act Amendments of 1967, added the
authority to pay travel and subsistence expenses “incurred at the request of the Administration in
connection with travel to a point more than fifty miles distant from the home of that individual in
providing gratuitous services to small businessmen” or “in connection with attendance at
meetings sponsored by the Administration.”63 P.L. 93-113, the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of
1973, was the first statute to mention SCORE directly, providing the Director of ACTION
authority to work with SCORE to “expand the application of their expertise beyond Small
Business Administration clients.”64 P.L. 95-510, a bill to amend the Small Business Act, provided
the SBA explicit statutory authorization to work with SCORE (Section 8(b)(1)(A)). P.L. 106-554,
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001 (Section 1(a)(9)—the Small Business Reauthorization
Act of 2000) authorized SCORE to solicit cash and in-kind contributions from the private sector
to be used to carry out its functions.
The SBA currently provides grants to SCORE to provide in-person mentoring, online training,
and “nearly 9,000 local training workshops annually” to small businesses.65 SCORE’s 354
61 P.L. 83-163, the Small Business Act of 1953; and U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business, Small
Business Administration - 1965, 89th Cong., 1st sess., May 19, 1965 (Washington: GPO, 1965), pp. 21, 45; and SCORE
(Service Corps of Retired Executives), “Milestones in SCORE History,” Washington, DC, at http://www.score.org/
node/147953.
62 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business and House Select Committee on Small Business, 1966
Federal Handbook for Small Business: A Survey of Small Business Programs in the Federal Government Agencies,
committee print, 89th Cong., 3rd sess., January 31, 1966 (Washington: GPO, 1966), p. 5; and U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, and Trade, Subcommittee
Hearing on Legislative Initiatives to Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
April 2, 2009 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 6.
63 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business, Small Business Act, 90th Cong., 1st sess., November 22,
1967 (Washington: GPO, 1967), pp. 13, 14.
64 P.L. 93-113, the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, Section 302. Authority to Establish, Coordinate, and
Operate Programs. ACTION was created on July 1, 1971, by President Richard M. Nixon (Reorganization Plan
Number One and Executive Order 11603) to oversee several federal volunteer agencies, including the Peace Corps,
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America); and SCORE. P.L. 103-82, the National and Community Service Trust Act
of 1993, directed that ACTION be merged with the Commission on National and Community Service to form the
Corporation for National and Community Service, which became operational in 1994. See Corporation for National
and Community Service, “National Service Timeline,” Washington, DC, at http://www.nationalservice.gov/about/
role_impact/history_timeline.asp.
65 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011 Annual Performance
(continued...)
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chapters and more than 800 branch offices are located throughout the United States and partner
with more than 13,000 volunteer counselors, who are working or retired business owners,
executives and corporate leaders, to provide management and training assistance to small
businesses “at no charge or at very low cost.”66
In FY2013, SCORE’s volunteer network of business professionals provided technical assistance
training services to 218,434 clients and counseling services to 127,468 clients, for a total of
345,902 clients served.67 They also assisted in the formation of 628 new businesses in FY2013.68
SCORE received a $7.0 million appropriation for FY2010, $7.0 million for FY2011, $7.0 million
for FY2012, $7.0 million for FY2013 ($6.444 million after sequestration and account transfers),
and a recommended appropriation of $7.0 million for FY2014.69 As shown in Table 1, the Obama
Administration has requested $7.0 million for SCORE for FY2015.
W. Kenneth Yancey, Jr., SCORE’s chief executive officer, provided the following description at a
congressional hearing of SCORE’s efforts to assist small businesses as they deal with the nation’s
current economic environment:
SCORE volunteers know things that only experience can teach. All across the country,
SCORE is helping clients navigate the credit crunch. SCORE can mentor an aspiring
entrepreneur through the business plan process to get them through the start-up phase. For
in-business clients, SCORE can provide advice on handling cash flow problems and
marketing to drive leads and sales. Many SCORE chapters offer team counseling, where a
group of volunteers examine various aspects of the client’s business and make
recommendations.70
The SBA Office of Entrepreneurial Development includes SCORE in its multi-year time series
study to assess its programs’ effectiveness. The firm administering the 2013 survey of SBA
management and training clients contacted 25,183 SCORE clients and received 3,470 completed
surveys (13.8% return rate).71 The survey indicated that
(...continued)
Report,” p. 45, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
66 SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), “About SCORE,” Washington, DC, at http://www.score.org/about-
score.
67 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 51, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
68 Ibid.
69 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
70 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on Legislation to Reauthorize and
Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 111th Cong., 1st sess., May 6, 2009 (Washington: GPO,
2009), p. 53.
71 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Entrepreneurial Development, “Impact Study of Entrepreneurial
Dynamics: Office of Entrepreneurial Development Resource Partners’ Face-to-Face Counseling,” September 2013, p.
8, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/OED_ImpactReport_09302013_Final.pdf.
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• 78% of SCORE clients reported that the services they received from counselors
were useful or very useful, 1% had no opinion, and 21% reported that the
services they received from counselors were somewhat useful or not useful;72
• 63% of SCORE clients reported that they changed their management
practices/strategies as a result of the assistance they received;73 and
• the top five changes to management practices involved their business plan (52%),
marketing plan (44%), general management (37%), financial strategy (29%), and
cash flow analysis (28%).74
Program for Investment in Micro-entrepreneurs (PRIME)
P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (of 1999) (Subtitle C—Microenterprise Technical
Assistance and Capacity Building Program), amended P.L. 103-325, the Riegle Community
Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, to authorize the SBA to “establish a
microenterprise technical assistance and capacity building grant program.”75 The program was to
“provide assistance from the Administration in the form of grants” to
nonprofit microenterprise development organizations or programs (or a group or
collaborative thereof) that has a demonstrated record of delivering microenterprise services
to disadvantaged entrepreneurs; an intermediary; a microenterprise development
organization or program that is accountable to a local community, working in conjunction
with a state or local government or Indian tribe; or an Indian tribe acting on its own, if the
Indian tribe can certify that no private organization or program referred to in this paragraph
exists within its jurisdiction.”76
The SBA was directed “to ensure that not less than 50% of the grants … are used to benefit very
low-income persons, including those residing on Indian reservations.”77 It was also directed to
(1) provide training and technical assistance to disadvantaged entrepreneurs; (2) provide
training and capacity building services to microenterprise development organizations and
programs and groups of such organizations to assist such organizations and programs in
developing microenterprise training and services; (3) aid in researching and developing the
best practices in the field of microenterprise and technical assistance programs for
disadvantaged entrepreneurs; and (4) for such other activities as the Administrator
determines are consistent with the purposes of this subtitle.78
The SBA’s Program for Investment in Micro-entrepreneurs (PRIME) was designed to meet these
legislative requirements by providing “assistance to organizations that help low-income
72 Ibid., p. 19.
73 Ibid., p. 20.
74 Ibid., p. 21.
75 P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 173. Establishment of Program.
76 P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 173. Establishment of Program and Section 175. Qualified
Organizations.
77 P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 176. Allocation of Assistance; Subgrants.
78 P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 174. Uses of Assistance.
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entrepreneurs who lack sufficient training and education to gain access to capital to establish and
expand their small businesses.”79 The program offers four types of grants:
• Technical Assistance Grants support training and technical assistance to
disadvantaged micro-entrepreneurs,
• Capacity Building Grants support training and capacity building services to
micro-enterprise development organizations and programs to assist them in
developing micro-enterprise training and services,
• Research and Development Grants support the development and sharing of best
practices in the field of micro-enterprise development and technical assistance
programs for disadvantaged micro-entrepreneurs, and
• Discretionary Grants support other activities determined to be consistent with
these purposes.80
Grants are awarded on an annual basis. Applicants may be approved for option year funding for
up to four subsequent years. Award amounts vary depending on the availability of funds.
