Financial Services and General Government
(FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Baird Webel, Coordinator
Specialist in Financial Economics
January 7, 2014
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R43352
Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Summary
The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill provides funding for
the Department of the Treasury, the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the judiciary, the
District of Columbia, and more than two dozen independent agencies. Among those independent
agencies are the General Services Administration (GSA), the Office of Personnel Management
(OPM), the Small Business Administration (SBA), the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), and the United States Postal Service (USPS). The Commodity Futures Trading
Commission (CFTC) is funded in the House through the Agriculture appropriations bill and in the
Senate through the FSGG bill. CFTC funding is included in all FSGG funding tables in this
report.
On April 10, 2013, President Obama submitted his FY2014 budget request. The request included
a total of $45.4 billion for agencies funded through the FSGG appropriations bill, including $315
million for the CFTC.
On July 23, 2013, the House Committee on Appropriations reported H.R. 2786, the Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2014. H.R. 2786 would provide $38.1
billion for agencies funded through the House FSGG Appropriations Subcommittee. In addition,
the CFTC would receive $194.6 million through the FY2014 Agriculture appropriations bill (H.R.
2410). Total FY2014 funding provided by the House would be $38.3 billion, about $7.1 billion
below the President’s FY2014 request.
On July 25, 2013, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its FY2013 financial services
bill, S. 1371. The Senate committee’s bill would provide $44.3 billion for FSGG agencies,
including $315 million for the CFTC, for FY2014, which would be $1.1 billion below the
President’s FY2014 request.
Because none of the 12 regular appropriations bills for FY2014 was enacted prior to the
beginning of the fiscal year, a funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013. On October 16, 2013,
the Senate passed a previously passed House bill, H.R. 2775, with an amendment that, in part,
provided interim continuing appropriations for the previous fiscal year’s projects and activities
and retitled H.R. 2775 as the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014. Later that same day, the
House agreed to the Senate amendment to H.R. 2775. H.R. 2775 was signed into law on October
17, 2013 (P.L. 113-46), thus terminating the funding gap that same day. With some routine
exceptions, P.L. 113-46 provides budget authority through January 15, 2014.
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Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Contents
Most Recent Developments ............................................................................................................. 1
Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Note on FY2013 and Sequestration ........................................................................................... 4
The Department of the Treasury ...................................................................................................... 4
Brief Summary of the Treasury’s Structure and Functions........................................................ 5
The President’s Budget Request ................................................................................................ 9
IRS Oversight Board Assessment of the Budget Request for the IRS..................................... 14
House Measure (H.R. 2786) .................................................................................................... 14
Senate Measure (S. 1371) ........................................................................................................ 20
Executive Office of the President .................................................................................................. 27
The President’s Budget Request and Key Issues ..................................................................... 29
House Measure (H.R. 2786) .................................................................................................... 30
Senate Measure (S. 1371) ........................................................................................................ 34
The Judiciary ................................................................................................................................. 38
The Judiciary Budget and Key Issues ...................................................................................... 39
Supreme Court ......................................................................................................................... 41
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ......................................................................... 41
U.S. Court of International Trade ............................................................................................ 41
Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services ............................................. 41
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts ................................................................................ 42
Federal Judicial Center ............................................................................................................ 43
United States Sentencing Commission .................................................................................... 43
Judiciary Retirement Funds ..................................................................................................... 43
Administrative Provisions ....................................................................................................... 43
District of Columbia ...................................................................................................................... 44
The President’s Budget Request .............................................................................................. 46
The District’s FY2014 Budget ................................................................................................. 47
House Measure (H.R. 2786) .................................................................................................... 48
Senate Measure (S. 1371) ........................................................................................................ 49
Independent Agencies .................................................................................................................... 51
Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection ............................................................................... 52
Civilian Property Realignment Board ..................................................................................... 53
Commodity Futures Trading Commission .............................................................................. 53
Consumer Product Safety Commission ................................................................................... 53
Election Assistance Commission ............................................................................................. 55
Federal Communications Commission .................................................................................... 56
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: Office of the Inspector General ............................... 58
Federal Election Commission .................................................................................................. 58
Federal Trade Commission ...................................................................................................... 60
General Services Administration ............................................................................................. 62
Independent Agencies Related to Personnel Management Appropriations ............................. 65
National Archives and Records Administration ...................................................................... 69
National Credit Union Administration .................................................................................... 71
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board .......................................................................... 71
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board ................................................................. 72
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Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Securities and Exchange Commission ..................................................................................... 72
Selective Service System ......................................................................................................... 73
Small Business Administration ................................................................................................ 74
United States Postal Service .................................................................................................... 76
United States Tax Court ........................................................................................................... 79
General Provisions Government-Wide .......................................................................................... 79
Cuba Sanctions .............................................................................................................................. 81
Tables
Table 1. Status of FY2014 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations ............... 3
Table 2. Financial Services and General Government Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014.............. 4
Table 3. Department of the Treasury Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014 ......................................... 8
Table 4. Executive Office of the President Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014 .............................. 28
Table 5. The Judiciary Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014 ............................................................. 38
Table 6. District of Columbia Special Federal Payments Appropriations, FY2013-
FY2014 ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 7. Independent Agencies Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014 ................................................ 51
Table 8. GSA Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014 ........................................................................... 62
Table 9. Independent Agencies Related to Personnel Management Appropriations,
FY2013-FY2014 ......................................................................................................................... 65
Contacts
Key Policy Staff ............................................................................................................................. 83
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 84
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Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Most Recent Developments
On April 10, 2013, President Obama submitted his FY2014 budget request.1 The request included
a total of $45.4 billion for agencies funded through the Financial Services and General
Government (FSGG) appropriations bill, including $315 million for the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission (CFTC).2
On July 23, 2013, the House Committee on Appropriations (hereafter “the House committee”)
reported the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 2786;
H.Rept. 113-172).3 H.R. 2786 would provide $38.1 billion for agencies funded through the House
FSGG Appropriations Subcommittee. In addition, the CFTC would receive $194.6 million
through the FY2014 Agriculture appropriations bill (H.R. 2410, H.Rept. 113-1164). Total FY2014
funding provided by the House would be $38.3 billion, about $7.1 billion below the President’s
FY2014 request.
On July 25, 2013, the Senate Committee on Appropriations (hereafter “the Senate committee”)
reported its Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2014 (S. 1371;
S.Rept. 113-80).5 S. 1371 would provide $44.3 billion for FSGG agencies, including $315 million
for the CFTC, which would be $1.1 billion below the President’s FY2014 request. Table 1
reflects the status of FSGG appropriations measures at key points in the appropriations process.
Prior to the beginning of FY2014, congressional action occurred on an interim continuing
resolution (CR) that would have provided continuing appropriations for projects and activities for
which authority existed during the previous fiscal year.6 H.J.Res. 59 was introduced on
September 10, 2013, and passed the House on September 20. On September 27, the Senate passed
H.J.Res. 59 with an amendment. Subsequent actions to resolve differences between the House
and Senate, which included the consideration of various House amendments to that Senate
amendment, were unsuccessful. No other interim CRs that broadly covered the previous fiscal
year’s projects and activities received congressional action at that time.7
1 Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2014, (Washington, DC:
GPO, 2013). In addition to the primary budget document, OMB also releases portions entitled Analytical Perspectives,
Historical Tables, and Appendix. Citations to the primary budget document will take the form of “Budget of the United
States, FY2014,” followed by the appropriate page number; citations to the other documents will take the form of, for
example, “Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States, FY2014,” followed by page numbers. Current and past
year’s budget documents can be found at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget.
2 The President does provide totals broken down by congressional appropriations bills. The $45.4 billion total is as
calculated by the Senate Appropriations Committee.
3 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Financial Services and General Government Appropriations
Bill, 2014, report to accompany H.R. 2786, H.Rept. 113-172, 113th Cong., 1st sess., July 23, 2013 (Washington: GPO,
2013).
4 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug
Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2014, report to accompany H.R. 2410, H.Rept. 113-116,
113th Cong., 1st sess., June 18, 2013 (Washington: GPO, 2013).
5 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Financial Services and General Government Appropriations
Bill, 2014, report to accompany S. 1371, S.Rept. 113-80, 113th Cong., 1st sess., July 25, 2013 (Washington: GPO,
2013).
6 For further information with regard to CRs, see CRS Report R42647, Continuing Resolutions: Overview of
Components and Recent Practices, by Jessica Tollestrup.
7 A narrow automatic continuing resolution, P.L. 113-39, was enacted on September 30 to cover FY2014 pay and
(continued...)
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Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Because none of the 12 regular appropriations bills for FY2014 were enacted prior to the
beginning of the fiscal year, a funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013.8 Congressional action
on FY2014 appropriations between October 2 and October 15 was generally limited to a number
of narrow CRs to provide funding for certain programs or classes of individuals.9
On October 16, 2013, the Senate passed a previously passed house bill, H.R. 2775, with an
amendment that, in part, provided interim continuing appropriations for the previous fiscal year’s
projects and activities, and retitled H.R. 2775 as the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014. Later
that same day, the House agreed to the Senate amendment to H.R. 2775. The CR was signed into
law on October 17, 2013 (P.L. 113-46), thus terminating the funding gap that same day. With
some routine exceptions, P.L. 113-46 provided budget authority through January 15, 2014.
Under P.L. 113-46, most FSGG accounts were funded at the same level as they were for FY2013.
However, there were exceptions to this general approach, which are often referred to in
appropriations argot as “anomalies.” The anomalies identified in P.L. 113-46 include
• Section 125 provided appropriations for “The Judiciary—Courts of Appeals,
District Courts, and Other Judicial Services—Salaries and Expenses” at a rate of
operations of $4,820,181,000, with an amount not to exceed $25,000,000 to be
available for transfer between accounts to maintain minimum operating levels.
• Section 126 provided appropriations for “The Judiciary—Courts of Appeals,
District Courts, and Other Judicial Services—Defender Services” at a rate for
operations of $1,012,000,000.
• Section 127 provided that the District of Columbia may expend local funds under
the heading “District of Columbia Funds” for such programs and activities under
title IV of H.R. 2786 as reported by the Committee on Appropriations of the
House of Representatives. The rate of spending is to be the rate set forth under
“District of Columbia Funds—Summary of Expenses” as included in the Fiscal
Year 2014 Budget Request Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-127), as modified as of the
date of the enactment of this joint resolution.
(...continued)
allowances for (1) certain members of the Armed Forces, (2) certain Department of Defense (DOD) civilian personnel,
and (3) other specified DOD and Department of Homeland Security contractors, during any potential funding gap that
might ensue beginning on October 1 (H.R. 3210; P.L. 113-39). For further information on P.L. 113-39, see CRS Report
R41948, Automatic Continuing Resolutions: Background and Overview of Recent Proposals, by Jessica Tollestrup.
8 A funding gap is the interval during the fiscal year when appropriations for a particular project or activity are not
enacted into law, either in the form of a regular appropriations act or a CR. For further information, see CRS Report
RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview, by Jessica Tollestrup.
9 These CRs include H.J.Res. 70, H.J.Res. 71, H.J.Res. 72, H.J.Res. 73, H.J.Res. 75, H.J.Res. 76, H.J.Res. 77, H.J.Res.
79, H.J.Res. 80, H.J.Res. 82, H.J.Res. 83, H.J.Res. 84, H.J.Res. 85, H.J.Res. 89, H.J.Res. 90, H.J.Res. 91, and H.R.
3230. Of these, only the Department of Defense Survivor Benefits Continuing Appropriations Resolution of 2014
(H.J.Res. 91; P.L. 113-44) was enacted into law.
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Table 1. Status of FY2014 Financial Services and
General Government Appropriations
Subcommittee
Conference
Markup
Report Adopted
House
House
Senate
Senate
Conference
Public
House Senate Report Passage
Report
Passage
Report
House Senate Law
H.Rept.
S.Rept.
7/10/13 7/23/13 113-172
113-80
7/23/2013
7/25/2013
Overview
The House and Senate Committees on Appropriations reorganized their subcommittee structures
in early 2007. Each chamber created a new Financial Services and General Government
Subcommittee. In the House, the jurisdiction of the FSGG Subcommittee comprised primarily
agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of the Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury,
Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent
Agencies, commonly referred to as “TTHUD.”10 In addition, the House FSGG Subcommittee was
assigned four independent agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of the Science, State,
Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Subcommittee: the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), and the Small Business Administration (SBA).
In the Senate, the jurisdiction of the new FSGG Subcommittee was a combination of agencies
from the jurisdiction of three previously existing subcommittees. The District of Columbia, which
had its own subcommittee in the 109th Congress, was placed under the purview of the FSGG
Subcommittee, as were four independent agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of the
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Subcommittee: the FCC, FTC, SEC, and
SBA. In addition, most of the agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of the Subcommittee
on Transportation, Treasury, the Judiciary, Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies were assigned to the FSGG Subcommittee.11
As a result of this reorganization, the House and Senate FSGG Subcommittees have nearly
identical jurisdictions except that the CFTC is under the jurisdiction of the FSGG Subcommittee
in the Senate but not in the House, where it is under the Agriculture Subcommittee.
The FSGG appropriations bill includes funding for the Department of the Treasury, the Executive
Office of the President (EOP), the judiciary, the District of Columbia, and more than two dozen
independent agencies. For these five segments of the FSGG appropriations bill, Table 2 lists the
enacted amounts for FY2013 prior to the sequester under the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L.
10 The agencies previously under the jurisdiction of the TTHUD Subcommittee that did not become part of the FSGG
subcommittee were the Department of Transportation, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, the Federal Maritime Commission, the National
Transportation Safety Board, the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, and the United States Interagency Council
on Homelessness.
11 The agencies that did not transfer from TTHUD to FSGG were Transportation, HUD, the Architectural and
Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, the Federal Maritime Commission, the National Transportation Safety
Board, the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, and the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness.
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112-25), the President’s FY2014 request, and amounts recommended by the House and Senate
appropriations committees for FY2014.
Note on FY2013 and Sequestration
Past Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports on FSGG appropriations have carried
detailed comparisons with previous years’ funding levels. Due to the impact of sequestration on
budget authority available to the federal government under the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6) and the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act,
2013 (P.L. 113-2), complete post-sequestration numbers are not available at the program, project,
and activity levels. Therefore, the charts in this report generally contain information on only pre-
sequester funding levels for FY2013 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations.12 In
some cases, particularly with regard to funding for the Treasury, CRS was supplied post-sequester
numbers by the executive branch and Table 3 includes these figures.
Table 2. Financial Services and General Government Appropriations,
FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Agency
sequester
Request
Committee Committee
Enacted
Department of the Treasury
$12,196 $13,229 $9,044
$12,203
Executive Office of the President
669 623 625
679
The Judiciary
6,998 7,222 7,029
7,162
District of Columbia
674 676 636
675
Independent Agencies
22,809 23,685 20,943
23,585
Total $43,346
$45,435
$38,277
$44,304
Sources: H.Rept. 113-172; S.Rept. 113-180; and H.Rept. 113-116.
Notes: Totals for each column include funding for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The CFTC is
funded in the House through the Agriculture appropriations bill and in the Senate through the Financial Services
and General Government bill. Figures include rescissions and offsetting collections. Totals may not sum due to
rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013” figures are from S.Rept. 113-80 and include across-the-board cuts under the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6). The House bill funds some
mandatory spending for the President, the judiciary, and the independent agencies in Title VI while the Senate bill
includes this spending in Titles II, III, and V, respectively.
The Department of the Treasury13
This section examines FY2014 appropriations for the Treasury Department and its operating
bureaus, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The Treasury Department performs a
12 Data from the Senate report is used because it is more recent and includes the across-the-board cuts included in P.L.
113-6.
13 This section authored by Gary Guenther (x7-7742).
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variety of critical functions. They include protecting the nation’s financial system against a
variety of illicit activities (particularly money laundering and terrorist financing), collecting tax
revenue and enforcing tax laws, managing and accounting for federal debt, administering the
federal government’s finances, regulating financial institutions, and producing and distributing
coins and currency.
Brief Summary of the Treasury’s Structure and Functions
At its most basic level of organization, Treasury consists of departmental offices and operating
bureaus. In general, the offices are responsible for formulating and implementing policy and
managing Treasury’s operations, while the bureaus undertake specific tasks assigned to Treasury,
mainly through statutory mandates. In the past decade or so, the bureaus have accounted for more
than 95% of the agency’s funding and workforce.
With one exception, the bureaus and offices can be divided into those engaged in financial
management and regulation and those engaged in law enforcement. In recent decades, the
Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Mint, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Financial
Management Service, Bureau of the Public Debt, and Community Development Financial
Institutions Fund have been responsible for the management of the federal government’s finances
or the supervision and regulation of the U.S. financial system. In contrast, law enforcement has
been central to the duties handled by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Financial
Crimes Enforcement Network, and the Treasury Forfeiture Fund. (With the advent of the
Department of Homeland Security in 2002, Treasury’s direct involvement in law enforcement
shrank considerably.) The exception to this dichotomy is the IRS, whose main responsibilities
encompass the collection of tax revenue and the enforcement of tax laws and regulations.
The operating budgets for most Treasury bureaus and offices are largely funded through annual
discretionary appropriations. This certainly is the case for the IRS, Financial Management
Service, Bureau of Public Debt, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Alcohol and Tobacco
Tax and Trade Bureau, Office of the Inspector General, Treasury Inspector General for Tax
Administration, Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, and
Community Development Financial Institutions Fund. Descriptions of these bureaus and offices
follow below. By contrast, funding for the Treasury Franchise Fund, the U.S. Mint, the Bureau of
Engraving and Printing, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency comes exclusively
from the fees they receive for the services and products they provide to the public and other
government agencies.
Departmental Offices
The Departmental Offices (DO) covers the salaries and other expenses of offices in the
department that formulate and implement policies in the areas of domestic and international
finance, terrorist financing and other financial crimes, taxation, international trade, and the
domestic economy. It also provides funding for the Treasury Department’s financial and
personnel management, procurement operations, and information and telecommunications
systems.
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Department-wide Systems and Capital Investments
The Department-wide Systems and Capital Investments (DSCIP) covers expenses related to
modernizing Treasury’s business processes and increasing the efficiency of its operations through
investments in new technology and capital improvements.
Office of Inspector General
The Office of Inspector General (OIG) covers the salaries and other expenses related to the audits
and investigations conducted by OIG staff. These evaluations are intended to promote improved
efficiency and effectiveness and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse in departmental operations and
programs, as well as to inform the Treasury Secretary and Congress about problems or
shortcomings in those activities.
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) covers salaries and other
expenses related to the audits and investigations conducted by TIGTA staff. These evaluations are
intended to promote greater efficiency and effectiveness in the administration of tax law, deter or
prevent fraud and abuse in IRS programs and operations, and recommend changes in those
activities to solve problems or remedy deficiencies.
Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program
The Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP) covers salaries
and other expenses related to the audits and investigations into the management and effectiveness
of TARP conducted by SIGTARP staff. The office was established by the same law that created
TARP: the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act.14
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) covers salaries and other expenses related
to the activities of FinCEN, whose main responsibility is to protect the domestic financial system
from illicit uses, such as money laundering and terrorist financing. The legal basis for this role is
the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA). 15 FinCEN administers the act by developing and implementing
regulations and other guidance and working with private financial institutions and eight federal
agencies to ensure that the financial sector complies with the BSA’s reporting requirements.
Financial Management Service
The Financial Management Service (FMS) covers salaries and other expenses related to the
operations of the FMS, which is responsible for developing and implementing payment policies
and procedures for federal agencies, collecting debts owed to those agencies and state
14 P.L. 110-343. For more information see CRS Report R41427, Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP):
Implementation and Status, by Baird Webel.
15 P.L. 91-508.
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governments, and providing financial accounting, reporting, and financing services for the federal
government and its agents.
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (ATTB) covers salaries and other expenses
related to the activities of ATTB, which was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002.16
The bureau is responsible for enforcing certain laws regarding the domestic sale and production
of alcohol and tobacco products and preventing harm to consumers by ensuring that the products
they regulate comply with federal consumer safety laws.
Bureau of the Public Debt
The Bureau of the Public Debt (BPD) covers salaries and other expenses related to the conduct of
public debt operations and the promotion of U.S. bonds.
Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
The Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (CDFIF) provides funding for the
activities of the CDFIs, which make investments (in the form of loans, grants, and equity
acquisitions) in community development financial institutions. These institutions include
community development banks, credit unions, and venture capital funds. They in turn provide
financing for affordable housing projects, small businesses, and community development projects
in eligible areas. The CDFIF also administers the Bank Enterprise Award (BEA) program and the
New Markets tax credit. Since its creation in 1994, CDFIF has awarded over $1.7 billion to
community development financial institutions, community development entities (CDEs), and
depository institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation through the CDFI
Program, the Native American CDFI Assistance Program, and the BEA program. In addition, the
Fund has allocated $33 billion in New Markets tax credits to CDEs.
Internal Revenue Service
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) covers salaries and other expenses related to the activities of
the IRS, whose main responsibilities are to administer federal tax laws and collect revenue. Two
critical components of IRS operations and programs are the services it offers taxpayers to help
them understand and meet their tax obligations and the enforcement tools it uses to improve
voluntary taxpayer compliance and punish those who violate the law. Some appropriated funds
are used to develop or upgrade business operations and information systems, as part of an
ongoing effort to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of taxpayer services and enforcement.
Table 3 shows pre- and post-sequester amounts for FY2013, the President’s FY2014 request, and
the amounts recommended by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees for FY2013.
16 P.L. 107-296.
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Table 3. Department of the Treasury Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Appropriation
Pre-
Post-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Account
sequester
sequester
Request
Committee Committee Enacted
Departmental Offices
(Salaries and Expenses)
$308
$292
$312
$182
$302
Department-wide
Systems and Capital
Investments —
0
3
—
3
Terrorism and Financial
Intelligence —
—
—
105
—
Office of Inspector
General 30
28
31
31
32
Treasury Inspector
General for Tax
Administration 151
143
150
155
156
Special Inspector
General for Troubled
Asset Relief Program
42
42
35
35
35
Community
Development Financial
Institutions Fund
221
209
225
221
230
Financial Crimes
Enforcement Network
111
105
104
111
112
Financial Management
Service 217
206
—
—
—
Bureau of the Fiscal
Servicea —
—
360
359
360
Alcohol and Tobacco
Tax and Trade Bureau
100
95
96
96
101
Bureau of the Public
Debt 172
165
—
—
—
Payment for Losses in
Shipment
2 2 2 2 2
Internal Revenue
Service (total)
11,793
11,199
12,861
8,966
12,070
Taxpayer Services
2,235
2,123
2,413
1,900
2,316
Enforcementb 5,289
5,022
5,421
3,866
5,343
Operations Support
Activitiesc 3,940
3,741
4,315
2,900
4,110
Business Systems
Modernization 330 313 301 300 301
Rescissions: Treasury
Forfeiture
Fund
(-950) (-950) (-950) (-1,219) (-1,200)
Total $12,196
$11,536
$13,229
$9,044
$12,203
Sources: H.Rept. 113-172, S.Rept. 113-80, and the Department of the Treasury.
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Notes: Figures are rounded and may not sum due to rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013” figures are from S.Rept.
113-80. “Post-sequester FY2013” amounts provided by the Treasury and reflect the enacted ful -year continuing
resolution, a sequestration reduction of 5%, and an across-the-board rescission of 0.2% under the Consolidated
and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6).
a. As it did with the FY2013 budget request, Treasury is proposing to merge the appropriation accounts for
the Financial Management Service and the Bureau of Public Debt into a single account cal ed the Bureau of
Fiscal Service. The main justification for such a consolidation is to improve the efficacy and efficiency of
Treasury’s financial management operations.
b. The requested appropriation for FY2014 includes $246 million in additional funds as a program integrity cap
adjustment for IRS enforcement initiatives to reduce future deficits.
c. The requested appropriation for FY2014 includes $166 million in additional funds as a program integrity cap
adjustment for IRS enforcement initiatives to reduce future deficits.
The President’s Budget Request
The President requested $13.229 billion (including the cancellation of $950 million in
unobligated balances from the Treasury Forfeiture Fund (TFF)) in appropriations for the
Department of the Treasury in FY2014. Under the budget proposal, the IRS would receive
$12.861 billion, or 97.2% of the total amount. The remaining $1.316 billion (plus $2 million in
payments for shipping losses) would be split among Treasury’s nine other appropriation accounts
in the following amounts: DO, $312 million; Department-wide Systems and Capital Investments
Program (DSCIP), $3 million; OIG, $31 million; TIGTA, $150 million; SIGTARP, $35 million;
CDFIF, $225 million; FinCEN, $104 million; Fiscal Service Operations (FSO), $360 million
(consolidates funding for FMS and BPD); and ATTB, $96 million.
Treasury’s FY2014 budget request is intended to promote the following objectives:
• repair and reform the U.S. financial system;
• support recovery in the housing market;
• enhance U.S. competitiveness;
• promote international financial stability and balanced global growth;
• protect national security through targeted financial actions;
• pursue comprehensive tax and fiscal reform; and
• manage the government’s finances in a fiscally responsible manner.17
More details on the Administration’s budget request for each appropriations account follow.
