Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel
and Remittances

Mark P. Sullivan
Specialist in Latin American Affairs
November 1, 2013
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
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CRS Report for Congress
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epared for Members and Committees of Congress

Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances

Summary
Restrictions on travel to Cuba have been a key and often contentious component in U.S. efforts to
isolate Cuba’s communist government since the early 1960s. Under the George W. Bush
Administration, restrictions on travel and on private remittances to Cuba were tightened. In
March 2003, the Administration eliminated travel for people-to-people educational exchanges
unrelated to academic coursework. In June 2004, the Administration further restricted family and
educational travel, eliminated the category of fully-hosted travel, and restricted remittances so
that they could only be sent to the remitter’s immediate family. Initially there was mixed reaction
to the Administration’s June 2004 tightening of Cuba travel and remittance restrictions, but
opposition to the policy grew, especially within the Cuban American community regarding the
restrictions on family travel and remittances.
Obama Administration Policy
Under the Obama Administration, Congress took action in March 2009 by including two
provisions in the FY2009 omnibus appropriations measure (P.L. 111-8) that eased restrictions on
family travel and travel related to marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods to Cuba.
Subsequently, in April 2009, President Obama announced that his Administration would go
further and allow unlimited family travel and remittances. Regulations implementing these
changes were issued in September 2009. The new regulations also included the authorization of
general licenses for travel transactions for telecommunications-related sales and for attendance at
professional meetings related to commercial telecommunications.
In January 2011, the Obama Administration announced policy changes further easing restrictions
on travel and remittances. The measures (1) increase purposeful travel to Cuba related to
religious, educational, and people-to-people exchanges; (2) allow any U.S. person to send
remittances to non-family members in Cuba and make it easier for religious institutions to send
remittances for religious activities; and (3) permit all U.S. international airports to apply to
provide services to licensed charter flights. These new measures, with the exception of the
expansion of eligible airports, are similar to policies that were undertaken by the Clinton
Administration in 1999, but subsequently curtailed by the Bush Administration in 2003-2004.
Legislative Initiatives
There were several attempts in the 112th Congress aimed at rolling back the Obama
Administration’s actions easing restrictions on travel and remittances, but none of these were
approved. Several legislative initiatives were also introduced that would have further eased or
lifted such restrictions altogether, but no action was taken on these measures.
To date in the 113th Congress, the House version of the FY2014 Financial Services and General
Government appropriations measure, H.R. 2786 (H.Rept. 113-172), would prohibit FY2014
funding used “to approve, license, facilitate, authorize, or otherwise allow” people-to-people
travel to Cuba. In contrast, the Senate version of the measure, S. 1371 (S.Rept. 113-80), would
expand the current general license for professional research and meetings in Cuba to allow U.S.
groups to sponsor and organize conferences in Cuba, but only if specifically related to disaster
prevention, emergency preparedness, and natural resource protection. Neither of these measures
were considered by the beginning of FY2014 on October 1, 2013. Instead on October 16,
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Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances

Congress approved a continuing resolution (P.L. 113-46) to fund FY2014 appropriations through
January 15, 2014; it still faces action on appropriations for the balance of FY2014.
As in past Congresses, several legislative initiatives again have been introduced that would lift all
travel restrictions: H.R. 871 (Rangel) would lift travel restrictions; H.R. 873 (Rangel) would lift
travel restrictions and restrictions on U.S. agricultural exports; and H.R. 214 (Serrano), H.R. 872
(Rangel), and H.R. 1917 would lift the overall embargo, including travel restrictions.
For further information, see CRS Report R43024, Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for the 113th
Congress
, by Mark P. Sullivan.

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Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances

Contents
Recent Developments ...................................................................................................................... 1
Overview of the U.S. Restrictions ................................................................................................... 1
June 2004 Tightening of Travel and Remittance Restrictions ................................................... 2
Easing of Restrictions in 2009 ................................................................................................... 4
Easing of Restrictions in 2011 ................................................................................................... 5
Developments in 2012 ............................................................................................................... 8
Developments in 2013 ............................................................................................................... 9
Chronology of Cuba Travel Restrictions ................................................................................. 10
Current Permissible Travel to Cuba ............................................................................................... 15
General License Categories ..................................................................................................... 17
Specific License Categories..................................................................................................... 18
Current Restrictions on Remittances ............................................................................................. 20
Enforcement of Travel Restrictions: Civil Penalties ...................................................................... 21
Arguments for Lifting Cuba Travel Restrictions ........................................................................... 23
Arguments for Maintaining Cuba Travel Restrictions ................................................................... 24
Legislative Initiatives in the 113th Congress .................................................................................. 25
Legislative Action from the 106th to the 112th Congress ................................................................ 26
Legislative Initiatives in the 112th Congress ............................................................................ 26
Legislative Initiatives in the 111th Congress ............................................................................ 28
First Session Action ........................................................................................................... 29
Second Session Action ...................................................................................................... 30
Additional Initiatives in the 111th Congress ...................................................................... 30
Legislative Initiatives in the 110th Congress ............................................................................ 30
First Session Action ........................................................................................................... 31
Second Session Action ...................................................................................................... 31
Additional Initiatives in the 110th Congress ...................................................................... 31
Legislative Initiatives in the 109th Congress ............................................................................ 32
First Session Action ........................................................................................................... 32
Second Session Action ...................................................................................................... 33
Additional Initiatives in the 109th Congress ...................................................................... 34
Legislative Initiatives in the 108th Congress ............................................................................ 34
First Session Action ........................................................................................................... 34
Second Session Action ...................................................................................................... 36
Additional Initiatives in the 108th Congress ...................................................................... 37
Legislative Initiatives in the 107th Congress ............................................................................ 37
First Session Action ........................................................................................................... 37
Second Session Action ...................................................................................................... 38
Additional Legislative Initiatives in the 107th Congress ................................................... 39
Legislative Initiatives in the 106th Congress ............................................................................ 39

Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 40

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Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances

Recent Developments
On July 25, 2013, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported out its version of the FY2014
Financial Services and General Government appropriations measure, S. 1371 (S.Rept. 113-80),
with a provision that would ease restrictions on travel by authorizing a new general license for
professional travel related to disaster prevention, emergency preparedness, and natural resource
protection. (See “Legislative Initiatives in the 113th Congress” below.)
On July 23, 2013, the House Appropriations Committee reported out its version of the FY2014
Financial Services and General Government appropriations measure, H.R. 2786 (H.Rept. 113-
172), with a provision tightening restrictions on travel by prohibiting funding for any additional
authorization of people-to-people exchanges during the fiscal year and a provision requiring a
Treasury Department report on specific information related to family travel to Cuba. (See
“Legislative Initiatives in the 113th Congress” below.)
On July 22, 2013, American Express Travel Related Services Inc. agreed to pay $5.2 million for
violating U.S. regulations governing travel to Cuba. The company had issued more than 14,000
tickets for travel between Cuba and countries other than the United States from December 2005
to November 2011. (See “Enforcement of Travel Restrictions: Civil Penalties” below.)
Overview of the U.S. Restrictions
Since the United States imposed a comprehensive trade embargo against Cuba in the early 1960s,
there have been numerous policy changes to restrictions on travel to Cuba. The embargo
regulations do not ban travel itself, but place restrictions on any financial transactions related to
travel to Cuba, which effectively result in a travel ban. Accordingly, from 1963 until 1977, travel
to Cuba was effectively banned under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) issued by
the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) to implement the embargo.
In 1977, the Carter Administration made changes to the regulations that essentially lifted the
travel ban. In 1982, the Reagan Administration made other changes to the CACR that once again
restricted travel to Cuba, but allowed for travel-related transactions by certain categories of
travelers. Under the Clinton Administration, there were several changes to the Treasury
Department regulations, with some at first tightening the restrictions, and others later loosening
the restrictions.
Under the George W. Bush Administration, the travel regulations were tightened significantly,
with additional restrictions on family visits, educational travel, and travel for those involved in
amateur and semi-professional international sports federation competitions. In addition, the
categories of fully-hosted travel and people-to-people educational exchanges unrelated to
academic coursework were eliminated as permissible travel to Cuba. The Bush Administration
also cracked down on those traveling to Cuba illegally, further restricted religious travel by
changing licensing guidelines for such travel, and suspended the licenses of several travel service
providers in Florida for license violations.
Under the Obama Administration, Congress took action in March 2009 (P.L. 111-8) to ease
restrictions on travel by Cuban Americans to visit their family in Cuba and on travel related to the
marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods to Cuba. In April 2009, President Obama
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went even further by announcing that all restrictions on family travel and on remittances to family
members in Cuba would be lifted, and on September 3, 2009, the Treasury Department issued
regulations implementing these policy changes. In January 2011, President Obama took further
action to ease restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba by providing new general licenses for
travel involving educational and religious activities and restoring a specific license authorizing
travel for people-to-people exchanges. The Administration also restored a general license for any
U.S. person to send remittances to Cuba (up to $500 per quarter) and created a general license for
remittances to religious organizations. Finally, the Administration also expanded the U.S. airports
eligible to provide services to flights to and from Cuba. In most respects, with the exception of
the expansion of eligible airports, these new measures appear to be similar to policies that were
undertaken by the Clinton Administration in 1999 but were subsequently curtailed by the Bush
Administration in 2003 and 2004.
The President has the authority to ease restrictions on travel to Cuba. For example, the President
could choose to authorize travel to Cuba under a general license for all eligible categories of
travel. Lifting all the restrictions on travel, however, would require legislative action. This is
because of the codification of the embargo in Section 102(h) of the Cuban Liberty and
Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-114); that act conditions the lifting of the embargo,
including the travel restrictions, on the fulfillment of certain democratic conditions in Cuba.
Although the Administration retains flexibility through licensing authority to ease travel
restrictions, the President may not lift all restrictions on travel as set forth in the CACR.
Moreover, a provision in the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000
(§910(b) of P.L. 106-387, Title IX) prevents the Administration from licensing travel for tourist
activities, and defines such activities as any activity not expressly authorized in the 12 broad
categories of travel set forth in the CACR regulations. This legislative provision essentially
circumscribes the authority of the executive branch to issue travel licenses for activities beyond
the broad categories of travel allowed, and would have to be amended, superseded by new
legislation, or repealed in order to expand categories of travel to Cuba or lift travel restrictions
altogether.
June 2004 Tightening of Travel and Remittance Restrictions
There was mixed reaction to the Bush Administration’s June 2004 tightening of Cuba travel and
remittance restrictions, including within the Cuban American community. President Bush
maintained that such restrictions would “prevent the regime from exploiting hard currency of
tourists and remittances to Cubans to prop up their repressive regime.”1 Supporters of the
tightened restrictions argued that both educational and family travel to Cuba had become fronts
for tourist travel. Tightening up on such travel, they argued, would deny the regime dollars that
help maintain its repressive control. (According to the Commission for Assistance for a Free
Cuba, some 125,000 family visits to Cuba in 2003 resulted in about $96 million in hard currency
for the government.)2 Another argument made by some supporters of the tightened restrictions
was that the limiting of family travel to once every three years would help ensure that such travel
was limited to family emergencies. Along these lines, some argued that limiting family travel
would make travelers more sensitive to political repression on the island and highlights that

1 President George W. Bush, “Remarks After Meeting with the Commission for Assistance for a Free Cuba,” U.S.
Department of State, May 6, 2004.
2 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, Report to the President, May 2004, p. 37.
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Cuban Americans are political refugees, not economic immigrants. Some supporters of the
additional remittance restrictions argued that the Bush Administration demonstrated a
continuation of the compassionate policy of supporting the Cuban people by not cutting the level
of remittances allowed, $300 per quarter. They emphasized that the Administration only took
action to ensure that the remittances would be restricted to immediate family members and not
benefit certain members of the Cuban government and Cuban Communist Party.
Opponents of the tightened travel and remittance restrictions made a number of policy arguments.
They maintained that the restrictions were anti-family and violated the basic principle of family
reunification. Some in the Cuban American community argued that the policy of restricting
family visits was inhumane and only resulted in more suffering for Cuban families. They
especially opposed the additional restrictions that did not allow travel to visit cousins, aunts,
uncles, and more-distant relatives. Another argument opposing restrictions on travel and private
remittances was that the steps would have no effect on reducing repression in Cuba or weakening
the government’s instruments of repression. Opponents of the tightened restrictions maintained
that the new restrictions were opposed by several prominent Cuban dissidents, including Oswaldo
Payá of the Varela Project and Elizardo Sanchez of the Cuban Commission for Human Rights and
National Reconciliation. Miriam Leiva, one of the founders of the Ladies in White human rights
group, maintained that the policy punished dissidents and their families; she compared the U.S.
restrictions to the situation faced by Cubans, who cannot travel without permission from the
Cuban government.3 Former political prisoner Oscar Espinosa Chepe, released from prison in
December 2004, called the U.S. policy “absurd,” maintaining that “what we need is to create
space for dialogue.”4
There were also concerns that the new restrictions were drafted without considering the full
consequences of their implementation. For example, the elimination of the category of fully-
hosted travel raised concerns about the status some 70 U.S. students receiving full scholarships at
the Latin American School of Medicine in Havana. The school has more than 3,000 students from
23 countries and consists of a six-month pre-med program and a six-year medical school
program. Members of the Congressional Black Caucus, who were instrumental in the
establishment of the scholarship program for U.S. students, expressed concern that the students
could have been forced to abandon their medical education because of the new OFAC
regulations. As a result of these concerns, OFAC ultimately licensed the medical students to
continue their studies and engage in travel-related transactions.
In the aftermath of the Bush Administration’s tightening of travel restrictions, there was increased
opposition to the policy and several groups were established opposing the Administration’s
actions. A group known as ENCASA, the Emergency Network of Cuban American Scholars and
Artists for Change in Cuba Policy, launched a media campaign in 2006 opposing the travel
restrictions.5 In June 2006, another group of some 450 scholars known as the Emergency
Coalition to Defend Educational Travel (ECDET) filed suit in U.S. federal court in Washington
against the Treasury Department, maintaining that travel restrictions violated academic freedom.6