However, no single grantee may receive more than $250,000 or 10% of the total funds made
available for the program in a single fiscal year, whichever is less.81
Recipients must match 50% of the funding from nonfederal sources. Revenue from fees, grants,
and gifts; income from loan sources; and in-kind resources from nonfederal public or private
sources may be used to comply with the matching requirement.82 SBA regulations indicate that
“applicants or grantees with severe constraints on available sources of matching funds may
request that the Administrator or designee reduce or eliminate the matching requirements.”83 Any
reductions or eliminations must not exceed 10% of the aggregate of all PRIME grant funds made
available by SBA in any fiscal year.84
The SBA awarded 67 PRIME grants amounting to just over $3.07 million to management and
technical assistance service providers in FY2012, ranging from $20,200 to $227,000.85 The
number of clients served by this program is unavailable.
The PRIME program received an $8.0 million appropriation for FY2010, $8.0 million for
FY2011, $3.5 million for FY2012, a recommended appropriation of $3.5 million for FY2013
(prior to sequestration and account transfers), and a recommended appropriation of $3.5 million
for FY2014.86 As mentioned previously, the Obama Administration recommended in its FY2012,
79 U.S. Small Business Administration, “PRIME Program,” at http://www.sba.gov/content/prime-program-0.
80 Ibid.
81 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Financial Assistance, “Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs
Act (“PRIME”): Microenterprise and Technical Assistance Programs to Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs, Fiscal Year
2010,” June 2010, p. 2, at http://archive.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_homepage/
serv_fa_2010_primetrack123.pdf.
82 Ibid., pp. 2, 8.
83 13 C.F.R §119.8.
84 Ibid.
85 USASpending.gov, search terms: CFDA number 59.050 and FY2012.
86 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
(continued...)
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FY2013, FY2014, and FY2015 budget requests that funding for the PRIME program be
eliminated, arguing that it overlaps and duplicates the SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance
Program.87
The SBA provided PRIME no funding in FY2013 (after sequestration and account transfers).88 As
shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested no funding for the PRIME program
for FY2015.
Veterans Business Development Programs
The SBA has supported management and technical assistance training for veteran-owned small
businesses since its formation as an agency. However, during the 1990s, some in Congress noted
that a direct loan program for veterans was eliminated by the SBA in 1995 and that the “training
and counseling for veterans dropped from 38,775 total counseling sessions for veterans in 1993 to
29,821 sessions in 1998.”89 Concerned that “the needs of veterans have been diminished
systematically at the SBA,” Congress adopted P.L. 106-50, the Veterans Entrepreneurship and
Small Business Development Act of 1999.90 It authorized the establishment of the National
Veterans Business Development Corporation (now also known as The Veterans Corporation)91 to
(1) expand the provision of and improve access to technical assistance regarding
entrepreneurship for the Nation’s veterans; and (2) to assist veterans, including service-
disabled veterans, with the formation and expansion of small business concerns by working
with and organizing public and private resources, including those of the Small Business
Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Labor, the
Department of Commerce, the Department of Defense, the Service Corps of Retired
Executives …, the Small Business Development Centers …, and the business development
staffs of each department and agency of the United States.92
(...continued)
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
87 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 4, at http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-
performance-report; U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011
Annual Performance Report,” pp. 8, 15, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf; and U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional
Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report,” p. 22, 27, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
88 U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to
the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5,
2013.
89 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
Act of 1999, report to accompany H.R. 1568, 106th Cong., 1st sess., June 29, 1999, H.Rept. 106-206 (Washington: GPO,
1999), pp. 14, 15.
90 Ibid.
91 The National Veterans Business Development Corporation was initially provided a federal charter. The
organization’s federal charter was statutorily removed by P.L. 112-239, the National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2013.
92 P.L. 106-50, the Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999, Section 33. National
(continued...)
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The act re-emphasized the SBA’s responsibility “to reach out to and include veterans in its
programs providing financial and technical assistance.”93 It also included veterans as a target
group for the SBA’s 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan programs. It also required the SBA to enter
into a memorandum of understanding with SCORE to, among other things, establish “a program
to coordinate counseling and training regarding entrepreneurship to veterans through the chapters
of SCORE throughout the United States.”94 It also directed the SBA to enter into a memorandum
of understanding with small business development centers, the Department of Veteran Affairs,
and the National Veterans Business Development Corporation “with respect to entrepreneurial
assistance to veterans, including service-disabled veterans.”95 The act specified that the following
services were to be provided:
(1) Conducting of studies and research, and the distribution of information generated by such
studies and research, on the formation, management, financing, marketing, and operation of
small business concerns by veterans.
(2) Provision of training and counseling to veterans concerning the formation, management,
financing, marketing, and operation of small business concerns.
(3) Provision of management and technical assistance to the owners and operators of small
business concerns regarding international markets, the promotion of exports, and the transfer
of technology.
(4) Provision of assistance and information to veterans regarding procurement opportunities
with Federal, State, and local agencies, especially such agencies funded in whole or in part
with Federal funds.
(5) Establishment of an information clearinghouse to collect and distribute information,
including by electronic means, on the assistance programs of Federal, State, and local
governments, and of the private sector, including information on office locations, key
personnel, telephone numbers, mail and electronic addresses, and contracting and
subcontracting opportunities.
(6) Provision of Internet or other distance learning academic instruction for veterans in
business subjects, including accounting, marketing, and business fundamentals.
(7) Compilation of a list of small business concerns owned and controlled by service-
disabled veterans that provide products or services that could be procured by the United
States and delivery of such list to each department and agency of the United States. Such list
shall be delivered in hard copy and electronic form and shall include the name and address of
each such small business concern and the products or services that it provides.96
(...continued)
Veterans Business Development Corporation.
93 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
Act of 1999, report to accompany H.R. 1568, 106th Cong., 1st sess., June 29, 1999, H.Rept. 106-206 (Washington: GPO,
1999), p. 14.
94 P.L. 106-50, the Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999, Section 301. Score
Program.
95 Ibid., Section 302. Entrepreneurial Assistance.
96 Ibid.
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The SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development (OVBD) was established to address these
statutory requirements by promoting “veterans’ small business ownership by conducting
comprehensive outreach, through program and policy development and implementation,
ombudsman support, coordinated Agency initiatives, and direct assistance to veterans, service-
disabled veterans, Reserve and National Guard members, and discharging active duty service
members and their families.”97
The OVBD provided, or supported third-parties to provide, management and technical assistance
training services to 101,839 veterans during FY2013.98 More than 73,266 veterans received
management and technical assistance training from the OVBD’s network of 15 Veteran Business
Outreach Centers. The OVBD also, among other activities, administers a veterans’ outreach
program through the SBA’s district offices, develops and distributes entrepreneurial resource
materials, and works with other federal agencies, support centers, service organizations, and state-
run departments of veteran affairs.99
In FY2012, the OVBD also launched the “Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup”
initiative, “a comprehensive veteran entrepreneurship initiative for transitioning service
members.”100 Nearly 20,000 service members participated in the initiative during FY2012.101 The
Obama Administration requested, and Congress recommended, $7.0 million for FY2014 to
expand the initiative and “to make it a standard portion of the curricula offered at the revised
Transition Assistance Program (TAP) offered to service members, providing the option of
entrepreneurship training to all those departing the military.”102
The Veterans Business Outreach Centers received an appropriation of $2.5 million for FY2010,
$2.5 million for FY2011, $2.5 million for FY2012, $2.5 million for FY2013 ($2.497 million after
sequestration and account transfers), and a recommended appropriation of $2.5 million for
FY2014.103 As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $2.5 million for
Veterans Business Outreach Centers for FY2015.
The Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program was established by the SBA under the authority
in Section 8(b)(17) of the Small Business Act. It is to “provide outreach, assessment, long term
counseling, training, coordinated service delivery referrals, mentoring and network building,
procurement assistance and E-based assistance to benefit Small Business concerns and potential
97 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 80, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
98 Ibid., p. 81.
99 Ibid., pp. 80, 81.
100 U.S. Small Business Administration, “Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup,” at
http://www.sba.gov/bootstobusiness.
101 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 65, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
102 Ibid., p. 66.
103 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
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concerns owned and controlled by Veterans, Service Disabled Veterans and Members of Reserve
Components of the U.S. Military.”104
Currently, there are 15 Veterans Business Outreach Centers.105 Each center is funded on an annual
basis, with funding not to exceed $150,000 each year. Awards “may vary, depending upon
location, staff size, project objectives, performance and agency priorities, and additional special
initiatives initiated by the Office of Veterans Business Development.”106 Existing centers may
receive additional funding for special outreach or other initiatives. The initial grant award is for
12 months, with the possibility of four additional (option) years.
After completing their training, Veterans Business Outreach Centers provide their clients with a
training program evaluation form. This form includes questions asking clients to indicate if they
strongly agree, agree, neither agree/disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with a series of
questions, including whether the information was presented effectively, was practical, provided a
good working knowledge of the subject matter, enabled the client to manage his or her business
more effectively and efficiently, and if the program was sufficient for his or her purpose. Each
year, between 800 and 1,000 of these evaluation forms are completed (about 1% to 2% of all
Veterans Business Outreach Centers’ clients). In 2013, 91% of the clients who completed an
evaluation form either agreed or strongly agreed with the quality, relevance, and timeliness of the
training provided.107
7(j) Management and Technical Assistance Program
Using what it viewed as broad statutory powers granted under Section 8(a) of the Small Business
Act of 1958, as amended, the SBA issued regulations in 1970 creating the 8(a) contracting
program to “assist small concerns owned by disadvantaged persons to become self-sufficient,
viable businesses capable of competing effectively in the market place.”108 Using its statutory
authority under Section 7(j) of the Small Business Act to provide management and technical
assistance through contracts, grants, and cooperative agreement to qualified service providers, the
regulations specified that “the SBA may provide technical and management assistance to assist in
the performance of the subcontracts.”109
104 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Veterans Business Development, “Special Program Announcement:
Veterans Business Outreach Center Program,” April 2010, p. 1, at http://archive.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/
sba_program_office/ovbd_vboc_prgm_announce2010.pdf.
105 U.S. Small Business Administration, “Veterans Business Outreach Centers,” at http://www.sba.gov/content/
veterans-business-outreach-centers. There were 8 veterans business outreach centers in FY2009 and 16 in FY2012.
106 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Veterans Business Development, “Special Program Announcement:
Veterans Business Outreach Center Program,” April 2010, p. 2, at http://archive.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/
sba_program_office/ovbd_vboc_prgm_announce2010.pdf.
107 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 81, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
108 13 C.F.R. §124.8-1(b) (1970); and Notes, “Minority Enterprise, Federal Contracting, and the SBA’s 8(a) Program:
A New Approach to an Old Problem,” Michigan Law Review, vol. 71, no. 2 (December 1972), pp. 377, 378. For further
analysis of the Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development Program, also known as the 8(a)
program, see CRS Report R40744, The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Owned and Controlled by the Socially
and Economically Disadvantaged: Legal Requirements and Issues, by Kate M. Manuel.
109 13 C.F.R. §124.8-1(d) (1970).
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On October 24, 1978, P.L. 95-507, to amend the Small Business Act and the Small Business
Investment Act of 1958, provided the SBA explicit statutory authority to extend financial,
management, technical, and other services to socially and economically disadvantaged small
businesses. The SBA’s current regulations indicate that the 7(j) Management and Technical
Assistance Program, named after the section of the Small Business Act of 1958, as amended,
authorizing the SBA to provide management and technical assistance training, will, “through its
private sector service providers” deliver “a wide variety of management and technical assistance
to eligible individuals or concerns to meet their specific needs, including: (a) counseling and
training in the areas of financing, management, accounting, bookkeeping, marketing, and
operation of small business concerns; and (b) the identification and development of new business
opportunities.”110 Eligible individuals and businesses include “8(a) certified firms, small
disadvantaged businesses, businesses operating in areas of high unemployment, or low income or
firms owned by low income individuals.”111
In FY2013, the 7(j) Management and Technical Assistance Program awarded 13 contracts to 8
service providers totaling just over $2.15 million, ranging from $16,559 to $450,000.112 The 7(j)
program assisted 3,913 small business owners in FY2013.113 It received a $3.4 million
appropriation for FY2010, $3.4 million for FY2011, $3.1 million for FY2012, $3.1 million for
FY2013 ($2.854 million after sequestration and account transfers), and $2.79 million for
FY2014.114 As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $2.8 million for the
7(j) Management and Technical Assistance Program for FY2015.
Native American Outreach Program
The SBA established the Office of Native American Affairs in 1994 to “address the unique needs
of America’s First people.”115 It oversees the Native American Outreach Program, which provides
management and technical educational assistance to American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native
Hawaiians, and “the indigenous people of Guam and American Samoa … to promote entity-
owned and individual 8(a) certification, government contracting, entrepreneurial education, and
capital access.”116 The program’s management and technical assistance services are available to
110 13 C.F.R. §124.702.
111 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 75, at http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-
performance-report.
112 USASpending.gov, search terms: CFDA number 59.007 and FY2013.
113 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 78, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
114 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
115 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Workforce, Empowerment, and
Government Programs, Oversight of the Small Business Administration’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs,
109th Cong., 2nd sess., March 2, 2006, Serial No. 109-40 (Washington: GPO, 2006), pp. 5, 37. H.R. 2352, the Job
Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, would have provided statutory authorization for the Office of Native
American Affairs. It was passed by the House on May 20, 2009.
116 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance
(continued...)
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members of these groups living in most areas of the nation.117 However, “for Native Americans
living in much of Indian Country, actual reservations communities where the land is held in trust
by the U.S. federal government, SBA loan guaranties and technical assistance services are not
available.”118
In FY2013, among other activities, the SBA’s Office of Native American Affairs provided
funding for executive-level training in 10 Native American communities; funded a project to
conduct 23 reservation-based entrepreneurial training workshops, which provided training for
more than 400 participants in 17 states; and conducted, in collaboration with the Federal Reserve
Board and the Department of the Interior, training workshops “on how the adoption of the Model
Tribal Secured Transactions Act can increase creditor and investor confidence in tribal economies
and ensure the steady growth of business and consumer credit in Indian County.”119
The Native American Outreach Program received an appropriation of $1.25 million for FY2010,
$1.25 million for FY2011, $1.25 million for FY2012, $1.25 million for FY2013 ($932,000 after
sequestration and account transfers), and a recommended appropriation of $2.0 million for
FY2014.120 As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $2.0 million for the
Native American Outreach Program for FY2015.
SBA Initiatives
The Obama Administration requested, and Congress approved, funding for the following four
management and training initiatives for FY2014: the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative
(Clusters), Boots to Business, Entrepreneurial Education, and Growth Accelerators.
Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters)
President Obama requested, and Congress recommended an appropriation of, $5 million for the
SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters) for FY2014. The SBA reports that
“regional innovative clusters are on-the-ground collaborations between business, research,
education, financing and government institutions that work to develop and grow a particular
industry or related set of industries in a particular geographic region.”121
(...continued)
Report,” p. 65, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf.
117 Ibid.
118 Ibid.
119 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 84, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
120 H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Small Business Administration, “General Statement Regarding the
Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of
Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; and P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014.
121 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 60, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
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The SBA has supported regional innovative clusters since FY2009, when it partnered with small
business suppliers working in the field of robotics in Michigan. In FY2010, the SBA was
involved in the rollouts of two additional clusters: another robotics cluster in southeast Virginia
and a cluster involving a partnership with the Department of Energy and several other federal
agencies with the goal of developing a regional cluster in energy efficiency homes and
businesses.122 In FY2011, SBA awarded funds to 10 regional innovative clusters. In FY2012,
these clusters “spurred $48 million in private capital raised through venture and angel capital
sources, $6.5 million in early stage investment from SBIR [Small Business Innovation Research
program] and STTR [Small Business Technology Transfer program] awards, and over $217
million in contracts or subcontracts from the federal government.”123
The SBA reports that $3 million of the $5 million provided in FY2014 for the Entrepreneurial
Development Initiative will be used to continue existing clusters and $2 million of the $5 million
provided will be used to fund additional clusters and for program evaluation. Targeted activities
for FY2014 include “business development, intellectual property, export and import, finance,
marketing, commercialization of new technology, partnerships, alliances, supply chains,
collaboration, contracting opportunities and certifications.”124
As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $6.0 million for regional
innovative clusters for FY2015.
Boots to Business
As mentioned previously, the SBA launched the “Operation Boots to Business: From Service to
Startup” initiative on a pilot basis in FY2012. In partnership with the Department of Defense and
the Department of Veterans Affairs, the SBA developed the program as part of the re-design of the
military’s Transition Assistance Program (TAP), which provides counseling and training to help
prepare departing service members for the transition to civilian life. TAP participants are now
provided three optional tracks: (1) education; (2) technical training; and (3) entrepreneurship. The
SBA and its resource partner network (SBDCs, WBCs, SCORE, etc.) is responsible for the
entrepreneurship track.125 The Boots to Business program
has three progressive phases to deliver exposure, introduction, and opt-in comprehensive
training for service members interested in business ownership. Phase 1 includes a short video
introduction on entrepreneurship with a call to action for returning veterans to consider
entrepreneurship, with a description of the career path. Phase 2 includes classroom
122 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 59, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf.
123 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 60, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is a competitive program that encourages domestic small
businesses to engage in federal research and development that has the potential for commercialization. For additional
information and analysis concerning the SBIR program see CRS Report 96-402, Small Business Innovation Research
(SBIR) Program, by Wendy H. Schacht. The Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program is a competitive
program that reserves a specific percentage of federal research and development funding for awards to small business
and nonprofit research institutions. For additional information and analysis concerning the STTR program see CRS
Report RL33527, Technology Transfer: Use of Federally Funded Research and Development, by Wendy H. Schacht.
124 Ibid., p. 61.
125 U.S. Small Business Administration, “About Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup,” at
http://www.sba.gov/about-offices-content/1/2985/resources/160501.
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instruction with a 90 minute in‐person training course on entrepreneurship. Phase 3 includes
online instruction via an eight‐week online distance learning course that leads to the creation
of a business plan.126
In FY2012, the Marine Corps participated in the initial roll out of the program, which provided
entrepreneurial training to nearly 20,000 transitioning Marines in four locations: Quantico,
Virginia; Cherry Point, North Carolina; Camp Pendleton, California; and Twenty-Nine Palms,
California.127 The Obama Administration requested, and Congress approved, $7.0 million for
FY2014 to expand the program and “to make it a standard portion of the curricula offered at the
revised Transition Assistance Program (TAP) offered to service members, providing the option of
entrepreneurship training to all those departing the military.”128
As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $7.0 million for the Boots to
Business initiative for FY2015.
Entrepreneurial Education
The SBA started its Entrepreneurship Education initiative in 2008. At that time, it was called the
Emerging 200 Underserved initiative (E200), reflecting the initiative’s provision of assistance to
200 inner city small businesses. In FY2009, it was renamed the Emerging Leaders initiative to
reflect the SBA’s decision to increase the number of small businesses participating in the
initiative. It was renamed the Entrepreneurial Education initiative in FY2013. The initiative
currently
offers high‐growth small businesses in underserved communities a seven‐month executive
leader education series that elevates their growth trajectory, creates jobs, and contributes to
the economic well‐being of their local communities. Participants receive more than 100
hours of specialized training, technical resources, a professional networking system, and
other resources to strengthen their business model and promote economic development
within urban communities. At the conclusion of the training, participants produce a
three‐year strategic growth action plan with benchmarks and performance targets that help
them access the necessary support and resources to move forward for the next stage of
business growth.129
The Entrepreneurial Education initiative was initially offered in 10 communities (Albuquerque,
Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Des Moines, Memphis, Milwaukee, New Orleans, and
Philadelphia) and provided training to 200 inner city small businesses. The program was funded
through the SBA’s Office of Entrepreneurship Education.130 Since the initiative’s inception, the
SBA has requested separate appropriations to fund and expand the initiative. In FY2012, the
initiative offered training in 27 communities, with over 450 small businesses participating.131
126 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance
Report,” p.52, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
127 Ibid.
128 Ibid., p. 66.
129 Ibid., p. 71.
130 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2010 Congressional Budget Justification,” p.67, at http://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification_2010.pdf.
131 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 71, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
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The Obama Administration requested $40 million in its FY2014 budget request to sponsor
entrepreneur training in 40 locations and to create an online entrepreneurship training program.132
As mentioned previously, Congress included the Entrepreneurship Education initiative in its list
of SBA entrepreneurial development/non-credit programs to be funded in FY2014. This was the
first time that the initiative was included in the list. In the “Explanatory Statement”
accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, Congress recommended that the
initiative receive $5 million.133
As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $15.0 million for the
Entrepreneurial Education initiative for FY2015.
Growth Accelerators
The SBA describes growth accelerators as “organizations that help entrepreneurs start and scale
their businesses.”134 Growth accelerators are typically run by experienced entrepreneurs and help
small businesses access seed capital and mentors. The SBA claims that growth accelerators “help
accelerate a startup company’s path towards success with targeted advice on revenue growth,
employee growth, sourcing outside funding and avoiding pitfalls.”135
In FY2012, the SBA sponsored several meetings with university officials and faculty,
entrepreneurs, and representatives of growth accelerators to discuss mentoring and how to best
assist “high-growth” entrepreneurs. These meetings “culminated with a White House event
co‐hosted by the SBA and the Department of Commerce to help formalize the network of
universities and accelerators, provide a series of “train the trainers” events on various government
programs that benefit high‐growth entrepreneurs, and provide a playbook of best practices on
engaging universities on innovation and entrepreneurship.”136
The Obama Administration requested $5 million, and Congress recommended an appropriation of
$2.5 million, for the SBA’s growth accelerator initiative for FY2014. The Administration
proposed to use the funding to provide matching grants to universities and private sector
accelerators “to start a new accelerator program (based on successful models) or scale an existing
program.”137 The Administration plans to request funding for five years ($25 million in total
funding) and feature a required 4:1 private sector match.138
As shown in Table 1, the Obama Administration has requested $5.0 million for the SBA’s growth
accelerator initiative for FY2015.