Departmental Offices
The Treasury Department requested $311.8 million in appropriations for DO in FY2014. Of that
amount, $36.2 million would go to executive direction, $55.5 million to international affairs and
economic policy, $86.1 million to domestic finance and tax policy, $97.7 million to terrorism and
17 For more details on these goals and the ways in which the budget request would promote them, see
http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/0.%20Departmential%20Summary.pdf.
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financial intelligence, and $36.3 million to Treasury management and related programs.18 The
proposed operating budget would be $381.3 million, which is about $69 million more than the
requested appropriations. This difference would be bridged by reimbursable expenses incurred by
activities funded under the DO account.
Department-wide Systems and Capital Investments
Treasury requested $2.7 million in appropriations for DSCIP in FY2014. No funds were
appropriated for the account in FY2012 and FY2013. Of that amount, $1.5 million would be used
to design, procure, and install a “Wireless Intrusion Detection System” in the Main Treasury and
Treasury Annex buildings, and $1.2 million would be used to upgrade the energy efficiency of
those buildings.19
Office of Inspector General
Treasury requested $31.3 million in appropriated funds for OIG in FY2014.20 The funds would be
used to conduct both mandated audits and audits and investigations of Treasury’s riskier programs
and operations. Among the mandated audits are those related to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act),21 the Federal Information Security
Management Act,22 the Federal Deposit Insurance Act,23 and the Improper Payments Elimination
and Recovery Act.24 The OIG is also responsible for conducting audits and investigations of
projects and programs funded through the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund and overseeing
Treasury’s funding of low-income housing projects and certain energy properties under the
Economic Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.25 Included in the budget request was $2.8
million for costs related to OIG’s oversight of Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund projects and
program.
Office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program
Treasury requested $34.9 million for SIGTARP in FY2014.26 The funds would be used to support
the Office’s main functions of fostering transparency in Treasury’s management of TARP-funded
programs for which the federal government has contracts or guarantees; assessing the
effectiveness of TARP; and preventing, investigating, and referring for prosecution instances of
waste, fraud, and abuse in TARP-funded programs. Included in the budget request were $433,000
18 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
1.%20DO%20CJ%20FINAL%20508%20OK.pdf.
19 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
2.%20DSCIP%20CJ%20Final%20508%20OK.pdf.
20 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
3.%20OIG%20CJ%20Final%20ok.pdf.
21 P.L. 111-203.
22 44 U.S.C. §3541, et seq.
23 12 U.S.C. §1811, et seq.
24 P.L. 112-248.
25 P.L. 111-5.
26 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
4.%20SIGTARP%20CJ%20Final%20ok.pdf.
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for maintaining current levels of operation, $80,000 to support the Council of Inspectors General
on Integrity and Efficiency, and $5.8 million in efficiency savings.
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
Treasury requested $149.5 million for TIGTA in FY2014.27 The appropriated funds would be
used to finance the audits, investigations, and evaluations of IRS operations that TIGTA conducts
as part of its mission. Among its priorities in FY2014 are reducing the risks associated with IRS’s
programs for modernizing its business systems, lowering the tax gap, protecting taxpayer
identities, and overseeing IRS’s efforts to administer the tax provisions of the Patient Protection
and Affordable Care Act28 and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 201029
(henceforth referred to jointly as “ACA”). Included in the budget request were $1.6 million to
maintain current operating levels, efficiency savings of $383,000, $5.5 million in program
reductions, $324,000 to support the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency,
and $4.5 million to oversee IRS’s implementation of the tax provisions in the ACA.
Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
Treasury requested $224.9 million for CDFIF in FY2014.30 Included in the budget request were
$144.3 million for Financial and Technical Assistance awards, $10 million for the BEA program
and up to $35 million for the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI).31 The request entailed
$266,000 to maintain current operating levels, $853,000 in efficiency savings, $11.3 million in
program decreases (including an $8 million reduction in funding for the BEA program), and
$16.3 million in program increases (including additional funding of $13 million for the HFFI).
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
Treasury requested $103.9 million for FinCEN in FY2014.32 Included in the budget request were
$1.3 million for maintaining current levels of operation, $2.7 million in efficiency savings, and
$6.1 million in program decreases.
Among FinCEN’s priorities reported for FY2014 are strengthening relationships with state
regulatory agencies to enhance BSA compliance and enforcement, improving enforcement
programs by enhancing the identification of illicit financial activities, increasing the number of
analytical projects undertaken with foreign financial intelligence units, and refining and applying
the new information technology (IT) capabilities made possible by the BSA IT modernization
project.
27 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
5.%20TIGTA%20CJ%20FINAL%20ok.pdf.
28 P.L. 111-148.
29 P.L. 111-152.
30 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
6.%20CDFI%20CJ%20FINAL%20ok.pdf.
31 For more information on HFFI see http://www.cdfifund.gov/what_we_do/FinancingHealthyFoodOptions.asp?
programID=13.
32 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
7.%20FinCEN%20CJ%20FINAL%20ok.pdf.
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Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
Treasury requested $96.2 million for ATTB in FY2014.33 Included in the budget request were
$1.1 million to maintain current operating levels, $1.7 million in new efficiency savings, and an
additional $5.0 million for the alcohol and tobacco enforcement program through what is known
as a program integrity cap adjustment.34
Bureau of the Fiscal Service
Treasury proposed that the budgets for FMS and BPD be merged into a single appropriation
account called the Bureau of the Fiscal Service (FS) beginning in FY2014.35 (It made the same
request for FY2013, but Congress did not adopt it.) Under the proposal, FS would receive $360.2
million in FY2014. Included in the budget request were $4.2 million to maintain current operating
levels, $11.9 million in new efficiency savings, $5.6 million in program decreases, $11.7 million
in reinvestments, and $5.5 million in program increases.
Among FS’s indicated priorities for FY2014 are integrating the accounting and information
technology operations of FMS and BPD; implementing a government-wide Treasury Account
Symbol system to replace four legacy computer systems; creating a mechanism for managing
case files in digital form; continuing to develop the Financial Information Repository and to
implement the Payment Information Repository; and transferring the operations of the Office of
Financial Innovation to FMS from DO.
Treasury Forfeiture Fund (TFF)
Treasury proposed to cancel permanently $950 million in unobligated balances from the TFF in
FY2014.36 This would come on top of a rescission of $950 million in such balances enacted in
FY2013.
The Fund serves as the receipt account for the deposit of non-tax assets seized by the bureaus
participating in the TFF. These include the IRS’s Criminal Investigation unit, the U.S. Secret
Service, the Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol, and the Bureau of Immigration and Customs
Enforcement. The Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture (TEOAF) manages the Fund.
Money in the Fund covers the operating expenses of TEOAF and supports the enforcement
activities of the participating bureaus related to the National Money Laundering Strategy, the
Southwest Border Strategy, and federal efforts to combat terrorist financing.
TEOAF estimated that $593 million will be deposited in the Fund from asset forfeitures and
recoveries from previous fiscal years in FY2014, leaving $2.0 billion in budgetary resources, or
33 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
8.%20TTB%20CJ%20FY%2014%20FINAL%20ok.pdf.
34 The cap adjustments have their origin in the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-508). For more details, see
CRS Report R41901, Statutory Budget Controls in Effect Between 1985 and 2002, by Megan S. Lynch; and CRS
Report R41965, The Budget Control Act of 2011, by Bill Heniff Jr., Elizabeth Rybicki, and Shannon M. Mahan.
35 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/9.%20Fiscal%20Service%20CJ%20-
%20FINAL.pdf.
36 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
17.%20TEOAF%20CJ%20FINAL%20ok.pdf.
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32% less than the amount of budgetary resources in FY2013. After allowing for $716 million in
administrative expenses and obligatory costs and the proposed cancellation of $950 million in
unobligated balances, the net result at the end of FY2014 would be $370 million in such balances,
or 24.8% less than the projected result for FY2013.
Internal Revenue Service
Treasury requested $12.9 billion for the IRS in FY2014.37 Of this amount, $2.4 billion would be
used for taxpayer services, $5.7 billion for enforcement (including $246 million as a program
integrity cap adjustment38), $4.5 billion for operations support (including $166 million as a
program integrity cap adjustment), and $301 million for the Business Systems Modernization
(BSM) program.
Included in the budget request were $125.7 million to maintain current operations, $254.9 million
in efficiency savings, $1.1 billion in program increases, and $37.5 million in reinvestments. Of
the proposed funding for program increases, $177 million is intended to improve taxpayer
service; $605 million is intended to implement enacted legislation (especially the ACA), identify
and prevent taxpayer identity theft and the issuance of fraudulent tax refunds, and boost
compliance by investigating offshore tax evasion, implementing new information reporting
requirements, strengthening examination and collection programs, increasing audits, and
expanding the tax return preparer program implemented in 2011; $349 million is intended to put
in place new IT systems to deliver tax credits and meet rising demand for online and self-
assistance services; and $5 million is a transfer from the program integrity cap adjustment for
IRS’s enforcement account to ATTB for its enforcement programs.
The budget request also proposed amending the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control
Act of 198539 in order to raise the discretionary budget caps imposed on funding for the IRS.
Under the act, Congress created a mechanism for increasing spending allocations among
programs that generate a positive return on investment. These allocations are known as program
integrity cap adjustments. Under the Administration’s proposal, the adjustments would give the
IRS an additional $246 million for tax enforcement initiatives and $166 million for operations
support in FY2014.
The IRS’s budget request for FY2014 is built around the following priorities:
• improving customer telephone service;
• reducing the federal tax gap;
• upgrading agency IT systems to implement the ACA, develop new online
services, and promote increased employee collaboration and productivity; and
• building on the advances in the processing of taxpayer accounts made under a
program known as Customer Account Data Engine (CADE) 2.
37 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
10.%20IRS%20CJ%20FINAL%20v2.pdf.
38 For more details, see http://www.treasury.gov/about/budget-performance/CJ14/
5.%20TIGTA%20CJ%20FINAL%20ok.pdf.
39 P.L. 99-177.
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IRS Oversight Board Assessment of the Budget Request for the IRS
The IRS Oversight Board was established by the IRS Reform and Restructuring Act of 199840 to
oversee the IRS’s performance in administering the tax laws, managing its operations, and
accomplishing its strategic goals. Section 7802(d) of the federal tax code requires the Board to
assess the annual budget proposal submitted by the IRS to the Treasury Department. A key focus
of the Board’s assessment is the extent to which the proposal supports the short- and long-term
strategic objectives of the agency. The same statutory provision requires the President to submit
the Board’s budget recommendation to Congress along with the budget request for the IRS.
The Board recommended that the IRS receive $13.074 billion in appropriated funds in FY2014,
which would be 1.7% more than the budget request for FY2014.41 In the Board’s view, the
recommended funding would arrest a reduction in IRS operating levels since FY2010 which has
led to an accelerating decline in the agency’s performance, as measured by the amount of
enforcement revenue collected, the level of service available through the IRS’s toll-free assistance
line, taxpayer satisfaction with IRS service, and employee morale.
In its review of the Administration’s FY2014 budget request, the Board endorsed the request on
the grounds that it seemed “appropriate for the IRS to carry out both its statutory and additional
new responsibilities,” even though the request is $214 million less than the Board’s recommended
amount.”42 According to the Board’s review, the Administration’s proposed budget would make
needed investments in improving taxpayer service, enforcement, and agency information systems.
More specifically, the Board believed the Administration’s requested appropriations for taxpayer
services would enable the IRS to upgrade its level of toll-free telephone service and educate
taxpayers about the tax provisions in the ACA.43 It also believed the requested funding for
enforcement would allow the IRS to pursue three short-term objectives: (1) accelerate its efforts
to combat offshore tax evasion through implementing the provisions of the Foreign Account Tax
Compliance Act;44 (2) improve its capability to prevent the issuance of fraudulent tax refunds tied
to identity theft; and (3) increase its audits of high-income taxpayers and corporations.45
For the Board, a critical consideration in determining how much funding the IRS should receive
is the return on investment the added funds would yield. In its review of the budget request, the
Board noted that every dollar invested in taxpayer services, enforcement, operations support, and
BSM leads to an average return in revenue collected of four dollars.46
House Measure (H.R. 2786)
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations would provide $9.044 billion
in appropriations (including $1.219 billion in rescissions) for the Treasury Department in
40 P.L. 105-206.
41 IRS Oversight Board, FY2014 IRS Budget Recommendation: Special Report (Washington: May 2013), p. 3.
42 IRS Oversight Board, FY2014 IRS Budget Recommendation: Special Report, p. 3.
43 IRS Oversight Board, FY2014 IRS Budget Recommendation: Special Report, 10.
44 P.L. 111-147.
45 IRS Oversight Board, FY2014 IRS Budget Recommendation: Special Report, 11.
46 IRS Oversight Board, FY2014 IRS Budget Recommendation: Special Report, 4.
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FY2014.This amount is about 32% less than the budget request. Details on recommended funding
for each account and the issues addressed by the committee in its report on the bill follow.
Departmental Offices
The committee recommended that DO receive $182.0 million in appropriated funds in FY2014,
or 42% less than the budget request. Much of this difference stems from the committee’s decision
to create a separate appropriation account for the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
beginning in FY2014. In the Administration’s budget request, funding for TFI is included in the
DO appropriation account.
In its report on H.R. 2786, the committee directed Treasury to submit an operating plan for the
resources it receives for DO in FY2014 no later than 30 days after the enactment of the bill. The
plan should cover all offices and bureaus within Treasury and provide details on any planned
“program changes and major procurements.” In addition, the committee directed Treasury to
submit a report on “economic warfare and financial terrorism” no more than 90 days after the
enactment of the bill.
Alarmed by what it characterizes as the billions of dollars in improper payments made each year
for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the committee directed the department to work with
the IRS to develop more effective ways to monitor and curb such payments. As part of this
collaboration, Treasury would be required to submit quarterly reports to the House and Senate
Appropriations Committees specifying targets for reducing improper EITC payments and
describing the steps being taken to reach them.
The committee also included a provision limiting the fees available for obligation by the Office of
Financial Research to the amounts provided in appropriations acts beginning in FY2015.
Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
The committee recommended $105.0 million in appropriations for TFI in FY2014, or $7.3
million more than the amount specified for that purpose within the budget request for DO in
FY2014. Funding for TFI was folded into the enacted appropriations for DO in FY2013.
The committee directed TFI to make available to the general public the names of the companies
that are failing to comply with current sanctions against Iran and the names of foreign entities
doing business with Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Office of Inspector General
The committee recommended that the OIG receive $31.3 million in appropriations in FY2014, or
the same amount as the budget request. The committee also directed OIG to submit a report
within 90 days of the enactment of the bill on the “separation of funds and activities” between
Treasury offices that receive mandatory funding (e.g., Office of Financial Research and Office of
Financial Stability) and the offices whose funding is discretionary and whose work is similar
(e.g., the Office of Economic Policy and the Office of Domestic Finance).
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Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
The committee recommended $155.0 million in appropriations for TIGTA in FY2014, or 3.7%
more than the budget request.
In its report on H.R. 2786, the committee expressed support for TIGTA’s ongoing investigations
into identity theft and tax fraud and TIGTA’s commitment to monitor the issue until the IRS
“significantly reduces the incidence of tax fraud through identity theft and significantly improves
the quality of assistance it provides to victims” of such theft. The committee also directed TIGTA
to submit a report no later than 90 days after the bill’s enactment assessing the extent to which the
revenue that new enforcement initiatives are supposed to yield is actually collected.
Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program
The committee recommended that SIGTARP receive $34.9 million funds for FY2014, or the
same as the budget request.
In its report on the bill, the committee acknowledged that initial funding for the program was
included in the legislation creating it, but that the mandatory appropriations were limited and
decrease over time. To sustain SIGTARP’s required oversight of the remaining TARP amounts,
discretionary appropriations have had increasingly to fill the gap between the mandatory
appropriations and the operating expenses of the program. As TARP winds down in the next few
years, the committee “expects” that the requests for discretionary appropriations will also steadily
shrink.
In addition, the committee encouraged SIGTARP to continue its oversight of two issues related to
TARP: the Making Home Affordable Program and the participation in the Small Business
Lending Fund by banks that benefited from TARP loans.
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
The committee recommended $110.8 million for FinCEN in FY2014, 6.6% less than the budget
request. According to the committee’s report on H.R. 2786, this funding level is intended to allow
FinCEN to continue its multi-year effort to modernize its information systems and to ensure that
FinCEN is able to respond to the growing volume of requests for assistance from law
enforcement and intelligence agencies made possible by the recently activated BSA IT
Modernization system.
The committee also directed the agency to submit a progress report on its reorganization effort no
later than 45 days after the enactment of the bill. The report should describe the status of the
project as of September 30, 2013, discuss the remaining objectives for FY2014, and assess the
extent to which the progress made so far represents an improvement over the previous
organization.
Treasury Forfeiture Fund
The committee recommended a rescission of $1.219 billion in unobligated balances in the fund,
or 28.3% more than the budget request. Current law allows surpluses in the TFF to be used to
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enhance forfeiture capabilities, to be held in reserve, or to be rescinded temporarily or
permanently.
In its report on the bill, the committee pointed out that the TFF was intended to ensure that
adequate resources are available to cover the costs of an “effective asset seizure and forfeiture
program.” Those costs include expenses related to seizing, evaluating, maintaining, protecting,
advertising, forfeiting, and disposing of property. In the committee’s view, the Fund should not be
used to boost the funds available to participating agencies outside the appropriations process.
Relying on the Fund to pay for day-to-day operations or new activities gives participating
agencies an incentive to pursue cases involving possible forfeitures with high values, instead of
focusing attention on “individuals and organizations that perpetrate the worst crimes against
society.”
The committee directs TFF to submit a table each month showing the interest earned, the
forfeiture revenue collected, unobligated balances, expenses to date, and estimated expenses for
the remainder of the fiscal year.
Bureau of the Fiscal Service
The committee recommended $359.5 million for FS in FY2014, or 0.2% less than the budget
request. Of this amount, $4.2 million would be available until September 30, 2016, for projects to
modernize the agency’s information systems. Funding is also included for the USAspending.gov
initiative, which was launched in December 2007 to provide the public with free, centralized
access to information on federal spending, and the Do Not Pay Business Center, which reviews
all federal payments and awards before they are issued to prevent ineligible persons and entities
from receiving them.
In its report on H.R. 2786, the committee endorsed the proposed consolidation of FMS and BPD
into a single appropriation account to be called FS, beginning in FY2014, citing the future cost
savings as an important consideration. The committee also directed FS to issue no later than 60
days after the enactment of the bill separate reports on payments made from the Judgment Fund
in FY2012 and in FY2013, and to include in each report all fund payments since 2008, except for
those whose disclosure is prohibited by court order or current law. The Judgment Fund, which
was established in 1956 and is codified at 31 U.S.C. §1304, is a permanent, indefinite
appropriation that is used to pay final money judgments and awards against the federal
government that are not covered under another source of funds.47
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
The committee recommended that ATTB receive $95.7 million in appropriations in FY2014, or
0.5% less than the budget request.
Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
The committee recommended that CDFIF receive $221.0 million in appropriations in FY2014, or
1.7% less than the budget request. Of that amount, $189 million was designated for financial and
47 For more information on the Judgment Fund, see http://www.fms.treas.gov/judgefund/background.html.
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technical assistance grants, $12 million for Native Initiatives, and $20 million for administrative
expenses.
In its report on the bill, the committee noted that, though the CDFIF is supposed to serve the
development needs of territories and rural communities, there is a “lack” of CDFIs in those areas,
particularly in economically distressed communities. The committee wants the CDFIF to extend
CDFI programs to those communities.
Internal Revenue Service
The committee recommended that the IRS receive $8.966 billion in appropriations in FY2014, or
30.3% less than the budget request. If enacted, a reduction of that magnitude would exceed the
largest percentage decline in IRS appropriations since FY1985: a 4.0% decrease from FY1996 to
FY1997. An administrative provision in H.R. 2786 would allow the IRS to transfer up to 5% of
its total appropriations (3% in the case of enforcement) from one account to another with the prior
approval of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.
Funding for the IRS is spread among four accounts: taxpayer services, enforcement, operations
support, and business systems modernization. The recommended appropriation for each is
examined below.
Taxpayer Services
Of the recommended appropriations for the IRS, $1.9 billion would be used for taxpayer services,
or 21.3% less than the budget request. Several taxpayer service grant programs (e.g., Tax
Counseling for the Elderly and Volunteer Income Tax Assistance) are funded through this
account, but the committee’s report on H.R. 2786 mentions no funding levels for them.
The committee expressed concern about the rising instances of income tax fraud stemming from
taxpayer identity theft. To combat that theft, the Committee directed the IRS to submit a report by
January 31, 2014, providing specified details on the extent of the problem from 2009 to 2013 and
assessing the effectiveness of the steps taken by the agency to expedite the resolution of cases
involving taxpayers who were the victims of identity theft and to prevent future instances of it.
In addition, the committee expressed its opposition to any planned IRS initiative to develop a pre-
filled or simple tax return. The committee opposes such an initiative for two reasons: (1) it would
impose costly new administrative burdens on the IRS and employers, and (2) it would create a
conflict of interest between the IRS’s role as the nation’s tax collector and enforcer and the role
the agency would assume as a “tax preparer and financial advisor.” In the committee’s view, the
IRS should seek the approval of Congress before embarking on a simple tax return pilot program.
Enforcement
As reported by the committee, H.R. 2786 would provide an appropriation of $3.866 billion for tax
law enforcement in FY2014, or 31.8% less than the budget request. Of that amount, at least $60.3
million would be used to support IRS’s involvement in the Interagency Crime and Drug
Enforcement program. None of the recommended appropriation could be used to implement tax
provisions in the ACA, and no funds could be transferred to the IRS from the $1 billion fund
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established by the ACA and managed by HHS to cover expenses incurred by federal agencies in
implementing the act.48
The committee directed the IRS to submit a report on enforcement similar to the Taxpayer
Assistance Blueprint within 180 days of the enactment of the bill. The report should outline the
“safeguards” that are in place to prevent IRS employees from taking “inappropriate enforcement
actions.” It should also describe how IRS field employees conduct their work and how their
supervisors and “IRS headquarters oversee them,” incorporate comments from the Taxpayer
Advocate and the IRS Oversight Board, and be posted on the IRS’s website.
In addition, the committee called for some changes to the final regulations issued by the IRS on
interest payments made to non-resident aliens after December 31, 2012. The regulations include a
list of countries with which the United States has a tax treaty or information exchange agreement.
Every country on the list qualifies for automatic information reporting unless the United States
determines that a country should not receive such information because of concerns that it would
be misused. To address these concerns in the case of countries with a history of human rights
abuses, the committee recommended that the IRS consider the following steps: (1) publishing on
its public website a list of countries with which it is actively and automatically exchanging
information about interest payments to non-resident aliens living in those places; and (2) creating
a program to monitor the compliance of these countries with the requirements for confidentiality
and taxpayer safety.
Operations Support
The committee recommended that the IRS receive an appropriation of $2.900 billion for
operations support in FY2014, or 35.3% less than the budget request. None of the funds could be
used to implement the tax provisions in the ACA.
Business Systems Modernization
As reported by the committee, H.R. 2786 would provide $300.0 million for the BSM program in
FY2014, or 0.3% less than the budget request.
The committee commended the IRS for the progress that has been made in the past few years
with the Customer Account Data Engine 2 (CADE 2) program, which was launched in January
2012 and used during the 2012 filing season. As a result, records for 140 million individual
taxpayer accounts are now stored in a single, modern database, and the records can be updated
daily, which makes it possible to issue refunds and communicate with taxpayers about issues with
their accounts faster. While the committee recognized that the IRS continues to add capabilities to
CADE 2, such as linking historical to current returns, it noted that the “major costs of
development and implementation are completed.” Thus the committee expects BSM funding
requests to start to decline as the “IRS realizes savings from retiring legacy systems.”
48 For more information on the fund, see CRS Report R41390, Discretionary Spending in the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act (ACA), coordinated by C. Stephen Redhead.
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Other Issues
As reported by the committee, H.R. 2786 would also impose the following restrictions on the
IRS:
• Videos produced by the IRS must be approved in advance by the Service-Wide
Video Editorial Board.
• No employee awards or bonuses may be given out until the IRS submits a report
to the Committee on “employee salaries and awards and an evaluation of its
employee awards program.”
• No funds may be used for conferences until the IRS puts in place the key
findings from a recent TIGTA audit.
Senate Measure (S. 1371)
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations provided for a total appropriation
of $12.203 billion for the Treasury Department in FY2014, including a rescission of $1.2 billion
from the TFF. This amount is 7.8% less than the budget request. Details on the funding
recommended by the committee for each Treasury account follow. They are based on the
committee’s report on the bill.