3 Miriam Leiva, “Whose Country Is It, Anyway?” May 24, 2004, http://Salon.com; and “Why Deal with North Korea
and Not Cuba,” Miami Herald, March 1, 2008.
4 David Adams, “Dissidents Say It’s Time to Open Talks,” St Petersburg Times, December 18, 2006.
5 Oscar Corral, “Scholars, Artists Rip Embargo,” Miami Herald, April 26, 2006.
6 “Cuba’s Campus Attrition,” CQ Weekly, July 24, 2006; also see ECDET’s website available at http://www.ecdet.org/.
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(On November 4, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the
travel restrictions do not violate the right to academic freedom.)7
With regard to family travel, a group in Miami, the Association of Christian Women in Defense of
the Cuban Family, organized several protests against the tightened family travel restrictions.8 In
March 2008, Cuban Americans living in Vermont filed a complaint in U.S. federal court in
Burlington, VT, that U.S. restrictions on family travel to Cuba violate their civil rights. Affiliates
of the American Civil Liberties Union of Florida, Massachusetts, and Vermont subsequently filed
a brief in support of the complaint. Human Rights Watch maintained that the U.S. travel policies
inflicted harm on Cuban families and undermined the freedom of movement of hundreds of
thousands of Cuban Americans.9 In a 2005 report, Human Rights Watch cited numerous cases of
family hardships after the tightened family travel restrictions went into effect, including the
inability to visit children, sick or dying parents, or to attend funerals.10
A 2007 Florida International University poll examining attitudes of the Cuban American
community in South Florida showed that about 64% of respondents wanted to return to the less
restrictive policies on travel and remittances that were in place in 2003. Moreover, 55.2% of
respondents supported allowing unrestricted travel overall, not just family travel.11
Easing of Restrictions in 2009
The tightening of family travel restrictions became an issue during the 2008 presidential
campaign with candidate Barack Obama pledging to lift restrictions for family travel and
remittances to Cuba.
With the election of Obama, the 111th Congress moved to ease family travel restrictions in March
2009 by approving two provisions that eased sanctions on travel to Cuba in FY2009 omnibus
appropriations legislation (P.L. 111-8). Unlike the Bush Administration, the Obama
Administration did not threaten to veto such legislation easing Cuba sanctions. This marked the
first congressional action easing Cuba sanctions in almost a decade.
In the first provision, as implemented by the Treasury Department, family travel was again
allowed once every 12 months under a general license to visit a close relative for an unlimited
length of stay, and the limit for daily expenditure allowed by family travelers became the same as
for other authorized travelers to Cuba (the State Department maximum per diem rate for Havana).
The definition of “close relative” was expanded to mean any individual related to the traveler by
blood, marriage, or adoption who is no more than three generations removed from that person.
The second provision in the omnibus measure required a general license for travel related to the
marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods to Cuba. The Treasury Department’s Office
of Foreign Assets Control ultimately issued regulations implementing this omnibus provision on

7 Jack Chang, “Court Upholds Limits on Student Trips to Cuba,” Miami Herald, November 5, 2008.
8 Laura Morales, “Protesters Call for Family-Friendly Cuban Travel,” Miami Herald, August 27, 2006.
9 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2008, January 2008.
10 Human Rights Watch, Families Torn Apart, The High Cost of U.S. and Cuban Travel Restrictions, October 2005.
11 “2007 FIU Cuba Poll,” Institute for Public Opinion Research and Cuban Research Institute, Florida International
University.
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September 3, 2009. The regulations require a written report at least 14 days before departure
identifying both the traveler and the producer or distributor and describing the purpose and scope
of such travel. Another written report is required within 14 days of return from Cuba describing
the activities conducted, the persons met, and the expenses incurred. The regulations also require
that such travelers under this provision be regularly employed by a producer or distributor of the
agricultural commodities or medical products or an entity duly appointed to represent such a
producer or distributor. The activity schedules for such travelers cannot include free time, travel,
or recreation in excess of that consistent with a full work schedule.
Going even further, the Obama Administration announced several significant measures to ease
U.S. sanctions on Cuba in April 2009. Fulfilling a campaign pledge, President Obama announced
that all restrictions on family travel and on remittances to family members in Cuba would be
lifted. This significantly superseded the action taken by Congress in March that had essentially
reverted family travel restrictions to as they had been before they were tightened in 2004. Under
the new policy announced by the Administration in April, there are no limitations on the
frequency or duration of family visits (which would still be covered under a general license) and
the 44-pound limitation on accompanied baggage was removed. Family travelers are allowed to
spend the same as allowed for other travelers, up to the State Department’s maximum per diem
rate for Havana (which varies, but as of May 2013 was set at $188).12 With regard to family
remittances, the previous limitation of no more than $300 per quarter was removed with no
restriction on the amount or frequency of the remittances. Authorized travelers were again
authorized to carry up to $3,000 in remittances.13 Regulations for the above policy changes were
issued by the Treasury and Commerce Departments on September 3, 2009.
Easing of Restrictions in 2011
On January 14, 2011, the Obama Administration announced a series of policy changes further
easing restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba that had been rumored in the second half of
2010. The changes are designed to make it easier to engage in educational, religious, and other
types of people-to-people travel and allow all Americans to send remittances to Cuba. The
changes are similar to policy that was in place from 1999 under the Clinton Administration
through mid-2004 under the Bush Administration. President Obama directed the Secretaries of
State, Treasury, and Homeland Security to amend regulations and policies “in order to continue
efforts reach out to the Cuban people in support of their desire to freely determine their country’s
future.”14 The Administration maintains that the policy changes will increase people-to-people
contact, help strengthen Cuban civil society, and make Cuban people less dependent on the Cuban
state.15 The changes occurred at the same time that the Cuban government began laying off
thousands of state workers and increasing private enterprise through an expansion of the
authorized categories for self-employment.
According to the White House announcement, the policy changes would be enacted through
modifications to existing regulations. This occurred on January 28, 2011, when the Departments

12 See U.S. Department of State, Foreign Per Diem Rates by Location, available at
http://aoprals.state.gov/web920/per_diem.asp
13 White House, “Fact Sheet: Reaching Out to the Cuban People,” April 13, 2009.
14 White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Reaching Out to the Cuban People,” January 14, 2011, available at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/14/reaching-out-cuban-people
15 Mary Beth Sheridan, “Obama Loosens Travel Restrictions to Cuba,” Washington Post, January 15, 2011.
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of the Treasury and Homeland Security published changes to the regulations in the Federal
Register
.16
The measures (1) increase purposeful travel to Cuba related to religious, educational, and
journalistic activities (general licenses are now authorized for certain types of educational and
religious travel; people-to-people travel exchanges are authorized via a specific license); (2) allow
any U.S. person to send remittances to non-family members in Cuba and make it easier for
religious institutions to send remittances for religious activities (general licenses are now
authorized for both); and (3) allow all U.S. international airports to apply to provide services to
licensed charter flights to and from Cuba. In most respects, these new measures appear to be
similar to policies that were undertaken by the Clinton Administration in 1999, but were
subsequently curtailed by the Bush Administration in 2003 and 2004. An exception is the
expansion of airports to service licensed flights to and from Cuba. While the new travel
regulations immediately went into effect for those categories of travel falling under a general
license category, OFAC delayed processing applications for new travel categories requiring a
specific license (such as people-to-people exchanges) until it updated and issued guidelines.17
These ultimately were issued in April 2011: Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications
to Engage in Travel-related Transactions Involving Cuba
.18
Purposeful Travel. With regard to purposeful travel, the policy changes allowed
religious organizations to sponsor religious travel to Cuba under a general license
as opposed to the previous requirement for a specific license for such travel.
Restrictions on educational travel were eased in several ways: educational travel
for academic credit is now allowed under a general license (instead of a specific
license as previously required); students are now allowed to participate through
academic institutions other than their own; and instructor support is allowed from
adjunct and part-time staff. Academic institutions are allowed to apply for
specific licenses to sponsor or cosponsor academic seminars, conferences, and
workshops related to Cuba and allow faculty, staff, and students to attend.
People-to-people exchanges, under the auspices of an organization that sponsors
and organizes such programs, are now allowed under a specific license (such
activities previously had been allowed from 1999-2003).
Remittances. The policy changes restored a general license category available
for any U.S. person to send up to $500 in remittances per quarter to non-family
members in Cuba (but not to senior Cuban government officials or senior
members of the Cuban Communist Party) to support private economic activity,
among other purposes. A general license also was created for remittances to
religious institutions in Cuba in support of religious activities.
U.S. Airports. The policy changes expanded the number of eligible airports in
the United States authorized to serve licensed charter flights to and from Cuba.

16 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Cuban Assets Control Regulations,” Vol. 76, No. 19 Federal Register 5072-5078,
January 28, 2011; Department of Homeland Security, “Airports of Entry or Departure for Flights to and from Cuba,”
Vol. 76, No. 19 Federal Register 5058-5061, January 28, 2011.
17 CRS correspondence with the Treasury Department, March 17, 2011.
18 The guidelines were subsequently revised again in May 2012. See U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of
Foreign Assets Control, Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications to Engage in Travel-related Transactions
Involving Cuba
, May 10, 2012, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/
cuba_tr_app.pdf
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The Clinton Administration had expanded airports eligible to service license
charter flights beyond that of Miami International Airport to international airports
in Los Angeles and New York (JFK) in 1999, but the January 2011 policy change
allows all U.S. international airports to apply to provide services for chartered
flights to and from Cuba under certain conditions. The airport would need to
have adequate customs and immigration capabilities, and a licensed travel service
provider would need to have expressed an interest in providing service to and
from Cuba from the airport. (Currently there are 19 U.S. airports authorized by
U.S. Customs and Border Protection to serve licensed flights to and from Cuba,
although not all provide such service. In addition, to JFK, Miami, and Los
Angeles, the other authorized airports are Atlanta, Austin (Texas), Baltimore-
Washington (BWI), Chicago O’Hare, Dallas-Fort Worth, Fort Lauderdale-
Hollywood, Houston, Key West, New Orleans, Oakland (California), Orlando,
Palm Beach, Pittsburgh, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Southwest Florida International
Airport (Fort Myers), and Tampa.)19
By early July 2011, OFAC confirmed that it had approved the first licenses for U.S. people-to-
people organizations to bring U.S. visitors to Cuba, and the first such trips began in August
2011.20 On July 25, 2011, however, prior to the trips beginning, OFAC issued an advisory
maintaining that misstatements in the media had suggested that U.S. policy now allows for
virtually unrestricted group travel to Cuba, and reaffirmed that travel conducted by people-to-
people travel groups licensed for travel to Cuba must “certify that all participants will have a full-
time schedule of educational exchange activities that will result in meaningful interaction
between the travelers and individuals in Cuba.” The advisory stated that authorized activities by
people-to-people groups are not “tourist activities,” and pointed out that the Trade Sanctions
Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 prohibits OFAC from licensing transactions for
tourist activities.21
Policy groups in favor of increased U.S. engagement with Cuba largely praised the
Administration’s action as a significant step forward in reforming U.S.-Cuban relations and as an
important means to expand the flow of information and ideas to Cuba and to increase the income
of Cubans working in the expanding private sector. Perhaps more surprisingly, the Miami-based
Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) strongly supported the Administration’s policy
changes. According to CANF President Francisco “Pepe” Hernández: “A greater ability to send
remittances in conjunction with increased contact and communication with those on the island
will help to break the chains of dependency that the Castro regime has used to oppress those
inside Cuba.”22

19 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection, “Technical Amendment to Cuba Airport
List: Addition of Recently Approved Airport,” Federal Register, April 20, 2012, pp. 23598-23599.
20 Peter Orsi, “U.S. Licensing Travel Operators to Start Up Legal Cuba Trips, Treasury Department Says,” Associated
Press
, July 1, 2011; Mimi Whitefield, “People-to-People Tours to Cuba Take Off Thursday,” Miami Herald, August
10, 2011; and Jeff Franks, “Purposeful Cuba Trips Resume,” Chicago Tribune, August 18, 2011. Also see the
following online resource: Organizations Sponsoring People-to-People Travel to Cuba, Latin America Working Group
Education Fund, available at http://www.lawg.org/storage/documents/people2people.pdf
21 U.S. Department of the Treasury, OFAC, “Cuba Travel Advisory,” July 25, 2011, available at
http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/cuba_trav_adv.pdf
22 Cuban American National Foundation, Press Release, “Cuban American National Foundation Supports New Cuba
Policy Measures,” January 14, 2011.
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In contrast, policy groups opposed to easing U.S. sanctions criticized the Administration,
maintaining that the policy changes would help prop up Cuba’s repressive government when it
was most vulnerable because of the difficult economic situation. Opponents of the policy changes
argued that sending dollars via increased travel by Americans and increased remittances would
help the Cuban government maintain in place its repressive policies. They also argued that easing
the restrictions on travel and remittances would not bring about respect for human rights in Cuba.
The Cuban government characterized the U.S. policy changes as positive, but maintained that
they were limited in scope and did not alter policy toward Cuba. A statement by Cuba’s Ministry
of Foreign Affairs maintained that the policy changes did not restore the right to travel to Cuba
for all American citizens, and that the United States should lift the blockade (embargo) and the
prohibition on travel to Cuba if it is interested in expanding and facilitating contacts between
Cubans and Americans.23
In the first session of the 112th Congress, there were several attempts aimed at rolling back the
Obama Administration’s actions easing restrictions on travel and remittances, including a
provision originating in the House Appropriation Committee’s version of the FY2012 Financial
Services and General Government appropriations measure, H.R. 2434. The White House had
threatened to veto the bill if it contained the provision, and stood firm when congressional leaders
were considering including the provision in a “megabus” FY2012 appropriations bill, H.R. 2055.
Ultimately congressional leaders agreed not to include the provision in the appropriations
measure (P.L. 112-74). (As a political tradeoff, however, congressional leaders dropped another
Cuba provision that would have continued, for the third consecutive year, to clarify the definition
of “payment of cash in advance” for U.S. agricultural and medical exports to Cuba so that the
payment was due upon delivery in Cuba as opposed to being due before the goods left U.S.
ports.) (See “Legislative Initiatives in the 112th Congress” below.)
Developments in 2012
In 2012, some Members of Congress expressed concerns about people-to-people travel that
appeared to be focusing on tourist activities rather than on purposeful travel. In response, the
Treasury Department issued an announcement in March 2012 warning about misleading
advertising regarding some people-to-people trips that could lead to OFAC investigating the
organization conducting the trips. The announcement maintained that licenses could be revoked
and that organizations may be issued a civil penalty up to $65,000 per violation.24 OFAC
followed up this announcement in May 2012 by revising its people-to-people license guidelines.
The revised guidelines reflect similar language to the March announcement and also require an
organization applying for a people-to-people license to describe how the travel “would enhance
contact with the Cuban people, and/or support civil society in Cuba, and/or promote the Cuban
people’s independence from Cuban authorities.”25 (For more details, see “Chronology of Cuba
Travel Restrictions” below.)