132 Ibid., p. 10.
133 Recommended funding levels for the SBA’s noncredit programs in FY2014 are provided in the “Explanatory
Statement” accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Division E - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2014), pp. 37-39, at http://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20140113/113-HR3547-
JSOM-D-F.pdf.
134 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 59, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
135 Ibid.
136 Ibid., p. 60.
137 Ibid.
138 Ibid.
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Department of Commerce Small Business
Management and Technical Assistance Training
Programs
As mentioned previously, the Department of Commerce’s Minority Business Development
Agency provides training to minority business owners to assist them in obtaining contracts and
financial awards.139 In addition, the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development
Administration’s Local Technical Assistance Program promotes efforts to build and expand local
organizational capacity in distressed areas. As part of that effort, it funds projects that focus on
technical or market feasibility studies of economic development projects or programs, which
often include consultation with small businesses.140
The Minority Business Development Agency
The Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) was established by President Richard M.
Nixon by Executive Order 11625, issued on October 13, 1971, and published in the Federal
Register the next day. It clarified the authority of the Secretary of Commerce to
• implement federal policy in support of the minority business enterprise program,
• provide additional technical and management assistance to disadvantaged
businesses,
• assist in demonstration projects, and
• coordinate the participation of all federal departments and agencies in an
increased minority enterprise effort.141
The MBDA received an appropriation of $31.5 million for FY2010, $30.4 million for FY2011,
$30.3 million for FY2012, $30.5 million (prior to sequestration) for FY2013, and $28.0 million
for FY2014.142 The Obama Administration has requested $28.286 million for the MBDA for
FY2015.143
139 U.S. Department of Commerce, Minority Business Development Agency, “Annual Performance Report, Fiscal Year
2011; America: Built to Last,” p. 76, at http://www.mbda.gov/sites/default/files/APR2011.pdf.
140 13 C.F.R. §306.
141 The Executive Office of the President, “Executive Order 11625,” 36 Federal Register 11625, October 14, 1971; and
3 C.F.R., 1971-1975 Comp. 9. 616. The MBDA superseded the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, which was
established by Executive Order 11458 signed by President Richard Nixon on March 5, 1969.
142 P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-55, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012;
P.L. 112-175, Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; U.S. Department of Commerce, Minority Business
Development Agency, “Budget Estimates, FY2014: Congressional Submission,” p. 3, at http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/
budget/FY14CJ/MBDA_FY_2014_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf; and “Explanatory Statement” accompanying the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Division B – Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Industries
Appropriations Act, 2014), p. 5, at http://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20140113/113-HR3547-JSOM-FM-B.pdf.
143 U.S. Department of Commerce, “Discretionary 2015 Budget Summary,” at http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/Budget/
FY_2015_CJ_Control_Table_Summary.pdf.
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As part of its mission, the MBDA seeks to train minority business owners to become first- or
second-tier suppliers to private corporations and the federal government. Progress is measured in
the business’s increased gross receipts, number of employees, and size and scale of the firms
associated with minority business enterprises.
The MBDA reported that in FY2012 it helped to create and retain 16,730 jobs and assisted
minority-owned and operated businesses in obtaining nearly $3.6 billion in contracts ($2.2
billion) and capital awards ($1.38 billion).144
The EDA Local Technical Assistance Program
P.L. 89-186, the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, authorized the
Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration (EDA) to provide financial
assistance to economically distressed areas in the United States that are characterized by high
levels of unemployment and low per-capita income. The EDA currently administers seven
Economic Development Assistance Programs (EDAPs) that award matching grants for public
works, economic adjustment, planning, technical assistance, research and evaluation, trade
adjustment assistance, and global climate change mitigation.145
Grants awarded under the EDA’s Local Technical Assistance Program are designed to help solve
specific economic development problems, respond to development opportunities, and build and
expand local organizational capacity in distressed areas.146 The majority of local technical
assistance projects focus on technical or market feasibility studies of economic development
projects or programs, including consultation with small businesses. The EDA’s Local Technical
Assistance Program received a $9.8 million appropriation for FY2010, $9.8 million for FY2011,
$12.0 million for FY2012, $12.0 million (prior to sequestration and account transfers) for
FY2013, and $11.0 million for FY2014.147 The Obama Administration has requested $12.0
million for the EDA’s Local Technical Assistance Program for FY2015.148
144 U.S. Department of Commerce, Minority Business Development Agency, “Annual Performance Report, Fiscal Year
2012: A Catalyst for Global Business Expansion,” pp. 1, 5, at http://www.mbda.gov/sites/default/files/APR2012.pdf.
145 In addition, since 1970, Congress has periodically allocated supplemental funds for EDA to assist with disaster
mitigation and economic recovery. Also, EDA grant applicants must be designated by EDA as part of an EDD—a
multijurisdictional consortium of county and local governments—to be eligible for EDA funding and grants. To be
designated as an EDD, an area must meet the definition of economic distress, under 13 C.F.R 303.3: (i) An
unemployment rate that is, for the most recent twenty-four (24) month period for which data are available, at least one
(1) percentage point greater than the national average unemployment rate; (ii) Per capita income that is, for the most
recent period for which data are available, eighty (80) percent or less of the national average per capita income; or (iii)
A Special Need, as determined by Economic Development Administration (EDA).
146 13 C.F.R. §306.
147 U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Request,”
p. 33, at http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/12CJ/EDA_FY_2012_Congressional_Submission.pdf; P.L. 111-117, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; H.Rept. 112-284, Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and
Related Agencies Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2012, and for other purposes; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; U.S. Department of Commerce, “The Department of
Commerce Budget in Brief, Fiscal Year 2014,” p. 31, at http://osec.doc.gov/bmi/Budget/FY14BIB/ENTIREBIB.pdf;
and “Explanatory Statement” accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Division B – Commerce,
Justice, Science, and Related Industries Appropriations Act, 2014), p. 4, at http://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/
20140113/113-HR3547-JSOM-FM-B.pdf.
148 U.S. Office of Management and Budget, “Appendix, Budget of the U.S. Government, FY2015: Department of
(continued...)
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Congressional Issues
For many years, a recurring theme at congressional hearings concerning the SBA’s management
and technical assistance training programs has been the perceived need to improve program
efficiency by eliminating duplication of services or increasing cooperation and coordination both
within and among SCORE, WBCs, and SBDCs.149 For example, the House Committee on Small
Business has argued that the SBA’s various management and technical assistance training
programs should be “folded into the mission of the SBDC program or their responsibilities should
be taken over by other agencies” because they “overlap each other and duplicate the educational
services provided by other agencies.”150 Also, as mentioned previously, the Obama
Administration has recommended that the PRIME program be eliminated, arguing that it overlaps
and duplicates the SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance Program.151
On the other hand, as discussed previously, the Obama Administration also requested, and
Congress approved, continued funding for the SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Initiative
(Clusters) and additional funding to expand the SBA’s Entrepreneurial Education initiative, Boots
to Business initiative, and Growth Accelerators initiative.
In recent years, Congress has also explored ways to improve the SBA’s measurement of its
management and training programs’ effectiveness.
(...continued)
Commerce,” p. 199, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/com.pdf.
149 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Markup of H.R. 2352 The Job Creation
Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, 111th Cong., 1st sess., May 13, 2009, Doc. No. 111-022 (Washington: GPO,
2009), pp. 2, 14; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Small Business, SBA’s Management and Assistance Programs,
Roundtable before the Committee on Small Business United States Senate, 106th Cong., 1st sess., May 20, 1999, S. Hrg.