Departmental Offices
The committee recommended that DO receive an appropriation of $302.4 million in FY2014, or
3.0% less than the budget request. An additional $7.4 million would be available for Treasury to
administer the RESTORE Act;49 the funds would come from the trust fund established by the act.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee issued several directives to Treasury related to activities
funded under the DO account. One directive instructed the agency to “prioritize” resources for the
Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence to support its efforts to protect the nation’s
financial systems against illegal activities such as money laundering. As part of this project, the
committee directed Treasury to submit a report within 180 days of the enactment of the bill that
assesses the progress made in implementing the recommendations in the 2007 National Money
Laundering Strategy; the report should include the views of the Departments of Justice and
Homeland Security.
Another directive instructed Treasury to collaborate with the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the National Credit Union
Administration, and the Federal Reserve to offer “clear guidance” to students on the risks
associated with private student loans compared to the risks associated with other kinds of debt,
and to lenders on the need for flexibility in working with borrowers with private student loan debt
to avoid bankruptcy.
The committee also directed the agency to fully implement all sanctions and divestment measures
imposed on North Korea, Belarus, Burma, Iran, Sudan, Syria, Zimbabwe, and designated rebel
49 P.L. 112-141.
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groups operating in and around the Congo, and to notify the committee if a lack of resources
impedes this process. Treasury was also directed to submit a report to several House and Senate
committees within 60 days of the enactment of the bill listing the persons in and around the
Congo affected by the asset freeze mandated by Section 1284 of the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013,50 and to use its resources to combat money laundering
related to illegal trade in ivory.
S. 1371 would require Treasury to submit a Capital Investment Plan to the House and Senate
Appropriations Committees within 30 days of the release of the President’s annual budget
request. The plan should include estimates of the funding needed over the lifetime of current and
planned capital projects and “meaningful and understandable” summaries of the projects by type.
The committee directed Treasury’s Office of the Chief Information Officer to determine if
adequate resources are being channeled into the projects listed in the plan and the maintenance
and modernization of existing systems and to ensure that all projects are “properly tracked and
completely described” in the plan.
The committee “encourages” Treasury’s Office of Financial Education to assess the effectiveness
of current financial literacy programs and develop a set of “measurable” objectives that the
Financial Literacy and Education Commission can use to better serve the needs of U.S. adults,
particularly given the low rate of financial literacy among this population.
Department-Wide Systems and Capital Investments Programs
The committee recommended $2.7 million in appropriations for DSCIP in FY2014, or the same
amount as the budget request. There were no appropriations for the account in FY2013.
Office of Inspector General
The committee recommended $32.0 million in appropriations for OIG in FY2014, or 1.9% more
than the budget request. An additional $2.8 million would be available from funds in the trust
fund established under the RESTORE Act to enable OIG to conduct required audits and
investigations of Treasury’s efforts to implement the act.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee directed OIG to perform audits of Treasury’s programs to
combat money laundering and terrorist financing, its management of capital investments and
planning of capital projects, and the CDFIF.
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
The committee recommended that TIGTA receive $156.4 million in appropriated funds for
FY2014, or 4.6% more than the budget request. This increase reflects the committee’s recognition
that TIGTA’s workload has been growing in recent years as IRS’s operations have expanded and
the challenges faced by the IRS have become more complex.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee directed TIGTA to bring to the committee’s attention any
evidence it uncovers that the IRS is failing to take steps to correct “systemic deficiencies” and to
50 P.L. 112-239.
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implement procedures that would prevent the agency from engaging in practices that undermine
the public’s trust in the IRS’s ability to administer the tax laws fairly and efficiently.
The committee also commended TIGTA for its ongoing reviews of IRS’s BSM program and other
IT projects and noted that it shares the concern expressed by TIGTA in a recent audit report that
the IRS is developing and using modernized IT systems without giving adequate thought to their
“security implications.”
Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program
The committee recommended that SIGTARP receive $34.9 million in appropriations in FY2014,
or the same as the budget request. A portion of the recommended decrease from FY2013 levels
would be offset by funds carried over from FY2013.
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
The committee recommended $112.0 million in appropriations for FinCEN in FY2014, or 7.8%
more than the budget request. The increase is intended to allow FinCEN to maintain critical
functions, “better leverage taxpayer investments in newly enhanced information systems,” and
reap the benefits from its reorganization during FY2013.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee commended the agency for the progress it has made in
modernizing the information system it uses to enforce the Bank Secrecy Act. In the committee’s
view, the upgrades to FinCEN’s system should enhance the capability of Treasury and other
government agencies to effectively combat financial crimes.
The committee directed the agency to continue to submit semiannual reports summarizing the
progress made in the modernization effort; the reports should emphasize planned goals that were
achieved, costs, management of contractors, management of procurement, and strategies for
involving all the major stakeholders. In addition, the committee directed FinCEN to improve the
reliability and comprehensiveness of BSA data by implementing the recommendations made by
the GAO and OIG in recent reports.
FinCEN was also directed to submit to the committee semiannual reports on the status of its
reorganization effort. The final report should be submitted one year after the reorganization is
complete.
Treasury Forfeiture Fund
The committee recommended a rescission of $1,200 million in unobligated balances in the fund
in FY2014, or 26.3% more than the budget request.
Bureau of the Fiscal Service
The committee endorsed a proposal by Treasury to combine FMS and BPD into a single
appropriation account called the Bureau of the Fiscal Service (FS), starting in FY2014. FS would
receive $360.2 million in appropriated funds for FY2014, or the same as the budget request.
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In S. 1371, the committee authorized FS to keep enough of the assets Treasury recovers through
its unclaimed asset recovery program to cover the cost of the program. Any remaining assets
should be deposited in the General Fund of the Treasury for deficit reduction.
Section 118 of the bill authorized Treasury to transfer funds from the salaries and expenses
account for FS to the Debt Collection Fund to cover expenses related to debt collection. Any such
transfer would be reimbursed to FS account from debt payments deposited in the Fund.
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
The committee recommended that ATTB receive $100.7 million in appropriations in FY2014, or
4.7% above the budget request. This amount does not include the proposed transfer of funds from
the IRS under the program integrity cap adjustment.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee noted that the recommended funding includes $2 million
for the cost of hiring special law enforcement agents to combat tobacco smuggling and other
criminal activities within the jurisdiction of ATTB.
Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
The committee recommended $230.0 million in appropriations for the CDFIF in FY2014, or
2.3% more than the budget request.
Of this amount, $25.0 million was designated for the Health Food Financing Initiative, which
seeks to expand the supply of affordable, wholesome foods in underserved urban and rural
communities. The recommended funding is intended to increase financing in these communities
for new grocery stores, improved distribution networks for such foods, and the acquisition of the
supplies and equipment needed to expand the availability of these foods. The committee also
directed CDFIF to encourage recipients of funds to include food hubs in their plans for increasing
the supply of affordable, wholesome foods in targeted communities.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee specified that $15 million should be set aside for grants,
loans, and technical training and assistance for Native American, Alaskan, and Hawaiian
communities.
The bill also would allow Treasury to guarantee up to $1 billion in bonds in FY2014 to support
lending and investments by CDFIs in underserved communities. The bond guarantees, authorized
under the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010,51 are be intended to open up new sources of long-
term capital. Funds raised through the bonds could be used to back new loans or refinance
existing ones. In addition, the recommended appropriations for CDFIF include $2 million to
support the fund’s continuing efforts to enhance the capacity of CDFIs to support the
development of “entrepreneurial” businesses in underserved communities.
51 P.L. 111-240.
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Internal Revenue Service
The committee recommended that the IRS receive an appropriation of $12.070 billion in FY2014,
or 6.2% less than the budget request. Section 101 of S. 1371 allows the IRS to transfer up to 5%
of the amount appropriated for one of its accounts to another account, with one exception: no
more than 3% of the amount appropriated for enforcement may be transferred to another account.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee commented on several matters of concern. Specifically, it
endorsed the combined use of several recommended approaches to shrinking the tax gap. These
include improved information reporting and taxpayer services, increased research into non-
compliance, and use of new technology to enhance IRS’s enforcement capabilities. The
committee also “strongly supports” the research on taxpayer compliance being done by the
National Taxpayer Advocate and the IRS Office of Research; directs the IRS to include details on
planned reorganizations, job cuts or increases, and changes to current service and enforcement
activities in the operating plan the agency is required to submit along with its annual budget
request; and instructs the IRS to provide details on the expected hiring dates for staff who will be
working on proposed new initiatives, starting with its budget request for FY2015.
Taxpayer Services
The committee recommended that the IRS receive an appropriation of $2.316 billion in FY2014
for taxpayer services, or 4.0% below the budget request.
Of the recommended funding, “not less than” $5.6 million should be used for the Tax Counseling
for the Elderly program, at least $10 million should go to low-income taxpayer clinic grants, and
at least $18 million should be set aside over two consecutive fiscal years for the Volunteer Income
Tax Assistance (VITA) matching grant program. With regard to VITA, the committee “urges” the
IRS to permit national organizations involved in coordinating local community efforts to provide
tax services for disabled individuals to apply for VITA grants.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee acknowledged what it calls the “important” contribution
that IRS’s toll-free telephone service makes to taxpayer compliance and noted the recent decline
in the level of telephone service. In calendar year 2012, the IRS answered 68% of the calls it
received on its toll-free line, and the average wait time for a caller was 17 minutes. Section 104 of
the bill specifies that funding will be available in FY2014 for improving the toll-free telephone
assistance the IRS offers to taxpayers. Among the committee’s recommended improvements are
reducing wait times and speeding up correspondence with “victims of tax crimes.”
The committee also expressed its approval of the steady rise in the number of taxpayers filing
their returns electronically with no additional costs. During the 2012 filing season, 81% of
individual returns were e-filed, up from nearly 76% in 2011. E-filing yields substantial cost
savings: the IRS estimates that the cost of processing an electronic return is one-twentieth of the
cost for a paper return. Considering the rising use of e-filing, IRS’s newly acquired ability to
process returns on a daily basis, and the growing popularity of the electronic deposit of refunds,
the committee “strongly urges” the IRS to update its measure of refund timeliness using the
recommendations from the GAO and the IRS Oversight Board.
Deeming it “imperative” that taxpayer service in Alaska and Hawaii remain on a par with the
service available in the other 48 states, the committee directed the IRS to ensure that Taxpayer
Advocate Service Centers in those states are fully staffed (including a collection technical advisor
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and an examination technical advisor at each center) and able to resolve even the most complex
of taxpayer problems.
Enforcement
The largest Treasury appropriation account covers tax enforcement activities. For FY2014, the
committee recommended that the IRS receive $5.343 billion for such activities, or 5.7% less than
the budget request (including $246 million from a program integrity cap adjustment for the
collection of future revenue). At least $60.3 million of the recommended funds are reserved for
the Interagency Crime and Drug Enforcement program.
Citing the findings of a recent report by TIGTA, the committee expressed outrage over the IRS’s
use of “inappropriate screening criteria” in the processing of applications for tax exempt status by
entities claiming to be social welfare organizations under Section 501(c)(4) of the federal tax
code.52 The committee also criticized the agency for problems uncovered by the report that it says
contributed to the inappropriate screening, especially “unacceptable delays in case disposition,
weak internal controls, communication breakdowns, and serious management deficiencies.” To
restore the public’s trust in the IRS, the committee directed the agency to adopt and adhere to a
plan based on the IRS Commissioner’s assessment of the screening delays and the steps that need
to be taken to ensure they do not recur.53 Section 109 of the bill requires the IRS to provide clear
guidance on its website for the processing of applications for tax-exempt status by social welfare
organizations involved in political campaigns, and Section 110 would require the IRS establish
managerial controls to ensure that such applications are processed promptly on the basis of
“objective criteria.”
Noting that identity theft is a growing source of tax fraud, the committee recommended that the
IRS invest in new technologies and methods designed to counter such theft. These include unique
identifiers to keep potential thieves from gaining access to social security and taxpayer
identification numbers and an “identity and linking technology” to facilitate the automatic
recognition of duplicate tax returns. The committee directed the IRS to develop and implement
and to share with the committee, within 90 days of the enactment of the bill, an “action plan and
timetable” for lowering by half the average amount of time a taxpayer victimized by identity theft
has to wait to resolve a tax refund fraud claim.
Another issue addressed by the committee was payroll tax fraud. This arises when a payroll tax
processor fails to transmit to the IRS the payroll tax revenue it collects from companies that use
its services. The committee directed the IRS to increase its scrutiny of payroll processors
engaging in “questionable practices” (without specifying any such practices) and to remind all
taxpayers using the services of such processors that it is the taxpayer’s responsibility to pay all
federal and state payroll taxes, regardless of the terms of their contract with the processors. The
committee also instructed the agency to submit a report no later than 90 days after the enactment
of the bill detailing the data on delinquent payroll processors that are currently collected, how that
data are being used to reduce or prevent payroll tax fraud, and what steps the IRS would take if it
were given additional resources to combat such fraud. Section 108 of the bill requires the IRS to
52 See http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2013reports/201310053fr.pdf.
53 See http://www.irs.gov/pub/newsroom/Initial%20Assessment%20and%20Plan%20of%20Action.pdf.
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give special consideration to applications for an offer in compromise by taxpayers who are the
victim of payroll tax fraud.
Agreeing with a recommendation from the IRS Oversight Board, the committee “strongly urges”
the IRS to develop more measures for evaluating the efficacy of several initiatives taken by the
agency to improve taxpayer compliance. Four such initiatives were mentioned in the report on S.
1371: tax preparer regulation, the new information reports for merchant payment cards and the
basis of stock sold on exchanges, the Compliance Assurance Program, and the Offshore Voluntary
Disclosure Program.
Yet another enforcement issue addressed by the committee was the misclassification of workers
as independent contractors. Such an error usually leads to the underreporting and underpayment
of employment and payroll taxes by employers and workers. To get a better understanding of the
extent of the problem, the IRS is undertaking a three-year study of worker classification and other
employment tax issues. It has also formed a team to assist taxpayers on tax issues related to the
classification of workers. Underscoring its concern about the revenue losses from the
misclassification of workers, the committee deemed it “crucial” that the IRS maintain adequate
staffing in a program (SS-8) designed to assist employers in determining a worker’s employment
tax status. The committee directed the agency, before reducing staffing at any SS-8 processing
office, to submit a report that examines staffing levels, employee productivity, and SS-8 receipts
over the past five years and clearly explains the rationale for the proposed reduction.
On the matter of collecting delinquent individual tax debt, Section 105 of the bill would extend
through FY2014 a ban on using appropriated funds to “enter into, renew, extend, administer,
implement, enforce, provide oversight of, or make any payment related to” a debt collection
program involving the use of private debt collectors. The ban, which was first imposed on
FY2010 appropriations as a result of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010,54 is intended to
reinforce a decision by the IRS in March 2009 to terminate a controversial private tax debt
collection program that had begun three years earlier.55
Operations Support
For FY2014, the committee recommended that the IRS receive $4.110 billion in appropriations
for operations support, or 8.3% less than the budget request. Up to $250 million of the
recommended funds would be available for IT support through the end of FY2015; another $1
million would be available for research through the end of FY2016; and at least $2 million would
go to the IRS Oversight Board to pay for its operating expenses.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee noted that the IRS lacks a “comprehensive integrated
system” for evaluating the agency’s performance, productivity, and program costs. This
deficiency includes the lack of a quantitative measure of the progress made in implementing
major non-BSM IT projects. To remedy these gaps in IRS’s management of its IT projects, the
committee “strongly urges” the agency to consider developing such a measure, which would give
IRS managers and congressional staff a better understanding of the results of its investments in
major new IT projects.
54 P.L. 111-117.
55 For more details, see David Lawder, “U.S. IRS to end contracts with private tax debt collectors,” Reuters, March 5,
2009, available at http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/06/usa-taxes-idUSN0536345520090306.
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The committee also directed the IRS to submit within 180 days of the enactment of the bill a
strategic plan for new uses of its e-services and the resources needed to implement them.
In addition, the IRS was directed to include in its budget request for FY2015 a long-term strategy
for upgrading its aging legacy computer systems The agency must also submit to the House and
Senate Appropriations Committees and GAO quarterly reports in FY2014 that discuss in plain
English the costs and schedules for the previous three months and the anticipated costs and
schedules for the next three months for several IT projects, including IRS.gov, Returns
Remittance Processing, EDAS/IPM, Information Returns and Documents Processing, and E-
services.
Business Systems Modernization
IRS maintains a separate appropriation account for the BSM program. The committee
recommended that the program receive $300.8 million in appropriations in FY2014, or the same
as the budget request. To augment funding for BSM in FY2014, the committee encouraged the
agency to draw upon user fees collected by the IRS.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee recognized that “sustained and adequate funding” is
critical to the success of risky IT modernization projects like the BSM program and notes that it is
committed to enabling the IRS to build on the progress it made in 2012 with the CADE 2 and
Modernized e-File (MeF) programs.
The committee “expects” the IRS to continue to submit quarterly BSM reports to the Committee
and the GAO during FY2014. The reports should clearly explain the costs and schedules for
CADE 2 and MeF in the previous three months and their anticipated costs in the next three
months.
Executive Office of the President56
The FSGG appropriations bill provides funding for all but three offices under the EOP.57 The
White House, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Office of National Drug Control
Policy are among the EOP offices funded through FSGG appropriations. Table 4 lists the
amounts for FY2013 prior to the sequester, the President’s FY2014 request, and amounts
recommended by the House and Senate appropriations committees for FY2014.
56 This section authored by Barbara Schwemle (x7-8655).
57 Of the three exceptions, the Council on Environmental Quality and the Office of Environmental Quality are funded
in the House and Senate Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. The Office of Science and
Technology Policy and the Office of the United States Trade Representative are funded in the House and Senate
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.
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Table 4. Executive Office of the President Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Sequester
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
The White House (total)
$201
$199
$175
$199
Compensation of the President
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
The White House Office (salaries
57 55 50 55
and expenses)
Executive Residence, White
13 13 12 13
House (operating expenses)
White House Repair and
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Restoration
Council of Economic Advisers
4
4
4
4
National Security Council and
13 13 10 13
Homeland Security Council
Office of Administration
113
113
98
113
Office of Management and Budget
89
93
79
93
Federal Drug Control Programs
368 311 361 367
(total)
Office of National Drug Control
24 23 22 23
Policy (net of rescissions)
High Intensity Drug Trafficking
238 193 238 238
Areas Program
Other Federal Drug Control
106 95 100 106
Programs
Unanticipated Needs
1
1
0
1
Information Technology Oversight
5 0 5 8
and Reform
Data-driven Innovation
0
14
0
6
Special Assistance to the President
4 4 4 4
(salaries and expenses)
Official Residence of the Vice
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
President (operating expenses)
Total: EOP and Funds
$669 $623 $625 $679
Appropriated to the President
Sources: H.Rept. 113-172 and S.Rept. 113-80.
Notes: Al figures are rounded, and columns may not equal the total due to rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013”
figures are from S.Rept. 113-80 and include across-the-board cuts under the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6). The Information Technology Oversight and Reform account is
labeled as Integrated, Efficient and Effective Uses of Information Technology in S. 1371.
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The President’s Budget Request and Key Issues
The Administration’s FY2014 budget requested an appropriation (discretionary funds) of $623.5
million for the EOP and funds appropriated to the President.
The justification that accompanied the EOP’s budget submission noted that the increase requested
for the Office of Administration would, among other items, fund salaries and benefits resulting
from “the conversion of ten contractors to full-time Government staff,” the monthly transit
subsidy, and equipment.58
According to the justification, the requested increase for the Office of Management and Budget
would allow the agency to maintain a staffing level of 506 FTE in FY2014 (+$3.3 million), fund
anticipated cost increases in GSA rental payments (+$174,000) and information technology
contractor support (+$363,000), and allow the agency to implement a Senior Executive Service
Candidate Development Program (+$550,000).59 In addition, according to the justification, the
reductions in requested appropriations resulted from “the Administration’s commitment to
identify and demonstrate real spending reductions.”
The President’s budget request proposed an administrative provision for the EOP and funds
appropriated to the President at Section 201 that would continue to authorize the OMB Director
(or other official designated by the President) to transfer up to 10% of appropriations between the
White House, Executive Residence at the White House, White House Repair and Restoration,
Council of Economic Advisers, National Security Council and Homeland Security Council,
Office of Administration, Special Assistance to the President, and Official Residence of the Vice
President accounts, provided the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations are notified at
least 15 days in advance. An appropriation could not be increased by more than 50% by such
transfers. The Vice President would approve transfers from the Special Assistance to the President
or Official Residence of the Vice President accounts.60
Federal Drug Control Programs
For the accounts under the Federal Drug Control Programs account, the President’s FY2014
budget requested a total appropriation of $311.4 million.
The FY2014 budget justification stated that the ONDCP funding would enable the agency “to
continue to pursue” the National Drug Control Strategy’s “goals of reducing drug use and its
consequences and ensuring improvements in fostering healthier individuals and safe communities
by sustaining and building upon significant accomplishments.” The requested reduction in the
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas Program (HIDTAP) appropriation would occur in the
grants to state, local, and tribal agencies, and transfers to federal agencies participating in the 28
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas. The Other Federal Drug Control Programs appropriation
58 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Fiscal Year 2014 Congressional Budget Submission (Washington: April
2013), p. OA-4.
59 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Fiscal Year 2014 Congressional Budget Submission, p. OMB-5.
60 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1127.
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would be allocated to the Drug Free Communities Program ($85.7 million), anti-doping activities
($7.8 million), and World Anti-Doping Agency membership dues ($1.9 million).61
House Measure (H.R. 2786)
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations would provide an
appropriation of $624.4 million for the EOP, which is $927,000 (+0.15%) more than the
President’s request for FY2014. The House report stated the committee’s belief “that the chief
executive of any organization experiencing a fiscal crisis should share in the funding sacrifice
along with the rest of the organization” and noted that the FY2014 appropriations for the White
House, the Executive Residence, the Council of Economic Advisors, the National Security and
Homeland Security Councils, the Office of Administration, the Office of Management and
Budget, the Special Assistant to the President, and the Official Residence of the Vice President
were 15% less than the FY2010 level.62
The appropriations for each of the EOP accounts, as recommended by the House Appropriations
Committee, were as follows:
• The White House Office: $50.3 million; $4.8 million (-8.8%) less than the
President’s request. The House committee report stated that this amount includes
“sufficient funds” for the Office of National AIDS Policy.
• Executive Residence, White House: $11.8 million; $1 million (-7.9%) less than
the President’s request.
• White House Repair and Restoration: $750,000; the same as the President’s
request.
• Council of Economic Advisers: $3.6 million; $622,000 (-14.8%) less than the
President’s request.
• National Security Council and Homeland Security Council: $10.4 million; $2.2
million (-17.6%) less than the President’s request.
• Office of Administration: $98 million; $15.1 million (-13.4%) less than the
President’s request. Of the total, up to $12 million would remain available until
expended for continued modernization of the information technology
infrastructure within the EOP. The office is directed to report annually to the
House Committee on Appropriations, at the same time that the President’s budget
is submitted, on progress on modernization of information technology, including
the amounts obligated and expended and for what purposes, specific milestones
achieved, and requirements and specific plans for further investment.
• Office of Management and Budget: $79 million; $14.5 million (-15.5%) less than
the President’s request.
61 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Fiscal Year 2014 Congressional Budget Submission Executive Office of the
President Office of National Drug Control Policy (Washington: April 2013), pp. 12, 46, 31, and 36-37.
62 H.Rept. 113-172, pp. 23-24.
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The House committee report included guidance and directives for OMB, as follows.63
The report stated that the committee “provides sufficient funds for OMB to consult with and
provide Congressional committees with an appropriate number of printed and electronic copies”
of the FY2015 budget, including the Appendix, Historical Tables and Analytical Perspectives
volumes. The committee report indicated that “in non-transition years, the Administration should
be held to the statutory deadline for submission of the budget request” and limited the level of
funding available to OMB until the budget request is submitted.
Stating that OMB “should work toward presenting its budget request and financial plans in a
manner that allocates all OMB obligations by office or activity,” the agency was directed to
provide the House and Senate Appropriations Committees with quarterly reports on obligations
by object class and full-time equivalents (FTE) by office. The reports are to display actual and
estimated obligations and FTE, to date and for the remainder of the fiscal year, and contain
obligation information regarding the operations of the core budgeting system.
The report stated the committee’s expectation that OMB would ensure the long term effectiveness
of the Office of the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator (IPEC) by hiring permanent
senior staff and directs the agency to report to the committee within 120 days of the act’s
enactment on the IPEC budget, including the number of permanent FTEs.
According to the report, the committee was “concerned that Federal agencies purchasing online
advertisements may unwittingly have advertisements appear on websites operated by those
engaged in criminal activity, including sites proliferating malware, or engaged in identity theft,
theft of intellectual property or counterfeiting.” The committee believed that OMB should review
the issue and provide any necessary guidance to executive branch agencies, and directed the
agency to report to the committee on its progress within 180 days of the act’s enactment.