23 Republic of Cuba, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,” January 14, 2011.
24 U.S. Department of the Treasury, OFAC, “Advertising Educational Exchange Travel to Cuba for People-to-People
Contact,” March 9, 2012, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-
center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/cuba_ppl_notice.aspx
25 U.S. Department of the Treasury, OFAC, “Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications to Engage in Travel-
Related Transactions Involving Cuba,” Revised May 10, 2012, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-
center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/cuba_tr_app.pdf
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On April 27, 2012, a suspicious fire destroyed the Coral Gables, FL, office of Airline Brokers, a
travel agency specializing in flights to Cuba. The Coral Gables fire department subsequently
determined the fire to be caused by arson. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives became involved in the investigation of the fire.26
In June 7, 2012, congressional testimony, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere
Affairs Roberta Jacobson set forth a clear-cut description of U.S. policy toward Cuba in which
she expressed strong U.S. support for democracy and human rights activists in Cuba and
defended the Obama’s Administration policy on travel and remittances. The Assistant Secretary
asserted that “the Obama Administration’s priority is to empower Cubans to freely determine
their own future.” She maintained that “the most effective tool we have for doing that is building
connections between the Cuban and American people, in order to give Cubans the support and
tools they need to move forward independent of their government.” The Assistant Secretary
maintained that “the Administration’s travel, remittance and people-to-people policies are helping
Cubans by providing alternative sources of information, taking advantage of emerging
opportunities for self-employment and private property, and strengthening civil society.”27
In September 2012, various press reports cited a slowdown in the Treasury Department’s approval
or reapproval of licenses for people-to-people travel since the agency had issued new guidelines
in May (described above). Companies conducting such programs complained that the delay in the
licenses was forcing them to cancel trips and even to lay off staff.28 By early October 2012,
however, companies conducting the people-to-people travel maintained that they were once again
receiving license approvals.
Developments in 2013
In early April 2013, some Members of Congress strongly criticized singers Beyoncé Knowles-
Carter and her husband Shawn Carter, better known as Jay-Z, for traveling to Cuba. Members
were concerned that the trip, as described in the press, was primarily for tourism, which would be
contrary to U.S. law and regulations. The Treasury Department stated that the two singers were
participating in an authorized people-to-people exchange trip organized by a group licensed by
OFAC to conduct such trips (pursuant to 31 CFR 515.565(b)(2) of the Cuban Assets Control
Regulations). Some Members also criticized the singers for not meeting with those who have
been oppressed by the Cuban government.
On April 30, 2013, 59 House Democrats sent a letter to President Obama lauding the President for
his 2009 action lifting restrictions on family travel and remittances, and for his 2011 action easing
restrictions on some categories of travel, including people-to-people travel. The Members also
called for the President to further use his “executive authority to allow all current categories of
permissible travel, including people-to-people travel,” to be carried out under a general license

26 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami Division, “FBI Release Photographs of a Vehicle of Interest in Connection
with Coral Gables Fire,” Press Release, June 7, 2012.
27 Testimony of Roberta S. Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, Senate Foreign
Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, and Global Narcotics, at a hearing entitled
“The Path to Freedom: Countering Repression and Strengthening Civil Society,” June 7, 2012, available at
http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/rm/2012/191935.htm
28 Damien Cave, “Licensing Rules Slow Tours to Cuba,” New York Times, September 16, 2012; Paul Haven, “U.S.
Travel Outfits Say Rules for Legal Travel to Cuba Getting Tighter,” Associated Press, September 13, 2012.
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(instead of having to apply to Treasury Department for a specific license). Such an action,
according to the Members, would increase opportunities for engagement and help Cubans create
more jobs and opportunities to expand their independence from the Cuban government.
In July 2013, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees reported out their versions of the
FY2014 Financial Services and General Government appropriations measure, H.R. 2786 and S.
1371, with different provisions regarding U.S. policy on travel to Cuba. The House version would
tighten restrictions on travel by prohibiting funding for any additional authorization of people-to-
people exchanges during the fiscal year, while the Senate version would ease restrictions on travel
by authorizing a new general license for professional travel related to disaster prevention,
emergency preparedness, and natural resource protection. Congress did not consider these bills
before the beginning of FY2014 on October 1, 2013, but instead enacted a continuing resolution
(P.L. 113-46) funding appropriations through January 15, 2014; Congress still faces completing
action on appropriations for the balance of FY2014. (For more details, see “Legislative Initiatives
in the 113th Congress” below.)
Chronology of Cuba Travel Restrictions
1960—In the first trade restrictions on Cuba after the rise to power of Fidel Castro, President
Eisenhower placed most U.S. exports to Cuba under validated license controls, except for
nonsubsidized food, medicines, and medical supplies. The action did not include restrictions on
travel.
1962/1963—In February 1962, President Kennedy imposed a trade embargo on Cuba because of
the Castro government’s ties to the Soviet Union. Pursuant to the President’s directive, the
Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued the Cuban Import
Regulations. On July 9, 1963, OFAC issued a more comprehensive set of prohibitions, the Cuban
Assets Control Regulations, which effectively banned travel by prohibiting any transactions with
Cuba.
1977—In March, the Carter Administration announced the lifting of restrictions on U.S. travel to
Cuba that had been in place since the early 1960s. The Carter Administration lifted the travel ban
by issuing a general license for travel-related transactions for those visiting Cuba. Direct flights
were also allowed.
1982—In April, the Reagan Administration reimposed restrictions on travel to Cuba, although it
allowed for certain categories of travel, including travel by U.S. government officials, employees
of news or filmmaking organizations, persons engaging in professional research, or persons
visiting their close relatives. It did not allow for ordinary tourist or business travel that had been
allowed since the Carter Administration’s 1977 action.
1984—On June 28, the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision in the case of Regan v. Wald, rejected a
challenge to the ban on travel to Cuba and asserted the executive branch’s right to impose travel
restrictions for national security reasons.
1993—The Clinton Administration, in June 1993, slightly amended restrictions on U.S. travel to
Cuba. Two additional categories of travel were allowed: travel to Cuba “for clearly defined
educational or religious activities”; and travel “for activities of recognized human rights
organizations.” In both categories, travelers were required to apply for a specific license from
OFAC.
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1994—In August, President Clinton announced several measures against the Cuban government
in response to an escalation in the number of Cubans fleeing to the United States. Among these
measures, the Administration tightened travel restrictions by prohibiting family visits under a
general license, and allowing specific licenses for family visits only “when extreme hardship is
demonstrated in cases involving extreme humanitarian need” such as terminal illness or severe
medical emergency. Such visits required a specific license from OFAC. In addition, professional
researchers were required to apply for a specific license, whereas since 1982 they had been able
to travel freely under a general license. (Federal Register, August 30, 1994, pp. 44884-44886.)
1995—In October, President Clinton announced measures to ease some U.S. restrictions on travel
and other activities with Cuba, with the overall objective of promoting democracy and the free
flow of ideas. The new measures included authorizing general licenses for transactions relating to
travel to Cuba for Cuban Americans making yearly visits to close relatives in “circumstances that
demonstrate extreme humanitarian need.” This reversed the August 1994 action that required
specific licenses. However, those traveling for this purpose more than once in a 12-month period
would need to apply to OFAC for a specific license. In addition, the new measures allowed for
specific licenses for free-lance journalists traveling to Cuba. (Federal Register, October 20, 1995,
pp. 54194-54198.)
1996—On February 26, following the shootdown of two U.S. civilian planes two days earlier by
Cuban fighter jets, President Clinton took several measures against Cuba, including the indefinite
suspension of charter flights between Cuba and the United States. Qualified licensed travelers
could go to Cuba, provided their flights were routed through third countries.
1998—On March 20, following Pope John Paul II’s January trip to Cuba, President Clinton
announced several changes in U.S. policy toward Cuba, including the resumption of licensing for
direct charter flights to Cuba. On July 2, OFAC issued licenses to nine air charter companies to
provide direct passenger flights from Miami International Airport to Havana’s José Martí
International Airport.
1999—On January 5, President Clinton announced several measures to support the Cuban people
that were intended to augment changes implemented in March 1998. Among the measures
introduced was the expansion of direct passenger charter flights from additional U.S. cities other
than Miami. In August, the State Department announced that direct flights to Cuba would be
allowed from New York and Los Angeles. In addition, President Clinton also announced in
January 1999 that measures would be taken to increase people-to-people exchanges. As a result,
on May 13, 1999, OFAC issued a number of changes to the Cuba embargo regulations that
effectively loosened restrictions on certain categories of travelers to Cuba. Travel for professional
research became possible under a general license, and travel for a wide range of educational,
religious, sports competition, and other activities became possible with specific licenses
authorized by OFAC on a case-by-case basis. In addition, those traveling to Cuba to visit a close
family member under either a general or specific license only needed to “demonstrate
humanitarian need,” as opposed to “extreme humanitarian need” that had been required since
1995. (Federal Register, May 13, 1999, pp. 25808-25820.)
2000—In October, Congress approved and the President signed the Trade Sanctions Reform and
Export Enhancement Act of 2000 (Title IX of P.L. 106-387), which included a provision that
prohibited travel-related transactions for “tourist activities,” which as set forth in Section
910(b)(2) of the act are defined as any activity not authorized or referenced in the existing travel
regulations (31 CFR 515.560, paragraphs (1) through (12)). The congressional action appeared to
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circumscribe the authority of the OFAC to issue specific travel licenses on a case-by-case basis
that do not fit neatly within the categories of travel already allowed by the regulations.
2001—On July 12, OFAC published regulations pursuant to the provisions of the Trade Sanctions
and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 (Title IX of P.L. 106-387) that prohibited travel-related
transactions for “tourist activities.” (Federal Register, July 12, 2001, pp. 36683-36688.) On July
13, 2001, President Bush announced that he had asked the Treasury Department to enhance and
expand the capabilities of OFAC to prevent, among other things, “unlicensed and excessive
travel.”
2003—On January 29, OFAC published proposed enforcement guidelines (as an appendix to 31
CFR Part 501) for all its economic sanctions programs and additional guidelines (as an appendix
to 31 CFR Part 515) for the Cuba sanctions program. The general guidelines provided a
procedural framework for OFAC’s enforcement of economic sanctions, while the Cuba-specific
guidelines consist of penalties for different embargo violations. (Federal Register, January 29,
2003, pp. 4422-4429.)
On March 24, 2003, OFAC announced that the Cuba travel regulations were being amended to
ease travel to Cuba for those visiting close relatives. (Federal Register, March 24, 2003, pp.
14141-14148.) Travel was permitted to visit relatives to within three degrees of relationship of the
traveler and was not restricted to travel in circumstances of humanitarian need. The new
regulations also increased the amount a traveler may carry, up to $3,000 (compared to $300
previously), although the limit of $300 per quarter destined for each household remained. Finally,
the regulations were tightened for certain types of educational travel. People-to-people
educational exchanges unrelated to academic coursework were no longer allowed. Some groups
lauded the restriction of these educational exchanges because they believed they had become an
opportunity for unrestricted travel; others criticized the Bush Administration’s decision to restrict
the second largest category of travel to Cuba in which ordinary people were able to travel and
exchange with their counterparts on the island.
On October 10, 2003, President Bush instructed the Department of Homeland Security, as part of
a broader initiative on Cuba, to increase inspections of travelers and shipments to and from Cuba
in order to more strictly enforce the trade and travel embargo.
2004—On February 26, President Bush ordered the Department of Homeland Security to expand
its policing of the waters between Florida and Cuba with the objective of stopping pleasure
boating traffic. (Federal Register, March 1, 2004, pp. 9315-9517.)
On June 16, 2004, OFAC published changes to the CACR implementing the President’s
directives to implement certain recommendations of the Commission for Assistance to a Free
Cuba. The new regulations tightened travel restrictions in several ways. Fully-hosted travel was
eliminated as a legal category of permissible travel. Family visits were restricted to one trip every
three years under a specific license to visit only immediate family (grandparents, grandchildren,
parents, siblings, spouses, and children) for a period not to exceed 14 days. The daily amount of
money that family visitors could spend while in Cuba was reduced from the State Department per
diem rate for Havana (then $179) to $50. Specific licenses for visiting non-Cuban nationals in
Cuba (such as a student) were limited to when the family member visited was in “exigent
circumstances.” The general license for amateur or semi-professional athletic teams to travel to
Cuba to engage in sports competitions was eliminated; such travel now required a specific
license. (Federal Register, June 16, 2004, pp. 33768-33774)
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Specific licenses for educational activities were further restricted in several ways: the institutional
licenses were restricted to undergraduate and graduate institutions, while the category of
educational exchanges sponsored by secondary schools was eliminated; the duration of
institutional licenses was shortened from two to one year; three types of licensed educational
activities—structural education programs in Cuba offered as part of a course at the licensed
institution; formal courses of study offered at a Cuban academic institution; and teaching at a
Cuban academic institution—were required to be no shorter than 10 weeks.
The new regulations also further restricted sending cash remittances to Cuba. Quarterly
remittances of $300 could still be sent, but were restricted to members of the remitter’s immediate
family and could not be remitted to certain government officials and certain members of the
Cuban Communist Party. The regulations were also changed to reduce the amount of remittances
that authorized travelers may carry to Cuba, from $3,000 to $300. This reversed OFAC’s March
2003 changes to the regulations that had increased the amount that authorized travelers could
carry to $3,000.
On June 22, 2004, the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
published regulations related to the recommendations of the Commission for Assistance to a Free
Cuba. The new regulations placed new limits on gift parcels sent to Cuba and personal baggage
of travelers going to Cuba. Gift parcels could no longer contain items such as seeds, clothing,
personal hygiene items, veterinary medicines and supplies, fishing equipment and supplies, and
soap-making equipment. Baggage was limited to 44 pounds. (Federal Register, pp. 34565-34567)
On July 8, 2004, the U.S. Coast Guard published regulations requiring U.S. vessels less than 100
meters to have a Coast Guard permit to enter Cuban territorial waters. (Federal Register, pp.
41367-41374)
2005—On March 31, OFAC made changes to its guidelines for license applications related to
religious travel. According to the guidelines, specific licenses issued under CFR 515.566(b) for
religious organizations only authorized up to 25 individuals to travel to Cuba no more than once
per calendar quarter. The specific licenses under this section would not be valid for more than one
year. (OFAC, Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications to Engage in Travel-related
Transactions Involving Cuba
, Revised September 2004, p. 40, the relevant paragraph was updated
March 31, 2005).
2009—On March 11, President Obama signed into law the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(P.L. 111-8), with two provisions easing restrictions on travel to Cuba.
Section 620 of Division D amended the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of
2000 (TSRA) to require the Secretary of the Treasury to issue regulations for travel to, from, or
within Cuba under a general license for the marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods,
meaning that there would be no requirement to obtain special permission from OFAC. Such travel
had required a specific license from OFAC, issued on a case-by-case basis. OFAC maintained that
it would issue regulations in the coming weeks, although a letter from Secretary of the Treasury
Timothy Geithner published in the Congressional Record stated that the new regulations “would
provide that the representatives of only a narrow class of businesses would be eligible, under a
new general license, to travel to market and sell agricultural and medical goods.” The Secretary
also maintained that “any business using the general license would be required to provide both
advance written notice outlining the purpose and scope of the planned travel and, upon return, a
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report outlining the activities conducted, including the persons with whom they met, the expenses
incurred, and business conducted in Cuba.” (Congressional Record, March 10, 2009, p. S2933.)
Section 621 of Division D prohibited funds from being used to administer, implement, or enforce
family travel restrictions that were imposed by the Bush Administration in June 2004. OFAC
implemented this provision by reinstating a general license for family travel as it existed prior to
the Bush Administration’s tightening of restrictions in June 2004. As implemented by OFAC,
travel was allowed once every 12 months to visit a close relative for an unlimited length of stay,
and the limit for daily expenditure allowed by family travelers became the same as for other
authorized travelers to Cuba (State Department maximum per diem rate for Havana in effect
when the travel takes place.) The new general license also expanded the definition of “close
relative” to mean any individual related to the traveler by blood, marriage, or adoption who was
no more than three generations removed from that person.
On April 13, 2009, President Obama directed that all restrictions on family travel and on
remittances to family members in Cuba be lifted. The Administration also announced measures to
expand the scope of eligible humanitarian donations through gift parcels and to increase
telecommunications links with Cuba. (See the White House fact sheet available at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Fact-Sheet-Reaching-out-to-the-Cuban-people/.)
On September 3, 2009, OFAC issued amendments to the Cuban Assets Control Regulations
implementing President Obama’s policy changes with regard to family travel, remittances, and
greater telecommunications links with Cuba. The amendments also included new categories of
travel under general licenses, including travel for the marketing and sale of agricultural and
medical goods (implementing the legislative provision approved in March 2009 described above)
and travel for telecommunications providers and those attending professional meetings for
commercial telecommunications transactions. (Federal Register, September 8, 2009, pp. 46000-
46007.) On the same day, the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security issued
amendments to the Export Administration Regulations that expanded the value and list of eligible
item that may be included in gift parcels to Cuba and removed the previous weight limit of 44
pounds for accompanied baggage to Cuba. (Federal Register, September 8, 2009, pp. 45985-
45990.)
2011—On January 14, the White House announced that President Obama had directed the
Secretaries of State, Treasury, and Homeland Security to make changes to regulations and policies
to (1) increase purposeful travel to Cuba related to religious, educational, and journalistic
activities; (2) allow any U.S. person to send remittances to non-family members in Cuba and
make it easier for religious institutions to send remittances for religious activities; and (3) allow
all U.S. international airports to provide services to licensed charter flights to and from Cuba.
(See the White House statement at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/14/
reaching-out-cuban-people.)
On January 28, 2011, OFAC issued changes to the CACR implementing the revised policy
announced by the President on January 14 and designed to increase purposeful travel and ease
restrictions on remittances to non-family members in Cuba and to religious institutions for
religious activities (Federal Register, January 28, 2011, pp. 5072-5078). On the same day, the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), issued
changes to DHS regulations to allow additional international airports in the United States to
request approval of CBP to process authorized flights between the United States and Cuba
(Federal Register, January 28, 2011, pp. 5058-5061).
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On April 21, 2011, OFAC issued revised guidelines for travel license applications reflecting the
policy changes set forth in January 2011. (U.S. Department of the Treasury, OFAC,
Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications to Engage in Travel-related Transactions
Involving Cuba,
Revised April 19, 2011.)
On July 25, 2011, OFAC issued an advisory reaffirming that travel conducted by people-to-
people travel groups licensed for travel to Cuba must “certify that all participants will have a full-
time schedule of educational exchange activities that will result in meaningful interaction
between the travelers and individuals in Cuba.” (U.S. Department of the Treasury, OFAC, “Cuba
Travel Advisory,” July 25, 2011)
2012—On March 9, 2012, OFAC published an announcement regarding advertising for people-
to-people travel, noting that all advertisements must state the name of the licensed organization
conducting the travel and that the organization must use the name under which their OFAC travel
was licensed unless the group requests and receives a license amendment from OFAC to use an
alternative name. The announcement also stated that advertising that appeared to suggest that the
people-to-people trips were focused on activities that travelers may undertake off hours (after
their daily full-time schedule of people-to-people activities) may give an incorrect impression and
prompt OFAC to contact the licensed organization and conduct an investigation. It maintained
that people-to-people organizations that failed to meet requirements of their licenses may have
their licenses revoked or be issued a civil penalty up to $65,000 per violation. (U.S. Department
of the Treasury, OFAC, “Advertising Educational Exchange Travel to Cuba for People-to-People
Contact,” March 9, 2012, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-
center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/cuba_ppl_notice.aspx.)
On May 10, 2012, OFAC tightened restrictions on people-to-people travel by making changes to
its license guidelines. The revised guidelines reflect similar language to the March 2012
announcement described above regarding advertising. The revised guidelines also require an
organization applying for a people-to-people license to describe how the travel “would enhance
contact with the Cuban people, and/or support civil society in Cuba, and/or promote the Cuban
people’s independence from Cuban authorities.” Just as in 2011, the guidelines require applicants
to certify that the predominant portion of activities engaged in will not be with prohibited Cuban
government or Cuban Communist Party officials (as defined in 31 CFR 515.337 and 31 CFR
515.338), but the changes in May 2012 require that the sample itinerary for the proposed travel
needs to specify how meetings with such officials advance purposeful travel by enhancing contact
with the Cuban people, supporting civil society, or promoting independence from Cuban
authorities (U.S. Department of the Treasury, OFAC, Comprehensive Guidelines for License
Applications to Engage in Travel-Related Transactions Involving Cuba
, Revised May 10, 2012).
Current Permissible Travel to Cuba
At present, certain categories of travelers may travel to Cuba under a general license, which
means that there is no need to obtain special permission from OFAC. Nevertheless, those
individuals traveling under a general license must be able to document that their travel qualifies
under a general license, and must keep records for a period of five years after the travel
transactions take place. Those eligible for travel under a general license include those visiting
close relatives in Cuba; full-time journalists; full-time professionals conducting professional
research (of a noncommercial, academic nature) or attending conferences sponsored by
international professional organizations or associations; faculty, staff, and students of accredited
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U.S. graduate and undergraduate degree-making institutions engaged in one of several categories
of educational activities in Cuba; members and staff of religious organizations engaged in a full-
time program of in religious activities; and travel related to licensed sales of agricultural, medical,
and telecommunications products.
In addition, a wide variety of travelers engaging in educational, religious, and humanitarian
activities and people-to-people exchanges may be eligible for specific licenses. Applications for
specific licenses are reviewed and granted by OFAC on a case-by-case basis. Some specific
licenses may authorize multiple trips to Cuba over an extended period of time. Applicants for
specific license have to wait for OFAC to issue the license prior to engaging in travel-related
transactions.
The travel regulations can be found at 31 CFR 515.560, which references other sections of the
Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) for travel-related transaction licensing criteria. In
addition, OFAC publishes Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications to Engage in
Travel-related Transactions Involving Cuba
, which were most recently revised in May 2012, and
a List of Authorized Providers of Air, Travel and Remittance Forwarding Services to Cuba, most
recently revised in June 2013.29
While the U.S. government does not collect data on the overall number of Americans traveling to
Cuba,30 the Department of Transportation (DOT) collects statistics on the number of passengers
on direct flights from the United States to Cuba. According to DOT statistics, there were almost
195,000 passengers on direct flights from the United States to Cuba in 2009, while the number
rose to almost 242,000 in 2010, over 348,000 in 2011, and almost 357,000 in 2012.31 These
statistics, however, do not reflect Americans that travel to Cuba through other countries, such as
Canada, Mexico, or other Latin American and Caribbean nations.
Various press estimates maintain that the overall number of Americans traveling to Cuba in 2011
was some 400,000, with the majority consisting of Cuban Americans visiting family. That number