106-337 (Washington: GPO, 1999), pp. 69, 74, 82, 92; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, To
Investigate the Legislation That Would Increase the Extent and Scope of the Services Provided By Small Business
Development Centers, 107th Cong., 1st sess., July 19, 2001, Serial No. 107-20 (Washington: GPO, 2001), pp. 13, 59, 60;
and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Small Business, Oversight on the Small Business Administration’s Small
Business Development Center Program, 100th Cong., 1st sess., October 15, 1987, S. Hrg. 100-339 (Washington: GPO,
1987), pp. 6, 165, 168, 230.
150 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, “Views and Estimates of the Committee on Small Business on
Matters to be set forth in the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2014,” communication to the Chairman,
House Committee on the Budget, 113th Cong., 1st sess., February 27, 2013, at http://smallbusiness.house.gov/
uploadedfiles/revised_2014_views_and_estimates_document.pdf. Previously, the House Committee on Small Business
had recommended that funding for Women Business Centers, PRIME technical assistance, HUBZone outreach, and the
Offices of Native American Affairs and International Trade be eliminated; and funding for 7(j) technical assistance,
Microloan technical assistance, and the National Women’s Business Council be reduced. See U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Small Business, “Views and Estimates of the Committee on Small Business on Matters to be set forth in
the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2013,” communication to the Chairman, House Committee on the
Budget, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., March 7, 2012, at http://smallbusiness.house.gov/uploadedfiles/
views_and_estimates_fy_2013.pdf.
151 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance
Report,” p. 4, at http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-
performance-report; and U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and
FY2011 Annual Performance Report,” pp. 8, 15, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
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Program Administration
In 2007, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) was asked to assess the SBA’s
oversight of WBCs and the coordination and duplication of services among the SBA’s
management and technical training assistance programs. GAO found that
As described in the terms of the SBA award, WBCs are required to coordinate with local
SBDCs and SCORE chapters. In addition, SBA officials told us that they expected district
offices to ensure that the programs did not duplicate each other. However, based on our
review, WBCs lacked guidance and information from SBA on how to successfully carry out
their coordination efforts. Most of the WBCs that we spoke with explained that in some
situations they referred clients to an SBDC or SCORE counselor, and some WBCs also took
steps to more actively coordinate with local SBDCs and SCORE chapters to avoid
duplication and leverage resources. We learned that WBCs used a variety of approaches to
facilitate coordination, such as memorandums of understanding, information-sharing
meetings, and co-locating staff and services. However, some WBCs told us that they faced
challenges in coordinating services with SBDC and SCORE, in part because the programs
have similar performance measures, and this could result in competition among the service
providers in some locations. We also found that on some occasions SBA encouraged WBCs
to provide services that were similar to services already provided by SBDCs in their district.
Such challenges thwart coordination efforts and could increase the risk of duplication in
some geographic areas.152
Some organizations have argued that the SBA’s management and technical assistance training
programs should be merged. For example, the U.S. Women’s Chamber of Commerce has argued
that
over the last 50 years, the SBA entrepreneurial development system has grown into a
fragmented array of programs, which has resulted in a disorganized, overlapping, and [in]
efficient delivery of service through a system that is ill-prepared to effectively address the
challenges of our economy….
if we are to serve the needs of American entrepreneurs, we must commit to a top to bottom
restructuring of the delivery of the entrepreneurial services of the SBA. The myriad of
entrepreneurial development programs should be unified into one centrally managed
organization that has the flexibility to provide services when and where they are needed.153
These organizations argue that merging the SBA’s management and technical assistance training
programs would provide greater coordination of services and “one clear channel for assistance”
that “is paramount to the average business owner seeking help.”154 Advocates of merging the
SBA’s management and technical assistance training programs often mention merging them into
the SBDC Program because, in their view, it has the advantage of having a broader connection to
152 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Small Business Administration: Opportunities Exist to Improve Oversight
of Women’s Business Centers and Coordination among SBA’s Business Assistance Programs, GAO-08-49, November
2007, pp. 6, 24-31, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0849.pdf.
153 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on the State of the SBA’s
Entrepreneurial Development Programs and Their Role in Promoting an Economic Recovery, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
February 11, 2009, Small Business Comm. Doc. No. 111-005 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 4.
154 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, and
Trade, Subcommittee Hearing on Legislative Initiatives to Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs,
111th Cong., 1st sess., April 2, 2009 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 29.
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mainstream resources and its locations are “greater and more diverse” than other SBA
management and technical assistance training programs.155
Others argue that providing separate management and training assistance programs for specific
groups is the best means to ensure that those groups’ unique challenges are recognized and their
unique needs are met.156 For example, when asked at a congressional hearing about the rationale
for having separate management and technical assistance training programs for specific groups, a
representative of the Association of Women’s Business Centers stated:
I think that there is tremendous rationale for having different programs…. The women’s
business center programs really target a very different kind of population than the SBDCs.…
We serve very different clientele…. We create a very different culture at the women’s
business center. We really have made it a welcoming place where … they feel
comfortable.… And it’s very important to me that the woman have a place where they feel
comfortable … and where they see other women like themselves who are aspiring to reach
their dreams.157
At another congressional hearing, the Association of Women’s Business Centers’ executive
director argued that “the new three-year funding arrangement” for WBCs had enabled them to
“concentrate on better serving their clients and growing their programs” and that WBCs should be
provided continued and expanded funding because they provide effective services:
We know that when our program performance is measured against any other enterprise
assistance program, we will meet or exceed any performance measures. Indeed, the SBA’s
own client-based performance reviews have shown our clients to be just as satisfied or in
some cases more satisfied with the services they have received compared to the SBA’s other
entrepreneurial development efforts.158
Instead of merging programs, some argue that improved communication among the SBA’s
management and technical assistance training resource partners and enhanced SBA program
oversight is needed. For example, during the 111th Congress, the House passed H.R. 2352, the Job
Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, on May 20, 2009, by a vote of 406–15. The
Senate did not take action on the bill. In its committee report accompanying the bill, the House
Committee on Small Business concluded that
Each ED [Entrepreneurial Development] program has a unique mandate and service delivery
approach that is customized to its particular clients. However, as a network, the programs
have established local connections and resources that benefit entrepreneurs within a region.
Enhanced coordination among this network is critical to make the most of scarce resources
155 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on the State of the SBA’s
Entrepreneurial Development Programs and Their Role in Promoting an Economic Recovery, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
February 11, 2009, Small Business Committee Doc. No. 111-005 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 26.
156 Ibid., pp. 15, 17, 26, 29, 58-65, 72; and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Women’s Business
Ownership Act of 1988, report to accompany H.R. 5050, 100th Cong., 2nd sess., September 22, 1988, H.Rept. 100-955
(Washington: GPO, 1988), pp. 9, 10, 13, 14.
157 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Legislative Hearing on Energy, Veterans
Entrepreneurship, and the SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 110th Cong., 1st sess., May 16, 2007, Serial
Number 110-22 (Washington: GPO, 2007), p. 20.
158 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on the State of the SBA’s
Entrepreneurial Development Programs and Their Role in Promoting an Economic Recovery, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
February 11, 2009, Small Business Committee Doc. No. 111-005 (Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 45, 47.