OMB was directed to report to the committee, within 120 days after the act’s enactment, on
agency compliance with OMB Memorandum M-12-12 on reducing travel expenses and
conference spending. The report is to identify each agency’s savings, whether the 30% savings
goal was achieved, the impact of changes in travel and conference policies on the ability of
agencies to perform mission critical activities, and recommendations to improve OMB’s policies
on travel.
The report stated that the committee believed that OMB should “provide guidance to agencies on
transaction-based and no-cost funding models, including when it is appropriate to consider using
these contract tools, how to calculate potential savings from their use, and standards and best
practices for conducting their procurement.” OMB was directed to report within 90 days after the
act’s enactment on the use of such models for procuring information technology goods and
services. The report is to include “information on (a) transaction-based or no-cost funding model
use by agencies; (b) quantifiable costs savings and cost avoidance through their use; (c) plans to
continue or expand their future use; and (d) the status of the issuance of guidance to agencies
regarding their use.”
63 H.Rept. 113-172., pp. 26-28.
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The committee encouraged OMB and federal agencies to use successful business management
techniques, including continuous process improvement methods, to assist in meeting performance
goals and reducing wasteful spending.
• Unanticipated Needs: No funding for FY2014; $1 million (-100%) less than the
President’s request.
• Information Technology Oversight and Reform: $5.0 million;64 the OMB
Director could transfer the funds to one or more agencies to carry out projects
and would submit quarterly reports, not later than 30 days after the end of each
quarter, to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations identifying the
savings achieved by the government-wide information technology reform efforts
by fiscal year, agency, and appropriation.
• Special Assistance to the President: $3.9 million; $415,000 (-9.6%) less than the
President’s request.
• Official Residence of the Vice President: $281,000; $26,000 (-8.5%) less than the
President’s request.
H.R. 2786 as reported would fund the federal drug control accounts at the following levels:
• ONDCP: $22.5 million; $147,000 (-0.6%) less than the President’s request. The
agency was expected “to focus resources on the counter-drug policy
development, coordination and evaluation functions which are the primary
mission of the Office and the original reason for its existence.”
• HIDTAP: $238.5 million; $45.1 million (+23.3%) more than the President’s
request. Not less than 51% of the funds would be transferred to state and local
entities for drug control activities and would be obligated within 120 days after
the act’s enactment. Up to 49% of the funds could be transferred to federal
agencies and departments as determined by the ONDCP Director, of which up to
$2.7 million could be used for auditing services and associated activities
(including up to $500,000 for the continued operation and maintenance of the
Performance Management System). The ONDCP Director would notify the
House and Senate Committees on Appropriations of the initial allocation of
FY2014 funding among HIDTAs within 45 days after the act’s enactment and of
planned uses of discretionary HIDTA funding, determined in consultation with
the HIDTA Directors, within 90 days after the act’s enactment.
• OFDCP: $100.5 million; $5.1 million (+5.4%) more than the President’s request.
The appropriation would be allocated as follows: $88 million for the Drug-Free
Communities Program, $1.1 million for drug court training and technical
assistance, $8.5 million for anti-doping activities, $1.9 million for U.S.
membership dues to the World Anti-Doping Agency, and $1.0 million for
competitive discretionary grants to states to assist in implementing effective drug
laws.
64 The President’s budget requested an appropriation of $14 million for similar activities under the heading Data-driven
Innovation.
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Section 626(a)(1) of H.R. 2786 as reported would provide the mandatory appropriation for the
compensation of the President ($450,000, including $50,000 for expenses). According to the
House Committee on Appropriations report, this is an account “where authorizing language
requires the payment of funds.”65
The House bill as reported included the following EOP administrative provisions:
• Section 201 would continue to authorize the OMB Director (or other official
designated by the President) to transfer up to 10% of appropriations between the
White House, Executive Residence at the White House, White House Repair and
Restoration, Council of Economic Advisers, National Security Council and
Homeland Security Council, Office of Administration, Special Assistance to the
President, and Official Residence of the Vice President accounts, provided the
House and Senate Committees on Appropriations are notified at least 15 days in
advance. An appropriation could not be increased by more than 50% by such
transfers. The Vice President would approve transfers from the Special
Assistance to the President or Official Residence of the Vice President accounts.
• Section 202 would require the OMB Director to report to the House and Senate
Committees on Appropriations, within 90 days after the act’s enactment, on the
costs of implementing the Dodd-Frank Act. The report would include the
estimated mandatory and discretionary obligations of funds through FY2018, by
federal agency and by fiscal year, including (1) the estimated obligations by cost
inputs such as rent, information technology, contracts, and personnel; the
methodology and data sources used to calculate such estimated obligations; and
the specific section of such act that requires the obligation of funds; and (2) the
estimated receipts through FY2018 from assessments, user fees, and other fees
by the federal agency making the collections, by fiscal year, including the
methodology and data sources used to calculate such estimated collections; and
the specific section of such act that authorizes the collection of funds.
• Section 203 would prohibit the use of funds to pay the salaries and expenses of
any EOP officer or employee to prepare, sign, or approve statements abrogating
legislation passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate and signed by
the President.
• Section 204 would prohibit the use of funds to pay the salaries and expenses of
any EOP officer or employee to prepare or implement an executive order that
contravenes existing law.
• Section 622 of H.R. 2786 as reported would continue the provision prohibiting
the use of funds to pay the salaries and expenses for the Director of the White
House Office of Health Reform, the Assistant to the President for Energy and
Climate Change, the Senior Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury assigned to
the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry and Senior Counselor for
Manufacturing Policy, and the White House Director of Urban Affairs, or any
substantially similar positions.
65 H.Rept. 113-172, p. 121.
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The House committee continued the provision at Section 610 that would prohibit the EOP from
using funds to request an FBI official background investigation report on any individual except
with the express written consent of the individual involved, within six months prior to the date of
such request and during the same presidential administration, or when required because of
extraordinary circumstances involving national security.
Senate Measure (S. 1371)
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations would provide an appropriation
of $679.1 million for the EOP, $55.6 million (+8.9%) more than the President’s request.
The appropriations for each of the EOP accounts, as recommended by the Senate Appropriations
Committee, were as follows:
• The White House Office: $55.1 million; the same as the President’s request. The
Senate committee report directed the EOP “to allocate sufficient resources to
continue the robust operation of the Office of National AIDS Policy” and “the
administration to continue to coordinate a Government-wide effort to continue to
coordinate a government-wide effort to achieve the goals of the National
HIV/AIDS strategy.”66
• Executive Residence, White House: $12.8 million; the same as the President’s
request.
• White House Repair and Restoration: $750,000; the same as the President’s
request.
• Council of Economic Advisers: almost $4.2 million; the same as the President’s
request.
• National Security Council and Homeland Security Council: $12.6 million; the
same as the President’s request.
• Office of Administration: $113.1 million; the same as the President’s request. Of
the total, $12 million would remain available until expended for continued
modernization of the information technology infrastructure within the EOP.
According to the Senate report, the continuation of this initiative “will refresh the
aging information technology infrastructure, strengthen disaster recovery and
information security capabilities, and transition the EOP’s communications
architecture to integrate mobile devices while complying with security and
records management requirements.” The office is directed “to place a top priority
on the implementation of comprehensive policies and procedures for the
preservation of all records, including electronic records such as emails, videos,
and social networking communication, consistent with” laws, including the
Presidential Records Act and the Federal Records Act. The office is to work
closely with the National Archives and Records Administration, and fully apprise
the committee of funding needed to preserve and retain records.67
66 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 39.
67 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 41.
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• Office of Management and Budget: $93.4 million; the same as the President’s
request.
The Senate committee report included guidance and directives for OMB, as follows.68
OMB was directed to “allocate increased funds toward restoring non-politically appointed civil
service staffing levels, including for the Office of Federal Procurement Policy and the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs,” and to use the additional resources to respond to requests
from Congress “in a timely and complete manner” and, particularly, those “related to program
funding and operations.”
As in the House committee report, the Senate report stated that the committee believed that OMB
should “provide guidance to agencies on transaction-based and no-cost funding models, including
when it is appropriate to consider using these contract tools, how to calculate potential savings
from their use, and standards and best practices for conducting their procurement.” OMB was
directed to report within 90 days after the act’s enactment on the use of such models for procuring
information technology goods and services. The report is to include “information on (a)
transaction-based or no-cost funding model use by agencies; (b) quantifiable costs savings and
cost avoidance through their use; (c) plans to continue or expand their future use; and (d) the
status of the issuance of guidance to agencies regarding their use.”
The committee directed OMB to continue making enhancements to the federal government’s core
budgeting system, within current resources, and to notify the committee of any cost-effective
opportunities for further improvements.
In conjunction with the work of the Chemical Government Coordinating Council and the
Chemical Sector Coordination Council, OMB was directed to conduct a comprehensive review of
the regulatory regime related to chemical security and then report the findings to the committee
within 180 days after the act’s enactment. The report is to (1) identify regulatory gaps that may
pose an unacceptable security risk, (2) evaluate the effectiveness of strategies for closing such
gaps, (3) identify existing redundancies between current regulatory regimes, and (4) evaluate
strategies for eliminating such redundancies. In addition, the report is to describe the coordination
by federal entities with responsibilities for chemical security and how coordination can be
improved, including through formal agreements.
OMB was directed “to coordinate with the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board to
publish information on its Web site” on the status of funding provided under P.L. 113-2,
“including commitments, obligations, unobligated balances, and expenditures” within 60 days
after the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force terminates, and, thereafter, in quarterly updates.
The agency was directed to submit a report within 90 days after the act’s enactment “on the
feasibility of producing an analysis of current levels of spending on children and children’s
programs, including a detailed breakdown by agency, department, and initiative.”
The committee report noted that, although OMB required agencies to submit the first draft of
their strategic plans, as required by the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act
(GPRMA), by June 3, 2013, few of the required agency consultations with the committee staff
68 S.Rept. 113-80, pp. 42-43.
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Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
had taken place. Agency representatives were directed to “promptly contact” the staff to schedule
the consultations and OMB was requested to facilitate the discussions as necessary.
• Unanticipated Needs: $1.0 million; the same as the President’s request.
• Integrated, Efficient and Effective Uses of Information Technology69: $8.0
million. The Senate report reminded the Administration to regularly apprise the
committee “of how Government-wide IT reform efforts affect agency-specific
projects and missions on a case-by-case basis,” and to immediately notify the
committee of changes in agency spending plans for IT projects. The report
directed that “IT reform initiatives shall not be a substitute for the Committee’s
routine consideration of agency needs” under the budget process.70
• Data-driven Innovation: $6 million; $8 million (-57.1%) less than the President’s
request for this new initiative. The Senate report stated that the committee did not
adopt the President’s proposal to fund the information technology management
program under the Data-driven Innovation account and instead recommended
funding for that program under the Integrated, Efficient and Effective Uses of
Information Technology account. The committee expected to be regularly
apprised of how efforts under the program affect agency- and program-specific
projects and missions, on a case-by-case basis and expected the EOP to
demonstrate how all changes comply with current law and to notify the
committee and relevant authorizing committees on any projects or reforms that
will affect program designs, operations, and outcomes. The program was not to
be a substitute for the committee’s consideration of agency needs or evaluation of
program operations under the regular budget and oversight process. The EOP
was directed to immediately notify the committee of any change in an agency
spending plan resulting from the program.
• Special Assistance to the President: $4.3 million; the same as the President’s
request.
• Official Residence of the Vice President: $307,000; the same as the President’s
request.
S. 1371 as reported would fund the federal drug control accounts at the following levels:
• ONDCP: $23.0 million; $353,000 (+1.6%) more than the President’s request.
Policy research was not funded.
• HIDTAP: $238.5 million; $45.1 million (+23.3%) more than the President’s
request. The office was directed to provide funding for the existing HIDTAs at
not less than the FY2013 level and to consult with the HIDTAs prior to allocating
funds. Of the total, up to $2.7 million could be used for auditing services and
associated activities. HIDTA funds are to be expeditiously transferred to the
appropriate drug control agencies and are to be withheld from a state “until such
time as a State or locality has met its financial obligation.”71
69 H.R. 2786 as reported labels this account as Information Technology Oversight and Reform.
70 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 48.
71 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 45.
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• OFDCP: $105.6 million; $10.2 million (+10.7%) more than the President’s
request. The appropriation would be allocated as follows: $92.0 million for the
Drug-Free Communities Support Program (DFCSP), including $2.0 million for
National Community Anti-Drug Coalition training; $9.0 million for anti-doping
activities; $1.9 million for the United States membership dues to the World Anti-
Doping Agency; $1.2 million for activities related to model State drug laws; and
$1.4 million for drug court training and technical assistance.
Administrative provisions under the appropriation for the EOP and funds appropriated to the
President included in S. 1371 as reported were the following:
• Section 201 would continue to authorize the OMB Director (or other official
designated by the President) to transfer up to 10% of appropriations between the
White House, Executive Residence at the White House, White House Repair and
Restoration, Council of Economic Advisers, National Security Council and
Homeland Security Council, Office of Administration, Special Assistance to the
President, and Official Residence of the Vice President accounts, after the House
and Senate Committees on Appropriations are notified at least 15 days in
advance. An appropriation could not be increased by more than 50% by such
transfers. The Vice President would approve transfers from the Special
Assistance to the President or Official Residence of the Vice President accounts.
• Section 202 would require the ONDCP Director to submit to the Senate and
House Appropriations Committees, within 60 days after the act’s enactment, and
prior to initially obligating more than 20% of the ONDCP funds, “a detailed
narrative and financial plan on the proposed uses of all funds under the account
by program, project, and activity.” The reports must be updated every six months
and include any changes in the estimates and assumptions of the previous reports.
New projects and changes in the funding for ongoing projects would require
advance approval by the committees.
• Section 203 would provide that up to 2% of ONDCP appropriations could be
transferred between appropriated programs within ONDCP with advance
approval by the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations, but such
transfer could not increase or decrease an appropriation by more than 3%.
• Section 204 would provide that up to $1.0 million of ONDCP appropriations
could be reprogrammed within a program, project, or activity with advance
approval by the Senate and House Appropriations committees.
The Senate committee continued the provision at Section 610 that would prohibit the EOP from
using funds to request an FBI official background investigation report on any individual except
with the express written consent of the individual involved, within six months prior to the date of
such request and during the same presidential administration, or when required because of
extraordinary circumstances involving national security.
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The Judiciary72
As a co-equal branch of government, the judiciary presents its budget to the President, who
transmits it to Congress unaltered. The FY2014 judiciary budget request totaled $7.22 billion.
Table 5 lists the pre-sequester amounts for FY2013, the President’s FY2014 request, and amounts
recommended by the House and Senate appropriations committees for FY2014.
Table 5. The Judiciary Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
sequester
Request
Committee Committee
Enacted
Supreme Court (total)
$83
$86.5
$86
$86
Salaries and Expenses
75 74.8 74
75
Building and Grounds
8
11.6
12
11
U.S. Court of Appeals for
32 33.4 31
33
the Federal Circuit
U.S. Court of International
21 22.0 20
21
Trade
Courts of Appeals, District
Courts, and Other Judicial
6,609 6,822.9 6,644
6,768
Services (total)
Salaries and Expenses
5,016
5,170.2
4,999
5,089
Defender Services
1,038
1,068.6 1,065 1,098
Fees of Jurors and
52 54.4 54
55
Commissioners
Court Security
499
524.3
520
520
Vaccine Injury Trust Fund
5
5.3
5
5
Administrative Office of the
83 85.4 80
84
U.S. Courts
Federal Judicial Center
27
27.7
26
26
United States Sentencing
Commission
16 17.0 16
17
Judicial Retirement Funds
125
127
127
127
Total: The Judiciary
$6,998
$7,221.7
$7,029
$7,161
Sources: H.Rept. 113-172 and S.Rept. 113-80.
Notes: Al figures are rounded, and columns may not equal the total due to rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013”
figures are from S.Rept. 113-80 and include across-the-board cuts under the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6).
72 This section authored by Matthew Glassman (x7-3467).
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The Judiciary Budget and Key Issues
Appropriations for the judiciary comprise approximately (0.2%) of total budget authority.73
Two accounts that fund the Supreme Court (the salaries and expenses of the Court and the
expenditures for the care of its building and grounds, which are the responsibility of the Architect
of the Capitol) together total approximately 1% of the total judiciary budget. The rest of the
judiciary’s budget provides funding for the “lower” federal courts and related judicial services.
The largest account, approximately 72% of the total FY2014 budget request—the Salaries and
Expenses account for the U.S. Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services—
covers the “salaries of circuit and district judges (including judges of the territorial courts of the
United States), justices and judges retired from office or from regular active service, judges of the
U.S. Court of Federal Claims, bankruptcy judges, magistrate judges, and all other officers and
employees of the federal judiciary not otherwise specifically provided for,” and “necessary
expenses of the courts.” Two other large accounts provide funds for Defender Services (14.8%)
and Court Security (7.3%).
The remaining judiciary budget is divided among the: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit (0.5% in FY2014 request), U.S. Court of International Trade (0.3%), Fees of Jurors and
Commissioners (0.8%), Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (1.2%), Federal Judicial Center
(0.4%), U.S. Sentencing Commission (0.2%), and Judicial Retirement Funds (1.8%).
The judiciary budget does not fund three “special courts” in the U.S. court system: the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Armed Forces (funded in the Department of Defense appropriations bill), the
U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (funded in the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs,
and Related Agencies appropriations bill), and the U.S. Tax Court (funded under Independent
Agencies, Title V, of the FSGG bill). Federal courthouse construction is funded within the
General Services account under Independent Agencies, Title V, of the FSGG bill.
The judiciary uses non-appropriated funds to offset its appropriations requirement. The majority
of these non-appropriated funds are from fee collections, primarily from court filing fees. These
monies are used to offset expenses within the Salaries and Expenses account of Courts of
Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services. Some of these funds may be carried
forward from one year to the next. These funds are considered “unencumbered” because they
result from savings from the judiciary’s financial plan in areas where budgeted costs did not
materialize. According to the judiciary, such savings are usually not under its control (e.g., the
judiciary has no control over the confirmation rate of Article III judges and must make its best
estimate on the needed funds to budget for judgeships, rent costs based on delivery dates, and
technology funding for certain programs).
The judiciary also has “encumbered” funds—no-year authority funds appropriated for specific
purposes. These are used when planned expenses are delayed, from one year to the next (e.g.,
costs associated with space delivery, and certain technology needs and projects).
73 Calculations by CRS with data from Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, FY2014, Table
5.2—Budget Authority By Agency: 1976–2018; available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.
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At a March 20, 2013, House hearing, Judge Julia S. Gibbons, chair of the Budget Committee of
the Judicial Conference of the United States,74 addressed funding constraints and efforts to cut
costs.75 She also discussed the potential impact of a sequester pursuant to the Budget Control Act,
workload projections, and staffing formulas. She stated that the courts have already downsized by
nearly 1,800 employees since July 2011 and that “cuts below the 2012 level—even cuts less
severe than sequestration … [would] result in forced downsizings, delays in processing cases, and
a reduction in the supervision of felons on post-conviction release in the community.”76
Judicial Security77
The safe conduct of court proceedings and the security of judges in courtrooms and off-site has
been a concern in recent years. The Chicago murders of family members of a federal judge, and
the Atlanta killings of a state judge, a court reporter, and a sheriff’s deputy at a courthouse in
2005; the sniper shooting of a state judge in his Reno office in 2006; and the wounding of a
deputy U.S. marshal and killing of a court security officer at the Lloyd D. George U.S.
Courthouse and Federal Building in Las Vegas in 2010 spurred efforts to improve judicial
security.78 An FY2005 supplemental appropriations act79 included a provision that provided
intrusion detection systems for judges in their homes, and the Court Security Improvement Act of
200780 aimed to enhance security for judges and court personnel as well as courtroom safety for
the public.
The judiciary has been working closely with the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) to ensure that
adequate protective policies, procedures, and practices are in place. The FY2014 budget request
would continue a pilot program for the USMS to assume responsibility for perimeter security at
selected courthouses that were previously the responsibility of the Federal Protective Service
(FPS). This pilot was first authorized in FY2009 as a result of the judiciary’s stated concerns that
FPS was not providing adequate perimeter security. After the initial planning phase, USMS
implemented the pilot program on January 5, 2009, and assumed primary responsibility for
security functions at seven courthouses located in Chicago, Detroit, Phoenix, New York, Tucson,
and Baton Rouge (location of two of the seven courthouses). The judiciary and USMS have been
evaluating the program and identifying areas for improvement. The judiciary reimburses USMS
for the protective services.
74 The Judicial Conference of the United States is the principal policymaking body for the federal courts system. The
Chief Justice is the presiding officer of the conference, which comprises the chief judges of the 13 courts of appeals, a
district judge from each of the 12 geographic circuits, and the chief judge of the Court of International Trade.
75 Testimony of Honorable Julia S. Gibbons, Chair, Committee on the Budget of the Judicial Conference of the United
States, in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Financial Services and General
Government, Oversight Hearing - The Judiciary, 113th Cong., 1st sess., March 20, 2013.
76 Ibid., p. 3.
77 For an analysis of court security and federal building security in general, see CRS Report R41138, Federal Building,
Courthouse, and Facility Security, by Lorraine H. Tong and Shawn Reese.
78 Steve Friess, “Two Killed in Las Vegas Courthouse,” The New York Times, January 4, 2010, available at
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/05/us/05vegas.html.
79 P.L. 109-13.
80 P.L. 110-177.
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Supreme Court
The total FY2014 request for the Supreme Court, $86.5 million, was contained in two accounts:
(1) Salaries and Expenses of $74.8 million and (2) Care of the Building and Grounds of $11.6
million.
The House-reported level of $74.2 million for the Salaries and Expenses account and $11.6
million for the Care of Building and Grounds account total $85.8 million. The House report
indicated that the Care of Building and Grounds funding above the FY2013 level was for façade
restoration. The Senate-reported level of $74.8 million for the Salaries and Expenses account and
$11.2 million for the Care of Building and Grounds account total $86.0 million. The Senate report
requires quarterly reports on the Supreme Court modernization project.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
This court, consisting of 12 judges, has jurisdiction and reviews, among other things, certain
lower court rulings on patents and trademarks, international trade, and federal claims cases. The
FY2014 budget request was $33.4 million. The House-reported bill would provide $30.9 million.
The Senate-reported bill would provide $33.3 million.
U.S. Court of International Trade
This court has exclusive jurisdiction nationwide over the civil actions against the United States,
its agencies and officers, and certain civil actions brought by the United States arising out of
import transactions and the administration as well as enforcement of federal customs and
international trade laws.
The FY2014 request was $22.0 million, while the House-reported level was $20.4 million, and
the Senate-reported level was $21.4 million.
Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services
The FY2013 funding request of $6,822.9 million covers 12 of the 13 courts of appeals and 94
district judicial courts located in the 50 states, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the territories of Guam and the U.S.
Virgin Islands. The House-reported level was $6,643.8 million, while the Senate-reported level
was $6,768.1 million. The account is divided among salaries and expenses, the Vaccine Injury
Compensation Trust Fund, court security, defender services, and fees of jurors and
commissioners.
Salaries and Expenses
The FY2014 request for this account is $5,170.2 million, while the House-reported level is
$4,999.1 million and the Senate-reported level is $5,089.2 million.
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Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund
Established to address a perceived crisis in vaccine tort liability claims, the Vaccine Injury
Compensation Program funds a federal no-fault program that protects the availability of vaccines
in the nation by diverting a substantial number of claims from the tort arena. The FY2014 request
was $5.3 million, while the House-reported level was $5.2 million, and the Senate-reported level
was $5.4 million.
Court Security
This account provides for protective guard services, security systems, and equipment needs in
courthouses and other federal facilities to ensure the safety of judicial officers, employees, and
visitors. Under this account, the majority of funding for court security is transferred to the U.S.
Marshals Service to pay for court security officers under the Judicial Facility Security Program.
The FY2014 request was $524.3 million, while the House-reported bill would provide $520.0
million and the Senate-reported bill would provide $520.3 million.
Defender Services
This account funds the operations of the federal public defender and community defender
organizations, and compensation, reimbursements, and expenses of private practice panel
attorneys appointed by federal courts to serve as defense counsel to indigent individuals. The cost
for this account is driven by the number and type of prosecutions brought by U.S. attorneys. The
FY2014 request for these services was $1,068.6 million, while the House-reported bill would
provide 1,065.0 million and the Senate-reported bill would provide $1,098.5 million. Both the
House and Senate report stated that funding was not provided for an increase in the hourly panel
attorney rate. The Senate report also contained language related to increased cost containment
scrutiny for this account.
Fees of Jurors and Commissioners
This account funds the fees and allowances provided to grand and petit jurors, and compensation
for jury and land commissioners. The FY2014 request was $54.4 million. The House-reported bill
would provide funding at the requested level, while the Senate-reported bill would provide $54.9
million, which is $0.5 million greater than the budget request.
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts
As the central support entity for the judiciary, the AOUSC provides a wide range of
administrative, management, program, and information technology services to the U.S. courts.