29 See OFAC’s web page on Cuba Sanctions, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/
pages/cuba.aspx. OFAC’s Comprehensive Guidelines for License Applications to Engage in Travel-Related
Transactions Involving Cuba
, revised May 10, 2012, is available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/
Programs/Documents/cuba_tr_app.pdf; and OFAC’s List of Authorized Providers of Air, Travel and Remittance
Forwarding Services to Cuba
, revised June 28, 2013, is available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/
Programs/Documents/cuba_tsp.pdf.
30 According to a 2007 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report, there are no reliable estimates of total U.S.
travel to Cuba because U.S. and Cuban government data are incomplete and cover different populations. See U.S.
GAO, Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the U.S. Embargo on Cuba, GAO-08-80,
November 30, 2007, pp. 31-33. Nevertheless, in May 2004, the inter-agency Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
estimated that some 160,000-200,000 legal and illegal travelers visited Cuba from the United States annually over the
past decade. The Commission maintained that the largest category of legal travel to Cuba consisted of Cuban
Americans visiting their families, accounting for 125,000 out of 160,000 total U.S. visitors to Cuba in 2003. See
Commission for Assistance to Free Cuba, Report to the President, May 2004, pp. 28 and 36. A July 2007 U.S.
International Trade Commission (ITC) report estimated that about 171,000 Americans traveled to Cuba in 2005, and
concluded that lifting travel restrictions would result in U.S. travel increasing to between 550,000 and 1 million. U.S.
ITC, U.S. Agricultural Sales to Cuba: Certain Economic Effects of U.S. Restrictions, USITC Publication 3932, July
2007, pp. xi and 3-14 to 3-17.
31 Air carrier statistics are derived from a “TranStats” database maintained by the U.S. Department of Transportation,
Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, available at
http://www.transtats.bts.gov/homepage.asp
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reportedly rose to some 450,000 in 2012, again with the majority consisting of Cuban Americans
visiting family.32
The Cuban government publishes statistics on travelers to Cuba from the United States, not
including Cuban Americans who are excluded from such statistics since Cuba considers them
nationals. According to Cuba’s statistics, there were just over 98,000 visitors from the United
States in 2012, compared to almost 74,000 in 2011 and 63,000 in 2010.33
The Florida-based Havana Consulting Group LLC, a business consultancy, reports significantly
higher amounts of total U.S. travelers to Cuba. The group cites the same Cuban government
statistics noted above to account for non-Cuban American visitors from the United States.
However, it also cites a much higher number of Cuban Americans traveling to Cuba than
generally cited in the press. For example, the consultancy estimated that a total of almost 574,000
people traveled to Cuban from the United States in 2012, including just over 98,000 in non-
Cuban Americans and almost 476,000 Cuban Americans.34
General License Categories
Family Visits. Persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and
persons traveling with them who share a common dwelling as a family visiting a
close relative who is a national of Cuba or who is a U.S. government employee
assigned to the U.S. Interests Section in Havana without limits on the duration or
frequency of visits (31 CFR 515.561(a)). A close relative is defined as any
individual related to the traveler by blood, marriage, or adoption who is no more
than three generations removed from the traveler or from a common ancestor
with the traveler (31 CFR 515.339).
Official Government Business. Officials of the U.S. government, foreign
governments, and certain intergovernmental organizations traveling on official
business (31 CFR 515.562).
Journalistic Activity. Persons regularly employed as journalists by a news
reporting organization or by persons regularly employed as supporting broadcast
or technical personnel (31 CFR 515.563(a)).
Professional Research and Meetings. Full-time professionals conducting
professional research in their areas (provided that the research is of a
noncommercial, academic nature; that the research comprises a full work
schedule in Cuba; and that the research has a substantial likelihood of public
dissemination) or attending professional meetings or conferences in Cuba
organized by an international professional organization, institution, or association
that regularly sponsors meetings or conferences in other countries (31 CFR
515.564(a)(1) and 515.564(a)(2)). A new category for professional meetings for

32 For example, see Nick Miroff, “U.S. Trade to Cuba Grows as Restrictions Are Eased,” NPR, All Things Considered,
February 6, 2012; David Harrison, “Cuban Refugees Shouldn’t Return, Lawmaker Says,” CQ Today, May 31, 2012;
Marc Frank, “U.S. Congressional Delegation Leave Cuba Empty-Handed,” Reuters News, February 20, 2013; and
Marc Frank, “Americans Traveling to Cuba in Record Numbers,” Reuters News, October 18, 2013.
33 Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas (ONE), República de Cuba, “Anuario Estadístico de Cuba, 2012” Edición 2013;
34 Emilio Morales and Joseph L. Scarpaci, “Miami Leads in Sending Flights to Cuba,” The Havana Consulting Group
LLC, July 24, 2013.
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commercial telecommunications transactions was added in September 2009 (31
CFR 515.564(a)(3)).
Educational Activities. Accredited U.S. graduate and undergraduate degree-
making institutions, including faculty, staff, and students involved in (1)
participation in a structured educational program in Cuba as part of a course
offered for credit by the sponsoring U.S. academic institution; (2) noncommercial
academic research in Cuba specifically related to Cuba for the purpose of
obtaining a graduate degree; (3) participation in a formal course of study at a
Cuban academic institution, provided the formal course of study in Cuba will be
accepted for credit toward the student’s graduate or undergraduate degree; (4)
teaching at a Cuban academic institution by an individual regularly employed in
a teaching capacity at the sponsoring U.S. academic institution, provided that the
teaching activities are related to an academic program at the Cuban institution
and that the duration of the teaching will be no short than 10 weeks; or (5)
sponsorship of a Cuban scholar to teach or engage in other scholarly activity at
the sponsoring U.S. academic institution (31 CFR 515.565(a)).
Religious Activities. Religious organizations located in the United States,
including members and staff of such organizations engaged in a full-time
program of religious activities (31 CFR 515.566(a)).
Travel Related to Sales of Agricultural Commodities, Medicine, or Medical
Devices. Employees of a producer or distributor of agricultural or medical
commodities or an entity representing such a firm. The regulation also sets forth
a requirement for written reports, before and after the trip, to be submitted to
OFAC describing the purpose and scope of the travel and the business activities
conducted (31 CFR 515.533(e)).
Travel Related to Sales of Telecommunication Items. Employees of a U.S.
telecommunications services provider or an entity representing such a provider.
The regulation also requires written reports to be submitted to OFAC before and
after the trip, describing the purpose and scope of the travel and the business
activities conducted (31 CFR 515.533(f)).
Specific License Categories
Family Visits. Persons subject to the United States and persons travelling with
them who share a common dwelling as a family visiting a close relative who is
neither a national of Cuba nor a U.S. government employee assigned to the U.S.
Interests Section in Havana. (31 CFR 515.561(b)).
Free-lance Journalists. Travel directly incident to journalistic activities for a
free-lance project upon submission of an adequate written application with
required documentation (31 CFR 515.563(b)).
Professional research and professional meetings. Travel directly incident to
professional research and professional meetings that do not qualify for a general
license (31 CFR 515.564(b)).
Academic Educational Activities. Travel for individuals to engage in academic
educational activities (noncommercial academic research; participation in a
formal course of study at a Cuban academic institution; or teaching at a Cuban
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academic institution) that are not authorized by a general license for educational
activities (31 CFR 515.565(b)(1)).
People-to People Exchanges. Travel for organizations authorizing educational
exchanges not involving academic study pursuant to a degree program when
those exchanges take place under the auspices of an organization that sponsors
and organizes such programs to promote people-to-people contact (31 CFR
515.565(b)(2)).
Academic Seminars, Conference, and Workshops. Accredited U.S. graduate or
undergraduate degree-granting academic institutions to sponsor or co-sponsor
academic seminars, conference, and workshops related to Cuba or global issues
involving Cuba, including attendance at such events by faculty, staff, and
students of the licensed institution (31 CFR 515.565(b)(3)).
Religious Activities. Travel for religious activities by individuals or
organizations that do not qualify for a general license (31 CFR 515.566(b)).
Public Performances, Clinics, Workshops, Athletic and Other Competitions
and Exhibitions. Travel for organizations and individuals participating in a
public performance, clinic, workshop, athletic or other competition, or exhibition
in Cuba. The event must be open for attendance and, in relevant situations,
participation by the Cuban public. All U.S. profits after costs must be donated to
an independent nongovernmental organization in Cuba or a U.S.-based charity
with the objective, to the extent possible, of promoting people-to-people contact
or otherwise benefiting the Cuban people. Such donations are not required for
certain amateur or semi-professional athletic competitions held under the
auspices of international sports federations. (31 CFR 515.567).
Support for the Cuban People. Those traveling for activities in support of the
Cuban people, such as activities of recognized human rights organizations,
activities designed to promote a rapid, peaceful transition to democracy, and
activities intended to strengthen civil society (31 CFR 515.574).
Humanitarian Projects. Those involved in humanitarian projects in Cuba, such
as medical and health-related projects, construction projects, intended to benefit
legitimately independent civil society groups, environmental projects, projects
involving non-formal educational training, within Cuba or off island, on topics
including civil education, journalism, advocacy and organizing, adult literacy and
vocational skills, community-based grass roots projects, projects suitable to the
development of small-scale enterprise, projects related to agricultural and rural
development that promote independent activity, and projects involving the
donation of goods to meet basic human needs (31 CFR 515.575).
Activities of Private Foundations or Research or Educational Institutes.
Those involved in activities of private foundations or research or education
institutes that have an established interest in international relations to collect
information related to Cuba for noncommercial purposes (31 CFR 515.576).
Exportation, Importation, or Transmission of Information or Informational
Materials. Those involved in the importation, exportation, or transmission of
informational materials, defined as publications, films posters, phonograph
records, photographs, microfilms, microfiche, tapes, compact disks, CD ROMS,
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artworks, news wire feeds, and other informational and informational articles
(31CFR 515.545(b)).
Exportation of Licensable Products. Those involved in activities related to
marketing, sales negotiation, accompanied delivery, or servicing of exports to
Cuba authorized by the Department of Commerce and who are not already
authorized under general licenses for activities related to marketing and sales of
agricultural and medical products or telecommunications services (31CFR
515.533(g)).
Current Restrictions on Remittances
According to a 2007 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report, no reliable data exist for
cash remitted directly or indirectly from the United States to Cuba, although the report
maintained that data from several sources showed that worldwide remittances to Cuba amounted
to between $900 million and $1 billion.35 More recently in 2013, the State Department reported
that remittances were estimated to be between $1.4-$2 billion a year.36
Another estimate by the Havana Consulting Group LLC reports significantly higher amounts of
cash remittances that have increased from $1.3 billion in 2007 to $2.6 billion in 2012. The group
argues that remittances to Cuba have been boosted significantly by several factors, including the
Obama Administration’s lifting of restrictions on family travel and remittances, economic policy
changes in Cuba (such allowing more private sector activities), and reduced wire-transfer costs.37
U.S. restrictions on such remittances are regulated by the Cuban Assets Control Regulations
(CACR) and, just like restrictions on travel, have changed over time.
Family Remittances. As noted above, President Obama announced in April 2009
that restrictions on remittances to family members in Cuba would be lifted. In
September 2009, OFAC issued amendments to the CACR implementing the
Administration policy changes on remittances. The current regulations authorize
a general license for family remittances and remove the limitation on the amount
and frequency of family remittances that persons 18 years of age or older may
provide to close relatives in Cuba (31 CFR 515.570(a)). As with the travel-related
transactions, a close relative is defined as any individual related to the remitter by
blood, marriage, or adoption who is no more than three generations removed
from the remitter or from a common ancestor with the remitter. The regulations
still prohibit remittances to certain officials of the Cuban government and Cuban
Communist party. The regulations also authorize two one-time $1,000
emigration-related remittances (31 CFR 515.570(e)), raised from $500