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available for small firms. It can also ensure that best practices are shared amongst providers
that have similar goals but work within different contexts.159
In an effort to enhance the oversight and coordination of the SBA’s management and technical
assistance training programs, the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009 would have
• required the SBA to create a new online, multilingual distance training and
education program that was fully integrated into the SBA’s existing management
and technical assistance training programs and “allows entrepreneurs and small
business owners the opportunity to exchange technical assistance through the
sharing of information.”160
• required the SBA to coordinate its management and technical assistance training
programs “with State and local economic development agencies and other federal
agencies as appropriate.”161
• required the SBA to “report annually to Congress, in consultation with other
federal departments and agencies as appropriate, on opportunities to foster
coordination, limit duplication, and improve program delivery for federal
entrepreneurial development activities.”162
During the 112th Congress, S. 3442, the SUCCESS Act of 2012, and S. 3572, the Restoring Tax
and Regulatory Certainty to Small Businesses Act of 2012, sought to address the coordination
issue by requiring the SBA, in consultation with other federal departments and agencies, to
submit an annual report to Congress “describing opportunities to foster coordination of, limit
duplication among, and improve program delivery for federal entrepreneurial development
programs.”163 The SUCCESS Act of 2012 was referred to the Senate Committee on Small
Business and Entrepreneurship, which held hearings on the bill.164 The Restoring Tax and
Regulatory Certainty to Small Businesses Act of 2012 was referred to the Senate Committee on
Finance.
There has also been some discussion of merging SBA’s small business management and training
programs with business management and training programs offered by other federal agencies,
both as a means to improve program performance and to achieve savings. For example, P.L. 111-
139, Increasing the Statutory Limit on the Public Debt, requires GAO to “conduct routine
investigations to identify programs, agencies, offices, and initiatives with duplicative goals and
activities within Departments and governmentwide and report annually to Congress on the
findings.”165 GAO identified 51 programmatic areas in its 2012 annual report on federal
159 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, report to
accompany H.R. 2352, 111th Cong., 1st sess., May 15, 2009, H.Rept. 111-112 (Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 17, 18.
160 H.R. 2352, the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, Section 201. Educating Entrepreneurs Through
Technology; and H.R. 2352, the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, Section 601. Expanding
Entrepreneurship.
161 H.R. 2352, the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, Section 601. Expanding Entrepreneurship.
162 Ibid.
163 S. 3442, the SUCCESS Act of 2012, Section 411. Expanding Entrepreneurship; and S. 3572, the Restoring Tax and
Regulatory Certainty to Small Businesses Act of 2012, Section 411. Expanding Entrepreneurship.
164 U.S. Senate, Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, “Creating Jobs and Growing the Economy:
Legislative Proposals to Strengthen the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem,” November 29, 2012, at
http://www.sbc.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=Hearings.
165 P.L. 111-139, Increasing the statutory limit on the public debt, Section 21. Identification, Consolidation, and
(continued...)
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duplication “where programs may be able to achieve greater efficiencies or become more
effective in providing government services.”166 GAO identified management and training
assistance provided to businesses by the SBA and the Departments of Commerce, Housing and
Urban Development, and Agriculture as one of these areas.167 GAO identified 53 business
management and technical assistance programs sponsored by the SBA and these three
departments. GAO reported that “the number of programs that support entrepreneurs – 53 – and
the overlap among these programs raise questions about whether a fragmented system is the most
effective way to support entrepreneurs. By exploring alternatives, agencies may be able to
determine whether there are more efficient ways to continue to serve the unique needs of
entrepreneurs, including consolidating various programs.”168
In addition, as mentioned previously, the House Committee on Small Business has argued that
“given tight budgetary constraints” the SBA’s various management and technical assistance
training programs “should be folded into the mission of the SBDC program or their
responsibilities should be taken over by other agencies.”169
Program Evaluation
GAO noted in its 2007 assessment of the SBA’s management and technical assistance training
programs that, in addition to its annual survey of WBC, SBDC, and SCORE participants, the
SBA requires WBCs to provide quarterly performance reports that include “the WBCs’ actual
accomplishments, compared with their performance goals for the reporting period; actual budget
expenditures, compared with an estimated budget; cost of client fees; success stories; and names
of WBC personnel and board members.”170 GAO also noted that WBCs are also required to issue
fourth quarter performance reports that “also include a summary of the year’s activities and
economic impact data that the WBCs collect from their clients, such as number of business start-
ups, number of jobs created, and gross receipts.”171 SBDCs have similar reporting
requirements.172
In recent years, Congress has considered requiring the SBA to expand its use of outcome-based
measures to determine the effectiveness of its management and technical training assistance
(...continued)
Elimination of Duplicative Government Programs.
166 U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2012 Annual Report: Opportunities to Reduce Duplication, Overlap and
Fragmentation, Achieve Savings, and Enhance Results, GAO-12-342SP, February 28, 2012, p. 1, http://www.gao.gov/
assets/590/588818.pdf
167 Ibid., pp. 52-61.
168 Ibid., p. 55.
169 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, “Views and Estimates of the Committee on Small Business on
Matters to be set forth in the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2014,” communication to the Chairman,
House Committee on the Budget, 113th Cong., 1st sess., February 27, 2013, at http://smallbusiness.house.gov/
uploadedfiles/revised_2014_views_and_estimates_document.pdf.
170 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Small Business Administration: Opportunities Exist to Improve Oversight
of Women’s Business Centers and Coordination among SBA’s Business Assistance Programs, GAO-08-49, November
2007, p. 15, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0849.pdf.
171 Ibid.
172 U.S. Small Business Administration, “FY/CY 2011, Program Announcement for Renewal of the Cooperative
Agreement for Current Recipient Organizations,” pp. 27-38, at http://ohiosbdcrfp.com/Documents/
12%20Program%20Announcement%20FFY2011%20DRAFT%20.pdf.
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programs. For example, during the 111th Congress, the previously mentioned Job Creation
Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009 would have required the SBA to create “outcome-based
measures of the amount of job creation or economic activity generated in the local community as
a result of efforts made and services provided by each women’s business center.”173 It would also
have required the SBA to “develop and implement a consistent data collection process to cover all
entrepreneurial development programs” including “data relating to job creation, performance, and
any other data determined appropriate by the Administrator with respect to the Administration’s
entrepreneurial development programs.”174 In addition, during the 112th Congress, the previously
mentioned SUCCESS Act of 2012 and Restoring Tax and Regulatory Certainty to Small
Businesses Act of 2012 would have required the SBA to “promulgate a rule to develop and
implement a consistent data collection process for the entrepreneurial development programs”
that included data “relating to job creation and performance and any other data determined
appropriate by the Administrator.”175
Concluding Observations
Congressional interest in the federal government’s small business management and technical
assistance training programs has increased in recent years. One of the reasons for the heightened
level of interest in these programs is that small business has led job formation and retention
during previous economic recoveries.176 It has been argued that effective small business
management and technical assistance training programs are needed if small businesses are to lead
job creation and retention during the current economic recovery. As then-Representative Heath
Shuler stated during a congressional hearing in 2009:
We often talk about the role that small business plays in the creation of jobs and with good
reason. Small firms generate between 60 and 80 percent of new positions. Following the
recession in the mid-1990s, they created 3.8 million jobs…. we could use that growth today.
But unfortunately, many firms are struggling to make ends meet. Let’s allow them to hire
new workers. In the face of historic economic challenges, we should be investing in
America’s job creators. SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, or ED, do just that.
Of all the tools in the small business toolbox, these are some of the most critical. They help
small firms do everything from draft business plans to access capital.177
There is a general consensus that federal management and technical assistance training programs
serve an important purpose and, for the most part, are providing needed services that are not
173 H.R. 2352, the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, Section 404. Performance and Planning.
174 H.R. 2352, the Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, Section 601. Expanding Entrepreneurship.
175 S. 3442, the SUCCESS Act of 2012, Section 411. Expanding Entrepreneurship; and S. 3572, the Restoring Tax and
Regulatory Certainty to Small Businesses Act of 2012, Section 411. Expanding Entrepreneurship.