AOUSC also provides support to the Judicial Conference of the United States, and implements
conference policies and applicable federal statutes and regulations. The FY2014 request for
AOUSC was $85.4 million, the House-reported bill would provide $80.0 million, and the Senate-
reported bill would provide $83.6 million.
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Federal Judicial Center
As the judiciary’s research and education entity, the Federal Judicial Center undertakes research
and evaluation of judicial operations for the Judicial Conference committees and the courts. In
addition, the center provides judges, court staff, and others with orientation and continuing
education and training. The center’s FY2014 request was $27.7 million, while the House-reported
bill would provide $25.8 million and the Senate-reported bill would provide $26.4 million.
United States Sentencing Commission
The commission promulgates sentencing policies, practices, and guidelines for the federal
criminal justice system. The FY2014 request was $17.0 million while the House-reported bill
would provide $15.8 million and the Senate-reported bill would provide $16.6 million.
Judiciary Retirement Funds
This mandatory account provides for three trust funds that finance payments to retired bankruptcy
and magistrate judges, retired Court of Federal Claims judges, and the spouses and dependent
children of deceased judicial officers. The FY2014 request was for $126.9 million. Both the
House and Senate would provide funding at the requested level. The House-reported bill provides
for these funds in Title VI (General Provisions) of the FSGG bill, rather than in Title III (the
Judiciary). The Senate-reported bill provides these funds in Title III of the bill.
Administrative Provisions
The House- and Senate-reported FSGG bills each contain new and continuing administrative
provision language.
House Bill Language Continued from FY2013
• Section 301 would continue language to permit funds for salaries and expenses to
be available for employment of experts and consultant services (as authorized by
5 U.S.C. §3109). (The judiciary also requested this section.)
• Section 302 would continue language to permit up to 5% of any appropriation
made available for FY2013 to be transferred between judiciary appropriations
accounts, provided that no appropriation would be decreased by more than 5% or
increased by more than 10% by any such transfer, except in certain
circumstances. In addition, the language would provide that any such transfer be
treated as a reprogramming of funds under Sections 604 and 608 of the bill and
would not be available for obligation or expenditure except in compliance with
the procedures set forth in those sections. (The judiciary also requested this
section.)
• Section 303 would continue language authorizing an amount not to exceed
$11,000 to be used for official reception and representation expenses incurred by
the Judicial Conference of the United States. (The judiciary also requested this
section.)
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• Section 304 would continue language to authorize a court security pilot program.
(The judiciary also requested this section.)
House Proposed New Bill Language
• Section 305 would extend temporary judgeships.
• Section 306 would require a space management plan for reducing the number of
square feet funded by the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial
Services, Salaries and Expenses appropriation by FY2016.
Senate Bill Language Continued from FY2013
The Senate committee recommended the House bill language continued from FY2013 listed
above, although Section 304 in the House bill is numbered Section 305 in the Senate bill.
Senate Proposed New Bill Language
• Senate Section 304 would grant the judicial branch the same tenant alteration
authorities as the executive branch. The Senate included this language in
FY2013.
• Senate Section 306 would provide certain contracting authorities to three judicial
branch entities.
• Senate Section 307 would extend temporary judgeships.
• Senate Section 308 would authorize six additional district judgeships in response
to increased caseloads and would convert two temporary judgeships, in
California and Arizona, to permanent status.
District of Columbia81
The authority for congressional review and approval of the District of Columbia’s budget is
derived from the Constitution and the District of Columbia Self-Government and Government
Reorganization Act of 1973 (the Home Rule Act).82 The Constitution gave Congress the power to
“exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever” pertaining to the District of Columbia. In
1973, Congress granted the city limited home rule authority and empowered citizens of the
District to elect a mayor and city council. However, Congress retained the authority to review and
approve all District laws, including the District’s annual budget. As required by the Home Rule
Act, the city council must approve a budget within 56 days after receiving a budget proposal from
the mayor.83 The approved budget must then be transmitted to the President, who forwards it to
Congress for its review, possible modification, and approval.84
81 This section authored by Eugene Boyd (x7-8689). For a more complete examination of appropriations for the District
of Columbia, see CRS Report R43253, FY2014 Appropriations: District of Columbia, by Eugene Boyd.
82 See Article I, Section 8, clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution; Section 446 of P.L. 93-198; 87 Stat. 801.
83 120 Stat. 2028.
84 87 Stat. 801.
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District of Columbia appropriations acts typically include the following three components:
1. Special federal payments appropriated by Congress to be used to fund particular
initiatives or activities of interest to Congress or the Administration.
2. The District’s operating budget, including funds to cover the day-to-day
functions, activities, and responsibilities of the District government; enterprise
funds that provide for the operation and maintenance of District government
facilities or services that are entirely or primarily supported by user-based fees;
and long-term capital outlays such as road improvements. District operating
budget expenditures are paid for by revenues generated through local taxes (sales
and income), federal funds for which the District qualifies, and fees and other
sources of funds.
3. General provisions are typically the third component of the District’s budget
reviewed and approved by Congress. These provisions can be grouped into
several distinct but overlapping categories, with the most predominant being
provisions relating to fiscal and budgetary directives and controls. Other
provisions include administrative directives and controls, limitations on lobbying
for statehood or congressional voting representation, congressional oversight, and
congressionally imposed restrictions and prohibitions related to social policy.85
Both the President and Congress may propose financial assistance to the District in the form of
“special federal payments” in support of specific activities or priorities. Table 6 lists the pre-
sequester amounts for FY2013, the President’s FY2014 request, the District of Columbia’s
FY2014 request, and the amounts recommended by the House and Senate Appropriations
Committees for FY2014.
Table 6. District of Columbia Special Federal Payments Appropriations,
FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
District
House
Senate
FY2014
sequester
Request
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
Resident Tuition
Support
$30 $35 $35
$15
$35
Emergency Planning
and Security
25 15 15
15
15
District of Columbia
Courts
232 223 223
233
232
Defender Services
55
50
50
50
50
Court Services and
213 228 228
225
228
Offender
85 Congress has, from time to time, included language authorizing new programmatic initiatives or amendments to the
District of Columbia home rule charter in the District’s Appropriations bill. For example, in 1995, Congress included
language authorizing the creation of public charter schools in the District of Columbia as part of P.L. 104-134, a
consolidated appropriation measure. In 2004, Congress included statutory provisions creating a school voucher
program as part of the District of Columbia Appropriations, which was a component of a consolidated appropriations
act, P.L. 108-199.
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FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
District
House
Senate
FY2014
sequester
Request
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
Supervision Agency
Public Defender
Service
37 41 41
39
41
Criminal Justice
Coordinating
2 2 2
2
2
Council
Judicial
Commissions
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5
0.5
Water and Sewer
Authority
15 15 15
—
15
School
Improvement
60 52 52
54
42
Public Schools
20
30
30
18
20
Public Charter
Schools
20 20 20
18
20
Education
Vouchers-linked
20 2 2
18
2
activities
D.C. National
Guard
0.4 0.5 0.5
0.4
0.5
D.C. Comm. on
— 1 1
—
Arts and Hum.
St. Elizabeth
Hospital Campus
— 10 10
—
10
Redevelopment
HIV/AIDS
5 5 5
3
5
Prevention
Special Federal
$675 $676 $676
$637
$675
Payments (total)
Sources: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Request Act of 2013, A-20-0127; H.Rept. 113-172; and
S.Rept. 113-80.
Note: Figures are rounded and columns may not sum due to rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013” figures are from
S.Rept. 113-80 and include across-the-board cuts under the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6).
The President’s Budget Request
On April 10, 2013, the Obama Administration released its detailed budget request for FY2014.
The Administration’s proposed budget included $676.3 million in special federal payments to the
District of Columbia. Approximately 80% ($543.4 million) of the President’s proposed budget
request for the District would be targeted to the courts and criminal justice system. This included
• $222.7 million in support of court operations;
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• $49.9 million for Defender Services;86
• $227.9 million for the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for
the District of Columbia, an independent federal agency responsible for the
District’s pretrial services, adult probation, and parole supervision functions;
• $1.8 million for the Criminal Justice Coordinating Council;
• $40.6 million for the public defender’s office;87 and
• $500,000 to cover costs associated with investigating judicial misconduct
complaints and recommending candidates to the President for vacancies to the
District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the District of Columbia Superior
Court.88
The President’s budget request also included $87.2 million in support of education initiatives,
with $52.2 million to support elementary and secondary education, $500,000 to support the D.C.
National Guard college access program, and $35 million for college tuition assistance. These
amounts represented 12.9% of the Administration’s federal payment budget request for the
District of Columbia.
The District’s FY2014 Budget
On March 28, 2013, the mayor of the District of Columbia submitted a proposed budget to the
District of Columbia Council, the “Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Request Act of 2013.” On May 22,
2013, the council approved a FY2014 budget that included $12.2 billion in proposed operating
funds, $2.2 billion in proposed capital outlays, and $676 million in proposed special federal
payments. The mayor signed the measure (A20-0127) on July 24, 2013. Included in the act were
provisions to grant the District greater self-governance, providing some level of budget autonomy
in the expenditure of local funds and legislative autonomy. Specifically, the act would, by
reference, enact the “Local Budget Autonomy Act of 2012.”89 The budget act, if approved by
Congress, would thus amend the District’s home rule charter by removing language that currently
subjects the District’s general fund budget to the congressional appropriations process.
Specifically, under the Local Budget Autonomy Act, the District’s local budget would become
effective if Congress failed to enact a joint resolution of disapproval within a 30-day
86 Funds are administered by the Joint Committee on Judicial Administration in the District of Columbia and may be
used to provide court appointed attorneys and other services for (1) indigent persons charged with a criminal offense;
(2) family proceedings in which child neglect is alleged, or where the termination of the parent-child relationship is
under consideration; and (3) the representation and protection of mentally incapacitated individuals and minors whose
parents are deceased. Funds may also be used to provide guardian training and payments for counsel appointed in
adoption proceedings, and for services such as transcripts of court proceedings, expert witness testimony, foreign and
sign language interpretation, investigations, and genetic testing.
87 The Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia is a federally funded, independent organization governed
by an eleven-member Board of Trustees. Created by federal statute (P.L. 91-358; D.C. Code Section 2-1601), the
Public Defender Service implements the constitutional mandate to provide criminal defense counsel for indigent
individuals. The organization also provides legal representation for individuals facing involuntary civil commitment in
the District’s mental health system or parole revocation for D.C. Code offenses.
88 This includes $295,000 to the Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure and $205,000 to the Judicial
Nomination Commission.
89 D.C. Act 19-632, which would have amended the District’s Home Rule Act, subject to approval by voter
referendum.
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congressional review period. Thus, the District’s local budget would no longer require active
approval by Congress.90
In addition to budget autonomy, the District’s Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Request Act of 2013
included several provisions intended to advance legislative autonomy. The act would:
• eliminate the requirement that proposed amendments to the District’s home rule
charter be transmitted to Congress;
• no longer subject proposed charter amendments to the 35-day congressional
review period;
• no longer subject the District’s borrowing authority to the congressional
appropriations process; and
• shorten the congressional review period (which currently allows Congress 30
legislative days to review non-criminal-code legislation passed by the District of
Columbia Council and 60 days for legislation related to criminal offenses,
procedures, and prisoners) by eliminating language that excludes Saturdays,
Sundays, holidays, and any day on which neither chamber is in session because
of an adjournment sine die, a recess of more than 3 days, or an adjournment of
more than 3 days beginning on the day the legislation is transmitted to the House
or Senate.
House Measure (H.R. 2786)
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations includes $637 million in
special federal payments to the District. This is $395 million less than requested by the Obama
Administration and $38 million less than recommended by the Senate bill. The House bill would
not include funding for the District’s Water and Sewer Authority and includes a substantial
decrease ($20 million) in the amount to be appropriated for the Resident Tuition Support (college
access) program. The bill also would direct $54 million in funding to support the District of
Columbia Public Schools ($18 million), public charter schools ($18 million), and private school
vouchers ($18 million).
General Provisions
The House bill included several general provisions governing budgetary and fiscal operations and
controls including prohibiting deficit spending within budget accounts, establishing restrictions
on the reprogramming of funds, and allowing the transfer of local funds to capital and enterprise
90 This is an alternative to a provision that was included in the District’s FY2013 budget request. That proposal would
have granted the District some level of budget autonomy in the expenditure of local funds if Congress failed to pass,
and the President failed sign, a District of Columbia appropriations act before the beginning of FY2013. The provision
would have allowed the District to obligate and expend local funds at the rate set forth in the act during the period in
which there is an absence of a federal appropriations act authorizing the expenditure of local funds. Similar language
was included in a Senate bill (S. 3301,112th Congress) recommending appropriations for FY2013 as reported by the
Senate Appropriations Committee. (See S. 3301, Title VIII, §815.) The provision was also supported by the
Administration. (See Executive Office of the President, U.S. President (Obama), “Statement of Administration Policy:
H.R. 6020 – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2013”, June 28, 2012), p. 4, at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/legislative/sap/112/saphr6020r_20120628.pdf.)
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fund accounts. In addition, the bill would require the city’s Chief Financial Officer to submit a
revised operating budget for all District government agencies and the District public schools
within 30 days after the passage of the bill.
The House bill also includes several general provisions relating to statehood or congressional
representation for the District, including provisions that would continue prohibiting the use of
federal funds to
• support or defeat any legislation being considered by Congress or a state
legislature;
• cover salaries, expenses, and other costs associated with the office of
Statehood Representative and Statehood Senator for the District of Columbia;
and
• support efforts by the District of Columbia Attorney General or any other
officer of the District government to provide assistance for any petition drive
or civil action seeking voting representation in Congress for citizens of the
District.
H.R. 2786 would prohibit the use of both District and federal funds for abortion services. In
addition, the bill would continue to prohibit the use of federal funds to administer needle
exchange or to decriminalize or regulate the medical use of marijuana. Despite the federal
prohibition, on June 12, 2012, the city announced the certification of four privately operated
medical marijuana dispensaries.91 The first dispensary opened on July 29, 2013.92
Senate Measure (S. 1371)
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations would provide for $675 million
in special federal payments to the District. This is approximately $1 million less than requested
by the Administration. The bill included $9.4 million more in funding for court operations than
requested by the Administration. It would appropriate $10 million less than the President’s
FY2014 request for elementary and secondary education initiatives. These funds would be
allocated among three specific initiatives: public school improvements ($20 million), support for
public charter schools ($20 million), and funding a private school voucher program ($2.2 million
for evaluation and administration activities). The Senate report accompanying the bill noted that
there are sufficient unexpended funds available from pervious appropriations to meet the needs of
the school voucher program.
General Provisions
The Senate bill’s general provisions mirror some of the language included in the House bill. Like
the House bill, S. 1371 included provisions governing budgetary and fiscal operations and
91 District of Columbia Department of Health, “DC Department of Health Notifies Applicants Eligible to Register for
Medical Marijuana Dispensaries,” press release, June 12, 2012, at http://newsroom.dc.gov/show.aspx/agency/doh/
section/2/release/23453/year/2012.
92 Ryan J. Reilly and Nick Wing, “Washington, D.C.’s First Medical Marijuana Dispensary Opens Blocks From
Capitol,” Huffington Post, July 30, 2013, at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/washington-dc-medical-
marijuana-dispensary_n_3676943.html.
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controls. It also included provisions restricting or prohibiting the use of federal funds to support
District statehood or congressional voting representation and included provisions that would
continue prohibiting the use of federal funds to
• support or defeat any legislation being considered by Congress or a state
legislature;
• cover salaries, expenses and other costs associated with the office of Statehood
Representative and Statehood Senator for the District of Columbia; and
• support efforts by the District of Columbia Attorney General or any other
officer of the District government to provide assistance for any petition drive
or civil action seeking voting representation in Congress for citizens of the
District.
The bill also included changes in three provisions that city officials have sought to eliminate or
modify. The bill would
• continue the prohibition against the use of federal funds to provide abortion
services;
• prohibit the use of federal funds to regulate and decriminalize the medical use
of marijuana; and
• maintain the current prohibition on the use of federal funds to support a needle
exchange program.
The Senate bill included provisions not included in previous District of Columbia appropriations
acts passed by Congress that would amend the District’s home rule charter. The Senate measure
would grant the city fiscal year and budget autonomy over the expenditure of locally raised funds,
an action long sought by District officials. Specifically, the Senate measure would decouple the
District’s fiscal year from the federal fiscal year and would grant the District the authority to
spend local funds if Congress has not enacted a federal appropriation authorizing the expenditure
of local funds before the start of the District’s fiscal year.
FY2014 Funding Lapse
To mitigate the impact of congressional delays in the approval of the District’s appropriation
before the beginning of a fiscal year, Congress has routinely included language in continuing
budget resolutions allowing the District to expend local funds on programs and activities included
in its General Fund budget. Before the beginning of FY2014, Congress did not approve the
District of Columbia Appropriation for FY2014 or a continuing resolution. In response to the
funding lapse, the District used a $144 million contingency fund to keep the city operating. On
October 2, 2013, the House considered and passed H.J.Res. 71, the District of Columbia
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014, which would have allowed the District to use
locally raised revenues to fund District operations through December 15, 2013, though the Senate
did not act on this measure. Ultimately the District was provided funding until January 15, 2014
under the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 2775, P.L. 113-46).
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Independent Agencies
The FSGG appropriations bill provides funding for more than two dozen independent agencies
performing a wide range of functions. These functions include the management of federal real
property (GSA), the regulation of financial institutions and markets (SEC and CFTC), and mail
delivery (USPS). Table 7 lists the pre-sequester amounts for FY2013, the President’s FY2014
request, and the amounts recommended by the House and Senate appropriations committees for
FY2014.
Table 7. Independent Agencies Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Agency
sequester
Request
Committee Committee
Enacted
Administrative Conference of the United
$3
$3
—
$3
States
Christopher Columbus Fel owship
0.5
—
—
0.2
Foundation
Civilian Property Realignment Board
— 17 — —
Commodity Futures Trading
205 315 195 315
Commissiona
Consumer Product Safety Commission
114
117
114
117
Election Assistance Commission
12
11
—
11
Federal Communications Commissionb (340) (360) (320)
360
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation:
(35) (35) (35) (35)
Office of Inspector General (by
transfer)c
Federal Election Commission
66
66
66
66
Federal Labor Relations Authority
25
25
24
25
Federal Trade Commission
181
183
176
89
General Services Administrationd
-1,433
248
-2,185
248
Harry S Truman Scholarship Foundation
1
—
—
1
Merit Systems Protection Board
43
42
42
45
Morris K. Udall Foundation
6
6
—
6
National Archives and Records
374 368e 366 370
Administration
National Credit Union Administration
1
1
1
1
Office of Government Ethics
19
15
15
15
Office of Personnel Management (total)
20,883
20,875
20,871
20,875
Office of Special Counsel
19
21
21
21
Postal Regulatory Comm.
14
14
14
14
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FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Agency
sequester
Request
Committee Committee
Enacted
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight
1
3
3
4
Boardf
Recovery and Accountability
28
13
20
20
Transparency Board
Securities and Exchange Commissionb (1,321) (1,674) (1,371) (1,674)
Selective Service System
24
24
24
23
Smal Business Administration
1,847
969
897
949
SBA Disaster Relief Appropriations
804
—
—
—
United States Postal Service
310
312
311
312
United States Tax Court
51
53
51
53
Total: Independent Agencies
$22,809
$23,685
$20,944
$23,585
Sources: H.Rept. 113-172; S.Rept. 113-80; and H.Rept. 113-116.
Notes: All figures are rounded, and columns also may not equal the total due to rounding. “Pre-sequester
FY2013” figures are from S.Rept. 113-80 and include across-the-board cuts under the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6).
a. The CFTC is funded in the House through the Agriculture appropriations bill and in the Senate through
the Financial Services and General Government bill.
b. The FCC and the SEC received all of their FY2012 funding through the collection of regulatory fees,
resulting in no direct appropriation. Therefore, the amounts shown for the FCC and SEC represent
budgetary resources made available by Congress, but those amounts are not included in the table totals.
c. Budget authority transferred to FDIC is not included in total FSGG appropriations; it is counted as part
of the budget authority in the appropriation account from which it came.
d. GSA’s real property activities are funded through the Federal Buildings Fund (FBF), a multi-billion dol ar
revolving fund into which rental payments from federal agencies that lease GSA space are deposited.
Revenue in the FBF is then made available by Congress each year to pay for GSA’s real property
activities. A negative total for the FBF occurs when the amount of funds made available for expenditure
in a fiscal year is less than the amount of new revenue expected to be deposited.
e. Amount as shown in S.Rept. 113-80; it does not include appropriations for repayments of principal on
the construction of the Archives II facility. The amount reported in the President’s budget request,
$385.8 million, includes this principal repayment.
f.
The House recommended no funding for FY2013 and a $1 million rescission of prior year unobligated
balances.
Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection93
The Dodd-Frank Act created a Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (popularly known as the
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau or CFPB) as an independent agency with funding from the
Federal Reserve that is, by statute, not subject to review by the House and Senate Appropriations
Committees. Neither the President’s budget request nor S. 1371 as reported contain changes to the
underlying CFPB law and neither would appropriate funds for the bureau. In contrast, H.R. 2786
93 For more information on the CFPB, see CRS Report R42572, The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB):
A Legal Analysis, by David H. Carpenter.
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as reported includes legislative language that would prohibit any transfer of funds from the
Federal Reserve to the CFPB as of October 1, 2014, instead authorizing regular appropriations for
the CFBP. The bill would also require regular notification and reports by the CFPB to the House
and Senate Committees on Appropriations as well as the relevant authorizing committees through
FY2014.
Civilian Property Realignment Board94
The President requested $17.0 million for a new Civilian Property Realignment Board (CPRB),
which would develop recommendations as to which civilian federal properties should be
consolidated, reconfigured, redeveloped, leased, sold, or conveyed. No funding was provided in
FY2012 or FY2013, and neither the House nor the Senate Appropriations Committees
recommended funding for FY2014.95
Commodity Futures Trading Commission96
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is the independent regulatory agency
charged with oversight of derivatives markets. The CFTC’s functions include oversight of trading
on the futures exchanges, registration and supervision of futures industry personnel, prevention of
fraud and price manipulation, and investor protection. Although most futures trading is now
related to financial variables (interest rates, currency prices, and stock indexes), congressional
authorization jurisdiction remains vested in the House and Senate Agriculture Committees
because of the market’s historical origins as an adjunct to agricultural markets. Appropriations for
the CFTC are under the jurisdiction of the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee in the
House, and the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Subcommittee in the
Senate. The President requested, and the Senate Appropriations Committee recommended, $315.0
million for FY2014, while the House Appropriations Committee recommended $194.6 million.
Consumer Product Safety Commission97
The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent federal regulatory agency
whose mission is to reduce the risk of harm in the use of consumer products. In carrying out its
statutory responsibilities, the commission creates mandatory safety standards for products to
lower the risk of injury to consumers; works with industries to develop voluntary safety
standards; bans products it deems unsafe when voluntary safety standards are not feasible;
monitors recalls of defective products; informs and educates consumers about product hazards;
conducts research on and develops testing methods for product safety; collects and publishes data
94 This section authored by Garrett Hatch (x7-7822). For more information on federal real property reform legislation,
see CRS Report R43247, Disposal of Unneeded Federal Buildings: Legislative Proposals in the 113th Congress, by
Garrett Hatch.
95 One bill, the Civilian Property Realignment Act of 2013 (H.R. 695), has been introduced in the 113th Congress to
establish such a board and provide it with funding. H.R. 695 would authorize $82 million in funding for the CPRB.
96 For more information on the CFTC, see CRS Report R43117, The Commodity Futures Trading Commission:
Background and Current Issues, by Rena S. Miller.
97 This section authored by Gary Guenther (x7-7742).
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on injuries and product hazards; and promotes uniform product regulations among state and local
governments.
In FY2013, prior to the sequester, the CPSC was to receive $114.3 million in appropriated funds,
nearly the same as the amount enacted for FY2012. CPSC’s funding has increased significantly
since FY2007, when it totaled about $62.0 million. From FY2008 through FY2010, Congress
approved significant increases in funding for the agency, largely to support major reforms
initiated by the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008(CPSIA). 98 The 110th
Congress passed this act partly in response to a series of highly publicized recalls of imported
products, particularly unsafe toys and other items manufactured for children. Among other things,
the act enhanced the commission’s recall authority, simplified the rulemaking process, established
a new searchable database for consumer product complaints, and mandated product certification.
The President’s Budget Request
For FY2014, the CPSC requested $117.0 million in appropriations. Of this amount, $75.4 million
would go to employee compensation (including benefits). Viewed from the perspective of
CPSC’s strategic goals and programs, the budget request allocated $30.4 million to hazard
identification and reduction; $24.1 million to compliance and field operations; $4.6 million to
import surveillance; $2.2 million to education, global outreach, and small business; $18.4 million
to information technology; and $21.3 million to agency management, rent, and security.