35 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Economic Sanctions: Agencies Face Competing Priorities in Enforcing the
U.S. Embargo on Cuba,
GAO-08-80, November 30, 2007, p. 34. In 2004, the Commission for Assistance to a Free
Cuba estimated that U.S. cash remittances to Cuba amounted to an estimated $400 million-$800 million per year,
although the report also noted that some estimates were as high as $1 billion annually. See Commission for Assistance
to a Free Cuba, Report to the President, May 2004, p. 34.
36 U.S. Department of States, “U.S. Relations with Cuba,” Fact Sheet, August 30, 2013.
37 Emilio Morales and Joseph L. Scarpaci, “Remittances Drive the Cuban Economy,” June 11, 2013, and “Opening Up
on Both Shorelines Helps Increase Remittances Sent to Cuba in 2011 by About 20%,” March 12, 2012, The Havana
Consulting Group LLC.
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previously. Depository institutions no longer need a specific license for sending
remittances to Cuba, although both depository institutions and other licensed
remittance forwarders are required to collect information showing compliance
with remittance provisions (31 CFR 515.572(a)(3)).
Non-Family Remittances. In January 2011, the Obama Administration restored
a general license category for any U.S. person to send remittances of up to $500
per quarter to non-family members in Cuba, including, but not limited to,
remittances to support the development of private businesses. These remittances,
however, cannot be provided to senior Cuban government officials or senior
members of the Cuban Communist Party (31 CFR 515.570(b)).
Remittances to Religious Organizations. In January 2011, the Administration
created a general license for remittances to religious institutions in Cuba in
support of religious activities (31 CFR 515.570(c)). Prior to this, such
remittances were authorized by a specific license.
Remittances to U.S. Students in Cuba. In January 2011, the Administration
created a general license authorizing remittances to close relatives who are
students in Cuba pursuant to a general or specific license authorizing certain
educational activities (31 CFR 515.570(d)).
Remittances to Independent Non-governmental Entities and Individuals in
Cuba. Any person subject to U.S. jurisdiction may apply for a specific license to
provide remittances to independent non-governmental entities in Cuba, including
but not limited to pro-democracy groups and civil society groups, or members of
such entities, or to individuals or independent non-governmental entities to
support the development of private businesses, including small farms. The types
of activities for which transfers will be considered include, but are not limited to,
assistance for an independent farmers’ cooperative in purchasing goods or
support to an independent group in operating a nursing home for the elderly (31
CFR 515.570(g)(1)).
Carrying of Remittances to Cuba. The amount of total authorized remittances
that may be carried to Cuba (for all types of remittances) is $3,000 (31 CFR
515.560(c)(4)(i)).
Enforcement of Travel Restrictions: Civil Penalties
Beginning in April 2003, OFAC began making available a regular listing of civil penalties
enforcement information for its sanctions programs, including violations of the Cuba travel
regulations.38 According to a Treasury Department spokesman, the information was being made
available to make the process more transparent to the public. Under the Trading with the Enemy
Act, the Secretary of the Treasury may impose civil fines up to $65,000 per violation of the
Cuban Assets Control Regulations.39 According to OFAC, typical individual penalties have been
much lower. Penalties against companies are generally much larger.

38 See OFAC’s website for information on civil enforcement, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/
sanctions/CivPen/Pages/civpen-index2.aspx.
39 U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, "Economic Sanctions Enforcement Guidelines,"
(continued...)
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Since April 2003, enforcement actions for the Cuba travel regulations have included penalties
against the following companies: Metso Minerals, Zim American Israeli Shipping Company,
Playboy Enterprises, Omega World Travel, Mr. Travel, Havanatur & Travel Service, American
Airlines, Cuba Paquetes, MRP Group Inc., Air Jamaica, Trek Tours (Rhode Island), Premiere
Travel of Ohio, Hialeah Gardens Immigration Agency, Only Believe Ministries (Ohio), the
Salvation Army (Texas Division), Beau Rivage Resorts Inc. (Mississippi), E & J Gallo Winery
(California), the Four Oaks Foundation (New York), Pioneer Valley Travel (Massachusetts), the
International Bicycle Fund (Washington State), Augsburg College (Minnesota), the U.S./Cuba
Labor Exchange (Michigan), Coda International Tours Inc. (Florida), Travelocity.com (Texas),
American Express Company (Mexico), Lakes Community Credit Union (Michigan), Sonida
International (New York), Journey Corporation Travel Management (New York), RMO Inc.
(Colorado), Tours International America (California), Aerovacations Inc. (California), Agoda
Company (Thailand), Center for Cross Cultural Study Inc. (Massachusetts), Priceline.com
(Connecticut), Magic USA Tours (Florida), Philips Electronics of North America Corporation
(New York), First Incentive Travel (Florida), American Express Travel Related Services
Company (New York), and World Fuel Services Corporation (Florida). Many other companies
have received penalties for violating other aspects of the Cuba embargo regulations, including
some that have been assessed multi-million dollar penalties.
In July 2013, American Express Travel Related Services Inc. (TRS) agreed to pay $5.2 million for
violations of the travel regulations from December 2005 to November 2011 when it issued more
than 14,000 tickets for travel between Cuba and countries other than the United States. OFAC
maintained that TRS expressed “reckless disregard for the CACR” because of similar apparent
violations in 1995 and 1996, the lack of oversight by its U.S. management of TRS’ foreign
offices, and the failure to implement effective mechanisms for detecting Cuba travel bookings
until late 2010 after having informed OFAC in 1995 and 1996 that it would do so.40 Cuba’s
Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticized the action as reflecting the “U.S. obsession of preventing
American citizens from freely traveling to Cuba, at all costs.”41
In addition to civil penalties against companies, OFAC has also sanctioned individuals for
violating the travel sanctions. According to OFAC’s listing of civil enforcement actions on its
website, from 2004-2005, over 800 individuals had civil penalties assessed or reached informal
settlements for alleged violations of various restrictions under the Cuban Assets Control
Regulations. The individuals either were assessed a penalty or reached an informal settlement for
violations of the Cuba regulations (not just travel-related restrictions) with almost $1.1 million in
penalties. Since 2006, however, after backlogged cases were resolved, the number of individuals
penalized by OFAC fell considerably. Less than 100 individuals have been penalized since 2006,
with 21 in 2006, 17 in 2007, 32 in 2008, 3 in 2009, and 1 in 2010; since 2011, OFAC has not
reported any individuals being penalized for violations of the CACR.

(...continued)
74 Federal Register 57593-57608, November 9, 2009.
40 U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, “Enforcement Information for July 22, 2013.”
41 “Cuba Denounces Reinforcement of U.S. Blockade,” BBC Monitoring Americas, July 31, 2013.
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Arguments for Lifting Cuba Travel Restrictions
Those who argue in favor of lifting restrictions on travel to Cuba contend that the travel ban
hinders U.S. efforts to influence political and economic conditions in Cuba. They maintain that
the best way to realize change in Cuba is to lift restrictions, allowing a flood of U.S. citizens to
travel and engage in conversations with average Cubans. They point to the influence of person-to-
person contact in Russia and Eastern European nations, which they argue ultimately helped lead
to the fall of communism in the Soviet bloc. They maintain that restricting travel by ordinary
Americans prevents interaction and information exchanges with ordinary Cubans, exchanges that
can help break down the Cuban government’s tight control and manipulation of news; that the
current travel ban actually supports the Cuban government in its efforts to restrict information
provided to the Cuban people; and that it in effect supports the Cuban government’s totalitarian
control over the Cuban nation.
A second argument made by those who want to lift travel restrictions is that the ban abridges the
rights of ordinary Americans to travel. They contend that such restrictions on the right to travel
subvert the first amendment right of free speech. They maintain that the U.S. government should
not limit the categories of travelers who can visit Cuba or subject many prospective travelers to
the requirement of applying for specific licenses, subject to denial, in order to engage in people-
to-people contact.
Those in favor of lifting the travel ban also argue that U.S. citizens can travel to other communist
or authoritarian governments around the world, such as the People’s Republic of China, Vietnam,
Burma, and Iran. They point out that Americans could travel to the Soviet Union before its
breakup. Supporters of changing travel policy toward Cuba argue that their proposals would still
allow the President to prohibit such travel in times of war or armed hostilities, or if there were
imminent danger to the health or safety of Americans. They argue that these conditions do not
exist with regard to Cuba, and point to a May 1998 Defense Intelligence Agency report that
concluded that “Cuba does not pose a significant military threat to the U.S. or to other countries
in the region.”42
Supporters of lifting the travel restrictions maintain that such a move could be done without
lifting the underlying U.S. embargo on trade and financial transactions with Cuba. They point to
the 1977-1982 period when the travel ban was essentially lifted, but the overall embargo
remained in place.
Finally, some supporters of lifting the travel restrictions argue that the U.S. economy would
benefit from increased demand for air and cruise travel, which reportedly would expand U.S.
economic output, and from increased U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba. According to a 2002
report prepared for the Center for International Policy, a policy group that advocates lifting the
embargo, U.S. economic output would expand by $1.18 billion-$1.61 billion, with the creation of
between 16,888 and 23,020 jobs if travel restrictions were lifted.43 The U.S. International Trade
Commission (USITC) produced a study in 2007 (updated in 2009), examining the effects of
lifting U.S. restrictions on travel to Cuba and restrictions on U.S. government financing for

42 Defense Intelligence Agency. Report on Cuban Threat to U.S. National Security. May 6, 1998.
43 The Impact on the U.S. Economy of Lifting Restrictions on Travel to Cuba, The Brattle Group, Washington, DC.
Prepared by Dorothy Robyn, James D. Reitzes, and Bryan Church. July 15, 2002.
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agricultural exports to Cuba on the level of U.S. agricultural sales to Cuba. The USITC 2009
update found that the U.S. share of Cuba’s agricultural imports would have increased from 38%
to between 49% and 64% absent the financing and travel restrictions.44
Arguments for Maintaining Cuba Travel
Restrictions

Those favoring the continuation of restrictions on travel to Cuba point out that there are already
significant provisions in U.S. law permitting Americans to travel there for legitimate reasons that
support the Cuban people and not the Cuban government. They point out that thousands of
Americans travel to Cuba legally under the various provisions of the Cuban embargo regulations,
and that now Cuban Americans may visit close relatives without restrictions. Other categories of
travel allowed include students, journalists, researchers, artists, musicians, and athletes.
A second argument made for maintaining restrictions on travel to Cuba is that lifting the travel
ban entirely will open the floodgates to American tourist travel that will support Raúl Castro’s
rule by providing his government with millions in tourist receipts. Advocates of restricting travel
oppose any loosening that could prolong the Castro regime by propping it up with increased
income. In contrast to those supporting tourist travel, they believe that continued travel
restrictions will help influence Cuba’s policy. They argue that since the collapse of the Soviet
Union and the loss of Soviet subsidies to Cuba, the travel and embargo regulations have
contributed to the Cuban government’s decision to cut the military’s size and budget by half since
1989 and to introduce limited economic reforms. Lifting travel restrictions, they argue, would
eliminate the U.S. leverage on Cuba to enact further reforms and to improve the human rights
situation.
Those favoring the maintenance of travel restrictions argue that the reality of the human rights
situation dispels the notion that American tourists would be engaging in exchanges with ordinary
Cubans. They maintain that the thousands of European, Canadian, and other tourists who travel to
Cuba each year largely stay in tourist hotels have no discernible effect on the human rights
situation in Cuba.
Some opposed to lifting travel restrictions argue that there should not be tourist travel as long as
Cuba provides refuge to violent criminals who have escaped U.S. justice. The State Department
maintains that more than 70 fugitives from U.S. justice are hiding out in Cuba, including
convicted murderer Joanne Chesimard, who killed a New Jersey state trooper in 1973.
Finally, many opponents of legislation to lift the Cuba travel restrictions argue that the authority
to impose such restrictions is an important foreign policy tool for the President. They point out
that the President has the authority to restrict travel when it is in the national security or foreign
policy interests of the United States, and has utilized that policy tool when needed. They point to
past instances of restricting travel to Libya, Vietnam, and North Korea. With regard to Cuba, they