176 U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, Small Business Economic Indicators for 2003, August
2004, p. 3; Brian Headd, “Small Businesses Most Likely to Lead Economic Recovery,” The Small Business Advocate,
vol. 28, no. 6 (July 2009), pp. 1, 2; and U.S. Small Business Administration, “Fiscal Year 2010 Congressional Budget
Justification,” p. 1, at http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2010-congressional-budget-justification.
177 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Entrepreneurship and
Trade, Subcommittee On Rural Development, Entrepreneurship And Trade Markup On Entrepreneurial Development
Programs Legislation, 111th Cong., 1st sess., April 30, 2009, Small Business Committee Document No. 111-118
[ERRATA – printing error, should be 111-018] (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 1.
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available elsewhere. As Karen Mills, then-SBA Administrator, stated during a press interview in
2010:
We find that our counseling operations are equally important as our credit operations because
small businesses really need help and advice, and when they get it, they tend to have more
sales and more profits and more longevity, and they hire more people. So we have looked
forward and said, “How do we get all the tools small businesses need into their hands?”
Maybe they want to export. Maybe they want to know how to use broadband. Maybe they
are veterans who are coming back and want to start a business or grow their business. Our
job is to make sure all that information and opportunity is accessible for small businesses so
they can do what they do, which is keep our economy strong.178
There is also a general consensus that making federal management and technical assistance
training programs more effective and responsive to the needs of small business would assist the
national economic recovery. However, there are disagreements over how to achieve that goal.
Some advocate (1) increasing funding for existing programs to enable them to provide additional
training opportunities for small businesses while, at the same time, maintaining separate training
programs for specific demographic groups as a means to ensure that those groups’ specific needs
are met; (2) requiring the SBA to make more extensive use of outcome-based measures to better
determine the programs’ effect on small business formation and retention, job creation and
retention, and the generation of wealth; and (3) temporarily reducing or eliminating federal
matching requirements to enable SBA’s management and technical assistance training resource
partners to focus greater attention to service delivery and less to fund raising. Others argue for a
merger of existing programs to reduce costs and improve program efficiency, to focus available
resources on augmenting the capacity of SBDCs to meet the needs of all small business groups,
and require the SBA to make more extensive use of outcome-based performance measures to
determine program effectiveness.
There are no case studies or empirical data available concerning the efficiencies that might be
gained by merging the SBA’s management and technical assistance training programs. Advocates
argue that merging the programs would improve communications, reduce confusion by business
owners seeking assistance by ensuring that all small business management and technical
assistance training centers serve all small business owners and aspiring entrepreneurs, lead to
more sustainable and predictable funding for the programs from nonfederal sources, and result in
more consistent and standard operating procedures throughout the country.179 Opponents argue
that any gains in program efficiency that might be realized would be more than offset by the loss
of targeted services for constituencies that often require different information and training to meet
their unique challenges and needs.180
178 David Port, “But Where Is the Money?” Entrepreneur Magazine, August 2010, at http://www.entrepreneur.com/
magazine/entrepreneur/2010/august/207500.html.
179 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on the State of the SBA’s
Entrepreneurial Development Programs and Their Role in Promoting an Economic Recovery, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
February 11, 2009, Small Business Committee Doc. No. 111-005 (Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 3-5, 24-27, 29; and
U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on Legislation to Reauthorize and
Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 111th Cong., 1st sess., May 6, 2009 (Washington: GPO,
2009), pp. 3-5, 15, 27-34.
180 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Full Committee Hearing on the State of the SBA’s
Entrepreneurial Development Programs and Their Role in Promoting an Economic Recovery, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
February 11, 2009, Small Business Committee Doc. No. 111-005 (Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 44-49; U.S. Congress,
(continued...)
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Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Appendix. Brief Descriptions of SBA Management
and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Table A-1. Brief Descriptions of SBA Management and
Technical Assistance Training Programs
Program
Federal Matching
Name Authority Brief
Description
Number
Requirement
Small Business
P.L. 96-302,
Provides management and
63 lead centers and
50% match from
Development
1980
technical assistance
900+ local centers
nonfederal sources
Center Grant
training to smal businesses
comprised of not less than
Program
through centers located in
50% cash and not more
leading universities,
than 50% of indirect costs.
colleges, and state
economic development
agencies.
Women
P.L. 100-533,
Provides long-term
108
50% match from
Business
1988
training, counseling,
nonfederal sources; not
Center Grant
networking, and mentoring
more than one-half of the
Program
to women entrepreneurs,
nonfederal matching
especially those who are
assistance may be in the
socially and economically
form of in-kind
disadvantaged.
contributions, including
office equipment and office
space.
SCORE
Section 8(b) of Provides technical,
354 chapters and
none
(Service Corps the Small
managerial, and
800+ branch offices
of Retired
Business Act;
informational assistance to
Executives)
P.L. 89-754,
smal business concerns
1966
through in-person
mentoring by volunteer
counselors who are
working or, in most
instances, retired business
owners.
7(j) Technical
Section 7(j) of
Provides management and
15 service providers
none
Assistance
the Small
technical assistance
Program
Business Act;
training to 8(a) certified
Section 8(a) of
firms, small disadvantaged
the Small
businesses, businesses
Business Act;
operating in areas of high
P.L. 95-507,
unemployment or low-
1978
income and firms owned
by low-income individuals.
(...continued)
House Committee on Small Business, Job Creation Through Entrepreneurship Act of 2009, report to accompany H.R.
2352, 111th Cong., 1st sess., May 15, 2009, H.Rept. 111-112 (Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 16-31; and U.S. Congress,
House Committee on Small Business, Women’s Business Ownership Act of 1988, report to accompany H.R. 5050, 100th
Cong., 2nd sess., September 22, 1988, H.Rept. 100-955 (Washington: GPO, 1988), pp. 9, 10, 13, 14.
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Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Program
Federal Matching
Name Authority Brief
Description
Number
Requirement
Microloan
P.L. 102-140,
Provides management and
180 intermediaries
25% from nonfederal
Technical
1992
technical assistance
sources; no matching
Assistance
training to Microloan
requirement if the
Program
borrowers and, within
intermediary makes at
specified limits, to
least 50% of its loans in an
prospective Microloan
Economically Distressed
borrowers.
Area.
Native
Section 7(j) of
Provides management and
NA none
American
the Small
technical assistance
Outreach
Business Act;
training to American
Program
SBA
Indians, Alaska Natives,
regulations,
Native Hawaiians and “the
1994
indigenous people of
Guam and American
Samoa … to promote
entity-owned and
individual 8(a) certification,
government contracting,
entrepreneurial education,
and capital access.”
PRIME
P.L. 106-102,
Provides assistance in the
previously: 67
50% from nonfederal
Technical
1999
form of grants to
service providers
sources; sources such as
Assistance
nonprofit microenterprise
fees, grants, gifts, income
Program
development organizations
(not funded in
from loan sources, and in-
or programs that have a
FY2013)
kind resources from
demonstrated record of
nonfederal public or
delivering microenterprise
private sources may be
services to disadvantaged
used to comply with the
entrepreneurs.
matching funds
requirement
Veterans
P.L. 106-50,
The SBA’s Office of
NA none
Business
1999
Veterans Business
Development
Development mission is to
Programs
(1) expand the provision
of and improve access to
technical assistance
regarding
entrepreneurship for the
Nation’s veterans; and (2)
to assist veterans,
including service-disabled
veterans, with the
formation and expansion
of smal business concerns
by working with and
organizing public and
private resources,
including those of the SBA.
Sources: Federal statutes cited in table.
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Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs
Author Contact Information
Robert Jay Dilger
Senior Specialist in American National Government
rdilger@crs.loc.gov, 7-3110
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