The budget request also encompassed several proposed investments.99 Specifically, the CPSC
proposed spending $2.0 million to continue its participation in an interagency effort known as the
National Nanotechnology Initiative; $1.1 million to operate the National Product Testing and
Evaluation Center, which opened in 2011; $2.1 million to operate a database on injuries caused
by products and treated in hospital emergency rooms known as the National Emergency Injury
Surveillance System; $2.7 million on the operation and maintenance of the Consumer Product
Safety Risk Management System; $0.9 million on its consumer hotline; $1.9 million on a pilot
program to determine the effectiveness of a method for identifying imports of consumer products
that may violate U.S. safety laws and regulations; $16.2 million for field investigators; and $1.0
million for a pool safety and education program authorized by the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool
and Spa Safety Act.100
House Measure (H.R. 2786)
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations would provide for an
appropriation of $114.0 million for the CPSC in FY2014, 2.6% less than the budget request. Of
that amount, $500,000 was designated for the grant program established by the Virginia Graeme
Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act; the funds would be available until they are spent or obligated.
In its report on H.R. 2786, the committee pointed out the advantages of the CPSC establishing
cooperative relationships with the private sector in seeking the voluntary recall of products the
commission deems hazardous. It also expressed support for the agency’s Import Safety Initiative,
98 P.L. 110-314.
99 For more details on the request, see http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/reports/2013plan.pdf.
100 P.L. 110-140.
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which enables the CPSC to station investigators at key ports to prevent hazardous products from
entering the United States.
Section 628 of the bill would require the GAO to undertake a cost-benefit analysis of the changes
the CPSIA made in the CPSC’s mission and operations. Although a CPSIA reform bill101 enacted
in August 2011 addressed some of the committee’s concerns about lead limits in certain consumer
products and third-party testing requirements, the committee indicated that the reforms did not go
far enough and believed a study of the impact of the CPSIA is warranted.
The committee also encouraged the CPSC to continue its partnership with manufacturers of
window covers to educate consumers about the potential hazards of window cover cords.
Senate Measure (S. 1371)
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations would provide that the CPSC
receive $117.0 million in appropriations in FY2014.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee expressed its support for the commission’s efforts under
the CPSIA to ensure that current safety standards for durable infant and toddler products and
chemicals are appropriately stringent. It also opposed any move in Congress to “impose
additional statutory constraints” on those efforts.
The committee urged the CPSC to take action to reduce the use of flame-retardant chemicals,
particularly in furniture, and to continue working on a standard for furniture flammability that
takes into consideration the risk of “smoldering ignition” and does not interfere with the eventual
adoption by California of a proposed new standard.
Section 502 of the bill would require the GAO to conduct a study of the commission’s ability to
respond quickly to emerging product hazards.
Election Assistance Commission102
The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) was established under the Help America Vote Act of
2002(HAVA).103 The commission provides grant funding to the states to meet the HAVA
requirements and for election reform programs; provides for testing and certification of voting
machines; issues studies of election issues; and promulgates voluntary guidelines for voting
systems standards and issues voluntary guidance with respect to the act’s requirements. Although
the commission was not given new rulemaking authority under HAVA, the law transferred
responsibilities for the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA),104 including NVRA rule-making
authority, from the Federal Election Commission to the EAC. The Department of Justice is
charged with enforcement responsibility under HAVA.
101 P.L. 112-28.
102 This section authored by Kevin Coleman (x7-7878).
103 P.L. 107-252; 116 Stat. 1666.
104 P.L. 103-31.
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The President’s budget request for FY2014 included $11.0 million for the EAC, of which $2.75
million is to be transferred to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to
support work on testing guidelines for voting system hardware and software.
The House Committee on Appropriations recommended eliminating the EAC and transferring its
functions to the Federal Election Commission; therefore, the committee provides no funding for
the agency for FY2014. The House committee report noted that all statutorily mandated agency
positions are vacant, all appropriated funds have been distributed, and the Administration has not
requested additional funds in three years. In addition, the President appointed an ad hoc
commission to review the 2012 election and make recommendations, rather than directing the
EAC to do so.105
The Senate Committee on Appropriations recommended providing $11.0 million for EAC
operations, of which $2.75 million is to be transferred to NIST. The committee report directed the
Director of NIST to provide an expenditure plan to the EAC and the committee within 30 days of
the transfer and directed the EAC and NIST to set priorities to meet timelines for the related
work.
Federal Communications Commission106
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal agency with its five
members appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. It was established by
the Communications Act of 1934107 (1934 Act or “Communications Act”) and is charged with
regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and
cable. The statutory purpose of the FCC is to ensure that the American people have available,
“without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid,
efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service with adequate
facilities at reasonable charges.”
Most or all of the FCC’s budget is derived from regulatory fees collected by the agency rather
than through a direct appropriation. The fees, often referred to as “Section (9) fees,” are collected
from license holders and certain other entities (e.g., cable television systems) and deposited into
an FCC account. The law gives the FCC authority to review the regulatory fees and to adjust the
fees to reflect changes in its appropriation from year to year. Most years, appropriations language
prohibits the use by the commission of any excess collections received in the current fiscal year
or any prior years. These funds remain in the FCC account and are not made available to other
agencies or agency programs or redirected into the Treasury’s general fund.
105 The House committee noted its support for legislation in the 113th Congress to eliminate the EAC (H.R. 1994) and
for similar legislation passed by the House in the previous Congress.
106 This section authored by Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy,
Resources, Science, and Industry Division.
107 47 U.S.C. §151 et seq.
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The FCC Budget Request
For FY2014, the FCC requested a budget of $359.3 million, with no direct appropriation (i.e., the
entire budget will be funded through auction proceeds).108 It included requests for funding to
• support commission-wide information technology needs through extending the
enterprise storage;
• support for reform of the Universal Service Fund Support Program;
• space consolidation and facilities improvement that will reduce lease
arrangements that are not cost effective and improve efficiencies;
• create a Do-Not-Call registry for telephone numbers used by Public Safety
Answering Points;
• provide resources for mission-critical systems to ensure that they are operational
during a Continuity of Operations event; and
• provide contract funding to support mandatory audits for the Office of the
Inspector General. The budget submission also included a request to decrease the
spending of Auctions funding from $98.7 million to $89.4 million to support the
timely implementation of the Auctions Incentive program.
House Measure (H.R. 2786)
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations provided for an FCC
appropriation of $320 million for FY 2014, all of which is to be derived from the collection of
offsetting collections. This amount is $39.3 million less than the request.109
The House committee noted that it believes the current organizational and management structure
of the commission does not reflect the technological development that has resulted in the
convergence of today’s telecommunications market. It stated that the increase in market-based
competition should lead to a smaller commission, reorganized to address the current market. The
committee directed the commission to submit within 180 days of enactment a review of its
organizational structure as well as a proposal for improvement that reflects today’s technology
landscape and competitive marketplace.
The committee also directed the commission to submit within 30 days of enactment, and
thereafter annually in its annual budget submission, a detailed justification to the Committees on
Appropriations in the House and Senate as to how the commission intends to spend funds raised
in the incentive auctions called for in Title VI of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation
Act of 2012.110
108See http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-fy-2014-budget.
109 The request also allows, among other items: (1) collection of $320,000,000 in section 9 fees; (2) a prohibition on
amounts collected in excess of $320,000,000 from being available for obligation; (3) a prohibition on remaining prior
year offsetting collections from being available for obligation; and (4) a cap of $89,400,000 for the administration and
implementation of incentive auctions, as required by P.L. 112-96.
110 P.L. 112-96.
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Senate Measure (S. 1371)
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations provides for a budget of $359.3
million for FY 2014, all of which would be derived from the collection of offsetting fees. This
amount was equal to the budget request.
The bill includes language to extend the FCC’s exemption from the Anti-deficiency Act until
December 31, 2015 (Section 510), and prohibit the FCC from enacting certain recommendations
regarding universal service that were made by the Joint Board of FCC members and state utility
commissioners (Section 511).
The committee report directed the FCC to develop a plan to fully implement its Statement of
Policy on Establishing a Government-to-Government Relationship with Indian tribes that it
adopted in June 2000 and to report to the committee if it needs resources to do so.
The committee expressed concern regarding the persistence of calls failing to complete to rural
areas because of the potential threat to public safety and local economies and directed the FCC to
submit a report to the Committee within 60 days of enactment detailing (1) the process and extent
to which it is tracking call completion rates, (2) how the FCC is reviewing anomalies in call
completion rates, and (3) what steps the FCC plans to take to resolve call completion problems.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: Office of the Inspector
General111
The FDIC’s Office of the Inspector General is funded from deposit insurance funds; the OIG has
no direct support from federal taxpayers. Before FY1998, the amount was approved by the FDIC
Board of Directors; the amount is now directly appropriated (through a transfer) to ensure the
independence of the OIG.
For FY2014, the President requested, and the House and Senate Appropriations Committees
recommended, an appropriation of $34.6 million.
Federal Election Commission112
The FEC is an independent agency that administers, and enforces civil compliance with, the
Federal Election Campaign Act113 (FECA) and campaign finance regulations. The agency does so
through educational outreach, rulemaking, and litigation, and by issuing advisory opinions. The
FEC also administers the presidential public financing system.114 In recent years, FEC
111 This section authored by Darryl Getter (x7-2834). For more information on the FDIC, see CRS Report R41718,
Federal Deposit Insurance for Banks and Credit Unions, by Darryl E. Getter.
112 This section authored by R. Sam Garrett (x7-6443).
113 2 U.S.C. §431 et seq.
114 The Treasury Department and IRS also have administrative responsibilities for presidential public financing.
However, Congress does not appropriate funds for the program. For additional discussion, see CRS Report RL34534,
Public Financing of Presidential Campaigns: Overview and Analysis, by R. Sam Garrett.
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appropriations have generally been noncontroversial and subject to limited debate in committee
or on the House and Senate floors.115
For FY2014, the President requested $65.8 million for the FEC. As in previous years,
approximately 90% of the FEC budget is expected to be accounted for by three major expense
areas: (1) salaries and benefits, (2) rent, and (3) information technology (IT).116 Although
personnel and rent expenditures are relatively fixed, IT expenditures can vary. They have been
consistently prominent in recent years and are again expected to be a major part of the agency’s
budget in 2014. Among other points, this includes adapting the FEC’s widely used filing
software, FECFILE, to a web-based platform and other technology upgrades to maintain the
agency’s campaign finance disclosure responsibilities. These efforts, initiated in FY2012 and
FY2013, remain ongoing priorities.117 The agency also faces a backlog of enforcement cases
requiring processing. Most of these cases originated during the 2012 election cycle.118 The FEC
also expects to focus on human resources issues during FY2014, including allocating staff to
handle the increased enforcement caseload and implementation of a new performance appraisal
system.119
The House Appropriations Committee recommended an FY2014 appropriation of $65.8 million,
the same amount as requested. The House committee report and legislative language contained no
additional instructions except a $5,000 limit on “reception and representation,” a prohibition that
has long been included in FEC appropriations provisions. Elsewhere, the committee report
recommended transferring some Election Assistance Commission (EAC) duties to the FEC.120
The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended an FY2014 appropriation of $66.4 million,
$600,000 more than the President’s request. Accompanying report language noted that Section
621 of the Senate bill would require Senate political committees to file disclosure reports
electronically—thus reporting under the same standard as all other federal political committees.121
The Senate report did not otherwise include instructions for the agency.
Other sections of the FSGG bills may also be relevant for campaign finance matters. In particular,
Section 735 of the House measure contains a prohibition on requiring government contractors to
provide information about their or their employees’ federal campaign contributions,
electioneering communications, or independent expenditures as a condition of receiving the
contract. Title V of the bill (“government-wide policy”) would similarly prohibit spending certain
federal funds on information technology used to track corporate independent expenditures,
electioneering communications, or related activities. As CRS has noted elsewhere, the Obama
Administration has reportedly considered issuing an executive order to require additional
disclosure of government contractors’ political expenditures. No such order has been issued, but
115 For additional discussion of current campaign finance issues, see CRS Report R41542, The State of Campaign
Finance Policy: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress, by R. Sam Garrett.
116 Federal Election Commission, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification (Washington: April 2013), p. 6, available
at http://www.fec.gov/pages/budget/fy2014/fy_2014_cbj_%204-10-13_final.pdf.
117 Federal Election Commission, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 1-2.
118 Federal Election Commission, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 2-3.
119 Federal Election Commission, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification, pp. 8-9.
120 H.Rept. 113-172, pp. 46-47.
121 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 82. For additional discussion, see CRS Report R41542, The State of Campaign Finance Policy:
Recent Developments and Issues for Congress, by R. Sam Garrett.
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several measures have proposed barring the disclosure reportedly under consideration.122 Finally,
although other sections of the bill contain provisions related to campaign finance matters, such as
restrictions on Securities and Exchange Commission reporting of political expenditures, or
Internal Revenue Service restrictions, these provisions are not directly relevant for the FEC and
are not addressed in this section.
Federal Trade Commission123
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent agency whose mission is to protect
consumers and maintain or enhance competition in a broad range of industries. It does so mainly
by enforcing laws that bar anticompetitive, deceptive, or unfair business practices, and by
educating consumers and business owners to foster informed consumer choices, compliance with
the law, and a better understanding of the competitive process.
Operating funds for the agency come from three sources, listed here in descending order of
importance: (1) direct appropriations, (2) pre-merger filing fees under the Hart-Scott-Rodino
Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976,124 and (3) Do-Not-Call Registry fees.
The President’s Budget Request
For FY2014, the President requested $182.7 million in direct appropriations for the FTC. Hart-
Scott-Rodino pre-merger filing fees are expected to yield $103.0 million, and Do-Not-Call fees
may add $15 million, giving the FTC a total appropriation of $301.0 million in FY2014 under the
request.
In keeping with the FTC’s mission, its budget is divided between resources for protecting
consumers and resources for maintaining competition. Under the FY2014 budget request, 56.5%
of available resources would go to the former purpose, while 43.5% would support the latter
purpose. Within these broad functional categories, the budget request is intended to enable the
agency to undertake a variety of planned activities in FY2014 and beyond, including
• protecting consumers from fraudulent practices in the financial services market;
• protecting consumer privacy in online transactions;
• combating identity theft;
• monitoring the advertising of health-care products for false or deceptive claims;
• protecting children from unfair and deceptive marketing;
• promoting competition in health care services and pharmaceuticals;
• challenging anti-competitive mergers;
• preventing anti-competitive practices in the energy industry;
122 See CRS Report R41542, The State of Campaign Finance Policy: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress, by
R. Sam Garrett.
123 This section authored by Gary Guenther (x7-7742).
124 P.L. 94-435.
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• increasing its efforts to keep consumers and businesses informed about the
benefits of competition; and
• enforcing FTC orders.
Included in the budget request are a decrease of $26.4 million related to efficiencies in the
replacement of office space and increases of $5.5 million for mandatory expenses such as pay
adjustments, $10.3 million for new IT investments, and $1.0 million for increased witness costs
related to anti-competitive activities and rising consumer demand for the Sentinel Network
Services.
House Measure (H.R. 2786)
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations provided for a direct
appropriation of $176.7 million for the FTC in FY2014, 3.2% less than the budget request. This
amount would be supplemented by an estimated $103.3 million in Hart-Scott-Rodino pre-merger
filing fees and $15 million in Do-Not-Call fees for a total appropriation of $295.0 million in
FY2014.
In its report on the bill, the committee noted that jurisdiction for some of the areas of consumer
protection previously handled exclusively by the FTC was transferred to the Consumer Financial
Protection Bureau by the Dodd-Frank Act. Under a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the
two agencies, the FTC and the CFPB have agreed to consult on matters of common jurisdiction,
such as debt collection. The committee expected the FTC to do its part to avoid duplicating any
rulemaking by the CFPB.125
Senate Measure (S. 1371)
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations would provide a direct
appropriation of $89.0 for the FTC in FY2014, 51.4% below the budget request. This amount
would be supplemented by an estimated $197 million in Hart-Scott-Rodino pre-merger filing fees
and $15 million in Do-Not-Call fees, leaving a total appropriation of $301.0 million in FY2014.
Section 624 of the bill would adjust the pre-merger filing fees for inflation for the first time since
2001 and establish a new tier in the fee structure for merger transactions valued at more than $1
million. Under current law, there are three tiers of pre-merger filing fees, and they apply to
transactions valued at $70.9 million and above. Adding the proposed new tier would subject
transactions valued at more than $1 million to the fees, increasing the total amount of fees
collected annually. This explains why the Senate committee’s estimate of pre-merger filing fees
for FY2014 was $94 million greater than the estimate used in both the budget request and the
House Appropriations Committee’s budget recommendation.
In its report on S. 1371, the committee commended the commission for its ongoing efforts to
protect consumers from fraudulent practices related to identity theft, mortgage lending, data
security, and health care. In addition, the committee expressed appreciation for the FTC’s efforts
to preserve competition in the marketplace through disseminating information on and enforcing
federal anti-trust statutes. It directed the commission to “robustly” continue these activities.
125 H.Rept. 113-172, p. 51.
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The committee also expected the FTC to continue its efforts to enforce the Children’s Online
Privacy Protection Act of 1998126 and to carefully monitor agreements between generic drug
producers and brand-name drug producers to keep generic versions of branded drugs off the
market or delay their entry for their potential impact on consumer welfare and competition in the
market for those drugs.
General Services Administration127
The General Services Administration (GSA) administers federal civilian procurement policies
pertaining to the construction and management of federal buildings, disposal of real and personal
property, and management of federal property and records. It is also responsible for managing the
funding and facilities for former Presidents and presidential transitions.
GSA’s real property activities are funded through the Federal Buildings Fund (FBF). The FBF is a
revolving fund, into which rental payments from federal agencies that lease GSA space are
deposited. Revenue in the fund is then made available by Congress each year to pay for specific
activities: construction or purchase of new space, repairs and alterations to existing space, rental
payments for space that GSA leases, installment payments, and other building operations
expenses. These amounts are referred to as “limitations” because GSA may not obligate more
funds from the FBF than permitted by Congress, regardless of how much revenue is available for
obligation. Certain debts may also be paid for with FBF funds. A negative total for the FBF
occurs when the amount of funds made available for expenditure in a fiscal year is less than the
amount of new revenue expected to be deposited. A negative total does not mean that no funds are
available from the FBF, only that there is a net gain to the fund under the proposed spending
levels.
GSA’s operating accounts are funded through direct appropriations, separate from the FBF. The
total amount of funding for GSA is calculated by adding the amount of FBF funds made available
to the amount of direct appropriations provided. Table 8 lists the pre-sequester amounts for
FY2013, the President’s FY2014 request, and amounts recommended by the House and Senate
appropriations committees for FY2014.
Table 8. GSA Appropriations, FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
FY2014 Senate
FY2014
Account
sequester
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
Federal Buildings Fund
-$1,672 —
-$2,409 —
Limitations on Availability of
8,018
9,951
7,541
9,951
Revenue
New Construction
50
816
—
816
Repairs and Alterations
280 1,302 —
1,261
126 P.L. 105-277.
127 This section authored by Garrett Hatch (x7-7822).
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FY2013
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
FY2014 Senate
FY2014
Account
sequester
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
Construction and Repair
— — — 41
Capital Projects
— — 635 —
Installation payments
127
113
106
113
Rental of Space
5,210
5,387
4,700
5,387
Building Operations
2,351
2,331
2,100
2,331
Repayment of Debt
88
—
—
—
Rental Income to Fund
-9,778
-9,951
-9,951
-9,951
Operating Accounts
239
248
224
248
Government-wide Policy
61
63
53
63
Operating Expenses
69
64
63
64
Office of Inspector General
58
63
68
63
E-Government Fund
12
20
—
20
Federal Citizens Services
34
35
—
35
Former Presidents
4
4
—
4
Citizen Engagement
— — 40 —
Total
-$1,434
$248
-$2,185
$248
Sources: H.Rept. 113-72 and S.Rept. 113-80.
Notes: Figures may not sum due to rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013” figures are from S.Rept. 113-80 and
include across-the-board cuts under the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L.
113-6).
As shown in Table 8, the President proposed a limit of $9.951 billion from the FBF’s available
revenue for GSA’s real property activities for FY2014. The President also requested $248 million
for GSA’s operating accounts.
The House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.541 billion from the FBF be made
available to GSA for FY2014, $2.410 billion less than the President requested. The House
committee also recommended $224 million for GSA’s operating accounts, $24 million less than
the President requested. The House bill would combine two existing accounts within the FBF,
“New Construction” and “Repairs and Alterations” into a single, new account, “Capital Projects.”
The House bill also specified that, of the $2.1 billion it would provide for building operations,
$1.1 billion would be for operating and maintenance expenses and $1.0 billion would be for the
salaries and expenses of Public Building Service employees.
The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended the same amounts as the President
requested: a limit of $9.951 billion from the FBF for capital projects and $248 million for
operating accounts. While the Senate bill’s totals matched those of the President’s request, the
Senate bill would create a new account within the FBF, “Construction and Repair” which would
provide $41 million for a single project—the John A. Campbell Courthouse, in Mobile, Alabama.
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Electronic Government Fund128
Originally unveiled in advance of the President’s proposed budget for FY2002, the Electronic
Government Fund (E-Gov Fund) and its appropriation historically have been a somewhat
contentious matter between the President and Congress. The E-Gov Fund was created to support
interagency e-government initiatives approved by the Director of OMB.129 The fund and the
projects it sustains have been closely scrutinized by congressional appropriators and the funding
requested and appropriated amounts have varied. For example, the President’s initial $20 million
request for FY2002 was cut to $5 million. Funding from FY2003 to FY2008 varied from $5
million to $3 million. For FY2009, President George W. Bush requested $5 million for the fund.
Congress, however, provided no appropriations.130 In FY2010, Congress appropriated $34
million, in FY2011, the appropriation dropped to $8 million, and in FY2012 the fund was
appropriated $12.4 million
For FY2013, President Obama requested $16.7 million for the E-Gov Fund, $17.3 million
(50.9%) less than his FY2012 request.131 The House and Senate Appropriations Committees
recommended the same funding level as the President.132
For FY2014, President Obama requested $20.2 million for the E-Gov Fund, which is 20.1% ($3.5
million) more than his FY2013 request—and 40.9% ($13.9 million) less than the $34 million the
President requested in FY2012.
For FY2014, the House committee recommended the E-Gov Fund be combined with the Federal
Citizen Services Fund133 and renamed the “Information and Engagement for Citizens” account.134
The House report indicated: “While these funds were created at different periods of time and
128 This section authored by Wendy Ginsberg (x7-3933).
129 Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. §3604, the E-Gov Fund projects “may include efforts to make Federal Government
information and services more readily available to members of the public (including individuals, businesses, grantees,
and State and local governments); make it easier for the public to apply for benefits, receive services, pursue business
opportunities, submit information, and otherwise conduct transactions with the Federal Government; and enable
Federal agencies to take advantage of information technology in sharing information and conducting transactions with
each other and with State and local governments.” According to the President’s FY2014 budget request, the E-Gov
Fund “provides for inter-agency electronic government, or E-Gov, initiatives and projects, which use the Internet or
other electronic methods to provide individuals, businesses, and other government agencies with simpler and more
timely access to Federal information, benefits, services, and business opportunities.” (The Budget for 2014: Appendix,
p. 1137.)
130 The E-Gov Fund, in previous years, was not spending its full appropriation.
131 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1227.
132 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Financial Services and General Government Appropriations
Bill, 2013, report to accompany H.R. 6020, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., June 26, 2012, H.Rept. 112-550 (Washington: GPO,
2013), p. 58; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Bill, 2013, report to accompany S. 3301, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., June 14, 2012, S.Rept. 112-177
(Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 87.
133 The Federal Citizen Services Fund provides salaries and expenses for the Office of Citizen Services, which
“provides citizens, businesses, other governments, and the media with access points to easily obtain Government
information and services,” U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Bill, 2011, report to accompany S. 3677, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July 29, 2010, S.Rept. 111-
238 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 98.
134 A similar recommendation was made, but not enacted, in FY2012.
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developed different programs, they share a common objective—making it easier for citizens to
understand and interact with their government.”135
If combined, the E-Gov Fund and the Federal Citizen Services Fund were appropriated $46.5
million in FY2013 prior to sequestration. If combined, President Obama requested $55.0 million
for the two funds for FY2014. The House committee, however, recommended $40 million for the
new, combined fund, which was 27.3% ($15 million) less than the President’s FY2014 total
request for both funds.
In contrast to the House committee, the Senate committee recommended the E-Gov Fund be
appropriated the $20.2 million requested by the President.136 The Senate report did not address the
House’s recommendation to merge the E-Gov Fund with the Federal Citizen Services Fund.
Independent Agencies Related to Personnel Management
Appropriations
The FSGG appropriations bill includes funding for four agencies with personnel management
functions: the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), the Merit Systems Protection Board
(MSPB), the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC).
Table 9 lists the pre-sequester amounts for FY2013, the President’s FY2014 request, and amounts
recommended by the House and Senate appropriations committees for FY2014, for each of these
agencies.