44 USITC, U.S. Agricultural Sales to Cuba: Certain Economic Effects of U.S. Restrictions, USITC Publication 3932,
July 2007, available at http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub3932.pdf; USITC, U.S. Agricultural Sales to Cuba:
Certain Economic Effects of U.S. Restrictions, An Update,
Office of Industries Working Paper, by Jonathan R.
Coleman, No. ID-22, June 2009, available at http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/ID-22.pdf.
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point to the 1984 Supreme Court decision in the case of Regan v. Wald that upheld restrictions on
travel to Cuba imposed by the Reagan Administration.
Legislative Initiatives in the 113th Congress
As reported by the Appropriations Committees in July 2013, the House and Senate versions of the
FY2014 Financial Services and General Government appropriations measure, H.R. 2786 and S.
1371, have different provisions regarding U.S. policy regarding travel to Cuba. The House
version would tighten restrictions on travel by prohibiting funding for any additional
authorization of people-to-people exchanges during the fiscal year, while the Senate version
would ease restrictions on travel by authorizing a new general license for professional travel
related to disaster prevention, emergency preparedness, and natural resource protection.
As reported out of the House Appropriations committee on July 23, 2013, H.R. 2786 (H.Rept.
113-172) has a provision in Section 124 that would prohibit FY2014 funding used “to approve,
license, facilitate, authorize, or otherwise allow” travel-related or other transactions related to
nonacademic educational exchanges (i.e. people-to-people travel) to Cuba set forth in 31 CFR
515.565(b)(2) of the CACR. The committee report to the House bill contends that this category of
travel violates the prohibition on travel related to tourist activities set forth in the Trade Sanctions
Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-387, Title IX). The report also maintains
that the stated purpose of people-to-people travel – to promote the Cuban people’s independence
from Cuban authorities – “cannot be accomplished through itineraries that mainly feature
interactions with representatives of a dictatorship that actively oppresses the Cuban people, nor
can it be accomplished through itineraries that do not require meetings with pro-democracy
activists or independent members of Cuban civil society.”
The House bill has a second Cuba provision in Section 125 that would require a Treasury
Department report within 90 days of the bill’s enactment with information for each fiscal year
since FY2007 on the number of travelers visiting close relatives in Cuba; the average duration of
these trips; the average amount of U.S. dollars spent per family traveler (including amount of
remittances carried to Cuba); the number of return trips per year; and the total sum of U.S. dollars
spent collectively by family travelers for each fiscal year.
As reported out of the Senate Appropriations Committee on July 25, 2013, S. 1371 (S.Rept. 113-
80) has a provision in Section 628 that would provide for a new general license for travel-related
transactions for full-time professional research; attendance at professional meetings if the
sponsoring organization is a U.S. organization; and the organization and management of
professional meetings and conferences in Cuba if the sponsoring organization is a U.S.
professional organization – if the travel is related to disaster prevention, emergency preparedness,
and natural resource protection, including for fisheries, coral reefs, and migratory species. This
provision would expand the current general licenses available for professional research and
meetings in Cuba that allow full-time professionals to conduct professional research in their areas
(with certain conditions), attend professional meetings or conferences in Cuba organized by an
international professional organization, and attend professional meetings for commercial
telecommunications transactions (31 CFR 515.564).
Neither of these measures, H.R. 2786 or S. 1371, were considered by the beginning of FY2014 on
October 1, 2013. Instead on October 16, 2013, Congress approved a continuing resolution (P.L.
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113-46) to fund FY2014 appropriations through January 15, 2014; it still faces action on
appropriations for the balance of FY2014.
Several other initiatives again have been introduced that would lift all travel restrictions: H.R. 871
(Rangel) would lift travel restrictions; H.R. 873 (Rangel) would lift travel restrictions and
restrictions on U.S. agricultural exports; and H.R. 214 (Serrano), H.R. 872 (Rangel), and H.R.
1917 (Rush) would lift the overall embargo, including travel restrictions.
Legislative Action from the 106th to the 112th
Congress

Legislative Initiatives in the 112th Congress
As noted above, there were several attempts in the first session of the 112th Congress aimed at
rolling back the Obama Administration’s actions easing restrictions on travel and remittances, but
none of these were approved. Several legislative initiatives were also introduced that would have
further eased or lifted such restrictions altogether, but no action was taken on these measures.
FAA Reauthorization
During consideration of the Federal Aviation Administration reauthorization bill, S. 223, in
February 2011, an amendment was submitted, but never considered, S.Amdt. 61 (Rubio), that
would have prohibited an expansion of flights to locations in countries that are state sponsors of
terrorism (which includes Cuba).
FY2012 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations
The House Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2012 Financial Services and
General Government Appropriations bill, H.R. 2434, on July 7, 2011, with a provision in Section
901 that would have rolled back the Obama Administration’s actions easing restrictions on family
travel and on remittances overall. (The Senate Appropriations Committee version of the measure,
S. 1573, did not contain a similar provision.) The House provision had been offered as an
amendment by Representative Mario Diaz-Balart that was agreed to by voice vote during the
committee’s June 24, 2011, markup of the measure. The provision would have repealed
amendments to the Cuban Assets Control Regulations made since January 19, 2009, regarding
family travel (31 CFR 515.561), carrying remittances (31 CFR 515.560(c)(4)(i)), and sending
remittances to Cuba (31 CFR 515.570). According to the provision, such regulations would be
restored and carried out as in effect on January 19, 2009, notwithstanding any guidelines,
opinions, letters, presidential directives, or agency practices relating to such regulations that are
issued or carried out after such date.
If the provision were to be enacted, family travel would be limited to once every three years for a
period of up to 14 days and would require a specific license from the Treasury Department;
licensed travelers would be allowed to carry just $300 in remittances compared to the $3,000
currently allowed; family remittances would be limited to $300 per quarter; non-family
remittances restored by the Obama Administration, up to $500 per quarter, would not be allowed;
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and the general license for remittances to religious organizations would be eliminated, with such
remittances permitted via specific license.
The White House’s Statement of Administration Policy on H.R. 2434, issued July 13, 2011, stated
that Administration opposed Section 901 because it would reverse the President’s policy on
family travel and remittances, and that the President’s senior advisors would recommend a veto if
the bill contained the provision. According to the statement, Section 901 “would undo the
President’s efforts to increase contact between divided Cuban families, undermine the
enhancement of the Cuban people’s economic independence and support for private sector
activity in Cuba that come from increased remittances from family members, and therefore isolate
the Cuban people and make them more dependent on Cuban authorities.”45
A second Cuba amendment agreed to by voice vote during the markup of H.R. 2434 was offered
by Representative Jeff Flake. The amendment made changes to the committee report to the bill
(H.Rept. 112-136) and would have required a report from OFAC on the current number of
pending applications seeking specific licenses related to educational exchanges not involving
academic study pursuant to a degree program under the auspices of an organization that sponsors
and organizes such programs to promote people-to-people contact. The report also would have
required information on the number of these licenses that OFAC has approved to date, its plan for
getting through the current queue of license applications, and its plan for expeditiously reviewing
those applications in the future.
In November 2011, an attempt to include the Senate version of the Financial Services
appropriations measure, S. 1573, in a “minibus” with two other full-year appropriations measures
and a short-term continuing resolution failed in part because of disagreement over a Cuba
provision that would have allowed direct transfers from a Cuban financial institution to a U.S.
financial institution to pay for U.S. agricultural and medical exports to Cuba. (For background on
that provision see CRS Report R41617, Cuba: Issues for the 112th Congress and CRS Report
R42008, Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations.)
In December 2011, a legislative battle ensued over the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2012,
H.R. 2055, a “megabus” bill that combined nine full-year appropriations measures, including the
Financial Services and General Government bill. At issue was the potential inclusion of two Cuba
provisions that had been in the House Appropriations Committee-approved version of the
Financial Services bill, H.R. 2434: one described above that would roll back to January 2009 the
Obama Administration’s actions easing restrictions on family travel and on remittances; and the
second a provision that would continue to clarify, for the third fiscal year in a row, the definition
of “payment of cash in advance” for U.S. agricultural and medical exports to Cuba so that the
payment was due upon delivery in Cuba as opposed to being due before the goods left U.S. ports.
(The text of the two Cuba provisions was also included in Division C, Sections 632 and 634, of
H.R. 3671, a new “megabus” bill introduced by House Republicans on December 14, 2011.)
Ultimately congressional leaders agreed to not include the two Cuba provisions in H.R. 2055
(H.Rept. 112-331) and the measure was approved by the House and Senate, respectively, on
December 16 and 17, 2011, and signed into law on December 23, 2011 (P.L. 112-74). The White
House reportedly had exerted strong pressure not to include the Cuba provision that would have