Table 9. Independent Agencies Related to Personnel Management Appropriations,
FY2013-FY2014
(in millions of dollars)
FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Agency
sequester
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
Federal Labor Relations
$24.7 $25.5 $24.0 $25.5
Authority (FLRA)
Merit Systems Protection Board
42.5 42.4 42.0 45.1
(MSPB, total)
Salaries and Expenses
40.2
40.1
39.7
42.7
Limitation on Administrative
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Expenses
Office of Personnel Management
20,883 20,875.4 20,871.1 20,875.4
(OPM, total)
Salaries and Expenses
97.6
95.8
95.6
95.8
Limitation on Administrative
112.3 118.6
114.5 118.6
Expenses
Office of Inspector General
3.1
4.7
4.7
4.7
135 H.Rept. 113-172, p. 59.
136 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 92.
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FY2013
FY2014
FY2014
Pre-
FY2014
House
Senate
FY2014
Agency
sequester
Request
Committee
Committee
Enacted
(OIG, salaries and expenses)
Office of Inspector General
21.1 21.3
21.3 21.3
(limitation on administrative
expenses)
Government Payments for
10,818 11,404 11,404
11,404.0
Annuitants, Employee Health
Benefits
Government Payments for
51.0 53.0
53.00 53.0
Annuitants, Employee Life
Insurance
Payment to Civil Service
9,780.0 9,178.0 9,178.0 9,178.0
Retirement and Disability Fund
Office of Special Counsel (OSC)
$18.9
$20.6
$20.6
$20.6
Sources: H.Rept. 113-172 and S.Rept. 113-80.
Notes: Al figures are rounded, and columns may not equal the total due to rounding. “Pre-sequester FY2013”
figures are from S.Rept. 113-80 and include across-the-board cuts under the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6).
The payments for health benefits, life insurance, and civil service retirement and disability are mandatory
appropriations. Appropriations bil s have general y provided “such sums as may be necessary” for these accounts
and H.R. 2786 and S. 1371 contain this language. For FY2014 (as in FY2012 and FY2013), the House
Appropriations Committee did not include funding for these accounts in Title V of the FSGG bill, as it had in
previous years and as it appears in the Senate bill. Instead funding for these accounts appears Section 626 of H.R.
2786 (FY2014). In this report, funding for health benefits, life insurance, and retirement is included in Title V to
be consistent with prior year calculations.
Federal Labor Relations Authority137
The Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) is an independent federal agency that administers
and enforces Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978.138 Title VII is also called the
Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (FSLMRS). The FSLMRS gives federal
employees the right to join or form a union and to bargain collectively over the terms and
conditions of employment. Employees also have the right not to join a union that represents
employees in their bargaining unit. The statute excludes specific agencies and gives the President
the authority to exclude other agencies for reasons of national security. Agencies that are
excluded from the statute include the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA), Government Accountability Office (GAO), National Security Agency (NSA),
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), FLRA, Federal Service Impasses Panel (FSIP), and the Secret
Service.
The FLRA consists of a three-member authority, the Office of General Counsel, and the FSIP.
The three members of the authority and the General Counsel are appointed to five-year terms by
the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.
137 This section authored by Gerald Mayer (x7-7815) and Barbara L. Schwemle (x7-8655).
138 P.L. 95-454.
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The authority resolves disputes over the composition of bargaining units, charges of unfair labor
practices, objections to representation elections, and other matters. The General Counsel’s office
conducts representation elections, investigates charges of unfair labor practices, and manages the
FLRA’s regional offices. The FSIP resolves labor negotiation impasses between federal agencies
and labor organizations.
The President’s FY2014 budget proposed an appropriation of $25.5 million for the FLRA.
H.R. 2786 as reported by the House Committee on Appropriations would provide an
appropriation of $24.0 million for the FLRA, $1.5 million (-5.8%) less than the amount requested
by the President.
S. 1371 as reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations would provide an appropriation
of $25.5 million for the FLRA, the same as the President’s request, and $1.5 million (+6.2%)
more than the amount recommended by the House Appropriations Committee.
Merit Systems Protection Board139
The Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) is an independent, quasi-judicial agency established
to protect the civil service merit system. The MSPB adjudicates appeals primarily involving
personnel actions, certain federal employee complaints, and retirement benefits issues.
The President’s budget requested an FY2014 appropriation of $42.4 million (including $40.1
million for salaries and expenses) for the MSPB. The agency’s FTE employment level was
estimated to be 239 for FY2014. MSPB’s authorization expired on September 30, 2007.140
H.R. 2786 as reported would provide an appropriation of $42.0 million (including $39.7 million
for salaries and expenses) for the MSPB which is $415,000 (-1.0%) less than the President’s
request.
S. 1371 as reported would provide an appropriation of $45.1 million (including $42.7 million for
salaries and expenses) for the MSPB, $2.7 million (+6.3%) more than the President’s request, and
$3.1 million (+7.3%) more than the amount recommended by the House Appropriations
Committee.
Office of Personnel Management141
The President’s budget requested an FY2014 appropriation of $95.8 million for OPM salaries and
expenses. This amount included funding of $5.7 million for the Enterprise Human Resources
Integration (HRI) project and $1.3 million for the Human Resources Line of Business (HRLOB)
project. The budget also requested appropriations of $118.6 million for trust fund transfers; $4.7
million for Office of Inspector General (OIG) salaries and expenses; and $21.3 million for OIG
139 This section authored by Barbara L. Schwemle (x7-8655).
140 5 U.S.C. §5509. Legislation (S. 2057, H.R. 3551) was introduced in the 110th Congress that would have
reauthorized the MSPB for three years and enhanced the agency’s reporting requirements. Legislation to reauthorize
the agency was not introduced in the 111th and 112th Congresses and has not been introduced in the 113th Congress.
141 This section authored by Barbara L. Schwemle (x7-8655).
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trust fund transfers for FY2014. The agency’s FTE employment level was estimated to be 5,689
for FY2014.
The agency’s budget submission stated that the budget “will permit OPM to pursue long-term
human resources strategies that deliver results and enhance the values of the civil service,” and
“permits increased staffing levels ... to maintain timely processing of retirement claims and
provide services to annuitants.”142 In addition, it will allow the Office of Inspector General to
“continue to advance its prescription drug audit program, which includes audits of pharmacy
benefit managers,” and to continue the Federal Employees’ Health Benefits Program (FEHBP)
“claims data warehouse initiative” that “streamlines and enhances the various administrative and
analytical procedures involved in the oversight of the FEHBP.”143
H.R. 2786 as reported would provide appropriations of $95.6 million for OPM salaries and
expenses, $114.5 million for trust fund transfers, $4.7 million for OIG salaries and expenses, and
$21.3 million for OIG trust fund transfers. These amounts were, respectively, $200,000 (-0.2%)
less, $4 million (-3.4%) less, the same, and the same, as the President’s request.
Section 626(a)(3), (4), and (5) of H.R. 2786 would provide the mandatory appropriations for the
health benefits, life insurance, and retirement accounts. According to the House Committee on
Appropriations report, “These are accounts where authorizing language requires the payment of
funds.” The report stated that the budget request assumed the following estimated costs:
$11,404.0 million for the Government Payment for Annuitants, Employee Health Benefits; $53
million for the Government Payment for Annuitants, Employee Life Insurance; and $9,178.0
million for Payment to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund.144
The House committee report “encourage[d] Federal agencies to increase recruitment efforts
within the United States territories” and directed OPM to provide “monthly reports on its progress
in addressing the backlog in [retirement] claims” to the committee.145
S. 1371 as reported would provide appropriations of $95.8 million for OPM salaries and
expenses, $118.6 million for trust fund transfers, $4.7 million for OIG salaries and expenses, and
$21.3 million for OIG trust fund transfers. These amounts were the same as the President’s
request and, respectively, $200,000 (+0.2%) more, $4 million (+3.5%) more, the same, and the
same as the amounts recommended by the House Appropriations Committee.
The Senate report directed OPM “to inform the Committee of developments to improve” the rates
for processing retirement claims and “to continue providing reports and status update briefings, as
developments and milestones occur, and future plans are determined” for modernization of the
retirement records system.146
142 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, pp. 1161-1162.
143 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1163.
144 H.Rept. 113-172, p. 121.
145 H.Rept. 113-172, p. 66.
146 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 104.
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Office of Special Counsel147
The President’s budget requested an FY2014 appropriation of $20.6 million for the OSC. The
agency’s FTE employment level was estimated to be 120 for FY2014. The agency’s budget
submission projected an increase of 14% in the number of whistleblower disclosure, Hatch Act,
and prohibited personnel practice cases received. In addition, the agency expected that its
“caseload will continue to increase” as a result of enactment of the Whistleblower Protection Act.
According to OSC, the requested funding will enable the agency “to implement new mandates
from Congress, including the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act, protect the
employment rights of returning service members, manage historically high intake levels, and
protect the federal merit system from prohibited personnel and political practices.”148
OSC’s authorization expired on September 30, 2007.149
H.R. 2786 as reported and S. 1371 as reported would both provide an appropriation of $20.6
million for the OSC, the same as the President’s request. The Senate report included the
committee’s acknowledgement that the agency “continues to experience dramatic growth in its
caseload and rapid increases in requests for its services.”150
National Archives and Records Administration151
President Obama requested $385.8 million in FY2014 appropriations for the National Archives
and Records Administration (NARA),152 which is $1 million (less than 1%) less than his FY2013
request ($386.8 million)153 and $17.9 million (4.4%) less than the President’s FY2012 request
($403.7 requested in FY2012).154 Appropriation levels at NARA follow a similar pattern. In
FY2012, NARA was appropriated $392.0 million ($11.7 million or 2.9% less than the President’s
FY2012 budget request). In FY2013, NARA was appropriated $375.0 million ($11.8 million or
3.1% less than the President’s FY2013 request), which was reduced to $371 million because of
sequester cuts ($15 million or 3.9% less than the FY2013 request).155
Operating expenses account for the largest portion of NARA’s appropriation request, 96.1% or
$370.7 million. As noted, the FY2014 NARA budget request is $1 million less than the FY2013
request. That $1 million was taken from the operating expenses account in FY2014. Some of the
reduction in the budget request came from savings related to the operations and maintenance of
147 This section authored by Barbara L. Schwemle (x7-8655).
148 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1296.
149 5 U.S.C. §5509. The 110th Congress considered, but did not act upon, legislation (S. 2057, H.R. 3551) that would
have reauthorized the agency for three years and included provisions to enhance OSC’s reporting requirements.
Legislation to reauthorize the agency was not introduced in the 111th and 112th Congresses and has not been introduced
in the 113th Congress.
150 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 108.
151 This section authored by Wendy Ginsberg (x7-3933)
152 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1272.
153 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1359.
154 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1255.
155 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, “President Requests $385.8M for National Archives FY 2014
Budget,” at http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2013/nr13-86.html.
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NARA facilities.156 Similar to the FY2012 and FY2013 requests, President Obama combined his
requests for operating expenses with that for the Electronic Records Archive (ERA) because
development of ERA has been largely completed.157 The President maintained a separate $4.1
million request for the Office of Inspector General (appropriated $4 million in both FY2012 and
FY2013), a separate $8.0 million request for repairs and restorations (a 12.1% decrease from the
$9.1 million appropriated in both FY2012 and FY2013), and a separate $3.0 million request for
the National Historic Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC), which is $2 million
(40.0%) less than the $5 million appropriated in both FY2012 and FY2013.158
The House committee recommended NARA receive $384.1 million in total appropriations,159
while the Senate committee recommended $387.8 million.160 Specifically, the House committee
recommended $369.0 million for operating expenses, $1.7 million (less than 1%) less than the
President’s request of $370.7 million. The Senate committee, however, recommended that NARA
receive the President’s requested appropriation. In the Senate report to accompany the
appropriations bill, the Senate committee referenced a NARA inspector general report that found
material weaknesses with NARA’s ability to ensure the security of its holdings.161 Similar to
FY2013, the committee included the following language in its report to address concerns related
to these weaknesses:
As the steward of an astronomical volume of temporary and permanent agency records, the
Committee strongly urges the Archivist to continue to explore bar-coding and other
innovative alternatives for cataloging boxed materials entrusted to NARA’s care, institute
enhanced quality controls, regain accountability for the security of classified records in its
custody, and institute more stringent management controls at the Washington National
Records Center and any other facilities in which NARA is the custodian of Federal
records.162
The Senate committee also commended NARA for its issuance of the Managing Government
Records Directive in August 2012. The directive, among other instructions, requires agencies to
appoint a senior agency official to oversee records collection and maintenance, and requires
agencies to draft a plan that ensures proper retention of electronic records. The committee wrote:
156 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1272.
157 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1273. Appropriation levels for the ERA were reduced in FY2011.
In FY2010, the ERA was appropriated $85.5 million. In FY2011, the appropriation was reduced to $71,856,000. The
reduction in ERA appropriation levels for FY2011 followed the release of two Government Accountability Office
(GAO) reports that raised serious concerns about the implementation of the ERA. One report said that NARA’s
oversight of the acquisition processes related to creating the Electronic Record Archive had “weaknesses … in most
areas.” See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Electronic Records Archive: National Archives Needs to
Strengthen Its Capacity to Use Earned Value Techniques to Manage and Oversee Development, GAO 11-86, January
2011, Highlights, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1186.pdf; and U.S. Government Accountability Office, Electronic
Government: National Archives and Records Administration’s Fiscal Year 2011 Expenditure Plan, GAO 11-299,
March 4, 2011, Highlights, at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11299.pdf.
158 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, pp. 1272-1274.
159 H.Rept. 113-172, p. 63.
160 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 97.
161 See, for example, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Office of Inspector General, “Follow-up
Review of OIG Audit Report No. 08-01: Audit of the Process of Safeguarding and Accounting for Presidential Library
Artifacts,” OIG Audit Report No. 12-10, September 13, 2012, at http://www.archives.gov/oig/pdf/2012/audit-report-
12-10.pdf.
162 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 98.
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The Committee urges NARA to continue to explore ways to decrease the risks to Federal
records and improve agency records management practices, through inspections, mandatory
agency self-assessments, training curricula including on-line courses to reach a broader
audience across the Federal Government, and other compliance tools.163
The House and Senate Appropriations Committees both recommended that NARA’s OIG receive
$4.1 million in appropriations, matching the President’s budget request.164 Both committees also
recommended that NARA receive $8 million for repairs and restorations, also matching the
budget request. The House committee recommended the NHPRC receive $3 million, matching
the President’s budget request. In contrast, the Senate committee recommended the NHPRC
receive $5 million, $2 million (66.7%) more than the budget request. In its report to accompany
the appropriations bill, Senate appropriators wrote the following:
The Committee notes that the funding provided will enable NARA, through the NHPRC, to
undertake a variety of initiatives, including advancing archives preservation, access, and
digitization projects within the interlocking repositories of historic records and hidden
collections; ensuring public access to some of the most important historical resources that are
maintained outside of Federal repositories; and digitizing nationally significant historic
records collections to facilitate round-the-clock Internet availability.165
National Credit Union Administration166
The NCUA is an independent federal agency funded largely by the credit unions that the agency
charters, insures, and regulates. The NCUA manages the Community Development Revolving
Loan Fund Program (CDRLF). Established in 1979, the CDRLF assists officially designated
‘‘low-income’’ credit unions in providing basic financial services to low-income communities.
Low-interest loans and deposits are made available to assist these credit unions. Loans or deposits
are normally repaid in five years, although shorter repayment periods may be considered.
Technical assistance grants are also available to low-income credit unions. Earnings generated
from the CDRLF are available to fund technical assistance grants in addition to funds provided
for specifically in appropriations acts. Grants are available for improving operations as well as
addressing safety and soundness issues.
The President requested, and the Senate Committee on Appropriations recommended, $1.13
million for FY2014, while the House Committee on Appropriations recommended $1.20 million.
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board167
Originally established in 2004 by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act168 as an
agency within the Executive Office of the President, the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight
Board (PCLOB) was reconstituted as an independent agency within the executive branch by the
163 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 98.
164 The House committee recommended NARA’s OIG receive $4.1 million, while the Senate committee recommended
$4.13 million.
165 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 100.
166 This section authored by Darryl Getter (x7-2834).
167 This section authored by Garrett Hatch (x7-7822).
168 P.L. 108-458; 118 Stat. 3638.
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Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007.169 The board assumed its
new status on January 30, 2008; its FY2009 appropriation was its first funding as an independent
agency. Among its responsibilities, the five-member board is to (1) ensure that concerns with
respect to privacy and civil liberties are appropriately considered in the implementation of laws,
regulations, and executive branch policies related to efforts to protect the nation against terrorism;
(2) review the implementation of laws, regulations, and executive branch policies related to
efforts to protect the nation from terrorism, including the implementation of information sharing
guidelines; and (3) analyze and review actions the executive branch takes to protect the nation
from terrorism, ensuring that the need for such actions is balanced with the need to protect
privacy and civil liberties. The board is to advise the President and the heads of executive branch
departments and agencies on issues concerning, and findings pertaining to, privacy and civil
liberties. The board is to provide annual reports to Congress detailing its activities during the
year, and board members appear and testify before congressional committees upon request.
The President requested, and the House Appropriations Committee recommended, $3 million for
the PCLOB for FY2014.170 The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $4 million for
the PCLOB for FY2014, which is $1 million more than the President’s FY2014 request.171
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board172
The Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (Recovery Board) was established by the
American Recovery and Accountability Act of 2009173 to provide oversight and transparency in
the expenditure of Recovery Act funds. The Recovery Board was funded through the FSGG
appropriations bill for the first time in FY2012. In previous fiscal years, the board was funded by
a now exhausted Recovery Act appropriation. The President requested $13 million for FY2014.
The House and Senate Appropriations Committees both recommended $20 million for the
Recovery Board for FY2014, $7 million more than the President’s request.174
Securities and Exchange Commission175
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) administers and enforces federal securities laws
to protect investors from fraud, to ensure that sellers of corporate securities disclose accurate
financial information, and to maintain fair and orderly trading markets. The SEC’s budget is set
through the normal appropriations process, but, under the Dodd-Frank Act, the agency’s
appropriations are offset by fees it collects from securities exchanges on the sales of stock and
certain other securities transactions on those exchanges. The collections go directly to the
Treasury Department. To achieve the offset, the act requires the agency to adjust the rates of its
fees, making the agency’s budget deficit-neutral.
169 P.L. 110-53; 121 Stat. 266.
170 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 142.
171 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 168.
172 This section authored by Garrett Hatch (x7-7822).
173 P.L. 111-5; 123 Stat. 115.
174 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 142; S.Rept. 113-80, p. 168.
175 This section authored by Gary Shorter (x7-7772).
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For FY2014, the President requested the SEC budget be set at $1.674. The House Appropriations
Committee recommended that the agency’s FY2014 budget be $1.371 billion. In its report, the
committee noted that it “remains concerned that a lack of managerial accountability, focus,
prioritization, and internal communication hampers the effectiveness of the SEC.”176
In S. 1371, the Senate Appropriations Committee recommended that the SEC receive $1.674
billion for FY2014, the same amount requested by the President. In its report on the budget
recommendation, the committee observed that its
recommended funding increase is expected to allow the SEC to more aggressively police the
securities markets through examinations and enforcement actions. The resources will help
enhance risk-based oversight of the investment management industry, expand inspections of
credit rating agencies, and permit the SEC to conduct more comprehensive examinations,
reach a broader universe of the entities it regulates, and improve its ability to uncover and
prosecute fraud….177
The Dodd-Frank Act also established an SEC Reserve Fund to enable the agency to plan for
certain long-term expenses, potentially freeing up other funds for agency use in areas such as
enforcement and regulation. The Reserve Fund is funded by the agency’s traditional collections
on registration fees. In any single fiscal year, the SEC may not collect more than $50 million in
fees for the reserve fund, and total size of the fund may not exceed more than $100 million.
Collections in excess of these amounts are remitted to the Treasury General Fund. Noting that the
Reserve Fund is not overseen by Congress and that its use is left to the discretion of the SEC, the
House Appropriations Committee argued that the “emergency reserve funds should be used for
natural disaster emergencies and other crises, not discretionary priorities within a Federal agency”
such as the SEC.178 As such, the committee recommended, as it also did for FY2013, that the SEC
be prohibited from using money in the Reserve Fund during FY2014.
Selective Service System179
The Selective Service System (SSS) is an independent federal agency operating with permanent
authorization under the Military Selective Service Act.180 It is not part of the Department of
Defense, but its mission is to serve the emergency manpower needs of the military by
conscripting personnel when directed by Congress and the President.181 All males ages 18 through
25 and living in the United States are required to register with the SSS. The induction of men into
the military via Selective Service (i.e., the draft) terminated in 1972. In January 1980, President
Carter asked Congress to authorize standby draft registration of both men and women. Congress
approved funds for male-only registration in June 1980. Efforts are underway to allow women to
serve in combat units, which may lead to the modification of registration to include women.182
176 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 71.
177 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 112.
178 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 70.
179 This section authored by David Burrelli (x7-8033).
180 50 U.S.C. §451 et seq.
181 See http://www.sss.gov/.
182 On February 15, 2013, H.R. 748 was introduced. A section of this bill would require the registration of women for
the Selective Service.
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Since 1972, Congress has not renewed any President’s authority to begin inducting (i.e., drafting)
anyone into the armed services. In 2004, an effort to provide the President with induction
authority was rejected.183
Funding of the Selective Service System has remained relatively stable over the years in terms of
absolute dollars, but has decreased in terms of inflation adjusted funding. For FY2014, the
President’s request was $24.1 million. The House Appropriations Committee recommended $23.5
million, while the Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $22.9 million.
Small Business Administration184
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers a number of programs intended to assist
small firms. Arguably, the SBA’s four most important functions are to (1) guarantee loans made
by banks and other financial institutions to small businesses—principally through the agency’s
Section 7(a) and 504/Certified Development Company business loan guaranty programs; (2)
make low-interest loans to small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and households that are
victims of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, other physical disasters, and acts of terrorism; (3)
finance training and technical assistance programs for small business owners and prospective
owners; and (4) serve as an advocate for small business within the federal government.
Prior to sequestration, the SBA was provided an appropriation of $1,849 million in FY2013.185
Increased funding in FY2013 was provided for disaster assistance related to Hurricane Sandy
($804.0 million) and business loan subsidy costs (an additional $126.5 million). According to the
SBA, after sequestration and a required across-the-board rescission, the agency received an
appropriation of $1,755 million in FY2013.
According to the SBA, in FY2013, the agency received $437.3 million for salaries and expenses
($414.5 million after sequestration and rescission), $148.0 million for business loan
administration ($140.2 million after sequestration and rescission), $337.3 million for business
loan subsidy costs ($319.7 million after sequestration and rescission), $896.3 million for disaster
loans ($851.2 million after sequestration and rescission), $21.3 million for the Office of the
Inspector General ($20.2 million after sequestration and rescission), and $9.1 million for the
Office of Advocacy ($8.6 million after sequestration and rescission). In addition, included in the
salaries and expense amount was $172.3 million ($155.4 million after sequestration and
rescission) for 11 non-credit programs.186
183 H.R. 163 in the 108th Congress, October 5, 2004, failed on a vote of 2 Yeas to 402 Nays (Roll Call No. 494).
184 This section authored by Robert Dilger (x7-3110) and Sean Lowry (x7-9154). For more information see CRS Report
RL33243, Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs, by Robert Jay Dilger and Sean Lowry.
185 Funds appropriated in P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; and P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013.
186 The recommended appropriation amounts in FY2013, prior to sequestration and rescission, for the SBA’s non-credit
programs were: $112.5 million for Small Business Development Centers, $7.0 million for Service Corps of Retired
Executives (SCORE), $14.0 million for Women’s Business Centers, $0.998 million for the National Women’s Business
Council, $20.0 million for Microloan Technical Assistance, $2.5 million for Veterans Business Outreach Centers, $1.25
million for Native American Outreach, $3.1 million for 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, $2.5 million for
Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones), $5.0 million for Regional Innovation Clusters, and $3.5
million for PRIME Technical Assistance. The SBA subsequently decided not to fund the PRIME Technical Assistance
program in FY2013 and in FY2014.
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The SBA was also approved to provide up to $28.0 billion in small business loan guarantees
($17.5 billion for the 7(a) loan guaranty program, $7.5 billion for the 504/Certified Development
Company loan guaranty program, and $3.0 billion for the Small Business Investment Company
Program) and up to $12.0 billion for the secondary market guarantee program in FY2013.
For FY2014, President Obama requested $968.8 million for the SBA.187 The Administration
requested $485.9 million for salaries and expenses, $151.6 million for business loan
administration, $111.6 million for business loan subsidy costs, $191.9 million for disaster loans,
$19.4 million for the Office of the Inspector General, and $8.5 million for the Office of
Advocacy. In addition, included in salaries and expenses was a recommended amount of $210.3
million for 14 non-credit programs.188
The Administration’s proposal would authorize up to $29.0 billion in small business loan
guarantees–$17.5 billion for the 7(a) loan guaranty program, $7.5 billion for the 504/Certified
Development Company loan guaranty program, and $4.0 billion (an increase from $3.0 billion)
for the Small Business Investment Company Program–and up to $12.0 billion for the secondary
market guarantee program in FY2014.