45 Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Statement of Administration Policy, H.R.
2434 – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2012, July 13, 2011.
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rolled back the Administration’s easing of restrictions on travel and remittances. Dropping the
second provision on the definition of “payment of cash in advance” for U.S. agricultural and
medical products appears to have been a political tradeoff made to compensate for the travel
rollback provision being dropped.
FY2012 Foreign Relations Authorization Act
In other congressional action, on July 21, 2011, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs marked
up H.R. 2583 (H.Rept. 112-223), the FY2012 Foreign Relations Authorization Act, with a
provision (§1126 of the reported bill) that would have required the President to fully enforce all
U.S. regulations on travel to Cuba as in effect on January 19, 2009, and impose the corresponding
penalties against individuals determined to be in violation of such regulations. The provision was
added by an amendment offered by Representative David Rivera, approved 36-6, that had the
intent of reinstating tighter travel restrictions as they existed under the Bush Administration in
January 2009.
Amendments to the Cuban Adjustment Act
Two additional measures introduced in August 2011 would have amended the Cuban Adjustment
Act of 1966 (CAA, P.L. 89-732) in order to curb travel to Cuba by Cubans who had recently
immigrated to the United States. Introduced on August 1, 2011, H.R. 2771 (Rivera) would have
amended the CAA to increase to five years the period during which a Cuban national must be
physically present in the United States in order to qualify for adjustment of status to that of a
permanent resident. The legislation also would have provided that an alien would be ineligible for
adjustment to permanent resident status if the alien returned to Cuba after admission or parole
into the United States before becoming a U.S. citizen. A subsequent version, H.R. 2831 (Rivera),
introduced August 30, 2011, just contained the provision maintaining that an alien from Cuba
would be ineligible for adjustment to permanent resident status under the CAA if he or she
returned to Cuba before becoming a U.S. citizen. The House Committee on the Judiciary,
Subcommittee on Immigration on Policy Enforcement, held a hearing on H.R. 2831 on May 31,
2012 (available at http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/Hearings%202012/hear_05312012_3.html).
Initiatives to Ease Restrictions on Travel and Remittances
In contrast to measures aimed at rolling back the Obama Administration’s polices easing travel
and remittances to Cuba, several measures would have eased or lifted travel restrictions
altogether. H.R. 1886 (Rangel) would have prohibited restrictions on travel to Cuba. H.R. 1888
(Rangel), in addition to removing some restrictions on the export of U.S. agricultural products to
Cuba, would also have prohibited Cuba travel restrictions. Two initiatives that would have lifted
the overall embargo on trade and restrictions on financial transaction with Cuba, H.R. 255
(Serrano) and H.R. 1887 (Rangel), would also have lifted restrictions on travel and remittances to
Cuba. H.R. 380 (Lee) would have provided that no funds made available to the Department of the
Treasury could be used to implement, administer, or enforce regulations to require specific
licenses for travel-related transactions directly related to educational activities in Cuba.
Legislative Initiatives in the 111th Congress
The 111th Congress took action in March 2009 to ease restrictions on family travel and travel for
the marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods. The eased family travel restrictions
were superseded by the Obama Administration’s April 2009 action to allow unlimited family
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travel and remittances. At the same time, the Administration also eased restrictions for travel for
telecommunications-related sales and for attendance at professional meetings related to
commercial telecommunications. Numerous other bills introduced in the 111th Congress would
have lifted or eased restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba, but these restrictions were not
considered. One House initiative, H.R. 4645 (Peterson), would have lifted all restrictions on
travel to Cuba and also would have eased restrictions on the payment mechanisms for U.S.
agricultural exports to Cuba. The House Agriculture Committee approved the measure, but no
further action was taken on the bill.
First Session Action
On March 11, 2009, President Obama signed into law the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(P.L. 111-8), with two provisions easing restrictions on travel to Cuba. (The provisions were
identical to provisions that had been included in the Senate Appropriations Committee version of
the FY2009 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill in the 110th
Congress, S. 3260.)
In the enacted bill, Section 620 of Division D, Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009, amended the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of
2000 (TSRA) to require the Secretary of the Treasury to issue regulations for travel to, from, or
within Cuba under a general license for the marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods,
meaning that there would be no requirement to obtain special permission from OFAC. Such travel
had required a specific license from OFAC, issued on a case-by-case basis. OFAC issued
regulations implementing this provision on September 3, 2009.
Section 621 of Division D prohibited funds from being used to administer, implement, or enforce
family travel restrictions that were imposed by the Bush Administration in June 2004. OFAC
implemented this provision by reinstating a general license for family travel as it existed prior to
the Bush Administration’s tightening of restrictions in June 2004. As implemented by the
Treasury Department, travel was allowed once every 12 months to visit a close relative for an
unlimited length of stay, and the limit for daily expenditure allowed by family travelers became
the same as for other authorized travelers to Cuba (the State Department maximum per diem rate
for Havana). The new general license also expanded the definition of “close relative” to mean any
individual related to the traveler by blood, marriage, or adoption who is no more than three
generations removed from that person. This provision was superseded by the Obama
Administration’s further liberalization of family travel to Cuba announced in April 2009.
The joint explanatory statement to P.L. 111-8 also required the Department of the Treasury to
prepare a report within 90 days on the steps that it is taking to assess OFAC’s allocation of
resources for investigating and penalizing violations of the Cuba embargo with respect to the
numerous other sanctions programs it administers. As part of the report, the Treasury Department
was directed to provide detailed information on OFAC’s Cuba-related licensing on its
enforcement of the Cuba embargo.
On November 19, 2009, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs held a hearing on U.S.
restrictions on travel to Cuba entitled “Is it Time to Lift the Ban on Travel to Cuba?” that featured
former U.S. government officials and other private witnesses.
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Second Session Action
In the second session, the only legislative action related to Cuba travel restrictions occurred in the
House Committee on Agriculture, and no subsequent action was taken. On March 11, 2010, the
committee held a hearing to review U.S. agricultural sales to Cuba. At the hearing, there was
discussion of recently introduced H.R. 4645 (Peterson), a measure that would remove restrictions
on travel to Cuba and also remove some restrictions regarding payments for U.S. agricultural
exports to Cuba. On June 30, 2010, the committee reported out H.R. 4645 by a vote of 25-20
(H.Rept. 111-653). The bill would have lifted all restrictions on travel to Cuba. It also included
two provisions easing restrictions on the payment mechanisms for U.S. agricultural exports to
Cuba. The House Committee on Foreign Affairs was scheduled to hold a markup of the bill on
September 29, 2010, but postponed its consideration, and in the aftermath of the 2011 U.S.
legislative elections, no further action was taken. An identical companion bill in the Senate, S.
3112 (Klobuchar), was introduced March 15, 2010, and referred to the Committee on Foreign
Relations.
On April 29, 2010, the House Ways and Means Committee, Subcommittee on Trade, held a
hearing on U.S.-Cuba policy that examined whether relaxing current Cuba travel and trade
restrictions would advance U.S. economic objectives, as well as U.S. political and human rights
goals in Cuba.
Additional Initiatives in the 111th Congress
Several other legislative initiatives were introduced in the 111th Congress that would have eased
restrictions on travel to Cuba, but no action was taken on these measures. H.R. 874 (Delahunt)/S.
428 (Dorgan) and H.R. 1528 (Rangel) would have prohibited restrictions on travel to Cuba. H.R.
188 (Serrano), H.R. 1530 (Rangel), and H.R. 2272 (Rush) would have lifted the overall embargo
on trade and financial transactions with Cuba, including travel restrictions. H.R. 1531 (Rangel)/S.
1089 (Baucus) would have facilitated the export of U.S. agricultural products to Cuba and also
would have prohibited restrictions on travel to Cuba. H.R. 332 (Lee) would have eased
restrictions on educational travel by providing that no funds made available to the Department of
the Treasury may be used to implement, administer, or enforce regulations to require specific
licenses for travel-related transactions directly related to educational activities in Cuba. S. 774
(Dorgan), H.R. 1918 (Flake), and S. 1517 (Murkowski) would have amended the Trade Sanctions
Reform and Economic Enhancement Act of 2000 to require the Secretary of the Treasury to
authorize travel to Cuba under a general license in connection to hydrocarbon exploration and
extraction activities. In contrast, H.Con.Res. 132 (Tiahrt) would have called for the fulfillment of
certain democratic conditions before the United States increases trade and tourism to Cuba.
Legislative Initiatives in the 110th Congress
In the 110th Congress, several House and Senate committee versions of appropriations bills had
provisions that would have eased restrictions on travel to Cuba in various ways, but none of these
provisions were included in final enacted legislation. Numerous other bills were introduced that
would have eased restrictions on travel and remittance in various ways, but no action was taken
on these measures.
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First Session Action
In the first session of the 110th Congress, two Senate Appropriations Committee-reported versions
of appropriations bills had provisions that would have eased restrictions on travel to Cuba for the
marketing and sale of agricultural and medical goods, but ultimately these provisions were not
included in the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 110-161). The Senate version of
the FY2008 Financial Services and General Government appropriations bill, reported July 19,
2007, H.R. 2829, had a provision in Section 620 that would eased such travel restrictions, while
the Senate version of the FY2008 Agriculture appropriations bill, S. 1859, reported July 24, 2007,
had such a provision in Section 741.
Second Session Action
In the second session, several versions of House and Senate appropriations bills had provisions
easing Cuba travel restrictions and other Cuba sanctions, but none of these were included in the
FY2009 continuing resolution. The House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the
Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill for FY2009 on June 25, 2008,
which contained provisions in Title VI that would have eased restrictions on the sale of U.S.
agricultural exports to Cuba and on family travel to Cuba. The committee ultimately introduced
and reported the bill, H.R. 7323, on December 10, 2008 (H.Rept. 110-920). With regard to family
travel, Section 622 would have allowed for such travel once a year (instead of the current
restriction of once every three years), while Section 623 would have expanded such travel by a
person to visit an aunt, uncle, niece, nephew, or first cousin (instead of the current restriction
limiting such travel to visit a spouse, child, grandchild, parent, grandparent, or sibling).
On July 14, 2008, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2009
Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill, S. 3260 (S.Rept. 110-417),
which included provisions easing restrictions on family travel and on travel to Cuba relating to
the commercial sale of agricultural and medical goods. With regard to family travel, Section 620
would have provided that no funds could be used to administer, implement, or enforce the
Administration’s June 2004 tightening of restrictions related to travel to visit relatives in Cuba.
With regard to travel for agricultural or medical sales, Section 619 would have allowed for a
general license for such travel instead of a specific license that requires permission from the
Treasury Department.
On July 21, 2008, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2009
Agriculture Appropriations bill, S. 3289 (S.Rept. 110-426), with a provision in Section 737 that
would have eased restrictions on travel to Cuba for the sale of agricultural and medical goods.
The provision would have allowed for a general license for such travel instead of a specific
license that requires permission from the Treasury Department. The measure had been approved
by the committee on July 17, 2008.
Additional Initiatives in the 110th Congress
A number of other initiatives introduced in the 110th Congress would have eased Cuba travel
restrictions. H.R. 654 (Rangel), S. 721 (Enzi), and Section 254 of S. 554 (Dorgan) would prohibit
the President from regulating or prohibiting travel to Cuba or any of the transactions incident to
travel. Two bills that would lift overall economic sanctions—H.R. 217 (Serrano) and H.R. 624
(Rangel)—would also lift travel restrictions. H.R. 177 (Lee) would ease restrictions on
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educational travel to Cuba. H.R. 757 (Delahunt) would lift restrictions on family travel and the
provision of remittances for family members in Cuba. H.R. 1026 (Moran, Jerry), which would
facilitate the sale of U.S. agricultural products to Cuba, includes a provision that would provide
for general license authority for travel-related transactions for people involved in agricultural
sales and marketing activities or in the transportation of such sales. H.R. 2819 (Rangel) and S.
1673 (Baucus), which would ease restrictions on U.S. agricultural and medical exports to Cuba,
would also lift restrictions on travel to Cuba. The Senate Committee on Finance held a hearing on
S. 1673 on December 11, 2007.
Legislative Initiatives in the Aftermath of 2008 Hurricanes
In the aftermath of the Hurricanes Gustav and Ike that struck Cuba in late August and early
September 2008, several legislative initiatives were introduced that would have temporarily eased
U.S. embargo restrictions in several areas, including restrictions on family travel, remittances, the
provision of gift parcels, and the sale of relief supplies to Cuba. On September 15, 2008, Senator
Dodd offered S.Amdt. 5581 to the Department of Defense authorization bill (S. 3001) that would
have, for a 180-day period: allowed unrestricted family travel; eased restrictions on remittances
by removing the limit and allowing any American to send remittances to Cuba; expanded the list
of allowable items that may be included in gift parcels; and allowed for unrestricted U.S. cash
sales of food, medicines, and relief supplies to Cuba. The amendment was not considered, and
therefore not part of the final bill.
In the House, two legislative initiatives were introduced in the aftermath of the hurricanes that
would have temporarily eased restrictions in various ways. On September 16, 2008,
Representative Flake introduced H.R. 6913, which would have prohibited any funds from going
to the Department of Commerce to implement, administer, or enforce tightened restrictions on the
contents of gift parcels to Cuba that were introduced in June 2004. On September 18, 2008,
Representative Delahunt introduced H.R. 6962, the Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act, which
would have, for a 180-day period: allowed unrestricted family travel; eased restrictions on
remittances by removing the limit and allowing any American to send remittances to Cuba; and
expanded the list of allowable items that may be included in gift parcels.
Legislative Initiatives in the 109th Congress
In the 109th Congress, several amendments to FY2006 and FY2007 appropriations bills that
would have eased Cuba travel restrictions in various ways and restrictions on sending gift parcels
to Cuba were defeated. Several bills were introduced that would have lifted or eased restrictions
on travel and the provision of remittances to Cuba, but no action was taken on these measures.
First Session Action
On June 30, 2005, the House rejected three amendments easing Cuba sanctions to H.R. 3058, the
FY2006 Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, Judiciary, District of
Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act. The amendments failed during House
floor consideration: H.Amdt. 420 (Davis) on family travel, by a vote of 208-211; H.Amdt. 422
(Lee) on educational travel, by a vote of 187-233; and H.Amdt. 424 (Rangel) on the overall
embargo, by a vote of 169-250. An additional amendment on religious travel, H.Amdt. 421
(Flake), was withdrawn, and an amendment on family travel by members of the U.S. military,
H.Amdt. 419 (Flake), was ruled out of order for constituting legislation in an appropriations bill.
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The introduction of H.Amdt. 419 was prompted by the case of a U.S. military member who
served in Iraq, Sergeant Carlos Lazo, who was prohibited from visiting his two sons in Cuba
because he last visited there in 2003.
During June 29, 2005, Senate consideration of H.R. 2361, the FY2006 Interior, Environment, and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, the Senate rejected (60-35; a two-thirds majority vote was
required) a motion to suspend the rules with respect to S.Amdt. 1059 (Dorgan), which would
have allowed travel to Cuba under a general license for the purpose of visiting a member of the
person’s immediate family for humanitarian reasons. The amendment was then ruled out of order.
Its introduction had also been prompted by the case of Sergeant Carlos Lazo, who wanted to visit
his sons in Cuba, one of whom was gravely sick.
On June 15, 2005, the House rejected (210-216) H.Amdt. 270 (Flake) to H.R. 2862, the FY2006
Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. The amendment
would have prohibited the use of funds to implement, administer, or enforce June 2004 tightened
restrictions on sending gift parcels to Cuba. H.Amdt. 269 (McDermott), which would have
prohibited the use of funds in the bill to prosecute any individual for travel to Cuba, was offered
but subsequently withdrawn.
During April 6, 2005, Senate floor consideration of the FY2006 and FY2007 Foreign Affairs
Authorization Act, S. 600, the Senate considered S.Amdt. 281 (Baucus) and a second-degree
amendment, S.Amdt. 282 (Craig) that would have facilitated the sale of U.S. agricultural products
to Cuba. The language of the amendments consisted of the provisions of S. 328 (Craig), the
Agricultural Export Facilitation Act of 2005, which included a provision for a general license for
travel transactions related to the marketing and sale of agricultural products, as opposed to the
current requirement of a specific license for such travel transactions. Neither action on the
amendments nor on S. 600 was completed.
Second Session Action
On June 14, 2006, the House rejected two amendments to the FY2007 Transportation/Treasury
appropriation bill, H.R. 5576 that would have eased Cuba travel restrictions. H.Amdt. 1050
(Rangel), rejected by a vote of 183-245, would have prohibited funds from being used to
implement the overall economic embargo of Cuba. H.Amdt. 1051 (Lee), rejected by a vote of
187-236, would have prohibited funds from being used to implement the Administration’s June
2004 tightening of restrictions on educational travel to Cuba. An additional Cuba amendment,
H.Amdt. 1032 (Flake), would have prohibited the use of funds to amend regulations relating to
travel for religious activities in Cuba; it was withdrawn from consideration.
In other action, on June 22, 2006, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the
FY2007 Agriculture appropriations bill, H.R. 5384 (S.Rept. 109-266), which contained a
provision (§755) liberalizing travel to Cuba related to the sale of agricultural and medical goods.
The provision would have provided for such travel under a general license, instead of under a
specific license as currently allowed, issued on a case-by-case basis by the Treasury Department.
Final action on the appropriations measure was not completed by the end of the 109th Congress.
Similar Senate provisions in FY2004 and FY2005 agricultural appropriations bills were stripped
out of the final enacted measures.
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Additional Initiatives in the 109th Congress
A number of other legislative initiatives were introduced in the 109th Congress that would have
eased restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba. Two bills—S. 894 (Enzi) and H.R. 1814
(Flake)—would have specifically lifted overall restrictions on travel to Cuba. H.R. 2617 (Davis)
would have prohibited any additional restrictions on per diem allowances, family visits to Cuba,
remittances, and accompanied baggage beyond those that were in effect on June 15, 2004. H.R.
3064 (Lee) would have prohibited the use of funds available to the Department of the Treasury to
implement regulations from June 2004 that tightened restrictions on travel to Cuba for
educational activities. H.Con.Res. 206 (Serrano), introduced in the aftermath of Hurricane Dennis
that struck Cuba in July 2005 (causing 16 deaths and significant damage), would have expressed
the sense of Congress that the President should temporarily suspend restrictions on remittances,
gift parcels, and family travel to Cuba to allow Cuban-Americans to assist their relatives.
Two bills—H.R. 208 (Serrano) and H.R. 579 (Paul)—would have lifted the overall embargo on
trade and financial transactions with Cuba, including restrictions on travel and remittances to
Cuba.
Finally, two identical bills dealing with easing restrictions on exporting agricultural commodities
to Cuba—H.R. 719 (Moran of Kansas) and S. 328 (Craig)—included provisions that would have
provided for a general license for travel transactions related to the marketing and sale of
agricultural products, as opposed to the current requirement of a specific license for such travel
transactions.
Legislative Initiatives in the 108th Congress46
In the 108th Congress, several FY2004 and FY2005 appropriations bills had provisions that would
have eased Cuba travel restrictions in various ways, but ultimately these provisions were not
included in final appropriations measures. The Administration had threatened to veto legislation if
it contained provisions weakening Cuba sanctions. In addition, several bills in the 108th Congress
were introduced that specifically would have lifted or eased restrictions on travel to Cuba, but no
action was taken on these measures.
First Session Action
Since action on FY2003 Treasury Department appropriations was not completed before the end of
the 107th Congress, the 108th Congress faced early action on it and other unfinished FY2003
appropriations measures. The final version of the FY2003 omnibus appropriations measure,
H.J.Res. 2 (P.L. 108-7), which included Treasury Department appropriations, did not include
provisions affecting restrictions on travel to Cuba. The White House had threatened to veto the
measure if it contained provisions weakening the embargo. While the Senate version did not
include the Senate Appropriations Committee provision from the 107th Congress that would have
eased travel restrictions by prohibiting any funding for enforcing the Cuba travel regulations, it
did include a provision (contained in Division J, Section 124) that would have expedited action

46 For a complete listing and discussion of all Cuba bills in the 108th Congress, see CRS Report RL31740, Cuba: Issues
for the 108th Congress
, by Mark P. Sullivan.
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on travel applications for travel by OFAC within 90 days of receipt. Ultimately, however, the
Senate provision was dropped in the conference report (H.Rept. 108-10) on the omnibus measure.
Both the House and Senate versions of the FY2004 Transportation-Treasury appropriations bill,
H.R. 2989, had nearly identical provisions that would have prevented funds from being used to
administer or enforce restrictions on travel or travel-related transactions. But the provisions were
dropped in the conference report to the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act, P.L. 108-199
(H.R. 2673, H.Rept. 108-401, filed November 25, 2003), which incorporated seven regular
appropriations acts, including Transportation-Treasury appropriations. The conference also
dropped two Cuba provisions from the House version of H.R. 2989 that would have eased
restrictions on remittances and on people-to-people educational exchanges. The White House
again threatened to veto any legislation that would weaken economic sanctions against Cuba.
The House provisions had been approved during September 9, 2003, House floor consideration of
the H.R. 2989: H.Amdt. 375 (Flake), approved by a vote of 227-188, would have prevented funds
from enforcing travel restrictions (§745 of the House version); H.Amdt. 377 (Delahunt),
approved by a vote of 222-196, would have prevented funds from enforcing restrictions on
remittances (§746); and H.Amdt. 382 (Davis), approved by a vote of 246-173, would have
prohibited funds from being used to eliminate the travel category of people-to-people educational
exchanges (§749).
During Senate floor consideration of H.R. 2989 on October 23, 2003, the Senate approved by
voice vote S.Amdt. 1900 (Dorgan), nearly identical to the Flake amendment noted above that
would have prevented funds from being used to administer or enforce restrictions on travel or
travel-related transactions (§643 of the Senate version). A motion to table the Dorgan amendment
was defeated by a vote of 59-36. The Senate approved the bill by a vote of 91-3. The only
difference between the Senate and House language was that the Dorgan amendment, as amended
by S.Amdt. 1901 (Craig), provided that the section would take effect one day after enactment of
the bill.
In other action, the conference on the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act, P.L. 108-199
(H.R. 2673), also dropped a provision in the Senate version of the FY2004 agriculture
appropriations bill that would have allowed travel to Cuba under a general license for travel
related to the sale of agricultural and medical goods. On July 17, 2003, the Senate Appropriations
Committee approved its version of the FY2004 agriculture appropriations bill, S. 1427, that
included a provision (§760) allowing travel to Cuba under a general license (which does not
require applying to the Treasury Department) for travel related to the commercial sale of
agricultural and medical goods. The Senate included this provision when it approved H.R. 2673
on November 6, 2003. The House-passed version of the bill, H.R. 2673, had no such provision.
At present, such travel to Cuba is allowed with OFAC’s approval of a specific license. In early
June 2003, the Treasury Department rejected an application to travel to Cuba for organizers of a
second U.S. food and agribusiness fair in Havana.47 The first such trade fair, held in September
2002, featured some 288 exhibitors from more than 30 states and resulted in millions in U.S.
agricultural sales to Cuba.48