The House Committee on Appropriations approved an appropriation of $896.9 million for the
SBA for FY2014, $71.9 million less than the Administration’s request, of $968.9 million.
The House Committee on Appropriations approved an appropriation of $415.9 million for salaries
and expenses, $151.6 million for business loan administration, $111.6 million for business loan
subsidy costs, $191.9 million for disaster loans, $17.0 million for the Office of the Inspector
General, and $9.0 million for the Office of Advocacy. In addition, the House committee approved,
within the salaries and expenses account, $183.9 million for 13 non-credit programs.189
The House committee approved up to $29.0 billion in small business loan guarantees ($17.5
billion for the 7(a) loan guaranty program, $7.5 billion for the 504/Certified Development
Company loan guaranty program, and $4.0 billion for the Small Business Investment Company
Program) and up to $12.0 billion for the secondary market guarantee program in FY2014.
The Senate Committee on Appropriations approved an appropriation of $949.2 million for the
SBA for FY2014, a decrease of $900 million from the FY 2013 enacted amount, prior to
187 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, pp. 1175-1186.
188 The Administration recommended $104.68 million for Small Business Development Centers, $6.52 million for
Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE), $13.05 million for Women’s Business Centers, $0.9 million for the
National Women’s Business Council, $19.85 million for Microloan Technical Assistance, $2.5 million for Veterans
Business Outreach Centers, $1.05 million for Native American Outreach, $2.79 million for 7(j) Technical Assistance
Program, $2.0 million for Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones), $5.0 million for Regional
Innovation Clusters, $40.0 million for Entrepreneurship Education, $5.0 million for Growth Accelerators, and $7.0
million for Boots to Business in FY2014. No funding was recommended for the PRIME Technical Assistance Program.
189 The House Committee on Appropriations recommended an appropriation of $112.5 million for Small Business
Development Centers, $7.0 million for Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE), $14.0 million for Women’s
Business Centers, $0.9 million for the National Women’s Business Council, $20.0 million for Microloan Technical
Assistance, $2.5 million for Veterans Business Development, $1.25 million for Native American Outreach, $2.79
million for 7(j) Technical Assistance Programs, $2.5 million for Historically Underutilized Business Zones
(HUBZones), $5.0 million for Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters), $5.0 million for Entrepreneurship
Education, $7.0 million for Boots to Business, and $3.5 million for PRIME Technical Assistance. The House
committee did not recommend funding for the Administration’s Growth Accelerators Initiative.
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sequestration and rescission, of $1,849 million; $19.6 million less than the Administration’s
recommendation, of $968.8 million; and $52.3 million more than the amount approved by the
House committee, of $896.9 million.
The Senate committee approved an appropriation of $254.8 million for salaries and expenses and,
separately, $211.5 million for 13 entrepreneurial development (non-credit) programs (for a
combined total of $466.3 million),190 $151.6 million for business loan administration, $111.6
million for business loan subsidy costs, $191.9 million for disaster loans, $19.4 million for the
Office of the Inspector General, and $8.5 million for the Office of Advocacy.
The Senate committee approved up to $32.5 billion in small business loan guarantees ($17.5
billion for the 7(a) loan guaranty program, $7.5 billion for the 504/Certified Development
Company loan guaranty program, and $7.5 billion for the Small Business Investment Company
Program) and up to $12.0 billion for the secondary market guarantee program in FY2014.191
United States Postal Service192
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) generates nearly all of its funding—about $65 billion annually—
by charging users of the mail for the costs of the services it provides.193 Congress, however, does
provide an annual appropriation to compensate the USPS for revenue it forgoes in providing free
mailing privileges to the blind194 and overseas voters.195 Congress authorized appropriations for
these purposes in the Revenue Forgone Reform Act of 1993 (RFRA).196 This act also permitted
Congress to provide the USPS with a $29 million annual reimbursement until 2035 to pay for the
costs of postal services provided at below-cost rates to not-for-profit organizations in the early
1990s.197 Funds appropriated to the USPS are deposited in the Postal Service Fund, a revolving
fund at the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
190 The Senate Committee on Appropriations recommended $114.75 million for Small Business Development Centers,
$7.14 million for Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE), $14.0 million for Women’s Business Centers, $1.0
million for the National Women’s Business Council, $20.0 million for Microloan Technical Assistance, $2.5 million
for Veterans Business Outreach Centers, $2.0 million for Native American Outreach, $3.1 million for 7(j) Technical
Assistance Programs, $2.0 million for Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones), $5.0 million for
Regional Innovation Clusters, $15.0 million for Entrepreneurial Education and Growth Accelerators, $5.0 million for
Boots to Business, and $20.0 million for State Trade and Export Promotion (STEP). The Senate committee did not
recommend funding for PRIME Technical Assistance.
191 The Senate Committee on Appropriations also approved the reinstitution of the 504/CDC loan guaranty program’s
low-interest refinancing program (eligibility beyond business expansions) as previously authorized under P.L. 111-240,
the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, for FY2014.
192 This section authored by Kevin Kosar (x7-3968). Also see CRS Report RS21025, The Postal Revenue Forgone
Appropriation: Overview and Current Issues, by Kevin R. Kosar.
193 U.S. Postal Service, Annual Report, SEC Form 10-K, November 15, 2012, p. 33. Available at http://about.usps.com/
who-we-are/financials/10k-reports/fy2012.pdf.
194 84 Stat. 757; 39 U.S.C. §3403. See also USPS, Mailing Free Matter for Blind and Visually Handicapped Persons:
Questions and Answers, Publication 347 (Washington: USPS, May 2005), available at http://www.usps.com/cpim/ftp/
pubs/pub347.pdf.
195 Members of the Armed Forces and U.S. citizens who live abroad are eligible to register and vote absentee in federal
elections under the provisions of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C.
§1973ff-ff-6). See CRS Report RS20764, The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act: Overview and
Issues, by Kevin J. Coleman.
196 P.L. 103-123, Title VII; 107 Stat. 1267; 39 U.S.C. §2401(c)-(d).
197 See CRS Report RS21025, The Postal Revenue Forgone Appropriation: Overview and Current Issues, by Kevin R.
(continued...)
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The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act198 (PAEA), which was enacted on December 20,
2006, first affected the postal appropriations process in FY2009. Under the PAEA, both the U.S.
Postal Service Office of Inspector General (USPSOIG) and the Postal Regulatory Commission
(PRC) must submit their budget requests directly to Congress and to the Office of Management
and Budget.199 These two agencies must be funded through the Postal Service Fund. The law
further requires USPSOIG’s budget submission to be treated as part of USPS’s total budget, while
the PRC’s budget, like the budgets of other independent regulators, is treated separately.200
For FY2014, the
• USPS and the President requested $70.8 million.201 The House Appropriations
Committee and the Senate Appropriations Committee both recommended this
same amount;202
• PRC and President requested $14.3 million.203 The House Appropriations
Committee recommended a $14.0 million appropriation, and the Senate
Appropriations Committee recommended a $14.3 million appropriation;204 and
• USPSOIG and the President requested $241.5 million.205 The House
Appropriations Committee recommended $240.0 million, and the Senate
Appropriations Committee recommended a $241.5 million appropriation.206
Both of the House and Senate FY2014 FSGG measures contain postal policy provisions.
The House FSGG measure would renew four long-standing appropriations policies:
(1) requiring the USPS to continue six-day mail delivery;
(2) stipulating that mail for overseas voting and mail for the blind shall continue to be free;
(3) prohibiting appropriated funds from being used to charge a fee to a child support
enforcement agency seeking the address of a postal customer; and
(4) prohibiting funds from being used to consolidate or close small rural and other small post
offices.207
(...continued)
Kosar.
198 P.L. 109-435; 120 Stat. 3198. On PAEA’s major provisions, see CRS Report R40983, The Postal Accountability
and Enhancement Act of 2006, by Kevin R. Kosar.
199 120 Stat. 3240-3241.
200 While the PAEA did not authorize any additional appropriations to the Postal Service Fund, it did alter the budget
submission process for the USPS’s Office of Inspector General (USPSOIG) and the Postal Rate Commission (PRC). In
the past, the USPSOIG and the PRC submitted their budget requests to the USPS’s Board of Governors. Accordingly,
past presidential budgets did not include the USPOIG’s or PRC’s funding requests or appropriations.
201 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1298.
202 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 77; and S.Rept. 113-80, p. 125.
203 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1304.
204 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 68; and S.Rept. 113-80, p. 108.
205 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1303.
206 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 78; and S.Rept. 113-80, p. 128.
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In addition, the House bill would direct the USPS to refrain from selling post offices located in
historic properties until the completion of a study by the USPS Office of Inspector General.208
The Senate FSGG measure also would renew the same, aforementioned long-standing
appropriations policies, such as requiring six-day mail delivery.209 The Senate bill also would
direct the USPS to modify its post office operational hour reduction initiative to reflect the
recommendations of the Postal Regulatory Commission.210 The Senate FSGG bill further would
direct the USPS to: expand its retail access in private retail facilities and via self-service kiosks;
submit a report to the Senate Appropriations Committee on its efforts to comply with a PRC
advisory opinion on mail processing facility closures; 211 and take additional steps before closing
any processing facility that has previously been considered for closure. The Senate bill also
would direct the GAO to study whether the USPS’s “relaxed standards” for delivery have
disproportionately affected areas served by alternate means of transportation (AMOT)
contracts.212
President Obama’s FY2014 budget request, like the House and Senate measures, would extend
the aforementioned long-standing appropriations policies—except for six-day mail delivery.213
The Administration also favors
• requiring the Office of Personnel Management to recalculate the USPS’s Federal
Employee Retirement System balance using USPS’s specific demographics, and
to return any overpayment to the USPS between FY2014 and FY2015;214
• restructuring the USPS’s Retiree Health Benefits Fund (RHBF) payments
schedule as a 40-year amortization beginning in FY2017; and allowing the USPS
to draw upon the RHBF to pay the healthcare insurance premiums for current
USPS retirees;215
• allowing the USPS to increase collaboration with state and local governments;
and
(...continued)
207 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 118.
208 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 77.
209 S.Rept. 113-80, pp. 126-128.
210 Postal Regulatory Commission, “Advisory Opinion On Post Office Structure Plan,” Docket No. 2012-2, August 23,
2012, at http://www.prc.gov/Docs/85/85013/N2012-2_Adv_Op_082312.pdf.
211 Postal Regulatory Commission, “Advisory Opinion On Mail Processing Network Rationalization Service Changes,”
Docket No. 2012-2, September 28, 2012, at http://www.prc.gov/Docs/85/85269/
Advisory_Opinion_%20PDF%20_09282012.pdf.
212 U.S. Postal Service, “Revised Service Standards for Market-Dominant Mail Products,” 77 Federal Register 31190,
May 25, 2012, at https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/05/25/2012-12564/revised-service-standards-for-
market-dominant-mail-products.
213 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, pp. 1298-1299.
214 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, p. 1302.
215 Current law provides for 10 years of fixed payments followed by a 40-year amortization of any remaining unfunded
obligation. Current law also forbids drawing funds from the RHBF until FY2017. Appendix, Budget of the United
States, FY2014, pp. 1166-1167.
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• permitting the USPS to enact a one-time postage increase beyond the current
postage rate cap.216
“All together,” the Budget stated, “these reforms would provide USPS with over $30 billion in
cash relief, operational revenue, and produce PAYGO savings of over $23 billion over the next
over 11 years.”217
United States Tax Court218
A court of record under Article I of the Constitution, the United States Tax Court (USTC) is an
independent judicial body that has jurisdiction over various tax matters as set forth in Title 26 of
the United States Code. The court is headquartered in Washington, DC, but its judges conduct
trials in many cities across the country.
The USTC received $51 million in FY2013. The President requested $53 million for FY2014.
The House Appropriations Committee recommended $51 million for FY2014, which would be $2
million less than the President’s request.219 The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended
$53 million for FY2014, the same as the President requested and $2 million above the FY2013
enacted amount.220
General Provisions Government-Wide221
The Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act includes general provisions
applying government-wide. Most of the provisions continue language that has appeared under the
General Provisions title for several years because Congress has decided to reiterate the language
rather than making the provisions permanent. An Administration’s proposed government-wide
general provisions for a fiscal year are generally included in the Budget Appendix.222 New
provisions proposed in the FY2014 budget follow. These provisions were not included in H.R.
2786 as reported or S. 1371 as reported except as otherwise noted.
New Government-wide General Provisions Proposed for FY2014
• Section 732 of the President’s proposed budget would prohibit a pay raise in
calendar year 2013, for the Vice President, and in calendar year 2014, for a
political appointee serving in an Executive Schedule position, or in a position for
which the rate of pay is fixed by statute at an Executive Schedule rate; a chief of
mission or ambassador at large; a noncareer appointee in the Senior Executive
Service; and a political appointee paid a rate of basic pay (including locality-
216 By law (39 U.S.C. §3622(d)(1)(A)), the USPS may raise rates on most of its products and services no higher than
the rate of inflation.
217 Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, pp. 1302.
218 This section authored by Garrett Hatch (x7-7822).
219 H.Rept. 113-72, p. 143.
220 S.Rept. 113-80, p. 169.
221 This section authored by Barbara L. Schwemle (x7-8655).
222 For FY2014, the provisions are listed in the Appendix, Budget of the United States, FY2014, pp. 9-12.
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based payments) at or above level IV of the Executive Schedule. Included in S.
1371 as reported at Section 742.
• Section 733 of the President’s proposed budget would prohibit the use of funds
appropriated, in this or any other act, for FY2014, to provide a pay adjustment to
federal blue-collar employees that exceeds: (1) the rate payable for the applicable
grade and step of the applicable wage schedule during the period from the date of
expiration of the limitation imposed by the comparable section for previous fiscal
years until the normal effective date of the applicable wage survey adjustment
that is to take effect in FY2014; and (2) as a result of a wage survey adjustment,
the rate payable under paragraph (1) by more than the sum of (A) the General
Schedule pay adjustment for FY2014 and (B) the difference between the overall
average percentage of the locality-based comparability payments taking effect in
FY2014, and the overall average percentage of such payments which was
effective in the previous fiscal year under such section, during the remainder of
FY2014. Included in Section 741 of S. 1371 as reported.
• Section 734 of the President’s proposed budget would provide that funds made
available and used for Pay for Success projects in this or any other act would
support performance-based awards that are designed to promote innovative
strategies to reduce the aggregate level of government investment needed to
achieve successful outcomes. The awards would impose minimal administrative
requirements on service providers to allow for maximum flexibility to improve
efficiency and effectiveness. The OMB Director would issue guidance to federal
agencies on carrying out such projects. (This provision was also proposed by the
Administration in the FY2012 and FY2013 budget requests, but was not
enacted.)
• Section 735 of the President’s proposed budget would require the OMB Director
to report to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations on at least a
quarterly basis on the status of unexpired, unobligated balances of budget
authority in executive branch agencies. The reports would, to the extent
practicable, separately identify such budget authority for discretionary
appropriations and direct spending. With regard to such budget authority for
discretionary appropriations, the reports would, to the extent practicable,
separately identify those balances that are available to fund reimbursable
obligations and all other balances of discretionary budget authority. The reports
would be submitted not later than 30 days after the end of a fiscal quarter.
H.R. 2786 as reported included the following new general provisions (which were
not included in S. 1371 as reported).
• Section 736 of H.R. 2786 as reported would prohibit the use of appropriated
funds for the painting of a portrait of an employee of the Federal government
including the President, the Vice President, a Member of Congress, the head of
an executive branch agency, or the head of an office of the legislative branch.
• Section 738 of H.R. 2786 as reported would prohibit the use of appropriated
funds to pay more than 75% of the salary of the Commissioner and any Deputy
Commissioner of Internal Revenue if the Internal Revenue Service agency does
not comply with certain Inspector General recommendations by July 1, 2014.
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Cuba Sanctions223
As reported by the Appropriations committees, H.R. 2786 and S. 1371 have different provisions
regarding U.S. policy regarding travel to Cuba. The House version would tighten restrictions on
travel by prohibiting funding for any additional authorization of people-to-people exchanges
during the fiscal year, while the Senate version would ease restrictions on travel by authorizing a
new general license for professional travel related to disaster prevention, emergency
preparedness, and natural resource protection.
Restrictions on travel to Cuba have been a key and often contentious component of U.S. efforts to
isolate Cuba’s communist government for much of the past 50 years. Over time there have been
numerous changes to the restrictions and for five years, from 1977 until 1982, there were no
restrictions on travel. Restrictions on travel to Cuba are part of the Cuban Assets Control
Regulations (CACR), the overall embargo regulations administered by the Treasury Department’s
Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). First issued in 1963, the CACR have been amended
many times over the years to reflect changes in policy, and remain in force today. In 2009, the
Obama Administration eased restrictions for family travel, and in 2011 the Administration further
eased travel restrictions for religious and educational activities, including people-to-people travel.
At present, eight categories of travelers may travel to Cuba under a general license, which means
that there is no need to obtain special permission from OFAC. This includes those visiting close
relatives in Cuba; full-time journalists; full-time professionals conducting professional research
(of a noncommercial, academic nature) or attending conferences sponsored by international
professional organizations or associations; faculty, staff, and students of accredited U.S. graduate
and undergraduate degree-making institutions engaged in educational activities; members and
staff of religious organizations engaged in a full-time program of religious activities; and travel
related to licensed sales of agricultural, medical, and telecommunications products. In addition,
15 categories of travelers engaging in a variety of activities, including educational, religious, and
humanitarian activities and people-to-people exchanges may be eligible for specific licenses.
Applications for specific licenses are reviewed and granted by OFAC on a case-by-case basis. The
specific licenses for people-to-people travel are generally issued for one year to organizations that
sponsor and organize such trips.
As reported by the House committee, H.R. 2786 includes a provision in Section 124 that would
prohibit FY2014 funding used “to approve, license, facilitate, authorize, or otherwise allow”
travel-related or other transactions related to nonacademic educational exchanges (i.e., people-to-
people travel) to Cuba set forth in 31 CFR 515.565(b)(2) of the CACR. The committee report to
the House bill contends that this category of travel violates the prohibition on travel related to
tourist activities set forth in the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000.224
The report also maintains that the stated purpose of people-to-people travel—to promote the
Cuban people’s independence from Cuban authorities—“cannot be accomplished through
itineraries that mainly feature interactions with representatives of a dictatorship that actively
oppresses the Cuban people, nor can it be accomplished through itineraries that do not require
223 This section authored by Mark P. Sullivan (x7-7689). For additional information, see CRS Report R43024, Cuba:
U.S. Policy and Issues for the 113th Congress, by Mark P. Sullivan, and CRS Report RL31139, Cuba: U.S. Restrictions
on Travel and Remittances, by Mark P. Sullivan http://www.crs.gov/pages/Reports.aspx?PRODCODE=RL31139.
224 P.L. 106-387, Title IX.
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meetings with pro-democracy activists or independent members of Cuban civil society.” In
contrast, the Obama Administration has defended such travel, maintaining that it helps build
connections between the Cuban and American people in order to give Cubans the support and
tools they need to move forward independent of the government. According to Assistant Secretary
of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs Roberta Jacobson, “the Administration’s travel,
remittance and people-to-people policies are helping Cubans by providing alternative sources of
information, taking advantage of emerging opportunities for self-employment and private
property, and strengthening civil society.”225
The House bill has a second Cuba provision in Section 125 that would require a Treasury
Department report within 90 days of the bill’s enactment with information for each fiscal year
since FY2007 on the number of travelers visiting close relatives in Cuba; the average duration of
these trips; the average amount of U.S. dollars spent per family traveler (including amount of
remittances carried to Cuba); the number of return trips per year; and the total sum of U.S. dollars
spent collectively by family travelers for each fiscal year.
As reported by the Senate committee, S. 1371 includes a provision in Section 628 that would
provide for a new general license for travel-related transactions for full-time professional
research; for attendance at professional meetings if the sponsoring organization is a U.S.
organization; and for the organization and management of professional meetings and conferences
in Cuba if the sponsoring organization is a U.S. professional organization if the travel is related to
disaster prevention, emergency preparedness, and natural resource protection, including for
fisheries, coral reefs, and migratory species. This provision would expand the current general
licenses available for professional research and meetings in Cuba that allow full-time
professionals to conduct professional research in their areas (with certain conditions), attend
professional meetings or conferences in Cuba organized by an international professional
organization, and attend professional meetings for commercial telecommunications transactions
(31 CFR 515.564).
225 Testimony of Roberta S. Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, in U.S. Congress,
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Global Narcotics
Affairs, The Path to Freedom: Countering Repression and Strengthening Civil Society, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., June 7,
2012; available at http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/rm/2012/191935.htm.
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Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
Phone
E-mail
Department of the Treasury
Gary Guenther
7-7742
gguenther@crs.loc.gov
Executive Office of the President
Barbara L. Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
Judiciary Matt
Glassman
7-3467
mglassman@crs.loc.gov
District of Columbia
Eugene Boyd
7-8689
eboyd@crs.loc.gov
Commodity Futures Trading
Rena Miller
7-0826
rsmiller@crs.loc.gov
Commission
Election Assistance Commission
Kevin Coleman
7-7878
kcoleman@crs.loc.gov
E-Government Fund in GSA
Wendy Ginsberg
7-3933
wginsberg@crs.loc.gov
Executive Office of the President
Barbara Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
Federal Communications Commission
Patty Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Federal Deposit Insurance
Darryl Getter
7-2834
dgetter@crs.loc.gov
Corporation
Federal Election Commission
R. Sam Garrett
7-6443
rgarrett@crs.loc.gov
Federal Labor Relations Authority
Gerald Mayer
7-7815
gmayer@crs.loc.gov
Federal Trade Commission
Gary Guenther
7-7742
gguenther@crs.loc.gov
General Services Administration
Garrett Hatch
7-8674
ghatch@crs.loc.gov
Merit Systems Protection Board
Barbara Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
National Archives and Records
Administration
Wendy Ginsberg
7-3933
wginsberg@crs.loc.gov
National Credit Union Administration
Darryl Getter
7-2834
dgetter@crs.loc.gov
Office of Personnel Management
Barbara Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
Office of Special Counsel
Barbara Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
Securities and Exchange Commission
Gary Shorter
7-7772
gshorter@crs.loc.gov
Selective Service System
David Burrelli
7-8033
dburrelli@crs.loc.gov
Smal Business Administration
Robert Dilger
7-3110
rdilger@crs.loc.gov
Smal Business Administration
Sean Lowry
7-9154
slowry@crs.loc.gov
U.S. Postal Service
Kevin Kosar
7-3968
kkosar@crs.loc.gov
Government-wide General Provisions
Barbara Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
Competitive Sourcing
L. Elaine Halchin
7-0646
ehalchin@crs.loc.gov
Cuba Mark
Sullivan
7-7689
msullivan@crs.loc.gov
Congressional Research Service
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Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2014 Appropriations
Author Contact Information
Baird Webel, Coordinator
Gary Guenther
Specialist in Financial Economics
Analyst in Public Finance
bwebel@crs.loc.gov, 7-0652
gguenther@crs.loc.gov, 7-7742
Eugene Boyd
L. Elaine Halchin
Analyst in Federalism and Economic Development
Specialist in American National Government
Policy
ehalchin@crs.loc.gov, 7-0646
eboyd@crs.loc.gov, 7-8689
David F. Burrelli
Garrett Hatch
Specialist in Military Manpower Policy
Specialist in American National Government
dburrelli@crs.loc.gov, 7-8033
ghatch@crs.loc.gov, 7-7822
Kevin J. Coleman
Kevin R. Kosar
Analyst in Elections
Acting Section Research Manager and Analyst in
kcoleman@crs.loc.gov, 7-7878
American and National Government
kkosar@crs.loc.gov, 7-3968
Robert Jay Dilger
Sean Lowry
Senior Specialist in American National Government
Analyst in Public Finance
rdilger@crs.loc.gov, 7-3110
slowry@crs.loc.gov, 7-9154
Patricia Moloney Figliola
Gerald Mayer
Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications
Analyst in Labor Policy
Policy
gmayer@crs.loc.gov, 7-7815
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov, 7-2508
R. Sam Garrett
Barbara L. Schwemle
Specialist in American National Government
Analyst in American National Government
rgarrett@crs.loc.gov, 7-6443
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov, 7-8655
Darryl E. Getter
Gary Shorter
Specialist in Financial Economics
Specialist in Financial Economics
dgetter@crs.loc.gov, 7-2834
gshorter@crs.loc.gov, 7-7772
Wendy Ginsberg
Mark P. Sullivan
Analyst in American National Government
Specialist in Latin American Affairs
wginsberg@crs.loc.gov, 7-3933
msullivan@crs.loc.gov, 7-7689
Matthew E. Glassman
Analyst on the Congress
mglassman@crs.loc.gov, 7-3467
Congressional Research Service
84