47 Nancy San Martin, “U.S. Pulls Plug on Cuba Expo,” Miami Herald, June 18, 2003.
48 Nancy San Martin, “U.S. Official Dampens Trade-Show Enthusiasm with Talks of Cuban Credit,” Miami Herald,
September 29, 2002.
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Second Session Action
Several FY2005 appropriations measures had provisions that would have eased Cuba sanctions,
but these were dropped in the FY2005 omnibus appropriations measure (H.R. 4818, H.Rept. 108-
792).
The House-passed version of the FY2005 Commerce, Justice, and State appropriations bill, H.R.
4754, approved July 8, 2004 (397-18), included a provision (§801) that would have prohibited
funds from being used to implement, administer, or enforce recent amendments to the Cuba
embargo regulations that tightened restrictions on gift parcels and baggage taken by individuals
for travel to Cuba. The provision was added by a Flake amendment, H.Amdt. 647, approved by a
vote of 221-194 on July 7, 2004. The Senate version of the bill, S. 2809, as reported out of
committee, did not include such a provision.
Both the House-approved version of the FY2005 Transportation/Treasury appropriations bill,
H.R. 5025, and the Senate Appropriations Committee version of the bill, S. 2806, had provisions
that would have eased Cuba sanctions in various ways. In its statement of policy on H.R. 5025,
the Administration indicated that the President would veto the measure if it contained provisions
weakening Cuba sanctions.
The House-passed version of H.R. 5025 had three provisions that would have eased Cuba
sanctions. During floor consideration on September 21, 2004, by a vote of 225-174, the House
approved a Davis (of Florida) amendment (H.Amdt. 769), which provided that no funds could be
used to administer, implement, or enforce the Bush Administration’s June 2004 tightening of
restrictions on visiting relatives in Cuba. On September 22, 2004, the House approved two
additional Cuba amendments by voice vote, a Waters amendment (H.Amdt. 770) that would have
prohibited funds from being used to implement any sanction imposed on private commercial sales
of agricultural commodities or medicine or medical supplies to Cuba and a Lee amendment
(H.Amdt. 771) that would have prohibited funds from being used to implement, administer, or
enforce the Bush Administration’s June 2004 tightening of restrictions on travel for educational
activities. The House also rejected a Rangel amendment (H.Amdt. 772) on September 22, 2004,
by a vote of 225-188 that would have more broadly prohibited funds from being used to
implement, administer, or enforce the economic embargo of Cuba. During September 15, 2004,
House floor consideration of H.R. 5025, Representative Jeff Flake announced his intention not to
offer an amendment, as he had for the past three years, which would have prohibited funds from
being used to administer or enforce restrictions on travel or travel-related transactions.
The Senate version of the FY2005 Transportation/Treasury appropriations bill, S. 2806, as
reported out of the Senate Appropriations Committee (S.Rept. 108-342) on September 15, 2004,
had a provision (§222) that would have prohibited funds from administering or enforcing
restrictions on Cuba travel or travel-related transactions. That provision, which was proposed by
Senator Byron Dorgan, was unanimously approved by the Subcommittee on Transportation,
Treasury, and General Government on September 9, 2004.
The Senate version of the FY2005 Agriculture Appropriation bill, S. 2803, as reported by the
Senate Appropriations Committee (S.Rept. 108-340), had a provision (§776) that would have
directed the Secretary of the Treasury to promulgate regulations allowing for travel to Cuba under
a “general license” when it was related to the commercial sale of agricultural and medical
products. The House-passed version of the bill, H.R. 4766, had no such provision. In its statement
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of policy on the bill, the Administration stated that the President would veto the measure if it
contained a provision weakening Cuba sanctions.
Additional Initiatives in the 108th Congress
Among other initiatives introduced in the 108th Congress, but not acted upon, two bills would
specifically have lifted restrictions on travel to Cuba: S. 950 (Enzi), introduced April 30, 2003,
and H.R. 2071 (Flake), introduced May 13, 2003. H.R. 3422 (Serrano), introduced October 30,
2003, would, among other provisions, have lifted restrictions on travel to Cuba. Three broad
legislative initiatives were introduced that would have lifted all Cuba embargo restrictions,
including those on travel: H.R. 188 (Serrano), introduced January 7, 2003, S. 403 (Baucus),
introduced February 13, 2003, and H.R. 1698 (Paul), introduced April 9, 2003. Another initiative,
S. 2449 (Baucus)/H.R. 4457 (Otter), introduced respectively on May 19 and 20, 2004, would
have required yearly congressional approval for the renewal of trade and travel restrictions with
respect to Cuba. Finally, H.R. 4678 (Davis of Florida), introduced June 24, 2004, in the aftermath
of the President’s tightening of Cuba sanctions, would have barred certain additional restrictions
on travel and remittances to Cuba.
Legislative Initiatives in the 107th Congress49
In the 107th Congress, although various measures were introduced that would have eliminated or
eased restrictions on travel to Cuba and the House voted in both the first and second sessions to
prohibit spending to administer the travel regulations, no legislative action was completed by the
end of the second session.
First Session Action
During July 25, 2001, floor action on H.R. 2590, the FY2002 Treasury Department
appropriations bill, the House approved an amendment that would prohibit spending for
administering Treasury Department regulations restricting travel to Cuba. H.Amdt. 241, offered
by Representative Flake (which amended H.Amdt. 240 offered by Representative Smith), would
prohibit funding to administer the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (administered by OFAC)
with respect to any travel or travel-related transaction. The amendment was approved by a vote of
240 to 186, compared to a vote of 232-186 for a similar amendment in last year’s Treasury
Department appropriations bill.
The Senate version of H.R. 2590, approved September 19, 2001, did not include any provision
regarding U.S. restrictions on travel to Cuba, and the provision was not included in the House-
Senate conference on the bill (H.Rept. 107-253). During Senate floor debate, Senator Byron
Dorgan noted that he had intended to offer an amendment on the issue, but that he decided not to
because he did not want to slow passage of the bill. He indicated that he would support the House
provision during conference, but ultimately, however, the House-Senate conference report on the
bill did not include the Cuba provision. In light of the changed congressional priorities in the
aftermath of the September 11 attacks on New York and Washington, conference negotiators

49 For a complete listing and discussion of all Cuba bills in the 107th Congress, see CRS Report RL30806, Cuba: Issues
for the 107th Congress
, by Mark P. Sullivan and Maureen Taft-Morales.
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reportedly did not want to slow passage of the bill with any controversial provisions. The Bush
Administration had threatened to veto the Treasury bill if it included the Cuba travel provision.
Second Session Action
The Cuba travel issue received further consideration in the second session of the 107th Congress.
A bipartisan House Cuba working group of 40 Representatives vowed as one of its goals to work
for a lifting of travel restrictions. On February 11, 2002, the Senate Appropriations Committee’s
Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government held a hearing on the issue, featuring
Administration and outside witnesses.
The travel issue was part of debate during consideration of the FY2003 Treasury Department
appropriations bill (H.R. 5120 and S. 2740). Secretary of State Colin Powell and Secretary of the
Treasury Paul O’Neill said they would recommend that the President veto legislation that
includes a loosening of restrictions on travel to Cuba (or a weakening of restrictions on private
financing for U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba).50 The White House also stated that President
Bush would veto such legislation.51
In July 23, 2002, floor action on H.R. 5120, the House approved three Cuba sanctions
amendments, including one on the easing of travel restrictions offered by Representative Jeff
Flake. The House approved the Flake travel amendment (H.Amdt. 552), by a vote of 262-167 that
would provide that no funds could be used to administer or enforce the Treasury Department
regulations with respect to travel to Cuba. The Flake amendment would not prevent the issuance
of general or specific licenses for travel to Cuba. Some observers raised the question of whether
the effect of this amendment would be limited since the underlying embargo regulations
restricting travel would remain unchanged; enforcement action against violations of the relevant
embargo regulations could potentially take place in future years when the Treasury Department
appropriations measure did not include the funding limitations on enforcing the travel
restrictions.52
During consideration of H.R. 5120, the House also rejected two Cuba amendments. A Rangel
amendment (H.Amdt. 555), rejected by a vote of 204-226, would have prevented any funds in the
bill from being used to implement, administer, or enforce the overall economic embargo of Cuba,
which includes travel. A Goss amendment (H.Amdt. 551), rejected by a vote of 182-247, would
have provided that any limitation on the use of funds to administer or enforce regulations
restricting travel to Cuba or travel-related transactions would only apply after the President
certified to Congress that certain conditions were met regarding biological weapons and
terrorism.53 The rule for the bill’s consideration, H.Res. 488 (H.Rept. 107-585), had provided that
the Goss amendment would not be subject to amendment.
The House subsequently passed H.R. 5120 on July 24, 2002, by a vote of 308-121, with the three
Cuba amendments, including the Flake Cuba travel amendment.

50 U.S. Department of State, International Information Programs, Washington File, “Bush Administration Opposes
Legislative Efforts to Amend Cuba Policy,” July 16, 2002.
51 White House, Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer, July 24, 2002.
52 “House Approves Limits on Treasury Enforcement of Cuba Embargo,” Inside U.S. Trade, July 26, 2002.
53 For further information on the issues of biological weapons and terrorism as they relate to Cuba, see CRS Report
RL30806, Cuba: Issues for the 107th Congress, by Mark P. Sullivan and Maureen Taft-Morales.
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The Senate version of the Treasury Department appropriations measure, S. 2740, as reported by
the Senate Committee on Appropriations on July 17, 2002 (S.Rept. 107-212), included a
provision, in Section 516, that was similar, although not identical, to the Flake amendment
described above. It provided that no funds may be used to enforce the Treasury Department
regulations with respect to any travel or travel-related transactions, but would not prevent OFAC
from issuing general and specific licenses for travel to Cuba. In addition, Section 124 of the
Senate bill stipulated that no Treasury Department funds for “Departmental Offices, Salaries, and
Expenses” may be used by OFAC, until OFAC has certain procedures in place to expedite license
applications for travel to Cuba.
Congress did not complete action on the FY2003 Treasury Department appropriations measure
before the end of the 107th Congress, so action was deferred until the 108th Congress.
Additional Legislative Initiatives in the 107th Congress
Several other initiatives were introduced in the 107th Congress that would have eased U.S.
restrictions on travel to Cuba, but no action was taken on these measures.
• H.R. 5022 (Flake), introduced June 26, 2002, would have lifted all restrictions on
travel to Cuba.
• Several broad bills would have lifted all sanctions on trade, financial
transactions, and travel to Cuba: H.R. 174 (Serrano), the Cuban Reconciliation
Act, introduced January 3, 2001, and identical bills S. 400 (Baucus) and H.R. 798
(Rangel), the Free Trade with Cuba Act, introduced February 27 and 28, 2001,
respectively.
• S. 1017 (Dodd) and H.R. 2138 (Serrano), the Bridges to the Cuban People Act of
2001, introduced June 12, 2001, would, among other provisions, have removed
all restrictions on travel to Cuba by U.S. nationals or lawful permanent resident
aliens.
• Several bills would, among other provisions, have repealed the travel restrictions
imposed in the 106th Congress by the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export
Enhancement Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-387, Title IX, Section 910). These include
identical bills S. 402 (Baucus) and H.R. 797 (Rangel), the Cuban Humanitarian
Trade Act of 2001, introduced February 27 and 28, 2001; S. 171 (Dorgan),
introduced January 24, 2001; and S. 239 (Hagel), the Cuba Food and Medicine
Access Act of 2001, introduced February 1, 2001.
Legislative Initiatives in the 106th Congress
The only action completed by the 106th Congress relating to Cuba travel involved a tightening of
travel restrictions. The final version of the FY2001 agriculture appropriations measure (P.L. 106-
387, Title IX, Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000) included a
provision that restricts travel to Cuba to those categories of non-tourist travel already allowed by
the Treasury Department regulations. Section 910 of the law provides that neither general nor
specific licenses for travel to Cuba can be provided for activities that do not fit into the 12
categories expressly authorized in the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, Section 515.560 (a) of
Title 31, CFR, paragraphs (1) through (12).
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As noted in the law, the Secretary of the Treasury may not authorize travel-related transactions
“for travel to, from, or within Cuba for “tourist activities,” which are defined as any activity that
is not expressly authorized in the 12 categories of the regulations. The provision prevents the
Administration from loosening the travel restrictions to allow tourist travel. This, in effect,
strengthens restrictions on travel to Cuba and somewhat circumscribes the authority of OFAC to
issue specific travel licenses on a case-by-case basis under Section 515.560 (b) of Title 31, CFR.
OFAC in the past has utilized that section to provide specific licenses for activities that do not fit
neatly within the categories of travel set forth in 515.560 (a), including such travel for medical
evacuations of Americans legally in Cuba and for U.S. contractors servicing the needs of the U.S.
Interests Section. (Regulations implementing the provision of the law were issued by OFAC on
July 12, 2001.)
In other legislative action, the Senate considered the issue of travel to Cuba in June 30, 1999 floor
action on the FY2000 Foreign Operations Appropriations bill, S. 1234. An amendment was
introduced by Senator Christopher Dodd that would have terminated regulations or prohibitions
on travel to Cuba and on transactions related to such travel in most instances.54 The Senate
defeated the amendment by tabling it in a 55-43 vote on June 30, 1999. On November 10, 1999,
Senator Dodd introduced identical language as S. 1919, the Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act of
2000, but no action was taken on the bill.
The House took up the issue of travel to Cuba when it considered H.R. 4871, the Treasury
Department appropriations bill, on July 20, 2000. A Sanford amendment was approved (232-186)
to prohibit funds in the bill from being used to administer or enforce the Cuban Assets Control
Regulations with respect to any travel or travel-related transaction. Subsequently, the language of
the amendment was dropped from a new version of the FY2001 Treasury Department
appropriations bill, H.R. 4985, introduced on July 26. H.R. 4985 was appended to the conference
report on the Legislative Branch appropriations bill—H.R. 4516, H.Rept. 106-796—in an attempt
to bypass Senate debate on its version of the Treasury appropriations bill, S. 2900. The Senate
initially rejected this conference report on September 20, 2000, by a vote of 28-69, but later
agreed to the report, 58-37, on October 12. The House had agreed to the conference report earlier,
on September 14, 2000, by a vote of 212-209.

Author Contact Information
Mark P. Sullivan
Specialist in Latin American Affairs
msullivan@crs.loc.gov, 7-7689


54 The Dodd amendment allowed for travel restrictions to be imposed if the United States is at war with Cuba, if armed
hostilities are in progress, or when threats to physical safety or public health exist. Under current law, the Secretary of
State has the same authority to restrict travel (22 USC 211a).
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